11-1 izLrkouk

11-2 mís';
11-3 rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk egÙo
11-4 rduhdh f'k{kk dh ç—fr
11-4-1 Hkkjr esa rduhdh f'k{kk
11-4-2 rduhdh f'k{kk dk bfrgkl
11-4-3 foKku uhfr ladYi
11-5 Hkkjr esa çca/ku f'k{kk
11-6 rduhdh vkSj çca/ku f'k{kk ds fy, laLFkkxr ra=
11-7 rduhdh vkSj çca/ku f'k{kk dk vf/kfu;e
11-8 Hkkjr esa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk
11-9 ubZ f'k{kk uhfr vkSj Hkkjrh; mPp f'k{kk vk;ksx ¼HECI½
11-10 rduhdh vkSj çca/ku f'k{kk ds fy, 21oha dh lnh ds dkS'ky
11-11 lkjka'k
11-12 vH;kl iz'u
11-13 lanHkZ lwph ,oa v/;;u gsrq mi;ksxh lkexzh
11-14 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa iwoZ çkFkfed] çkFkfed] ek/;fed vkSj mPp f'k{kk 'kkfey gSaA
eq[;r% mPp f'k{kk Lrj ds ij rhu rjg dh f'k{kk çnku dh tkrh gS &lkekU;] rduhdh
vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kkA lkekU; f'k{kk] f'k{kk dk ,slk :i gS tks Nk=ksa ds O;fäxr
fodkl ij dsafær gS vkSj mUgsa ,sls fo"k;ksa ds lkFk tksM+rh gS ftuds }kjk Nk=ksa dh xgu
lksp dks c<+kok feyrk gS vkSj os vius vkl ikl dh nqfu;k ds ckjs esa tkx:d curs
gSaA vaxzsth] xf.kr] foKku vkSj lkekftd foKku dqN ,sls gh eq[; fo"k; gSa tks fo|ky;ksa
esa lkekU; f'k{kk ds ikBîØe esa 'kkfey gS vkSj bu fo"k;ksa dks mPp f'k{kk ds Lrj ij
Hkh i<+k;k tkrk gSA nwljh vksj] O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ,d vyx vkSipkfjd –f"Vdks.k fy,
gq, gS] ftlesa Nk= lkexzh Kku çkIr ds lkFk &lkFk ml Kku dks dk;Z{ks= esa ykxw djus
dh rduhd Hkh lh[krk gSA O;kolkf;d f'k{kk esa cqfu;knh Kku vkSj ewY; bl çdkj
'kkfey gksrs gSa ftuesa fo"k; dh eq[; vo/kkj.kk;sa] fl)kar vkSj rduhd ds lkFk lkFk
O;ogkj esa muds vuqç;ksx dk Kku Hkh 'kkfey gksrk gS] tSls& fpfdRlk vkSj dkuwuh
fo"k;A O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds ikBîØeksa esa Nk=ksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd viuh {kerk
ds ,sls Lrj dks çkIr djsa ftls vk/kkj ij Nk= o`fÙkd vH;kl ¼çksQ'kuy çSfDV½ 'kq:
dj ldsaA os vkpkj lafgrk ls ca/ks gq, gksrs gSa] vkSj ;g mudh ftEesnkjh vkSj çfrc)rk
ekuh tkrh gS dh mudks le;& le; ij vius Kku vkSj {kerk dks viMsV j[kuk gSA
M‚DVj] f'k{kd vkSj odhy tSls is'ksoj yksxksa dh çkFkfedrk esa lekt lsok igys vkSj
foÙkh; ykHk ckn esa vkrk gSA 205
 rduhdh f'k{kk ,sls O;fä;ksa dks rS;kj djrh gS tks orZeku esa py jgs dke dkt ds
lkFk vius vki dks tksM+ ldsaA rdfudh f'k{kk esa dke ls lacaf/kr dkS'ky] Kku vkSj
oSKkfud fl)karksa dh le> dk fodkl vkSj mldk mi;ksx 'kkfey gksrk gSA Hkkjrh;
lanHkZ esa rduhdh f'k{kk okLrqdyk] ;kstuk] fMtkbu] bathfu;fjax vkSj çkS|ksfxdh]
daI;wVj vuqç;ksx] çca/ku] QkesZlh] gksVy çca/ku vkSj fMIyksek] Lukrd vkSj LukrdksÙkj
Lrj ij [kkuiku ls lacaf/kr dk;ZØeksa ls tqMh gqbZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa ge rduhdh]
O;kolkf;d vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh ç—fr] egRo] bldh o`f) vkSj fodkl] rduhdh
vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds fy, laLFkkxr ra= vkSj fu;ked fudk;ksa ij ppkZ djsaxsA
bdkbZ ds var esa] ge 21 oha lnh ds dkS'ky ds lanHkZ esa rduhdh] O;kolkf;d vkSj
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds çk:i dks le>us dk ç;kl djsaxAs var esa] ge mPp f'k{kk esa
fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds fy, ,dy fu;ked gksus ds çLrko ij Hkh ppkZ djsaxsA

bdkbZ ds iwjk gksus ds mijkUr] vki %

rduhdh] O;kolkf;d vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh ç—fr ij ppkZ dj ldsaxs]
Hkkjr esa rduhdh f'k{kk vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds egRo vkSj fodkl dks le>
ldsaxs]
fofHkUu çdkj dh 'kSf{kd lajpuk vkSj laLFkkxr ra= dk Hksn dj ldsaxs]
rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds fy, fofHkUu fu;ked fudk;ksa dh Hkwfedk dk
mYys[k dj ldsaxs]
f'k{k.k esa 21 oha lnh ds dkS'ky dks lek;ksftr djus dh vko';drk dk mYys[k
dj ldsaxs] rFkk
f'k{kk dks fofu;fer djus esa ,dy fu;ked ds ykHkksa ij ppkZ dj ldsaxsA

jk"Vªh; fodkl esa çxfr djus ds fy, ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd lHkh ns'k] fo'ks"k :i ls
fodkl'khy ns'k f'k{kk ds lHkh {ks=ksa ds larqfyr fodkl ij fo'okl djrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] fodkl dh xfr dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, lHkh ns'kksa dks u dsoy lkekU; f'k{kk ij
vfirq rduhdh] O;kolkf;d] is'ksoj] —f"k vkSj f'k{kk ds fofHkUu ikBîØeksa dks fo|kFkhZvksa
ds fy, miyC/k djokuk pkfg,A ;g blfy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ,d ns'k dks lHkh
O;olk;ksa ds fy, f'kf{kr vkSj dq'ky yksxksa ds lkFk lkFk çf'kf{kr yksxksa dh Hkh
vko';drk gksrh gSA gkykafd f'k{kk dk mís'; ek= dq'ky yksxksa dks rS;kj djuk gh ugha
gS D;ksafd f'k{kk fdlh Hkh O;fä ds lexz fodkl ij dsafær gS] fQj Hkh vkfFkZd vkSj ekuo
lalk/ku fodkl esa blds ;ksxnku dks de vkaduk xyr gksxkA rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d
f'k{kk dk lekt esa fdlh Hkh O;fä dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd Hkwfedk dks
csgrj cukus esa vge~ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA
;g lekt esa LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k lEcU/kh lq/kkj ykrk gS] vkfFkZd fodkl esa o`f) djrk
gS] rduhdh fodkl esa rhozrk ykrk gS vkSj lexz :i ls O;fä ds thou rFkk lekt esa
xq.kkRed lq/kj ykrk gSA dq'ky dk;Zcy oSf'od çfrLi/kkZ vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl esa vge
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS tks varr% lekt ds fodkl esa lgk;rk djrk gSA f'k{kk esa fuos'k ds
206
çfrQy Lo:i csgrj dfj;j dh laHkkouk,a] thfodk dekus ds lk/kuksa esa o`f) vkSj
thou esa csgrj xq.koÙkk cuk;s j[kus tSls ykHk feyrs gSaA oSf'od Lrj ij gq, dbZ
v/;;uksa ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd f'k{k.k vkSj çf'k{k.k ds }kjk Jfedksa fd mRiknd
{kerk dk fodkl gksrk gS vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls f'k{kk ds mPp Lrj okys yksxksa dh vk; ds
lk/kuksa esa Hkh o`f) gksrh gSA

