Seed Production Technology of Peas and Beans: French Bean, Pea and Cluster Bean

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Seed Production Technology of Peas and Beans: French Bean, Pea and Cluster
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Title of the Book: Seed Production Technology
Edition: First- 2021
Copyright 2021 © Authors
Editors
Nirmal Singh
Anurag Malik
Himani Punia
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Contents
Unit No. Title Pages
1. Seed Production Technology of Wheat and Barley 1-28

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Neha Thakur, Uppuluri Tejaswini, Anurag Malik , and Nirmal Singh
2. Quality Seed Production Technology of Rice 29-40

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Rukoo Chawla, Versha and Atman Poonia
3. Seed Production Technology of Cotton, Jute and Flax 41-66

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Nirmal Singh, Pramendra, Rajan Kamboj and Naveen Rao
4. Seed Production Technology of Cowpea and Soybean 67-81

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Nidhi, Gagandeep Singh, Rahul Kumar and Anurag Malik
5. Seed Production Technology of Rapeseed & Mustard 82-96

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Nirmal Singh, Sourabh, Himani Punia and Akash
6. Quality Seed Production Technology of Berseem & Oats 97-110

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Atman Poonia, Versha, Rukoo Chawla and Rajesh Yadav
7. Seed Production Technology of Sunflower & Safflower 111-127

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Nidhi, Neeru Dumra, Rahul Kumar and Gagandeep Singh
8. Seed Production Technology of Peas and Beans: French Bean, 128-155

Pea and Cluster Bean
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Neha Thakur, Uppuluri Tejaswini, Himangini and Anurag Malik
9. Quality Seed Production Technology of Pulses (Chickpea, 156-168

Mungbean, Broadbean and Lentil)
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Versha, Atman Poonia, Rukoo Chawla and Rajesh Yadav
10. Utilization of Existing Genetic Mechanisms for Quality Hybrid 169-184

Seed Production in Cole Crops
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Sangeet Kumar, Kiran Sagwal, Nidhi Sehgal and Vivek Thapliyal
11. Quality Seed Production of Leafy Vegetables: Amaranth and 185-198

Palak
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Nidhi sehgal, Nirmal Singh and Sangeet Kumar
vi
12. Varietal and Hybrid Seed Production in Solanaceous Vegetables 199-226
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Himangini, Neha Thakur, Anurag Malik, and Nirmal Singh
13. Quality Seed Production of Rare Vegetables: Asparagus, Lettuce, 227-255

Celery and Parsley
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Ajay Chauhan, Simran Sharma and Rhitisha Sood
14. Advances in Quality Seed Production of Major Seed Spices: 256-278

Coriander, Fennel and Fenugreek
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Sangeet Kumar, Rajesh Kumar Vinod Kumar and Ajay Chauhan
15. Varietal and Hybrid Seed Production in Apiaceae Vegetables 279-297

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Akash, Shubham, Kapil and Mayank
vii
CHAPTER 8:
SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF PEAS AND BEANS:
FRENCH BEAN, PEA AND CLUSTER BEAN
Neha Thakur Uppuluri Tejaswini
Assistant Professor, Department of seed science and technology,
Department of Seed Science and Technology, Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra (GKVK),,
College of Horticulture and Forestry, Bengaluru, Karnataka
Thunag, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh - 175048 (tejaswini.uppulurichanti@gmail.com)
(nthakur0708@gmail.com)
Himangini Anurag Malik

Department of Seed Science & Technology, Department of Seed Science and Technology,
UHF, Nauni, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural
Solan, 173230 University,
(Himangini.kanwar@gmail.com) Hisar, Haryana - 125004
(anuragmalikseed@hau.ac.in)
1. Introduction:
French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) also called as snap bean, string bean, fresh beans or
garden beans is a member of Leguminosae family. It is supposed to be originated in the New World
as well as in Mesoamerica region and domesticated 5000 B.C. It is cultivated on an area of 227.78
thousand ha with production of 2276.95 thousand metric tonnes green beans in India [1]. It is majorly
cultivated as Kharif season crop. The genus Phaseolus contains 80 cultivated and wild species from
the New World out of which five are domesticated species: P. lunatus (Lima, butter or sieva bean), P.
vulgaris (common bean), P. acutifolius (tepary bean), P. coccineus (runner or kidney bean) and P.
dumosus (acatalete, botil or year bean) [2] Table 1. P. coccineus or runner or kidney bean is resistant
to bacterial blight, cold tolerant, root rot resistant, and also bean yellow mosaic virus. Beans are
consumed as green bean as well as dry seed form that is a rich source of protein, important minerals,
dietary fiber, vitamin B6, folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and minerals including potassium,
zinc, copper, iron, calcium, and magnesium. Globally a large population of vegetarians consumes
Phaseolus as pulse called as Rajmash in India. This bean as a pulse is rich in dietary protein which
complements the lacking amino acids lacking in cereals diets [2]. It also constitutes some
antinutritional factors viz, raffinose, trypsin inhibitor, hemagglutinin, tannin and phytic acid. These
endogenous toxin components can cause various neurological symptoms such as limb numbness,
headache, chest tightness, and even severe coma, multiple organ damage or sudden death [3].
The protein content of common bean varies from 19.70 to 24.30 % [4]. It is a rich source of
Fat (0.1g), Fiber (1.8g), Protein (1.7g) and Carbohydrate (4.5g) per 100 grams of green pod
respectively [5]. It also supplements Thiamine, Riboflavin, Vitamin C and Vitamin A. According to
third advanced estimate beans occupy an area of 228 thousand hectares with production of 2257
thousand metric tonnes in the year 2018-19 [6]. The common bean is diploid in nature (Table 1).
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Chapter 8: Seed Production Technology of Peas and Beans: French Bean, Pea and Cluster Bean
Polyploidy can be achieved in common/ French bean by treatment with 0.25% colchicine solution [7].
But this treatment can result in generation of tetraploids that are deformed with thick and dark green
leaves, change in pollen grains and reduced fertility level.
Table 1: Ploidy level of different species under the genus Phaseolus.
Common name Scientific Name Ploidy level Chromosome no.