fpfdRlk O;olk; lHkh O;olkf;;ksa esa Js"B ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g çR;{k :i ls yksxksa
dh ftanxh ls laca/k j[krk gSA vkSj O;olk; dh blh ç—fr ds dkj.k fpfdRld lekt
esa lcls vf/kd vknj ikrs gSaA Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k esa ukxfjdksa dh HkykbZ vkSj
LokLF; bl O;olk; ds laiw.kZ fodkl dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fofHkUu
fpfdRlk egkfo|ky;ksa esa mPp xq.koÙkk okyh fpfdRlk f'k{kk çnku djus dks ,d
vko';drk ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA LokLF; ns[kHkky dks lHkh yksxksa dh igqap esa ykus
vkSj ubZ chekfj;ksa ls yM+us esa l{ke cukus ds fy, fpfdRlk egkfo|ky;ksa esa vuqla/kku
dks vf/kd egRo fn;k tkrk gSA gkykafd Hkkjr us fpfdRlk f'k{kk ds {ks= esa dkQh çxfr
dh gS fdarq fQj Hkh Hkkjr esa fpfdRld vkSj jksxh ds vuqikr dh fLFkfr cgqr vPNh ugha
gS rFkk iath—r ,yksiSfFkd fpfdRldksa dh la[;k T;knkrj 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa vf/kd ns[kus
dks feyrh gS vr% bl ckr dh vko';drk gS fd fpfdRlk f'k{kk ç.kkyh dk laiw.kZ ns'k
esa foLr`r foLrkj fd;k tk,A fdlh Hkh ns'k ds yksxksa dh igqap esa lekurk vkSj U;k; dks
ykus vkSj mls ,d vk/kkjHkwr <kapk çnku djus esa odhy vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa
oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k O;olkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa dks cgqr vf/kd c<+kok feyk gS A odhyksa
ds rduhdh dkuwuh Kku vkSj fofHkUu dkS'kyksa esa fuiq.k gksus ds dkj.k yksxksa dks O;olk;
dks vkxs c<+kus vkSj mlds foLrkj dh çfØ;k esa /;ku nh tkus okyh ckrksa dks tkuus vkSj
le>us dk ekSdk feyrk gSA Hkkjrh; mHkjrh cktkjksa esa lafonk red nkf;Ro O;olkf;d
ysu nsu fooknksa dks lqy>kus ckSf)d laink ds laj{k.k vkSj O;olk; ds fodkl esa odhyksa
dh ;ksxnku dks de ugha vkadk tk ldrk gSA vr% odhy fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk ds
fodkl esa ldkjkRed Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa vge ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA

vkxs vkus okys Hkkxksa esa ge rduhdh O;olkf;d vkSj mPp f'k{kk esa O;olkf;d f'k{kk
dh ç—fr] fodkl vkSj muds fofue; dh çfØ;k ij ppkZ djsaxsA

rduhdh f'k{kk 'kCn O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds lkFk Hkh tqM+k gS vkSj mudk mi;ksx
dHkh&dHkh ,d nwljs ds LFkku ij fd;k Hkh tkrk gSA bl [kaM esa] ge nksuksa çdkj dh
f'k{kk dh ç—fr] muds egRo vkSj Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa muds fodkl ij ppkZ djsaxsA

rduhdh f'k{kk çnku djus okys laLFkku tSls vkbZvkbZVh] O;olk; ls tqM+s fl)kar vkSj
foKku dks i<+krs gSa] tcfd O;kolkf;d laLFkku] tSls vkbZVhvkbZ] dke dks lQyrk ls
djus ds fy, vko';d dkS'kyksa ds lh[kus ij vf/kd cy nsrs gSA rduhdh laLFkkuksa esa
ikBîØe ds iwjk gksus dk i'pkr vkerkSj ij Lukrd ;k ekLVj fMxzh çnku dh tkrh
gSA nwljh vksj O;kolkf;d ikBîØe iwjk gksus ij çek.k i= çnku djrs gSA çf'k{k.k
ds bl rjg ds dkslZ ¼çek.ki= vkSj fMIyksek½ f'k{kk ds fupys Lrj ij is'k fd, tkrs
gSaA bl rjg ds dkslZ fofHkUu O;olk;ksa esa dq'ky] vdq'ky ;k v/kZ&dq'ky Jfedksa ds
y;s vko';d f'k{k.k dkS'kyksa ij cy nsrs gSaA dkS'ky fodflr djus ds mís'; ds dkj.k
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk mís'; f'k{kk ds Lrj dks c<+kuk ugha gSA nwljh vksj] rduhdh f'k{kk
207
 ¼TE½ Nk=ksa dks 'kSf{kd vkSj O;kolkf;d Kku ds vk/kkj ij ,slh ukSdfj;ksa ds fy,
rS;kj djrh gS tgk¡ ij foKku vkSj vk/kqfud çkS|ksfxdh dh vo/kkj.kkvksa ds vuqç;ksx
gksrk gSA blds vykok] rduhdh f'k{kk vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk nks çdkj dh gksrh gS&
laLFkk vk/kkfjr vkSj m|ksx vk/kkfjrA laLFkk vk/kkfjr f'k{kk esa Nk= lS)kafrd Kku vkSj
O;kogkfjd dk;Z çkIr djus ds fy, ços'k ysrs gSa vkSj lEcaf/kr fudk; ls ekU;rk çkIr
fMxzh ;k fMIyksek ;k çkIr djrs gSaA m|ksx&vk/kkfjr f'k{kk esa] Nk=ksa dks ,d fof'k"V
{ks= esa dkS'ky lh[kus ds fy, çf'k{kq ds :i esa m|ksxksa ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gS] tgk¡ os
rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk esa tfVy xfrfof/k;ksa dks iw.kZ djds gh fMxzh] fMIyksek
vkSj lfVZfQdsV dkslZ iwjs fd;s tkrs gSaA ;wusLdks ds vuqlkj %

^^rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk lkekU; Kku ds vykok] 'kSf{kd çfØ;k ds lHkh :iksa
vkSj Lrjksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS] ftlesa çkS|ksfxdh vkSj lacaf/kr foKku dk v/;;u vkSj
O;kogkfjd dkS'ky dk fodkl vkSj fofHkUu rjhdksa ls O;olk;ksa ds laca/k esa Kku] O;ogkj
vkSj le> 'kkfey gSA ;g ,d vksj 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa }kjk la;qä :i ls vk;ksftr
lgdkjh dk;ZØeksa ds ek/;e ls] vkSj nwljh vksj vkS|ksfxd] —f"k] okf.kfT;d ls
lacfa /kr miØe }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gS** ¼Source: UNESCO Convention on Technical
and Vocational Education½

fiNys [kaM esa geus rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh ç—fr vkSj fofHkUu y{k.kksa ij
ppkZ dh gS A tc vki rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds ckjs esa lksprs gSa] rks vkids
fnekx esa dkSu ls ikBîØe vkrs gSa\ D;k vki mu laLFkkuksa ds çdkj ds ckjs esa lksp
ldrs gSa tks fuEufyf[kr ikBîØeksa dks i<+krs gSa\
Hkkjr esa i<+k, tkus okys dqN rduhdh ikBîØe fuEufyf[kr gSa %
d½ bathfu;fjax esa fMxzh vkSj fMIyksek ikBîØe
[k½ bathfu;fjax esa ekLVj fMxzh ikB~;Øe
x½ ekLVj v‚Q daI;wVj ,Iyhds'ku ¼,elh,½
?k½ ekLVj v‚Q fctusl ,MfefuLVªs'ku ¼,ech,½
³½ QkesZlh ikBîØe
p½ vkfdZVsDpj vkSj ,IykbM vkVZ~l esa ikBîØe
N½ gksVy eSustesaV ,aM dSVfjax VsDuksy‚th ikB~;Øe
Hkkjr esa rduhdh f'k{kk ¼fMxzh vkSj bathfu;fjax esa fMIyksek½ laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk dk
mís'; foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa esa f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku djds
vko';d rduhdh Kku j[kus okys O;fä;ksa dk fuekZ.k djuk gS A f'k{k.k vkSj çf'k{k.k
dk dk;Z fofHkUu çdkj ds laLFkkuksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS %
vkS|ksfxd çf'k{k.k laLFkku ¼vkbZVhvkbZ½] tks dq'ky Jfedksa ds fy, fofHkUu çdkj
ds {ks=ksa ls lEcaf/kr ikBîØe çnku djrk gS]
i‚fyVsfDud laLFkku] tks e/;e Lrj ds f'kfYi;ksa vFkok rduhf'k;uksa ds dkS'ky
fodkl ds fy, fMIyksek çnku djrs gSaA
208
 bathfu;fjax egkfo|ky;] tks bathfu;fjax vkSj çkS|ksfxdh esa Lukrd vkSj LukrdksÙkj
fMxzh ikBîØe çnku djrs gSaA
vkxs vkus okys Hkkx esa] ge O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds rjDdh vkSj fodkl ij Lora=rk ls
igys vkSj ckn esa fofHkUu lfefr;ksa vkSj vk;ksxksa dh fu;qfä ds vk/kkj ij ppkZ djsaxsA

vkSifuosf'kd dky ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa rduhdh f'k{kk çnku djus dk eq[; mís'; mifuos'k
dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djuk Fkk vkSj bldh xfr çfrcaf/kr ,oa /kheh FkhA f}rh; fo'o ;q)
vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gqvk D;ksafd
blds dkj.k ns'k esa rduhdh dfeZ;ksa ds çf'k{k.k ds egÙo dks ljdkj }kjk le>k x;kA
blds otg ls ;kstuk vkSj fodkl foHkkx dk l`tu lj vnsZf'kj nyky ds ekxZn'kZu esa
gqvk] ftUgksaus rduhdh f'k{kk ds çlkj ds fy, fuEufyf[kr nks eq[; dne mBk,
1½ oSKkfud vkSj vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku foHkkx dh LFkkiuk ¼ckn esa ;g foHkkx oSKkfud
vkSj vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku ifj"kn ds uke ls cuk ½
2½ 1945 esa ns'k esa mPp rduhdh f'k{kk ds fodkl ds fy, lq>ko gsrq ljdkj lfefr
dh fu;qfä
ljdkj lfefr us esl~lkpqlsV~Vl çkS|ksfxd laLFkku dh rtZ ij Hkkjr ds pkj fofHkUu
{ks=ksa esa pkj rduhdh 'kSf{kd laLFkku LFkkfir djus dh vuq'kalk dhA ;g tkuuk #fpdj
gS fd blds i'pkr 1951 ls 1961 rd ns'k esa ikap vyx vyx txgksa cEcbZ] [kM+xiqj]
dkuiqj] eækl vkSj psUubZ esa Hkkjrh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku LFkkfir fd;s x,A ;s laLFkku
eSupsLVj baLVhVîwV v‚Q VsDuksy‚th] ;w,l, vkSj ;wfuoflZVh v‚Q eSupsLVj] ;w-ds- fd
rtZ ij cuk;s x,A

vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼AICTE½ dh LFkkiuk Lora=rk ls igys 1945 esa
gqbZ Fkh vkSj 1947 esa dq'ky oSKkfud vkSj ç'kkld M‚ 'kkafrLo:i HkVukxj dh v/;{krk
esa oSKkfud tu'kfä lfefr ¼SMC½ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ftlds dkj.k ns'k dh oSKkfud
tu'kfä t:jrksa dk igyh ckj vkdyu fd;k x;kA ;g fjiksVZ Hkkjr esa rduhdh f'k{kk
ds fodkl ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ nLrkost cukA ns'k esa py jgs i‚fyVsfDud laLFkkuksa
fu;af=r djus ds fy, 1948 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼AICTE½ us cksMZ
v‚Q LVMht ds lg;ksx ls Hkkjr esa i‚fyVsfDud f'k{kk dh leh{kk dh vkSj i‚fyVsfDud
laLFkkuksa ds dke dks ysdj ekunaMksa dk lq>ko fn;kA

jk/kk—".ku vk;ksx ¼1948 &1949 ½ Lora= Hkkjr dk fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk dks ysdj cuk;k
x;k igyk vk;ksx FkkA bl vk;ksx ds }kjk ns'k Hkj esa rduhdh f'k{kk ds foLrkj ds fy,
O;kolkf;d ,oa çkS|ksfxdh laLFkkuksa dks LFkkfir djus fd vuq'kalk ds lkFk lkFk
O;kogkfjd çf'k{k.k vkSj bathfu;fjax ds {ks= esa vuqla/kku ds fy, çko/kku ij cy fn;k
x;kA

1952 esa M‚ , y{e.kLokeh eqnfy;kj fd v/;{krk esa ek/;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZA vk;ksx ds vuqlkj ns'k Hkj esa vyx ls ;k cgqmís';h; fo|ky;ksa ds lkFk tksM+
dj cM+h la[;k esa rduhdh fo|ky;ksa dks [kksyus dh vko';drk gSA vk;ksx ds }kjk ;g
Hkh lq>ko fn;k x;k fd ,sls fo|ky;ksa dks m|ksxksa ds ikl cukus pkfg, rkfd m|ksx
rFkk fo|ky; esa lekatL; LFkkfir gks ldsA
209
 dksBjh vk;ksx ¼1964 &66½ ds }kjk jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lekt ds fodkl ds fy,
foKkua vkSj vuqlU/kku dks c<+kok nsus dh ckr dgh xbZA vk;ksx us çR;sd jkT; esa de
ls de ,d —f"k fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh flQkfj'k Hkh dhA rduhdh f'k{kk ds
fy, bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;k fd m|ksxksa esa O;kogkfjd çf'k{k.k dks rduhdh f'k{kk
dk vfHkUu vax cukuk pkfg,A vk;ksx us ns'k dh —f"k] vkS|ksfxd vkSj rduhdh
tu'kfä dh vko';drkvksa dh fujarj leh{kk dh vko';drk vkSj egÙo dks le>us dk
ç;kl djus ij Hkh cy fn;kA

f'k{kk dh jk"Vªh; uhfr ¼1986½ us rduhdh vkSj çca/ku f'k{kk ds laca/kksa vkSj orZeku
ekeyksa dks mtkxj fd;k vkSj m|ksx dh orZeku vkSj vkxs vkus okyh t:jrksa dks /;ku
esa j[krs gq, rduhdh vkSj çca/ku f'k{kk ds iquxZBu dk lq>ko fn;kA blesa ;g Hkh dgk
x;k fd rduhdh ;k çca/ku laLFkkuksa ds chp lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ds }kjk dk;ZØe fu;kstu
vkSj dk;kZUo;u] deZpkfj;ksa dk vknku & çnku] çf'k{k.k gsrq lqfo/kk,a vkSj lalk/ku]
vuqla/kku vkSj ekxZn'kZu tSlh lqfo/kk,a gksuh pkfg,A

fofHkUu vk;ksxksa vkSj lfefr;ksa ds vykok] ikap o"khZ; ;kstukvksa dks i<+uk Hkh ljdkj
}kjk jk"Vªh; fodkl dks lqxe cukus ds fy, foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ij /;ku dsafær
djus dh dksf'k'k dks lQy cukrk gSA

foKku uhfr ladYi ds }kjk le;&le; ij foKku vkSj rduhdh ds egÙo dks mtkxj
fd;k x;k gSA blds dkj.k ns'k esa rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds foLrkj dks c<+kok
feykA le; ds vuqlkj cnyrh t:jrksa ds dkj.k uhfrxr ladYi Hkh bl {ks= esa u,
vkSj cnyrs
{ks=ksa ij cy fn;kA lcls igyk esa foKku vkSj rduhdh
ds }kjk lekt ds fodkl ds mís'; ls lkeus vk;kA jkf"Vª; fuekZ.k esa foKku vkSj
rduhdh ds }kjk lkekftd vkfFkZd cnyko dks lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;kA

bu mís';ksa ds fy,] foKku uhfr ladYi&1958 dk mís'; vius lHkh fo"k;ksa esa foKku
vkSj oSKkfud vuqla/kku dks ^^çksRlkfgr djuk] c<+kok nsuk vkSj cuk, j[kuk** fu/kkZfjr
fd;k x;kAns'k esa [kkldj j{kk vkSj —f"k tSls {ks=ksa dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy,
mPp xq.koÙkk okys oSKkfudksa dh t:jr dks t:jh le>k x;kA
80 ds n'kd rd Hkkjr ds ikl ,d etcwr vkS|ksfxd <kapk vkSj —f"k vk/kkj vkSj
çf'kf{kr ekuo lalk/ku dh ,d cM+h ç.kkyh FkhA
esa rduhdh dq'kyrk vkSj vkRefuHkZjrk dks çkIr ij cy
fn;k x;k ftldk eq[; mís'; jk"Vªh; vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl ç.kkyh ds lkFk
lkekftd&vkfFkZd {ks=ksa ds dk;ZØeksa dks ,dh—r djus vkSj jk"Vªh; uokpkj ç.kkyh ds
fuekZ.k djuk FkkA
iwoZ uhfr dh rjg gh bldk mís'; Hkh rduhdh ds }kjk lekt ds lHkh oxksaZ] fo'ks"k
:i ls fiNM+s oxZ ds yksxksa dks ykHk igq¡pkuk FkkA blds }kjk vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl
fuos'k esa Hkjksrjh vkSj ljdkjh ,oa 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa vkSj m|ksxksa ds chp ijLij lg;ksx
ds }kjk lwpuk] bysDVª‚fuDl vkSj tSo çkS|ksfxdh tSls u, {ks=ksa esa çkS|ksfxdh dks etcwr
210 vk/kkj cukus ij t+ksj fn;k x;kA
 ds }kjk foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ls feyus okys
Qk;nksa dks lcds lkeus yk;k x;k vkSj jkf"Vª; uokpkj ç.kkyh ds lkFk lkFk vuqlU/kku
vkSj fodkl esa fuos'k dh vkSj Hkh /;ku dsafær fd;k x;kA blds }kjk ,sls 'kSf{kd
laLFkkuksa dh ljapuk ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ij cy fn;k x;k tgk¡ foKku vkSj bathfu;fjax
ikBîØe i<+k, tk jgs gksa vkSj vk/kkjHkwr vuqlU/kku ds fy, foÙkh; ra= dks Hkh LFkkfir
djukA foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh uhfr] 2003 dk eq[; mís'; vuqlU/kku] fodkl vkSj
uokpkj dks ,sls {ks=ksa ds fy, çksRlkfgr djuk ftudk vlj vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd
igyqvksa ij iM+rk gks vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds Hkhrj fofHkUu fgr/kkjdksa ds chp ckrphr
dks rkyesy dks lqfo/kktud cukus ds fy, ra= fodflr djuk FkkA
us cM+s tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ij /
;ku dsafær fd;k vkSj yksxksa ds fy, ^foKku çkS|ksfxdh vkSj uokpkj* çfreku LFkkfir
fd;kA bl uhfr esa uokpkj 'kCn ç;ksx foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ls ns'k ds vkfFkZd vkSj
lkekftd çkFkfedrkvksa dks tksM+us ds fy, fd;k x;kA oSKkfud [kkstksa vkSj foKku ,oa
çkS|ksfxdh dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds ifj.kkeksa dks —f"k] fuekZ.k] ty] LokLFk;] i;kZoj.k vkSj
cqfu;knh <kaps ls tksM+us dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k x;kA
fodsaæh—r gksus ds eq[; fl)karksa]
çek.k vk/kkfjr] uhps ls Åij dh vksj] fo'ks"kKksa }kjk lapkfyr gSA ;g vke turk ij
dsafær gS vksj blds ykHk fodkl dks lekos'kh cukrs gSaA

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij viuk mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsaA
1½ rduhd ,oa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk] lkekU; f'k{kk ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2½ rduhd ,oa O;olkf;d f'k{kk esa fuos'k djuk ,d jk"Vª ds fy, D;ksa vko';d gS\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3½ fofHkUu foKku uhfr ladYiksa ds if<+, vkSj muds mís';ksa esa vk, cnykoksa dh
lwph cukb,A
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 211
 bl [kaM ds vkjEHk esa fn, x, fo"k;ksa dh lwph ij utj Mkfy,A rduhdh f'k{kk ds
varxZr dkSu dkSu ls fo"k; vkrs gSa \ vkSj çca/ku f'k{kk rduhdh f'k{kk dk fgLlk D;ksa
gS \ bathfu;fjax vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ikBîØeksa ij ppkZ djus ds ckn] ge çca/ku f'k{kk ds
o`f) vkSj fodkl ij laf{kIr ppkZ djsaxsA Hkkjr esa igyk çca/ku ikBîØe] 1953 esa
vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkekftd dY;k.k laLFkku vkSj O;olk; çca/ku esa 'kq: gqvk ¼1958 esa
Hkkjrh; lkekftd dY;k.k vkSj O;olk; çca/ku laLFkku] esa cny x;k½A
Hkkjrh; foKku laLFkku ¼IISc½] cSaxyksj us 1954 esa dsoy lkoZtfud {ks= ds vf/kdkfj;ksa
ds fy, çca/ku esa fMIyksek dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;kA o"kZ 1950 ds nkSjku] dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa
ds çca/ku foHkkxksa us Hkh çca/ku ds dk;ZØeksa dks 'kq: fd;kA ftlesa eq[; :i ls fnYyh
fo'ofo|ky; vkSj eækl fo'ofo|ky; FksA 1957 esa] vka/kz fo'ofo|ky; ds okf.kT; vkSj
çca/ku foHkkx us ijkLukrd Lrj ij O;olk; ç'kklu ¼,ech,½ dk;ZØe dh 'kq#vkr
dhA
1961 esa dydÙkk vkSj vgenkckn esa igys nks vkbZvkbZ,e dh 'kq#vkr bl mEehn ls dh
xbZ fd buds }kjk eq[; ljdkjh laxBuksa ds çca/ku dh ns[k js[k djus okys çca/kdksa
dh deh dks iwjk fd;k tk ldsA 80 ds n'kd ds nkSjku vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k vkSj
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds vlk/kkj.k o`f) ds dkj.k ,sls laLFkkuksa fd la[;k vpkud c<+
xbZ tks çca/ku f'k{kk çnku dj jgs FksA futh {ks= esa Hkh dbZ laLFkku iksLV xzstq,V
fMIyksek bu eSustesaV ¼PGDM½ vkSj nks lky ds iksLV xzstq,V fMIyksek bu eSustesaV
çnku djrs gSa ftlds dkj.k 2011&12 ls 2016&17 rd f'k{kk ds fu;fer :i esa
ihthMh,e@,ech, dk;ZØeksa esa ukekadu rhoz xfr ls c<+k gSA

foÙkiks"k.k ds vk/kkj ij rduhdh vkSj çca/ku f'k{kk dks fuEufyf[kr oxksaZ esa ck¡Vk tk
ldrk gS %
dsaæ ljdkj }kjk foÙk iksf"kr laLFkku
jkT; ljdkj@jkT; foÙk iksf"kr laLFkku
Lo&foÙkiksf"kr laLFkku
dsaæ ljdkj }kjk foÙk iksf"kr rduhdh vkSj oSKkfud 'kSf{kd laLFkku fuEufyf[kr gSa%
Hkkjrh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku ¼vkbZvkbZVh½ & orZeku esa 16 Hkkjrh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku]
eqacbZ] fnYyh] dkuiqj] [kM+xiqj] eækl] xqokgkVh] #M+dh] gSnjkckn] iVuk] Hkqous'oj]
jksiM+] tks/kiqj] xka/khuxj] bankSj] eaMh vkSj okjk.klh gSaA
çca/ku ds Hkkjrh; laLFkku ¼vkbZvkbZ,e½ & ns'k esa dqy 20 Hkkjrh; çca/ku laLFkku gSaA
;s cSaxyksj] vgenkckn] dydÙkk] y[kuÅ] bankSj] dks>hdksM] mn;iqj] f=ph] jk;iqj]
jksgrd] f'kykax] dk'khiqj] jkaph] ukxiqj] fo'kk[kkiÙkue] ve`rlj] cks/kx;k] fljekSj]
lacyiqj vkSj tEew esa fLFkr gSaA
Hkkjrh; foKku f'k{kk ,oa vuqla/kku laLFkku ¼IISERs½& Hkkjrh; foKku f'k{kk ,oa
vuqla/kku laLFkku ns'k ds çeq[k vuqla/kku laLFkku ekus tkrs gSaA orZeku esa] iwjs ns'k esa
212 lkr eq[; Hkkjrh; foKku f'k{kk ,oa vuqla/kku laLFkku gSaA
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds Hkkjrh; laLFkku ¼IIIT½ %
i) Hkkjrh; lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku bykgkckn
ii) vVy fcgkjh oktis;h & Hkkjrh; lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] Xokfy;j ¼ABV
IIITM½
iii) iafMr }kjdk çlkn feJk Hkkjrh; lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh] fMtkbu vkSj fofuekZ.k
laLFkku] ¼IIITDM½ tcyiqj
iv) Hkkjrh; lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh] fMtkbu vkSj fofuekZ.k laLFkku] ¼IIITDM½ dkaphiqjeA
v) Hkkjrh; lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] fMtkbu vkSj fofuekZ.k ¼IIITDM½ dqjuwy]
vka/kz çns'k
jk"Vªh; rduhdh f'k{kd çf'k{k.k vkSj vuqla/kku laLFkku ¼NITTTRs½& jk"Vªh; rduhdh
f'k{kd çf'k{k.k vkSj vuqla/kku laLFkku rduhdh f'k{kd çf'k{k.k laLFkku ds :i esa ns'k
esa LFkkfir fd, x, FksA ,sls pkj laLFkkuksa esa ls igyk 1965 esa dksydkrk esa LFkkfir
fd;k x;k Fkk] vU; rhu paMhx<+] Hkksiky vkSj psUubZ esa FksA
6½ jk"Vªh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku ¼,uvkbZVh½ & 31 ,uvkbZVh gSa tks fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij
fLFkr gSaA
7½ vU; dsUæh; laLFkku
i) us'kuy bafLVV~;wV vkWQ bUMfLVª;y bathfu;fjax ¼NITIE½] eqacbZ
ii) us'kuy baLVhVîwV v‚Q QkmaMªh ,aM QkstZ VsDuksy‚th ¼NIFFT½] jkaph
iii) Ldwy v‚Q Iykfuax ,aM vkfdZVsDpj ¼SPA½] ubZ fnYyh
iv) Ldwy v‚Q Iykfuax ,aM vkfdZVsDpj ¼,lih,½] Hkksiky
v) fo|ky; v‚Q Iykfuax ,aM vkfdZVsDpj ¼,lih,½] fot;okM+k
vi) dsaæh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] dksdjk>kj
vii) lar ykSx
a ksoky baLVhVîwV v‚Q bathfu;fjax ,aM VsDuksy‚th ¼SLIET½] yksaxksoky]
iatkc
viii) mÙkj iwohZ {ks=h; foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku ¼NERIST½] bZVkuxj
ix) ?kuh [kku pkS/kjh baLVhVîwV v‚Q bathfu;fjax ,aM VsDuksy‚th ¼GKCIET½]
ekynk] if'pe caxky
laLFkkvksa dks oxhZ—r djus dk ,d rjhdk mudh lac)rk] çca/ku vkSj ekU;rk ds
vk/kkj ij Hkh gS %
IIMs dks jk"Vªh; egRo ds laLFkku ;k mR—"Vrk dsaæ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS
fo'ofo|ky; ds fo|ky; ;k foHkkx ;k IITs ;k jk"Vªh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku ¼NIT½
ds fo|ky; ;k foHkkx
fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls lac) futh ;k ljdkjh laLFkku
AICTE }kjk vuqeksfnr futh ;k ljdkjh ;k v/kZ ljdkjh laLFkku
fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls lac) futh ;k ljdkjh ;k v/kZ ljdkjh laLFkku vkSj ,vkbZlhVhbZ
¼AICTE½ }kjk vuqeksfnr
213
 futh laLFkku tks fdlh fo'ofo|ky; ls lac) ugha gSa vkSj u gh ,vkbZlhVhbZ }kjk
vuqeksfnr gSa
AICTE }kjk vuqeksfnr futh laLFkku tks Hkkjr esa fons'kh fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds
lg;ksx ls çca/ku ikBîØeksa pyk jgs gSa] tgk¡ fons'kh fo'ofo|ky; }kjk fMxzh@
fMIyksek@çek.k i= çnku fd;k tkrk gSA
çca/ku] bathfu;fjax vkSj çkS|ksfxdh f'k{kk ds fofHkUu Lrj uhps fn, x, gSa %

Lukrd (10+2) chVsd ;k ch-bZ- 04

ijkLukrd Lukrd ,e-Vsd ;k ,e-bZ- 02
iwoZ&MkDVjy ijkLukrd ,e- Qhy 01
MkWDVjy ijkLukrd ih-,p-Mh- 03
iksLV MkWDVjy ih-,p-Mh- Mh-fyV- 03
[kkl MkWDVjy Lukrd ,Mokal fMYyksek 01
fMIyksek 10$2 fMIyksek 01
izHkkoi= 10$2 izHkko i= 01
vU; çpfyr ukedj.k bl çdkj gSa % BE, BTech, BChE, BChem Tech, BTele,
BText, BCE, BEE, BEE, BME, DEng, ME, MTech, MChE, MText, MEE,
MME, PhD
¼Source: www.ugc.ac.in, Accesses on 20-01-2020½

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij viuk mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsa
1½ bathfu;fjax f'k{kk iznku djus ds fy, laLFkkxr O;oLFkk,¡ D;k gSa\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

bathfu;fjax vkSj çca/ku esa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe pykus okys laLFkku mPp f'k{kk dk
fgLlk gSa vkSj os f'k{kk ea=ky; ¼iwoZ esa ,e,pvkjMh½ ds mPp f'k{kk foHkkx dk ,d fgLlk
gSaA

214
 çca/ku f'k{kk dh ;kstuk]AICTE
leUo; vkSj fu;eu dk dke gekjs ns'k esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn
¼AICTE½ djrh gSA Lora=rk ls igys 1945 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn
¼AICTE dks ,d lykgdkj fudk; ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk] fdUrq jk"Vªh;
f'k{kk uhfr] 1986 esa flQkfj'k ds ckn 1987 esa bls oS/kkfud ntkZ çnku fd;k x;k
¼AICTE Act] 1987½A
AICTE jkT; vkSj futh Lrj ds bathfu;fjax egkfo|ky;ksa dh ekU;rk ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSA ;g rduhdh f'k{kk dh xq.kkRed o`f) ds lkFk &lkFk ek=kRed o`f) ds
ekudksa dh iwfrZ dk j[kj[kko djrk gSA ,vkbZlhVhbZ ds us'kuy cksMZ v‚Q ,fØfMVs'ku
dk mís'; rduhdh laLFkkuksa esa pyk;s tk jgs dk;ZØeksa ds ekudksa dks nqfu;k ds loZJs"B
laLFkkuksa ds led{k ykuk gSA ekU;rk dh çfØ;k cgqr dBksj gS vkSj blesa dbZ buiqV
gSa] tSls fd f'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk] vuqla/kku dk Lrj] ladk; fo'ks"kKrk] f'k{kdksa dk
ewY;kadu] vkSj laLFkku esa miyC/k cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj lalk/kuksa dk ekudA
iwjs ns'k esa {ks=h; Lrj ij ifj"kn~ dks rduhdh f'k{kk ds fu;kstu vkSj fodkl ds fy,]
laLFkkuksa dk j[k&j[kko vkSj lkef;d ewY;kadu ds fy, ns'k Hkj esa lkr oS/kkfud {ks=h;
lfefr;ka gSaA Hkkjr us rduhdh lqfo/kkvksa dh ,slh LFkkiuk dh gS tks bathfu;fjax
egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj vU; rduhdh&çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds ikBîØe vkSj lqfo/kkvksa dh
leh{kk vkSj v|ru ls lEcaf/kr lgk;rk çnku dj ldsA ,vkbZlhVhbZ }kjk fu"ikfnr
,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ dk;Z u, futh egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dks fofu;fer djuk gSA

;g ns[kuk fnypLi gS fd fiNys chl o"kksaZ esa] dbZ ,sls futh {ks= ds ^Lo&foÙkiksf"kr*
laLFkku lkeus vk x, gSa tks ljdkjh vuqnku ij vkfJr u gksdj Nk=ksa ls fy, tkus
okys 'kqYd ls dke pykrs gSaA ,vkbZlhVhbZ ¼AICTE½ us gky gh esa rduhdh laLFkkuksa
dh ekU;rk 'kq: djus ds fy, ,d jk"Vªh; cksMZ v‚Q ,fØfMVs'ku ¼,uch,½ dh LFkkiuk
dh FkhA fiNys 25 o"kksaZ esa rduhdh f'k{kk dh fodkl nj cgqr vf/kd c<+ xbZA
bathfu;fjax ikBîØe yxHkx pkj xquk c<+ x,A igys bathfu;fjax esa flQZ rhu
cqfu;knh 'kk[kk,¡ Fkha ftUgsa vkerkSj ij flfoy] bysfDVªdy vkSj eSdsfudy ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk FkkA rhu 'kk[kkvksa dk foLrkj gqvk vkSj 41ikBîØe Lukrd Lrj ij gSa vkSj
LukrdksÙkj esa 100 ls vf/kd ikBîØe gSaA uohure vkSj cgqr yksdfç; {ks=ksa esa ls dqN
esa tSo çkS|ksfxdh 'kkfey gSa; bathfu;fjax esa 'kk[kkvksa dh mUufr ds lac/a k esa uSuks
VsDuksy‚th vkfn] i;kZoj.k bathfu;fjax] egklkxj bathfu;fjax vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu
vkfn dqN vU; ikBîØe gSaA

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij viuk mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsa
5½ rduhdh f'k{kk dks fofu;fer djus esa ¼AICTE ½ ,vkbZlhVhbZ dh Hkwfedk ij
xgu ppkZ djsaA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
215
 ^O;kolkf;d f'k{kk* vkSj ^O;kolkf;drk* 'kCn dk vFkZ vyx&vyx rjhds ls fy;k tkrk
gSaA bl [kaM esa ge ^O;kolkf;d f'k{kk* dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djsaxs] rkfd fdlh
O;kolkf;d laLFkku ¼çksQs'kuy Ldwy½ ¼esfMdy ;k y‚ egkfo|ky;½ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk
vftZr Kku vkSj rduhdksa ds bLrseky dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldsA ,slh f'k{kk u dsoy
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lkexzh çkIr djus esa enn djrh gS] cfYd lgh vH;kl vkSj O;ogkj ds
fy, vko';d n{krkvksa dks fl[kus esa Hkh enn djrh gSA O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh dqN
fo'ks"krk,a gSa % fo"k; ls lEcaf/kr Kku vkSj ewY;] vH;kl ds fy, çeq[k vo/kkj.kk,a vkSj
rduhd Kku vkSj n{krk ds ,sls Lrj dks ikuk ftlds dkj.k O;olk; dks xaHkhjrk ls
fy;k tk ldsA
O;kolkf;drk ds egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa esa ls ,d ;g gS fd O;olk; ls lEcaf/kr yksx ,d
lkekftd vko';drk ds dkj.k gh dksbZ lsok çnku djrs gSaA D;k vki ,sls fo"k; ds ckjs
esa lksp ldrs gSa tks LokLF;] f'k{kk ;k dkuwuh lsok ds lkekftd vko';drkvksa ds tokc
esa lsok çnku dj jgs gksa\ tks yksx lekt dks lsok çnku djrs gSa] blfy, muls
O;ogkj esa vkpkj lafgrk ;k uSfrdrk dk ikyu djus dh Hkh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;g lekt dh t:jrksa ds fglkc ls lsok,a çnku
djrh gSa vkSj ,sls O;olk;ksa esa çf'kf{kr yksxksa }kjk fo'ks"kK lgk;rk çnku dh tkrh gSA
vkxs okys miHkkx esa ge Hkkjr esa fpfdRlk vkSj dkuwuh f'k{kk esa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds
fodkl ij /;ku dsafær djsaxsA

fodkl'khy ns'k dbZ LokLF; pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA bu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
lgh rjhds ls djus ds fy,] ,d cgqr gh etcwr fpfdRlk ra= dh vko';drk gSA bl
dkj.k ls] lkoZtfud LokLF; lsokvksa vkSj fpfdRlk ns[kHkky ds chp ,d vPNk larqyu
gksuk pkfg,A fpfdRlk egkfo|ky; ¼esfMdy dkWyst½ vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks iw.kZ :i ls
n{k cukdj ,d etcwr LokLF; ç.kkyh cukus esa enn djrs gSaA
fpfdRlk egkfo|ky;ksa ds }kjk nh tk jgh fpfdRlk f'k{kk dk egRo blfy, Hkh vf/kd
gSa D;ksafd os LokLF; ns[kHkky ç.kkyh dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSaA mudk ;ksxnku ns'k
esa ,d etcwr LokLF; ç.kkyh ds fy, vko';d ekuo lalk/ku dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA
esfMdy egkfo|ky; flQZ fpfdRld ¼M‚DVlZ½ gh ugha cukrs gSa vfirq ;ksX; fpfdRlk
f'k{kd vkSj iSjkesfMdy LVkQ dks Hkh lekt esa LokLF; ns[kHkky lsokvksa ds fy, dke
esa yxkrs gSaA esfMdy egkfo|ky;ksa ls ;g Hkh mEehn dh tkrh gS fd os ,sls okrkoj.k
dk fuekZ.k djsa tks ubZ [kkstksa ds fy, fpfdRlk vkSj vU; {ks=ksa esa oSKkfud vuqla/kku ds
lapkyu ds fy, Qk;nsean gksA os LFkkuh; yksxksa dks cM+h la[;k esa jkstxkj ds volj Hkh
çnku djrs gSa D;ksafd muds ikl cM+h la[;k esa vkoklh; deZpkjh vkSj Nk= gksrs gSaA
blfy,] cM+s vLirkyksa ls tqM+s fpfdRlk laLFkku LFkkuh; LokLF; ns[kHkky] LFkkuh;
vkcknh ds LokLF; vkSj LFkkuh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh HkykbZ dks çHkkfor djus dh {kerk j[krs
gSaA

216
Hkkjr esa ,sls fpfdRlk f'k{k.k laLFkku gSa tks dh if'peh fpfdRlk f'k{kk ¼,yksiSFkh½ esa
lk<+s ikap lky ds dk;ZØe dks pykrs gSa vkSj bu dk;ZØeksa dks ,yksiSfFkd fpfdRlk esa
cSpyj vkWQ esfMflu vkSj cSpyj v‚Q ltZjh ¼,echch,l½ dh fMxzh ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gSA ,d esfMdy egkfo|ky; vDlj ,d r`rh; oxZ ds vLirky ls tqM+k ugha
gksrk gS tks rduhdh vkSj fo'ks"k ç—fr dh ns[kHkky çnku djrk gS vFkkZr~] vf/kdrj
esfMdy egkfo|ky; çkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed ns[kHkky çnku djus okys vLirkyksa ls gh
tqM+s gq, gksrs gSaA

fczfV'k dky esa tc eækl fpfdRlk laLFkku dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rc 1835 esa Hkkjr esa
esfMdy egkfo|ky; dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA blds i'pkr 1840 ,d vkSj esfMdy egkfo|ky;
dh LFkkiuk x‚Fk esa iqrZxkfy;ksa }kjk dh xbZ FkhA 1850 ds ckn Hkkjr esa rhu fo'ofo|ky;
psUubZ] dydÙkk vkSj eqacbZ esa [kqyus ds mijkUr esfMdy egkfo|ky; fo'ofo|ky; }kjk
LFkkfir vkSj lac) gksus yxsA
1948 esa Lora=rk çkfIr ds i'pkr] Hkkjr esa ik'pkR; fpfdRlk i)fr ¼,syksiSFkh½ ds 23
çf'k{k.k laLFkku FksA buesa ls ,d osYyksj egkfo|ky; dks NksM+ dj okdh lHkh ljdkj
ds varxZr vkrs FksA bu lHkh egkfo|ky;ksa ls dqy feykdj 4000 ls Hkh de Lukrd
çf'k{k.k çkIr djds fudyrs FksA fiNys lkr n'kdksa esa Hkkjr esa esfMdy egkfo|ky;ksa
dh la[;k esa cM+h rsth vkbZ gSA Hkkjr esa iwjs fo'o esa lcls vf/kd esfMdy egkfo|ky;
gSaA fiNys rhl lkyksa esa futh {ks= esa Hkh fpfdRlk f'k{kk çnku djus okys laLFkkuksa dh
la[;k esa o`f) gqbZ gSA
uohure vkadM+kas ¼2020½ ds vuqlkj iwjs ns'k esa 541 esfMdy egkfo|ky; gSa ftuesa ls
280 ljdkjh vkSj 261 futh Lrj ds gSaA bu esfMdy egkfo|ky;ksa esa 80312 ,echch,l
dh lhVsa gSaA

NMC
esfMdy dkmafly v‚Q bafM;k ¼MCI½ }kjk Hkkjr esa fpfdRlk f'k{kk dks fofu;fer fd;k
x;k FkkA blds dkedkt esa vf/kd leL;k,a lkeus vkbZ vkSj bldh Hkwfedk vkSj lajpuk
us blds dkedkt dks lgh rjhds ls ugha gksus fn;kA blds dkedkt tokcnsgh dh deh
ikbZ xbZ vr% igys ds vf/kfu;e dks Hkax djrs gq, jk"Vªh; fpfdRlk vk;ksx ¼NMC½ dk
xBu fd;k x;kA
jk"Vªh; fpfdRlk vk;ksx ¼NMC½ dk xBu laln ds ,d vf/kfu;e ftls jk"Vªh;
fpfdRlk vk;ksx vf/kfu;e] 2019 ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ds }kjk fd;k x;k tks 25-
9-2020 dks ykxw gqvkA bl fu;ked çkf/kdj.k ls fuEufyf[kr Hkwfedk,a fuHkkus dh vis{kk
dh tkrh gS %
,½ fpfdRlk f'k{kk esa mPp xq.koÙkk vkSj mPp ekudksa dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, uhfr;ka
vkSj fu;e cukuk]
ch½ fpfdRlk laLFkkuksa] fpfdRlk vuqla/kku vkSj fpfdRlk ls tqM+s yksxksa dks fofu;fer
djus ds fy, uhfr;ksa dks j[kuk vkSj bl laca/k esa vko';d fu;e cukuk]
217
 x½ LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ds fy, ekuo lalk/ku lfgr vU; vko';drkvksa dk vkdyu
djuk vkSj ,slh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, jksM eSi fodflr djuk]
?k½ bl vf/kfu;e ds rgr çHkkoh dk;Z ds fy, cuk, x, fn'kkfunsZ'kksa vkSj fofu;eksa
dk jkT; fpfdRlk ifj"knksa }kjk vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vko';d mik;
fd;k tkuk]
¼½ fpfdRlk is'ks esa yksx uSfrdrk dk ikyu lqfuf'pr djus vkSj fpfdRlk fpfdRldksa
}kjk ns[kHkky ds çko/kku ds nkSjku uSfrd vkpj.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, uhfr;ksa
vkSj ekudksa dks cukuk] rFkk
p½ Qhl vkSj vU; lHkh 'kqYdksa ds fu/kkZj.k vkSj futh fpfdRlk laLFkkuksa esa lhVksa ds
vkoaVu ds fy, fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh djukA

,d fo/ks;d ds }kjk ,elhvkbZ dks ,u,elh ls cny fn;k x;k ftlds lnL;ksa dks
ukfer fd;k tk,xkA ,u,elh ¼NMC½ esa 25 lnL; 'kkfey gksaxs %
i) LokLF; lsok egkfuns'kky; ds funs'kd vkSj Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku ifj"kn
ds funs'kd
ii) fdlh Hkh ,El (AIIMS) ds funs'kd
iii) ikap lnL; ¼va'kdkfyd½ iath—r fpfdRldksa }kjk pqus tk,ax]s
iv) fpfdRlk lykgdkj ifj"kn esa jkT;ksa ds ukekafdr O;fDr ¼Ng lnL;½ fu;fer
vkorZu ds vk/kkj ij
bu 25 lnL;ksa esa ls de ls de 15 ¼6%½ fpfdRld gSaA ,elhvkbZ esa vf/kdrj ,sls
M‚DVj 'kkfey Fks tks lkoZtfud fgr ls Åij O;fäxr fgr vf/kd egÙo nsrs gSa
M‚DVjksa ds ,dkf/kdkj dks de djus ds fy,] fo'ks"kKksa }kjk ;g flQkfj'k dh xbZ gS fd

218
,elhvkbZ esa fofHkUu fgr/kkjdksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg, tSls dh tu LokLF;
fo'ks"kK] lkekftd oSKkfud vkSj LokLF; vFkZ'kkL=h bR;kfnA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;wukbVsM
fdaxMe esa] tujy esfMdy dkmafly tks fpfdRlk f'k{kk dks fofu;fer djus dk dk;Z
djrh gS ftlesa 12 esfMdy çSfDV'kuj vkSj 12 vU; lnL; ¼tSls tu LokLF; lnL;]
LFkkuh; ljdkj ds ç'kkld½ 'kkfey gSaA

D;k ,u,elh ds varxZr fu;ked fudk; LFkkfir fd, tk jgs gSa\

fo/ks;d ds }kjk ,u,elh dh ns[kjs[k esa pkj Lok;Ùk cksMZ cuk, x, çR;sd cksMZ esa ,d
v/;{k vkSj 4 lnL; ftlesa ls nks lnL; va'kdkfyd gksaxs dsaæh; ljdkj }kjk fu;qä
fd, tk,axs ;g fudk; gSa %

;g nks fudk; ekud r; djus ds fy, ikBîØe vkSj fpfdRlk f'k{kk ds fn'kk funsZ'k
fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, rFkk vaMj xzstq,V vkSj iksLV xzstq,V Lrj ij ik=rk dks fu/kkZfjr
djus ds fy, ftEesokj gksaxAs

;g cksMZ ,sls laLFkkuksa ij vkfFkZd tqekZuk yxk ldrk gS tks vaMj xzstq,V esfMdy
esfMdy ,tqds'ku cksMZ rFkk iksLVxzstq,V esfMdy ,tqds'ku cksMZ }kjk fu/kkZfjr U;wure
ekudksa ij [kjs ugha mrjrs gSaA ;g cksMZ u, esfMdy egkfo|ky;ksa dks [kksyus dh
vuqefr nsus dk dk;Z Hkh djsxk rFkk esfMdy egkfo|ky;ksa esa lhVksa dh la[;k dks Hkh c<+k
ik,xkA

;g cksMZ ns'k esa lHkh ykblsal /kkjd fpfdRldksa dk ,d jk"Vªh; jftLVj cuk,xk] vkSj
fpfdRlk vkpj.k dks Hkh lgh djsxkA dsoy jftLVj esa 'kkfey M‚DVjksa dks vH;kl

219
 djus dh vuqefr nh tk,xhA cksMZ ns'k esa lHkh ykblsal /kkjd lkeqnkf;d LokLF; lsok,a
nsus okys yksxksa dk Hkh ds ,d jftLVj cuk,xkA ¼Source: PTI½
jk"Vªh; fpfdRlk vk;ksx dk xBu mu leL;kvksa ds lek/kku djus ds fy, fd;k x;k
gS ftudk lek/kku esfMdy dkmafly v‚Q bafM;k ¼MCI½ ds }kjk ugha gks ik;k FkkA
,elhvkbZ vf/kfu;e ¼baVjusV ls½ dh ,d çfr çkIr dj bldk v/;;u djsa vkSj bu
nksuksa fu;kedksa ds chp varj dk irk yxk,aA

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij viuk mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsa
6½ fpfdRlk O;olk; çca/ku O;olk; ls D;ksa fHkUu gS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

vktknh ls igys ns'k ds cgqr de fo|ky;ksa }kjk dkuwuh f'k{kk nh tk jgh FkhA Lora=rk
çkIr djus ds ckn] dkuwu loksZPp gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh O;fä dkuwu ls cM+k ugha gS bl ckr
dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,] dkuwuh f'k{kk dks egRo dks c<+kok feykA vktknh feyus rd]
Hkkjr esa dkuwuh f'k{kk dqN fo|ky;ksa rd gh lhfer FkhA Lora=rk çkIr djus ds ckn ns'k
ds yksxksa dks lafo/kku feyk ftls }kjk ukxfjdksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd
U;k; vkSj ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj feykA yksxksa dks U;k; vkSj vf/kdkj
lqfuf'pr djuk rc rd laHko ugha Fkk tc rd ns'k esa dkuwu ds {ks= esa vPNh le>
jgus okys çf'kf{kr is'ksoj u gksaA blds ifj.kke Lo#i dkuwuh f'k{kk ns'k esa çkFkfedrk
cu xbZA vktknh ds dqN lky ckn] ns'k esa dkuwuh f'k{kk dh lajpuk vkSj :ijs[kk esa
lq/kkj dh vko';drk eglwl dh xbZA ns'k dh lkekftd vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ
ds fy, dkuwu dks ,d egRoiw.kZ midj.k ds :i esa ns[kk x;kA

orZeku esa Hkkjr esa nks çdkj ds izfreku miyC/k gSa] ,d 3 o"khZ; cSpyj v‚Q y‚ tks
dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds }kjk iznku fd;k tkrk gS vkSj nwljk nwljk us'kuy y‚ fo|ky;
ds }kjk 5 o"khZ; baVhxzsVsM ch, ,y,ych dk;ZØe tSlk fd csaxyq# esa pyk;k tk jgk
gSA dkuwuh f'k{kk xzStq,V fMxzh ds ckn 3 o"khZ; xzStq,V fMxzh ds rkSj ij çnku dh tkrh
gSA gky gh esa] ,d ,dh—r ikap&o"khZ; y‚ ikBîØe ¼Mcy fMxzh½ is'k fd;k x;k] tks
12 oha d{kk ds ckn rhu o"khZ; ikBîØe ds fodYi ds :i esa is'k fd;k x;k gSA tks
dkuwu dk v/;;u djuk pkgrs gSa os lh/ks fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa nkf[kyk ys ldrs gSaA

220
Nk=ksa dks ,d ,dh—r fMxzh feyrh gS] vFkkZr] Lukrd dh fMxzh vkSj dkuwu dh fMxzh
,d lkFk nh tkrh gS vkSj Nk= egkfo|ky; esa ,d lkFk nksuksa ds fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u
djrk gSA dk;ZØe@ikBîØe ds iwjk gksus ds ckn] ,d ,dh—r fMxzh nh tkrh gS] bl
fMxzh esa rhu lky dh Lukrd dh fMxzh iwjh gksus ds ckn] dsoy dkuwu fo"k;ksa dks i<+k;k
tkrk gS vkSj fMxzh çnku dh tkrh gSA ,dh—r ikBîØe esa] Nk=ksa dks fof/k ikBîØeksa
ds lkFk foKku ikBîØe Hkh i<+k;k tkrk gSA nksuksa dk;ZØe ,d lsesLVj esa j[ks tkrs
gSaA Nk=ksa ds fy, çfr lIrkg ewV dksVZ] lsfeukj vkSj VîwVksfj;y d{kk,a pykbZ tkrh gSaA
Nk=ksa dks dkuwuh lgk;rk dk;kZy;ksa ;k odhy ds dk;kZy; ;k fdlh Hkh LFkku ij tgka
dkuwuh dke fd;k tk ldrk gS] esa baVuZf'ki djus dks dgk tkrk gSA

,d fo"k; ds :i esa dkuwu dk v/;;u djus ds vykok] dkuwu fo"k; ls lEcaf/kr dbZ
vU; fo"k; Hkh gSa tSls& fd O;kikj dkuwu] VSDl dkuwu] daiuh dkuwu] vkfnA fofHkUu
laLFkkuksa tSls fctusl fo|ky; ds }kjk lkbcj] VSDl] cSafdax dkuwu] rFkk ekuokf/kdkj]
dkuwuh lk{kjrk] ckSf)d laink] lqj{kk dkuwu vkSj daiuh dkuwu tSls {ks=ksa esa fMIyksek
vkSj çek.ki= ikBîØe pyk, tkrs gSaA

BCI
ckj dkmafly v‚Q bafM;k laln }kjk cukbZ xbZ ,slh oS/kkfud laLFkk gS tks Hkkjrh; ckj
dk çfrfuf/kRo djrh gS vkSj bls fofu;fer djus dk dk;Z Hkh djrh gSA O;olk; ls
lEcaf/kr vkpj.k vkSj f'k"Vkpkj ds ekudksa dks fu/kkZfjr djuk Hkh blds vf/kdkj {ks= ds
varxZr vkrk gSA ;g dkuwuh f'k{kk ds fy, ekud fuj/kkj.k ds lkFk lkFk fo'ofo|ky;ksa
dks ekU;rk Hkh çnku djrk gS tgk¡ ls y‚ dh fMxzh çkIr djds Nk= ,d odhy ds :i
esa ukekadu dj ldrk gSA ckj dkmafly v‚Q bafM;k y‚ laLFkku ds fy, vko';d
ikBîØe fu/kkZfjr djrk gS rkfd og laLFkku y‚ dh fMxzh nsus esa ik= cu ldsA ckj
dkmafly] fMxzh çnku djus okys laLFkkuksa esa i;Zos{k.k dk dk;Z] f'k{k.k i)fr vkSj
ikBîØe dk ewY;kadu Hkh djrh gSA i;Zos{k.k ds }kjk ckj d‚mfUly ;g fu/kkZfjr djrh
gS fd laLFkk vko';d ekudksa dks iwjk djus esa leFkZ gS rHkh blds }kjk çnku dh xbZ
fMxzh dks ekU;rk nsrh gSA dkuwuh f'k{kk ls lEcaf/kr ckj d‚mfUly ds dk;Z gSa %
1½ dkuwuh f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsus vkSj dkuwuh f'k{kk ds ekudksa dks iwjk djus ds fy,
;kstukA ;g dk;Z Hkkjr esa ,sls fo'ofo|ky;ksa tgk¡ ij dkuwuh f'k{kk çnku dh tk
jgh gks rFkk jkT; ckj dkmafly ds ijke'kZ ls fd;k tkrk gSA
2½ ,sls fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks ekU;rk nsuk tgk¡ ls dkuwu dh fMxzh çkIr djds Nk= ,d
odhy ds :i esa ukekadu dj ldsaA ckj dkmafly v‚Q bafM;k fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk
fujh{k.k ;k rks Lo;a djrh gS ;k LVsV ckj dkmafly dks fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds fujh{k.k
dk dk;Z lkSairh gSA

igys dh ppkZ ls ;g Li"V gS fd f'k{kk ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dks fofu;fer djus ds fy,
vyx vyx laLFkk,a dke djrh gSaA vkidh jk; esa D;k bu vyx vyx laLFkkuksa ds
dke djus ls visf{kr ekudksa dks cuk, j[kus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS ;k lHkh {ks=ksa ds fy,
,d gh laLFkk gksuh pkfg,\ gky gh esa vkbZ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr Hkh fofHkUu laLFkkvksa dh
221
 vis{kk ,d ,sls fu;ked dh ckr djrh gS tks ns'k esa mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dk dke ,d
lkFk ns[k ldsA

Hkkjrh; mPprj f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼HECI½ esa fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, dbZ
dk;Z{ks= çLrkfor gSaA

Hkkjrh; mPprj f'k{kk ifj"kn dk igyk izHkkx jk"Vªh; mPp f'k{kk fu;ked ifj"kn
¼NHERC½ gksxk tks mPp f'k{kk {ks= ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fy, ,d fu;ked
ds :i esa dk;Z djsxkA bl fu;ked ds varxZr fpfdRlk vkSj dkuwuh f'k{kk ugha vk,xhA

Hkkjrh; mPprj f'k{kk ifj"kn dh nwljk izHkkx] jk"Vªh; çR;k;u ifj"kn ¼NAC½ gksxk tks
cqfu;knh ekunaMksa] lkoZtfud Lo&çdVu] lq'kklu vkSj ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij laLFkkuksa
dks ekU;rk nsus dk dk;Z djsxkA

Hkkjrh; mPprj f'k{kk ifj"kn dh rhljk izHkkx] gk;j ,tqds'ku xzkaV dkmafly ¼HEGC½
gksxk] tks egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds foÙkiks"k.k dk dke djsxkA

Hkkjrh; mPprj f'k{kk ifj"kn dk pkSFkk izHkkx lkekU; f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼GEC½ gksxk] tks
mPp f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa ds fy, visf{kr lh[kus ds ifj.kkeksa dks cuk,xk ftls ^Lukrd xq.k*
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ¼Source: The HT½

D;k vkius gky ds fnuksa esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh rhoz xfr ls gks jgh mUufr
vkSj mlds c<+rs bLrseky ij /;ku fn;k gS\ D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd Kku cgqr rsth
ls cny jgk gS vkSj vkidks vius Kku dks lkef;d cuk;s j[kus fd t:jr gS \ 21oha
lnh vkrs vkrs iwjs fo'o us gj {ks= tSls f'k{kk] oSf'od O;kikj] vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj rduhdh
;k lekt esa cgqr rsth ls gks jgs cnyko dks eglwl fd;k gSA orZeku esa dksfoM &19
egkekjh us O;fäxr ,oa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij dbZ pqukSfr;ksa dks ykdj [kM+k dj fn;kA bl
rjg ds cnykoksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,] ,d O;fä }kjk ,slh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus
ds fy, vkSj okLrfod thou esa lQy gksus ds fy, ,d vyx rjg ds dkS'ky&lewg
dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ftlls mldh lexz çxfr gksrh gSA bu dkS'kyksa dks 21 oha lnh
ds dkS'ky@f'k{k.k dkS'ky@ikjxeu dkS'ky vkfn ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

^^21 oha lnh ds dkS'ky** ,d ,sls dkS'ky lewg dks dgk tkrk gS ftlesa Kku] dkS'ky]
dke djus dh vknr vkSj pkfjf=d fo'ks"krk dk lekos'k gksrk gS ftUgsa f'k{kdksa] fo|ky;
ds lq/kkjdksa] egkfo|ky; ds çksQsljksa] fu;kstdksa ds }kjk vkt dh nqfu;k esa lQyrk ds
fy, lcls egRoiw.kZ eu tkrk gSA ßljy 'kCnksa esa] 21 oha lnh ds dkS'ky mu dkS'kyksa
dks dgk tkrk gS tks 21 oha lnh dh nqfu;k dh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy,]
oSf'od Lrj ij lfØ; jgus ds fy,] fMftVy :ikarj ds fy, ] feytqy dj vkxs c<+us
ds fy,] jpukRed :i ls çxfr ds fy,] l{ke ekuo&lalk/ku vkSj cnyko ds
vaxhdj.k ds fy, vko';d gksaA ¼f'k{kk dh 'kCnkoyh] 21 oha 'krkCnh ds dkS'ky ds fy,
lhch,lbZ gSaMcqd½

222
fuEu rkfydk 21oha lnh ds dkS'ky dks n'kkZrk gS %

1- l`tukRedrk vkSj uokpkj 1- lapkj ,oa laidZ

jpukRed rjhds ls lkspuk Hkk"kk ds fy[kus vkSj cksyus dh {kerk
jpukRedrk ds lkFk nwljksa ds lkFk feydj
dke djuk xzg.k'khyrk vkSj lquus dh dyk
uokpkj ykxw djuk lkaL—frd varj ds çfr laosnu'khyrk
2- xgu lksp] leL;k dk gy vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh 2- lgdk;Z ,oa Vhe odZ
{kerk
rdZ 'kfä dk fodkl vkSj rF;ksa dk xgu nwljksa ds lkFk çHkkoh okrkZyki
v/;;u fofHkUu Vheksa ds lkFk çHkkoh rkyesy
leL;kvksa dk gy ifj;kstukvksa dh çkFkfedrk] ;kstuk vkSj
fu"d"kZ fudkyuk çca/ku
3- lh[kus ds fy, lh[kuk vkSj vf/klaKku
Lo çsj.kk
lh[kus dh ljkguk djuk
vuqdwyu {kerk vkSj yphykiu

1- ukxfjdrk: oSf'od vkSj LFkkuh;

1- lwpuk lEcU/kh lk{kjrk oSf'od ukxfjdrk gsrq vko';d vf/kdkjksa
lwpuk rd igq¡p vkSj mldk ewY;kadu vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drk vkSj
lwpuk dk mi;ksx vkSj çca/ku le>
lkeqnkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkxhnkjh ds fy,
rduhdh dk lgh bLrseky rS;kjh
2- vkbZlhVh lk{kjrk nwljksa ds ewY;ksa vkSj futrk dk lEeku
u, fopkjksa] lwpukvksa] midj.kksa vkSj lkspus 2- O;fäxr vkSj lkekftd ftEesnkfj;ka
ds rjhdksa ds fy, [kqykiu fofHkUu lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa esa jpukRed :i
ls laokn djuk
vkbZlhVh dk lgh] jpukRed] uSfrd vkSj nwljksa dh jk; vkSj –f"Vdks.k ds çfr le>
oS/k :i ls mi;ksx fodflr djuk
lkaL—frd vkSj lkekftd fHkUurkvksa dh 3- thou vkSj is'kk
tkudkjh j[kuk ifjorZu ds vuqdwy
rduhdh dk lgh vkSj çHkkoh rjhds ls y{; vkSj le; dk çca/ku
ykxw djuk Lo&funsZf'kr O;fä cuuk
nwljksa ds lkFk çHkko'kkyh okrkZyki

oSf'od Lrj ij ,slh rduhdh vkSj çca/ku f'k{kk çnku djus dh vko';drk gS tks Åij fy[kh xbZ
29oha lnh ds dkS'ky vkSj ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl dj ldsA ¼Source - https://www.gwsc.vic.edu.au/
page/214/21st-Century-Skills-Framework½
223
 rduhdh] O;olk; vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk O;fä vkSj lekt ds fodkl esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA Lora=rk ds ckn] Hkkjr us O;kolkf;d vkSj dkuwuh f'k{kk nsus okys
laLFkkuksa ds foLrkj dks viuk;kA Hkkjr dh ;g fLFkfr Lora=rk&iwoZ dky ls fcYdqy
vyx FkhA

f'k{kk ,d leorhZ fo"k; gS vkSj dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkj nksuksa ds dk;Z {ks= esa vkrh gS A
iwjs ns'k esa mPp f'k{kk dks lgh fn'kk nsus vkSj mlds fofu;eu gsrq laln ds vf/kfu;eksa
}kjk AICTE ¼ ,vkbZlhVhbZ½] NMC ¼ ,u,elh½ vkSj BCI ¼chlhvkbZ½ tSls fudk;ksa dks
vf/kdkj ns dj etcwr cuk;k x;k gSA le; chrus ds lkFk lkFk ] fu;kedksa dh lajpuk
vkSj dk;Zç.kkyh esa cnyko yk;k x;k gS rkfd os vius dk;ksaZ dks vf/kd vPNs rjhds ls
vkSj ikjn'khZ :i ls fu"ikfnr dj ldsa A

Hkkjr ,sls laLFkkuksa dk ,d fo'kky usVodZ cukus esa l{ke gS tks m|ksxksa vkSj lekt dh
vko';drk ds vuqlkj dq'ky Je'kfä dk mRiknu dj ldsA fQj Hkh Hkkjr esa
vko';drk ds vuqlkj iwfrZ laHko ugha gks ik jgh gSA ,d vksj ek=kRed foLrkj dh
vko';drk gS] ogha nwljh vksj xq.koÙkk ij t+kjs nsuk Hkh vko';d gS A
rsth ls gks jgs HkweM
a yhdj.k vkSj çks|ksfxd cnykoksa dh fLFkfr esa ;fn Hkkjr dks vkxs
jguk gS] rks Lukrdksa dks 21 oha lnh ds dkS'ky vkSj vko';d ;ksX;rk,a gkfly djuk
egRoiw.kZ gSA blh ds lkFk lkekftd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ vkSj ikBîØe dks çklafxd
cuk, j[kus ds fy, leqnk; ]m|ksx vkSj lHkh fgr/kkjdksa ds lkFk ijLij laca/k cukuk
cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA

1½ Hkkjr esa rduhdh f'k{kk dh o`f) vkSj fodkl dh ppkZ djsaA

2½ rduhdh vkSj çca/ku laLFkkuksa ds foÙk iks"k.k ds fofHkUu oxksaZ ij ppkZ djsa\ os ,d
nwljs ls dSls fHkUu gSa\
3½ esfMdy dkmafly v‚Q bafM;k ¼MCI½ dh rqyuk esa jk"Vªh; fpfdRlk vk;ksx
¼NMC½ }kjk yk;s x, cnykoksa ij ppkZ djsaA vkidh jk; esa] ,d csgrj fu;ked
dkSu gS vkSj D;ksa\

AISHE (2015).All India Survey on Higher Education 2013-14, GOI. Ministry

of Human Resource Development of Higher Education. ND, India, p 19,
Retrieved on July 20, 2019 from http://aishe.nic.in/home
Government of India (1966). Education and National Development. New
Delhi, India: Ministry of Education.
Padma M.C., Sridhar V. (2015) Role of Industry-Institute Interaction to
Promote Education and Entrepreneurship. In: Natarajan R. (eds) Proceedings
of the International Conference on Transformations in Engineering Education.
Springer, New Delhi

224
 Powar, K. B. (2012). Expanding Domains in Indian Higher Education. New
Delhi, India: Association of Indian Universities Publications, New Delhi
United Nations (2000). United Nations millennium declaration. Retrieved
on 25.07.2019from http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.html
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/strengthen-industryhigher-
education-relationship/articleshow/46628867.cms?utm_source=
contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

1½ Hkkx 11-8 ns[ksa(

2½ vius er vuqlkj mÙkj fy[ksa(
3½ miHkkx 11-8-3 ns[ksaA
4½ Hkkx 11-6 ds vuqlkj mÙkj nsaA
5½ dh Hkwfedk dh ppkZ djsaA
6½ viuh le> ds vuq:i mÙkj nsaA

225