Snap bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. Diploid 2n = 2x = 22
P. leptostachyus Benth. clade, Diploid 2n = 2x = 20
Scarlet runner bean P. coccineus Diploid 2n = 2x = 22
Lima bean P. lunatus Diploid 2n = 2x = 22
Spotted bean P. maculates Diploid 2n = 2x = 22
Garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is another edible legume and member of Leguminosae family.
Its name is derived from English word peasse [8]. It is originated in Central Asia, Near East,
Abyssinia and the Mediterranean Sea [9]. Pea is one of the oldest cultivated plants and was popular
for cultivation in neoithic farming villages of Near East around 7000 B.C. A productive crop of pea
can catch approximately 300 kg Nitrogen in one hectare through above ground biomass and 70% of
this amount in its seed. Therefore pea is a key plant in sustainable agriculture because of its high
production potential [10]. It is also called as green pea which is cultivated for its culinary purpose as
green pods in India for preparation of soups and frozen canned food. Straw of this green pea is
nutritious so it is used as animal fodder. Apart from this there are many health benefits like reducing
weight, decreasing the blood pressure level, arthritis, osteoporosis, improvise the immune system,
anti-ageing, improves the digestion and prevention of stomach cancer. Pea are recorded to be grown
over an area of 551 thousand hectares with production of 5533 thousand metric hectares in 2018-19
[6]. This is rich in carbohydrates, proteins and vitamin A and C, Calcium and phosphorus. Nitrogen
fixation is done by Rhizobium leguminosarum, which recognizes as a soil building crop.
Garden pea is one such important vegetable crop, serve higher protein to the people where the
non-availability of non-vegetarian and who don’t like meat and its products. Another species under
Pisum genus is P. arvense (field pea) [11]. Other wild relatives of pea are P. fulvum, P.
sativum subsp. Elatius these species are characterized by sudden and unique dehiscence of pods and
ballistic spread of seeds [12]. Grown all over the country with suitable crop varieties and crop rotation
with this crop as it helps in synergistic effect on cereal crops. Use of pure lines as it is pre-dominantly
self-pollinated crop. Male sterile lines are by the mutagenesis, but for production of hybrids is not
adopted as it has the low significant vigour as there is difficulty in crossing. So, use of disease-free
stocks for planting is necessarily used in the hybrid seed production plot. Pea plant is associated with
129
Gregor Johann Mendal who is known for theories of genetics based on his experiments on this plant.
He selected the pea plant for his experiments because of the following features:
• The flower is bisexual and hermaphrodite. As it is a self-pollinated and fertilized crop, where
the petals are enclosed both the reproductive organs. Even though cross pollination and
fertilization can be achieved.
• Annual growing plant and is easy to cultivate. The characters are inheritable and desirable
characters are seen.
Several experiments made for inter generic hybridization with pea were not of much success.
In one such crossing of Vicia faba with pea poor seed set was observed [11] after development of
hybrid embryos just for six days.
Another member of Leguminosae family, Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)

commonly known as Guar and has derived its name from a Sanskrit word “GAUAHAAR” which
means cow fodder whereas, it is also locally called as Khutti, Dararietic, Guari etc. It is an annual
bushy leguminous crop with fairly deep root system mostly grown on arid and semi-arid regions of
Indian states Punjab, Gujarat, Haryana and Rajasthan and also in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
India (75%) and Pakistan (20%) top the charts in the world by producing majority of Cluster bean or
Guar. The remaining produce (5%) is contributed by other countries like SriLanka, Brazil, Zaire,
Germany, Tunisia, Australia, USA, South Africa, Myanmar, Italy and Spain. In India, major Guar
producing state is Rajasthan succeeded by Haryana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Madhya
Pradesh. However, 80% of the total produce in India alone counted by Rajasthan. The total Guar seed
production has been estimated to be approximately around 7.5–10 Lakh tones per annum [13].
Gaur bean is a drought resilient crop and has occupied a special place on commercial scale as
a high valued crop due to its gum producing capacity. About 30-33% gum is present in the endosperm
of its seed along with protein 18% and fiber 32%. In 1948, cluster bean starts gaining its popularity as
an industrial crop after the exploration of gummy substance named galactomannan in the endosperm
of its seed [14]. This Gum is a hydrocolloid that occurs naturally in seed`s endosperm also called as
Guaran. After dehusking, the seed endosperm is grounded and gum is being extracted [15]. Gum
attained from cluster bean seeds is a choice for food, cosmetics, oil, textile, mining, pharmaceutical
industries and agrochemical in paper etc. across the world [16]. It is also used as ice cream stiffner,
puddings, whipped cream. The galactomannan gum forms a viscous gel when mixed in cold water
(17). Pods of the crop can also be used for vegetable purposes whereas; straw and seed being high in
nutritional value are good for fodder and feed for the livestock. It can also be utilized to grow as a
cover crop and green manure to increase soil fertility [14].
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2. Plant Characteristics and Floral Biology:

French beans are both stringless and stringed on the bases of the extent of fibre content in its
pod. Stringiness is an orthodox character of beans whereas newly developed and improved varieties
are generally stringless. Other types of beans based on plant growth are pole, bush (determinate and
indeterminate type) or climbing beans (indeterminate type). Garden pea is ana annual herbaceous
plant with the tap root system with nodules. It has hollow stems, slender, succulent and ridged. The
internodes are arranged in a crooked pattern for indeterminate types. Leaves are pinnately compound
and have three pairs of leaflets and one modified tendril which is branched. Leaves appear to be
sessile, cover the petioles. There is a parchment on the inner surface of fruit and fibres on the suture
lines that is the reason that pods of pea plants are usually inedible. However, there are some edible
podded peas grown in upper hills of Himachal Pradesh. These are called as snap peas or snow peas.
This is the only legume with hypogeal germination wherein cotyledonary axis remains inside the soil.
Two rudimentary scales or leaves are formed above the cotyledonary node. This is considered as node
one.
The crops belonging to family Leguminosae; French beans are highly self-pollinated with
perfect legume shape flowers with zygomorphic symmetry. The floral structure arrangement in keel
(inner most two petals fused to form boat shaped structure), two wing petals, and a standard closely
cover the essential organs the pistil and stamen. Two wings are smaller in size than standard. Third
whorl is androecium, which consists of 10 stamens with diadelphous condition (Figure 2). It has long
stalk called filament with anther consists of pollen grains. The lower portion of filament is fused to
form a stamina tube which is equal to the length of ovary. However, the is a gap in stamina tube to
free the 10th stamen. Gynoecium is the fourth whorl of a flower, consisting of ovary style and stigma
in the centre of the flower. The style has a sticky feathery stigma at the end to attach the pollen which
further converted into a fruit. This arrangement prevents any foreign pollen to enter the flower hence,
there is no chance of cross contamination. That is the reason that few hybrids are found in this crop.
Anthesis begins at topmost axil of leaf in mainstem (for determinate varieties) or on variable axillary
nodes (for indeterminate varieties) (18) It starts at 6th or 7th node indeterminate bush type (19). Single
pistil can consist of about 9 to 10 ovules. The characteristic feature of Phaseolus genus is coiled
appearance of the keel with one to two turns. Another trait specific to this genus is presence of
uncinate hairs on both vegetative and reproductive structures of the plant (20). Pollen grains
(diadelphous) are arranged in proximity of stigma that pollens are directly shed onto stigma. Stigma
remains receptive up to from two days before anthesis to one day after it and it coincides with pollen
viability.
Peas and beans highly self-pollinated crop prominently due to cleistogamous nature with less
than one per cent chances of natural crossing. First flower is produced at 5th to 11th node in early
131
varieties and at 13th to 15th node for late varieties (8). It takes 8 to 12 hour and 24 to 28 hours after
pollination for pea pollen to germinate and effect fertilization respectively (19). Beans crop reaches
green tender stage 25 days after pollination. A drop of 60 to 70 per cent are observed in flowers and
pods formed at later stage of plant growth. In pea flowering starts from 40 to 50 days after planting.
Flowers are arranged in axillary raceme (one to three flower per raceme) and P. sativum flowers are
white coloured whereas for P. arvensis it is of purple, lavender or red in colour. The unequal lobes in
flower called as calyx, protect the bud stage of flower. Flower structure is typical legume as described
in above section. Anthesis starts acropetal in fashion i.e., lower node flowers first and there may be a
difference of five to six days for anthesis in between nodes (21). In a young flower the filament is
shorter which elongates at maturity stage or at the time of anther dehiscence to reach up to the cap of
keel so as to cover up the style (22). Up to 13 ovules are borne alternatively and hooked to two
placentas. Pollen remains viable for several days after anther dehiscence and stigma is receptive from
several days before anthesis till one day after flower opening.
Cluster bean plant is an herbaceous, erect, annual legume (Figure 1) with an indeterminate
growth habit reaching up to a height of 0.5 mt to 3 mt and the total crop cycle of the plant vary
between 80 to 160 days [23]. It has a well-developed deep taproot system along with the lateral roots
and the entire roots are found with the light-coloured nodulations. Colour of the nodules depicts its
effectiveness viz; white or brown colour nodules are completely ineffective whereas effective nodules
are light pink in colour [23]. Plant has robust, single, unbranched stem. It is hollow or ribbed/angled
with mild to slight pubescence on it [23]. Its’ leaves are trifoliate, alternate and ovate in shape. Leaf
Margins are serrate. Petioles are long with a prominent pulvinus at base of the leaf for easy movement
of the leaves. Leaves are 5-10 cm in length with terminal leaf slightly larger than the others.
Figure 1: Stem and leaves of cluster bean
The inflorescence of cluster bean plant is axillary raceme (Figure 2). Length of the raceme
varies between 8-10 cm. Flowers are present in clusters thus justifying its name as cluster bean [24].
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Flower is of cleistogamous in nature which makes it a strictly self-pollinated flower. They are small
white or purple in colour borne on the axial of the raceme. They are small, complete and
hermaphrodite with papilionaceous corolla that has orbicular oblong petals, 5 unequal teeth type
linear sepals from the calyx and long broad keel petals. Anthesis of flowers occur at during morning
hours i.e., 6:00 am – 10: 00 am. Diadalphous stamens are 10 in number which gets dehisce to
extricate pollen grains upon maturity i.e., 10 pm – 1 pm during the day. Stigma is short in length [25].
Fruits are erect, beaked, oblong, clustered and compressed with ridges on the sides of the pods
(Figure 3). Pods are glabrous and fleshy up to 5-10 cm in length possessing 6-11 oval shaped, white
to grey or black seeds of various shapes and colour [26].
Figure 2: Inflorescence and flower structure of cluster bean
133
Figure 3: Pods and seeds of cluster bean
3. Soil and Climate Requirements:

A well-drained and fertile loamy soil with soil pH of 6 to 7.5 and soil temperature of 18-24°C
is best for growing French bean. Often clayey soils interrupt seed germination and root growth in
small seedling therefore there may not be proper plant growth and development. Hence a sandy
loamy soil is best for its cultivation as it is loose textured so it eases the penetration of roots (27).
French bean is a tender warm season crop and cannot tolerate extremely high temperature and even
slightest frost. This is the reason that its’ sowing time falls in Jan- Feb or Aug- Sept when
temperature is around 16 to 24°C (28). It is a day neutral crop but for best quality seed production a
short-day condition (within temperature range 18 to 25°C) is essential (5).
Pea is cultivated on the broad varieties of soils. Pea grows well where the soil is well drained
with the pH range of 6 to 8. To get good yield and quality seed, soil should contain good organic
matter. Farm yard manure which is best source of organic matter is applied at the time of land
preparation. Soil test should be done to know the deficiency (as discussed in nutrient management
section) in the soil. Climate plays a vital role for sowing and place of crop rotation in the season. The
peas come up best in cold and moist condition as it is a cool season crop. Ideal temperature for
cultivating peas is 10 to 30 °C and best suited at temperature of 7 to 24 o C for better plant growth and
o
for the best yield 13 to 20 C [29]. Higher temperatures during flowering leads to abortion and
reduced seed set. Also, above the maximum temperature it effects the yield and quality. The most
important is presence of sufficient soil moisture content during critical stages of crop. Rainfall
requirement of peas are 500mm.
134
Cluster bean crop performs well on fertile, light and fine textured, well drained sandy soils
with soil pH of 7.0 to 8.5. Deep black heavy soil with high soil salinity and waterlogged conditions
significantly reduces nodulation in plants thus, reduces the number of pods formed as a result of
which seed yield also decreases [30]. It is a photosensitive crop that requires certain climatic
conditions for proper growth and development. Cluster bean plant is properly acclimatized to desert
environment with semi-arid climatic conditions thus can tolerate high temperature up to 40ºC and dry
conditions. An ideal temperature range lies between 30-35°C for proper germination of seeds [31],
whereas for vegetative growth 32-38°C is considered as an optimum temperature range coupled with
long day conditions. An annual rainfall of 25 to 30 inches is sufficient for proper plant growth (17).
Further, for flowering and formation of fruits/pods short day conditions are considered good. Plant is
resilient to shade but cannot withstand frost conditions. Such idealistic atmospheric conditions favour
endosperm development and hence, as a result enhance the gum content of the seeds.
4. Cultural Practices for Seed Production:

The sowing time is an influential decisive factor for quality seed production and yield (28).
As mentioned earlier French bean is a sensitive crop hence sowing of this crop cannot be skipped
from the optimum recommended timings. Bean cultivation is most appropriate in areas with 70 cm
rainfall and 1000 to 2000 m above mean sea level (27). In general, for hill sown crop as well for seed
production purpose in India the crop is sown in spring in the month of January to February. For plains
in India this crop is sown in the month of August to September. There is no practice of an early of late
season crop in this crop. This is so because if the crop is sown early then there will be poor fruit and
seed set by virtue of synchronization of flowering with extremes of temperature. There is critical
damage to fruit set if temperature exceeds 30 ⁰C. On the other hand, if late sowing of crop is
followed then its vegetative growth of plants is not fully achieved which results in a poor crop. A
comparative cool growing season, disease free environment, enough moisture from irrigation or
precipitation and a dry atmosphere at harvesting time are some of the important points to be
remembered for getting optimum crop performance [19]. Moisture requirement of this category of
crop is very stringent. Crop is very sensitive to water stress especially at anthesis stage till petal fall
stage. If there is excessive moisture in the field then it may lodge the crop and make it prone to
rotting.
In pea time of sowing critically depends on climate of the area. Usually, pea is sown in
second fortnight of November to get higher yields. To achieve higher seed production some practices
can be followed such as a deep ploughing in summers followed after every three years; treating seeds
before sowing, soil testing, variety selection and integrated approach for plant nutrient and pest
management [32]. Cluster bean can be cultivated on wide soil conditions and preferred type is fertile,
medium textured. It’s a versatile crop due to tolerance to drought. The plant stops growing and
135
resumes its growth only when sufficient moisture is available [17]. Sowing of seeds of cluster bean
should be done by 15th of July under non irrigated conditions whereas, under irrigated conditions
sowing can be extend to the end of July also but there may be a loss in seed yield is sowing is
extended beyond.[13]. If at the time of maturity there is heavy downpour then physical quality of seed
is reduced with more of black and shriveled seeds. So only dry weather is preferred at harvesting of
crop for seeds [17] and a green manure crop instead of seed crop is preferred where the humidity
level is high. This bean is an excellent soil improving crop as it is a deep footed legume. After seed
harvesting gaur bean plant residue can be turned into dry organic matter for soil as well as used as
mulch.
5. Land Requirement and Preparation:

The area selected for the seed production purposes of bean and peas must fulfill the adequate
requirement of photoperiod and temperature so as to extract maximum benefit from the crop. Regions
with extreme atrocities of climate should be avoided for seed production. The land of the area
selected should be devoid of objectionable weed plants, volunteer plants and wild species as well as
any other crop plants. Precaution should be taken that same crop in previous season should have not
been grown on the selected land. Also, it should be made sure that there is no resting soil-borne
diseases and insect pests infestation. It should be properly leveled and must be certified for producing
seeds by state seed certifying agency [33]. Land is planned and levelled by ploughing (two or three
times) to get a fine tilth and to turn the soil to kill pathogens hidden in it. Ploughing must be followed
by harrowing and leveling as it helps to improve germination percentage of the seeds, to attain a good
and quick crop establishment and destruction of weeds. Good soil condition helps the plant to cope up
with the stress caused to the plant due to cultural practices during production. The land must be
properly irrigated few days before sowing the seeds.
6. Seed Selection and Treatment:

Foremost step in a seed production program is selection of a good quality, healthy disease-
free seed. Seeds must be procured after knowing the right genetic makeup and class of the seeds from
an authorized government agency or any private agency affiliated by the government [33]. Before
buying the seeds verification of the class of seeds must be done as different tag colours are sanctioned
to different classes of seed viz; Golden yellow for breeder seed tag, White colour tag for foundation
seed production, Azure blue colour tag for certified seed production [34]. Seeds are often treated with
rhizobium strains inoculum and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) for getting a better seed yield
[13].
Leguminous crops are treated before sowing with two grams of Captan (fungicide) for one kg
seed followed by coating seeds in a bacterial culture of Rhizobium phaseoli.
136
7. Rhizobium and Legume Seed Production:

Rhizobium or rhizobacteria is the endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria associated with
legumes that has capacity to influence the promotion of plant growth. These bacteria also help to
reduce the plant stresses e.g., Ascochyta blight in pea [10]. This plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
is known to increase the level of resistance of pea plants against pathogens and herbivores. Coating of
French bean seeds done with charcoal-based Rhizobium culture with 2.30×108 number of rhizobial
cells per gram of carrier [35]. When this is done in addition to recommended dose of fertilizer and
NPK can produce higher pods per plant, number of seed per pod and seed yield. Further Rhizobium
strains (BINAR P36 and BINAR P6) coating of seeds @ 109 Rhizobium cells/ml in Yeast Mannitol
broth and can cause maximum reduction of foot and root rot in some legumes. [36].
In pea crop Rhizobium leguminosarum @2 ml per planting hole can enhances pea seed
production. This treatment has a positive effect on the fresh and dry weight of seed as well as filling
percentage of seed. It can reduce seed infection severity by inducing several proteins and metabolites
involved in pathogen response. Rhizobium culture packet is often formed slurry with half litre of
water to coat the seed. This treatment should be done on the seeds that are treated with fungicides
e.g., Bavistin @1g or Captan @ 2g per kg seed. The sequence of seed treatment should always be
Fungicide- Insecticide- Rhizobium. If this sequence is reversed then the microorganism may not be
effective in the soil.
8. Improved Varieties:
Various universities and institutes of ICAR are involved in developing a number of improved
varieties in our country. Several varieties have been developed that are different in maturation days,
quality, plant stature and production of seeds for planting in various dry and semi-arid, tropical and
semi temperate regions. Following section enlists some of the important varieties of beans and peas
along with description.
8.1. French Bean:

8.1.1. Kashi Sampann:
Late maturing, bush type-high yielding with round, light green pods, tolerant to GYMV and
high yield 25-30 t/ha. Recommended for cultivation in Uttar Pradesh. Fertilizer: (FYM=20-25t/ha;
NPK @80-100, 50-60and 50-60 kg ha-1)
• Seed rate: 70-80kg ha-1
• Spacing: 40-45 cm. x 20-30 cm.
• Date of sowing: Last week of October to first week of Nov
137
8.1.2. Kashi Rajhans:

Bushy variety has dark green, thin round slightly curved fleshy, free from parchment and
smooth surface pod. Tolerant to French Bean Golden Yellow Mosaic Virus. Yield 24.13 t/h.
Recommended for cultivation in Uttar Pradesh, vide gazette notification number S.O. 692(E), dated
05.02.2019.
• Fertilizer: (FYM=20-25t/ha; NPK @80-100, 50-60and 50-60 kg ha-1)
• Seed rate: 70-80kg ha-1
• Spacing: 40-45 cm. x 20-30 cm.
• Date of sowing: Last week of October to first week of November
8.1.3. IPL220:
It is cultivated in Assam, Bihar, West Bengal and some parts of Uttar Pradesh with a yield of
14-16 q/ha. The seeds of this variety are biofortified with about 114 milligrams per kilograms of Iron
and 63 milligrams per kilograms of Zinc. It is also resistant to rust, Fusarium wilt and Stemphylium
blight diseases.
8.1.4. IPL 315:

This variety is commercially cultivated Uttar Pradesh and its production is about 14-16 q
per ha. The seed size is big with hundred seed weight of 2.9 grams. Unique feature is brown seed
colour, and orange cotyledons. This variety is tolerant to wilt and rust.
8.2. PEA:
Few important varieties of pea are Bonneville, Jawahar, Arket, Early Bejar etc.
• Early varieties - Arkel, Jawahar matar 4, Pant matar 4 etc
• Mid-season varieties - Bonneville, Jawahar matar 1, jawagar matar 2 etc.
• Late season varieties- Vivek -6, Sylvia etc.
8.2.1. Kashi Samridhi:

This variety is suitable for cultivation in Jharkhand, Bihar, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. It is a
semi-determinate type variety bearing dark green pods and maturing as medium variety. It shows
resistance to powdery mildew and bear about seven to eight seeds per pod. The average yield of this
variety is 125 q/ha.
8.2.2. Kashi Mukti:

This variety is early maturing, 50-53 cm tall and after 35-36 days of sowing the half of the
plants starts flowering. It is long podded (8.5-9 cm) and each pod bear 8-9 big sized seeds. The
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average yield of variety is 110-120 q/ha and 48-49 selling percentage. There is resistance to powdery
mildew.
8.2.3. Arka Chaitra:

A mid-season (90 days) variety it is a cross selected in F6 generation of Pedigree method of
breeding that involved parents viz. (Arka Ajit × Arka Sampoorna) × (Arka Pramodh × Oregon
Sugar). The variety is tall and shows tolerance to high temperature (up to 35⁰C). Plant bears light
green-coloured long pods with pod yield of 7.0 t/ha in. Seeds are light green and round in shape.
8.2.4. Arka Apoorva:

An edible pod pea variety suitable as mid-season variety (90 days). This variety is a selection
from F7 generation of pedigree method that involved parents viz. (Arka Pramodh × Oregon Sugar). It
bears medium long, dark green pods with medium bold, dark green and very sweet, crisp textured
seeds. It is resistant to powdery mildew and rust.
8.2.5. Arka Sampoorna:

It is an edible pod pea variety and a selection from F7 generation of pedigree method that
involved parents (Bonneville × IIHR 209) × Freezer 656 × Oregon Sugar). It is a mid-season variety
showing resistance to powdery mildew and rust. The average pod yield is 8.0 t/ha.
8.3. Cluster Bean [30]:
Table 2: Description of some of the important varieties of Gaur bean

Crop
Sl. Production
Variety span Description
No. (q/ha)
(days)
Early maturing and branched type variety. Drought
tolerant variety and also fits under rainfed conditions
RGC
1 85-90 8-10 or irrigated conditions. Size of the seed is medium
936
with light pink colour. Pod length is 5-7 cm and can
also be used as late variety.
This variety bears toothed serration along the leaf
margins on branched stems. It is adequate to grow in
RGC both rainfed and irrigated land. Plant height varies
2 80-90 10-12
1002 between 60-90 cm, light pink flowers. Seeds are
greyish in colour and are bold. 3.2 to 3.6 g 1000
seed weight.
Variety is branched type and height varies between
RGC 50-85 cm. Developed for rainfed conditions.
3 85-95 10-12
1003 Margins of leaf are smooth. 30% Gum is present in
seed.
Single stem erect variety. Plant height goes up to 60-
RGC 90 cm. Flowers are purple in colour. Seeds are bold.
4 85-90 10-15
1066 It is cultivated in both kharif (July to October) and
summer seasons.
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It is cultivated on irrigated land in summer season

and also for rainfed conditions of Rajasthan as well
5 HG 365 85-90 12-15
as Haryana. Pod formation is very quick in this
variety.
Branched variety with bold seeds. Variety can be
HG 2-
6 90-95 12-15 grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions and can
20
also be grown in summer season
A variety of both rainfed and irrigated areas it can
thrive well in low fertile soil conditions. Height of
7 GC – 1 90-100 10-12
the plant lies between 80-100 cm. Variety is
branched.
Variety is branched. Height of the plant ranges from
RGC 57 cm – 74 cm. Trifoliate leaves with toothed
8 90-100 12-14
1017 margins. Grows well under irrigated and rainfed
conditions
33 % gum is present in the seeds of this variety.
HGS Behaviour of pods is brisked. Height of the plant
9 85-90 12-13
563 goes up to 100 cm -60 cm. Light pink coloured
flowers. Pod length lies between 5 cm – 7 cm.
RGM It is a branched type cultivar with moderate resistant
10 92-95 12-14
112 to root rot as well as bacterial blight.
Photo sensitive branched type variety suitable for
RCG
11 95-100 12-15 both kharif and summer season. It has a very heavy
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podding behaviour and it can be grown in.
9. Nutrient Management:
French bean crop is a complete crop in itself due to well deep well root system and plant for.
For nutrient management it requires 30 FYM and NPK @ 60:120:50 per hectares at the time of field
management. Fertilizer is applied in split dose with fifty per cent of nitrogen fertilizer + complete
amount of phosphorus and potassium broadcasted or put in beds on seed sowing. The remnant fifty
per cent nitrogen is put one month after sowing. Under integrated nutrient management an
application of 75% recommended dose of fertilizer and 25% vermicompost + lime application
generates a seed yield which is efficiently more and marketable for Rabi season crop of French bean
[37]. To get good yield the manure and fertilizers are to be supplied with sufficient quantity. For pea
crop about 2 tonnes per hectare of Farm yard manure is applied to soil during the preparation of land.
Based on soil test results the quantity of 30 kg of nitrogen, 45 kg of phosphorus and 50 kg of
potassium. Half of the nitrogen with full phosphorus and potassium at the time of sowing. Remaining
nitrogen is given after 30 days of sowing. Marsh spot is a major disorder caused by mangamese
deficiency in pea which can be cured by pre sowing basal application of solid Manganese sulphate @
40 kg ha-1. This deficiency is showing as brown empty centers in immature seeds [19].
In case of cluster bean, the recommended nutritional requirement of cluster bean is 50:60:60
kg NPK per hectare. At the time of sowing half dosage of nitrogen fertilizer and entire quantity of
phosphorus as well as potash fertilizer is broadcasted into earth and remaining half dose of nitrogen
should be applied after 25-30 days of first dosage [33]. It is prudent to practice integration of both
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organic and inorganic nutrients for the crop for which 25 tons of farm yard manure (FYM) must be
applied 15 days prior to sowing of the crop. While using inorganic fertilizer it should be made sure to
place it at five centimeters depth beneath the seed. Organic compost enhances the moisture retention
property of soil thus providing nutrients essential for the crop establishment and growth.
10. Irrigation:
Cluster bean is a rainfed crop of arid and semi-arid regions. If water is available for irrigation,
it should be applied whenever crop goes under moisture stress mainly at critical stages of crop
development i.e., at flowering stage and seed formation stage. It is recommended to prepare proper
bunding in the field as the crop is grown in arid and semi-arid regions efficient management of water
is of major concern. Adequate mulching practices should be followed to conserve the moisture and
minimize moisture loss from the soil due to high water evaporation. Irrigation should be applied 2-3
days prior to sowing the crop. Light irrigation should be applied after 6-7 days after sowing for better
germination of the seed. If adequate irrigation facilities are available a minimum 5 irrigation should
be given to the crop regularly at 15 days interval. Field should be properly levelled with proper
drainage so that water logging condition should not arise in the field at any stage of crop
development.
11. Seed Rate and Sowing Method:

French bean seed rate for bush type bean is about 50-75 kg ha-1 and 25 kg ha-1 for
indeterminate type seed rate is about. A row to row spacing of 30-40 cm is kept for seeds sown in flat
bed with plant spaced at 15-20 cm. If the crop is to be sown on the raised bed them width of bed is
kept at 60-80 cm and height of 20-30 cm. Then seeds are sown at 30-40 cm spacing between rows
and 15-20 cm space in between plants. At 15-20 days after sowing the indeterminate or pole type
varieties are supported by plugging stakes or bamboo sticks at a height of 1.5 to 2 meters [56].
Pea requires a seed rate of 120 to 150 kg ha-1 and 60 to 75 kg ha-1 for early and mid-late
cultivars respectively [19]. It can be sown at a spacing of 30 cm × 7.5 cm and 60 cm × 7.5 cm spacing
in early and mid-late cultivars respectively. A seed rate of 75 Kg ha-1 and 30 Kg ha-1 is needed for
bush type and climbing type cultivars of beans respectively. Former cultivar’s seeds can be sown at a
spacing of 45 cm × 15 cm and later one at 90 cm × 15 cm respectively. Before sowing seed should be
treated with Rhizobium sp. to get greater yields and quality seed. Seeds of pea should be soaked in
water one day before, to enhance the physiological activity of seeds to get good germination. Seeds
were sown either by broadcasting or dibbling. In the seed production plot, it is very much important.
Spacing depends on the growing habit of the crop. Spacing is used for walking for roguing, weeding,
identifying of off types, spraying chemicals, collecting pollens, dusting pollen on female flowers and
for harvesting. Spacing required by this crop is 45 ×25 cm. Flat bed layout should be there.
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Quantity of seed recommended for sowing one hectare of land of cluster bean is 15-20 kg for
one growing season [38] and to avert the seeds from various soil borne pathogens seeds are treated
with Carbendazim @ 1 gram + Thiram@ 2 grams for one Kg of seed succeeded by inoculation with
suitable Rhizobium culture @ 600g/12-15 kg seed. Seeds after the treatment should be sown at 2 cm
depth in a priorly irrigated field [39]. Majority of farmers have been found sowing the crop through
broadcast method which not only makes the inter culture practices difficult but also compromises
with the quality and quantity of the end product. Therefore, to sustain ideal population of the plants,
improved germination percentage and for easy inter cultural practices seeds should be sown in plant
to row system. Cluster bean branched varieties should be sown at row to row spacing of 45 × 60 cm
and a distance of 10 to 15 cm in between plants [40] [55]. Cultivator or seed drill can also be used for
sowing. Further a distance of 30 cm can be kept in between rows and 10-15 cm in between plants for
single stem variety.
12. Weed Management:

Weeds compete with the main crop for nutrients and root and shoot growth. Frequent
weeding operation in the field during initial days of plant establishment boost the plant growth in all
the three legumes. A spray of Stomp 30 EC or pendimethalin) @1.0 liter per acre or Afalon 50 WP
(linuron) @500 g per acre is done three da ys after sowing. Pea plant are made to get the support of
the Bamboo stick without getting loss of yield after eight weeks of sowing. As the pea plants are
sown in rows and there is no enough space, it’s difficult to control weeds by mechanical means so
they are controlled by chemicals such as Simazine or Atrazine @ 0.60 kg/ acre give the best results in
controlling the weeds. The use of Prometryne @ 400-450 g/ acre gives the good vegetative growth
and higher pod yield.
The kharif season cluster bean suffers from extensive weed competition mainly by grassy,
sedged and broad-leaved weeds thus, reduces the crop yield. Weeds compete with the crop for
nutrient, moisture and space. Therefore, to avoid such competition and obtain a good yield from the
crop needs to be devoid of weeds for 30 - 45 days after sowing [41]. Hence, two hand weeding viz;
first after 20-25 days of sowing and second 40-45 days after sowing is sufficient to obtain a good crop
yield. An alternate to manual weeding is herbicides. A as pre-emergence spay of pendimethalin @
0.75 kg/ha a.i. and post emergence application of Imazehtapyr 40g/ha a.i. in 600 lit of water after 20-
25 days of sowing should be given to control the weeds [30].
13. Isolation Requirements:

These three crops are strictly self-pollinated crop but due to cleistogamous condition.
Although amount of cross pollination by pollinating agents is very less percentage of [9] still there is
some isolation kept in between fields so as to maintain best genetic quality as mentioned in Table 3.
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Table 3: Isolation requirement for French bean, pea and cluster bean [42].
Distance (meters) Min.

Contaminants
Foundation Certified
Field of different varieties 10 5
Field of the same variety conforming to varietal purity
10 5
requirements for certification
14. Irrigation:
Depending upon the moisture sensitivity of crop as discussed in section ‘cultural practices’
frequent and light irrigation is practiced in bean crop instead of flood irrigation. For French bean
cultivation the irrigation schedule is as discussed; sowing crop in well moist soil; first irrigation at 15
to 20 days after sowing; then frequent irrigation at weekly interval. Shortage or excess of moisture
can cause deformity in pods [28]. The number or frequency of irrigation depends on the season of
cultivation. In pea crop irrigation should be provided in 9-10 days interval. Legume crops require
more water compared to cereals, where this pea is provided irrigation at the stage of flowering, pod
development. Water logging should be avoided, if water is logged it should be drained well.
15. Field Inspection and Rouging:

Appearance of rabbit ear plants is a characteristic feature of rogue in pea crop. It is featured
as plant with narrow stipules and leaflets. Hence any plant that shows such features are to be
discarded immediately as it is not of same variety and may have arisen due to mutations. There are
three rouging stages for beans and peas viz., after emergence when plants are 15 cm tall (for peas);
before flowering (for beans); at flowering stage and; seed set and first pod formation (for beans) and
finally at pod formation stage in both the crops [19]. Prior to first field inspection it is mandatory to
inspect fields so as to locate volunteer plants, objectionable weeds and diseased plants and pull out all
off-type plants (Table 4). Sometimes in total three field inspections are taken up by the experts from
seed certification agency. Starting from land preparation to still harvesting first inspection is taken up
done before flowering, the second inspection done at flowering and the third at edible pod stage. The
off-type (max) permitted percentage for foundation and certified seed is 0.10 and 0.50 respectively.
Inspection of a crop stand at regular intervals is an essential step to authenticate the purity
percentage of the crop for specific certification standards. A thorough inspection of the crop on
various growth and development stages should be conducted on regular basis. Inspection should be
done by well trained and qualified officials [43]. In cluster bean minimum two field inspection should
be done by field inspector. First before commencement of flowering to actuate the field certification
standards like isolation distance, volunteer plants if any and planting ratios, second inspection is done
at the time of flowering and fruit set to rough out off-types (Table 4) and diseased plants [34] affected
by bacterial blight and anthracnose and pollen shedders in female plants if any [30].
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Table 4: Off types requirement for French bean, pea and cluster bean [42]
Maximum permitted (%)

Contaminants
Off-types 0.10 0.20
Plants affected by seed borne diseases (French bean)
Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas spp.) Anthracnose (Colletotrichum
lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Br. & Cav.) Ascochyta blight 0.10 0.20
(Ascochytaphaseolorum (Sacc.) Michelia) (for hill areas only)
Bean mosaic (Macrosiphum pisi Kalt.)
16. Pest and Disease Management:

16.1. Pest and diseases of French bean:
16.1.1. Diseases of French bean:
16.1.1.1. Brown spot:
causal organism is Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae that is transferred by wind, or precipitation.
16.1.1.2. Leaf spot:

Cercospora malayensis is the causal organism resulting in irregular spots, angular spots on
plants and pods as well as sooty black powder. It may also cause severe leaf fall. A spray of
Mancozeb @ 0.25 % is recommended.
16.1.1.3. Bean Blight:

causual organism is Rhizoctonia solani appearing on plant near to the ground level. It can be
cured by seed treatment Carbendazim 50 WP @2 g kg-1 or by sprating plants with Carbendazim 50
WP @ 0.5 g Liter-1 of water.
16.1.1.4. Angular Leaf Spot:

caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola. It appears as angular red brown spots. Preventive
measures can be use of resistant varieties, crop rotation. Spryaing the crop with Carbendazim 50 WP
@ 50 g per 100 liters water can be done
16.1.1.5. Black Root Rot:

caused by Thielaviopsis basicola wherein elongated purplish lesions are formed that turns
dark grey. This forms dark roots and stems with stunted growth and plant death. Preventive measure
of crop rotation can be followed.
16.1.1.6. White mold:

caused by sclerotinia sclerotum, this disease shows symptom on pods, stems, branches and
flowers. As white coloured fungal colony developed in high humidity environment causes heavy
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flower drop and plant death. Preventive measure of crop rotation with non host crop e.g. corn, wheat
can be done. Along with wide row spacing, excessive use of N fertilized should be avoided.
16.1.2. Insects of French Bean:

16.1.2.1. Black Aphids:
This sucking pest causing wrinkled leaves and shows stunted growth with deformation in
fruits when the infestation is severe. It is also seen as drying young plants when attack is heavy.
Parasitoid Coccinella septempunctata that feed on the aphids can be released in the field @ 1000
adult/400meter square. Cultural methods crop rotation without legumes can be followed for 2-3 years.
Chemical management includes spray Dimethoate or Oxydemeton methyl @1 ml/liter of water. It is a
systemic insecticide.
16.1.2.2. Leaf Miner:

It forms extreme mines on leaves and this make leaves yellow and fall off. In case of heavy
infestation stunted seedlings die off soon. The attack is prevalent in vegetative stage. It can be
managed by spraying Metasystox @1 ml/liter of water at an interval of 15 day. Organic sprays can
also be done such as spray of neem (Azadirachta indica) products i.e., neem oil and neem water
extract. Cultural practices are used as preventive measure e.g., roughing of infected plants and crop
residues, handpicking and destroying mined leaves.
16.2. Pests and diseases of pea:

The important pests are stem fly, pea aphid, leaf minor and pod borer. The diseases of pea
wilt, root rot, powdery mildew, rust, Ascochyta blight and root rot.
16.2.1. Diseases of pea:

16.2.1.1. Ascochyta blight:
It was caused by three fungus Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella, Ascochyta pisi and
Mycosphaerella pinodes. It is transmitted by precipitation due to spores from infected plants to robust
plants. Symptoms of black stem with yellow foliage, brown deep spots and bud drop are prevalent.
Under extreme circumstances seedling death can occur. Preventive measure can be taken for
management of this disease such as discarding the infected plants, crop rotation with non-host plants,
selection of resistant variety.
16.2.1.2. Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphae polygani:

Intially the parts become darkened and turns to white patches and is first observed on the
foliage and pods, enlarged spots occupy the entire leaf and the infected parts become chloratic and
disorted. It can be managed by spraying of inorganic sulphur @ 0.25%. Spraying with Karathane @ 1
ml/litre or wettable sulphur @ 3 gm/liter or Dinocap @ 1 ml/litre of water and repeat after 10-15
145
days, if necessary; iii) Avoid late planting; iv) After harvest collect the plants left in the field and burn
them
16.2.1.3. Fusarium wilt:

A soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum is known to cause this disease. This organism is
found in old plant debris. It slowly appears on the faded, yellow foliage and stunted growth. Regular
crop rotation, soil sterilization by solar treatment is some of the management practices.
16.2.1.4. Bacterial blight:

It is caused by Pseudomonas syringae. The spread of this disease is due to water, rain splash,
overhead and infected leaf appears as dark green spots. Also, paper like appearance of these spots
which later turns brown to translucent. It is controlled by removal of debris, rotation of crops.
16.2.1.5. Root rot:

The cool and wet soil favours the survival of the fungus. Rottening and tenderness in seeds
and death of seedlings die due to sunken stem lesions. Further the foliage also becomes stunted.
16.2.1.6. Rust:
It appear as yellow spots in round and elongated clusters and consecutively appearance of
powdery and light brown colour on tissue. Infected stem turns out malformed and the affected plant
dies out. Spray of Mancozeb 75 WP @ 2 g / liter of water can prevent disease spread. The affected
plants residue should be discarded and burnt.
16.2.2. Insects of Pea:

16.2.2.1. Pod borer:
The larvae feeds on foliage and pod and it damages buds, flowers and pods. it is managed by
spraying of carbaryl 50 WP @ 2g/litre. Four to five pheromone traps per acre traps for Helicoverpa
and Maruca can be installed at a minimum interval of 75 feet. These are installed in the vicinity of
selected field at a height of one foot above the plant canopy. The lures can be changed after 2-3
weeks interval [44].
16.2.2.2. Pea Aphid:

The leaves turn greenish yellow and wilt as the adults and nymphs suck the sap on leaves. It
causes leaves to turn pale and yellowish and stopping plant growth. It is controlled by spray of
phosphomidon @ 1 ml/ litre. Yellow sticky traps can be installed at 15 cm height for mass trapping of
aphids [44]. Also release of parasitoids such as egg parasitoids Trichogramma spp., Telenomus spp.;
larval parasitoid- Bracon spp., Chelonus blackburni. Also, predators like Chrysopa sp., Coccinella sp
146
can be introduced in the field [44]. Spraying of 1.25 liter of Dimethoate 30 EC per 1000 liter of water
per hectare can be used as chemical spray. It can berepeated at an interval of 10-12 days.
16.2.2.3. Pea Stem fly:

It damage the internal tissue of plants via maggot, this ultimately destroys the entire plant.
Early sown crop is highly prone to insect attack. It can be managed chemically via incorporating
Carbofuran 3 % granules @30 kg/ ha in the soils before crop sowing.
16.3. Pest and diseases of cluster bean:

Attack of many pathogens and insects occurs to the crop from seedling stage to pod formation
stage. Befitting management practices and symptoms of diseases and pests attack are discussed as
follows [30]:
16.3.1. Disease Of Cluster Bean:

16.3.1.1. Bacterial blight:
The disease is caused by Xanthomonas cyamopsidis. This pathogen is prevalent in kharif
season crop on leaf area. On the dorsal surface of the leaves intraveinal, round and well-defined spots
appear. The pathogen causes flaccidity at the affected area by invading vascular tissues. The spots
become necrotic and later turn brown in colour. The infection further advances to stem and petiole. At
the later stages the stem turns to be blackened and cracked. Treating the seeds with agrimycine @ 250
ppm or streptocycline @ 200 ppm for 3 hours can manage the crop. Streptocycline spray @ 5 g or
plantomycine spray @ 50 g in 100 Liter of water per hectare should be given at 35-40 days of
sowing.
16.3.1.2. Alternaria leaf spot:

The casual organism of the disease is Alternaria cyamopsidis. Dark brown, irregular to round
spots of 2 to 10 millimeter in diameter appear on the leaf blade. The spots later become water soaked
and turn greyish to dark brown in colour. Light brown lines occur inside the spots. It can be managed
by Spray of zineb @ 2 kg in 500 L of water per hectare at 15 days interval.
16.3.1.3. Anthracnose:
This disease is caused by Colletotrichum capsici f. cyamopsicola. Black spots appear on the
petiole, leaves and stem. Its management is done by applying Zineb spray @ 2 kg in 500 L of water
per hectare to control the disease.
16.3.1.4. Powdery mildew:

Causal organism of the disease is Erysiphe polygoni. White powdery growth consisting of the
fungus and its spores emerge on the surface of the leaf. A spray of wettable sulphur i.e., suffex @ 2-3
147
kg ha-1 or dust of sulphur powder @ 20-25 kg ha-1 or spray dinocap @1.5 ml L-1 of water can be used
to manage the crop.
16.3.2. Pests Of Cluster Bean:

16.3.2.1. Termites:
Damage is caused to the plant by termites as they eat away the roots and stem of the plant as
a result of which plant stand becomes poor. Management practice can be followed viz. treat the seeds
with chlorophyriphos @ 2 ml kg-1 and can also apply chlorophyriphos @ 1.25 L ha-1 with irrigated
water to control the termite infestation. Another possible way to control the pest is to apply
chlorophyriphos dust @ 20 kg ha-1 before sowing.
16.3.2.2. Jassids, Aphids and White Fly:

Leaves sap is suck by these pests due to which the leaves curl down and turn pale yellow,
bronze or white in colour. In case of heavy attack plant completely withers. It can be controlled by
applying imidacloprid or dimethoate or monocrotophos or melathion @ 0.75 to 1.25 ml L-1 of water
to effectively control the pest in cluster bean.
17. Harvesting:
Seed crop is harvested at the harvestable maturity as compared to physiological maturity in
case of horticultural crops. It takes a month for pea crop to reach harvestable maturity after attaining
green pea stage [19]. Beans crop attain maturity at a range of 90 days to 120 days after sowing
depending upon on variety. Highest storability of seed and maximum germination and vigour in bean
seed can be achieved by harvesting it at 90% of brown colour pod stage and storing in cool room 16
month [45]. In pea crop also care is taken to harvest as it should reach the physiological maturity
once the outer pod has turned green to yellow colour. Entire plant is picked and taken to the threshing
yard. Moisture content <13% is optimum, if it is <20% it can be dried to optimum moisture content.
If the moisture content reached <9-10% which is less than optimum extra care taken to avoid
mechanical damage. The seed can be stored for1-2 years at ambient temperature and relative humidity
(RH). If it has to be stored for > 2 years at lower RH without the loss of viability in the seeds.
Cluster bean crop is harvested for seed purposes should be critically monitored at maturity
stage. Gaur bean pods do not shatter upon maturity, however harvesting of pods should be done as
soon as maturity is reached. This stage is attained when leaves get dried along with 50% of the pods
dry up and turn brown in colour with moisture content not more than 14 per cent [30]. Harvesting of
the crop should be done by leaving 5-10 meters border area. Harvested pods then dried in sun to
reduce the moisture content to desirable content i.e., 8-9 % and threshed either manually or by
thresher [34], [58]. After threshing the seeds must be graded, cleaned and should be treated with
fungicides like Carbendazim before storage. Total yield of the crop varies upon the conditions it is
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grown viz; under rainfed conditions 7-8 q seed yield/ha is obtained and under irrigated conditions 12-
15q seed yield/ha is obtained [33].
18. Seed Yield:

Average seed yield of French bean is 15 to 20 q/ha although under irrigated and ideal
production and harvesting conditions and up to 10 q/ha for rainfed environment. A good quality seed
crop will yield a test weight of 250 g for larger seeds and 600 g for smaller seeded varieties. The
average seed yield of pea is 20- 25q ha-1 and test weight is 330 g for large seeded varieties and 150
grams for small seeded varieties [19]. A well-managed crop with adopted improved package of
practices, crop yield 10-15 q seed yield/ha of cluster bean.
19. Hybrid Seed Production in Beans and Peas:

19.1. Emasculation and pollination [32]:
All these three legumes crop French bean, pea and cluster bean are highly self-pollinated crop
it is difficult emasculate the flower bud due to complex flower structure. The best stage of
emasculation is just before anther dehiscence or precisely before pollination during morning hours. In
French bean a plump flower bud showing little colour and ready to open next day is chosen for
emasculating.
In case self-pollination is completed in the flower it will show signs such as non sticky,
swollen stigma with light green colour and remnant pollens attached. The steps involved in
emasculation are to tear the sepals with forceps from of the keel. Handling with fingers is careful
operation, then little pressure is applied gently that helps in exposing of keel, which is slit-open by
tips of forceps. All the 10 stamens are collected and discarded. Collection of desired pollen at any
time of a day, preferably fresh pollen that is rich moist yellow is gathered from newly opened flower.
After removal of standard and wings, carefully with the help of stylar brush the pollen is kept on
emasculated flower bud to get a hybrid seed. Most successful results are found when pollination in
french bean is obtained before 11 AM. It is very much important to note that the receptive part of
stigma is the elliptical stigmatic tip rather than the hairs on concave side [8]. Under natural
conditions pollination completes 24 hours before flower opens and fertilization is achieved in eight to
ten hours [21].
19.2. Heterosis:
In self-pollinated species to get a hybrid use of heterosis is predominant [46],[47]. But it is
difficult to apply to conduct studies on F1 hybrid and for commercial seed production [48]. For a
hybrid to perform as a best homozygous single plant, it should exceed the mid-parent value or highest
parent value. [47] F1's are superior to the best parent but the results are applicable only to specific
inbred lines studied to get a hybrid. To express the heterosis both general and specific combining
149
ability are important features [49], [48]. Although in pea F1 an additive and non-additive effect
influence on high yielding inbred lines, which would be difficult to produce a pure line due to non-
additive effects. In F2 reports says that the occurrence of inbreeding depression. So, there is possibility
of exploitation in field.
19.3. Male Sterility:

The flower of pea is a cleistogamous, pollen shedding occurs before 24 hour of flower
opening. The genetic lines having been generated through the pollen sterility mechanism in pea does
not occur naturally. A spontaneous mutant with a single recessive gene as conferring male sterility is
identified [50]. All the mutated male sterile lines identified as a full female fertile [51]. The male
sterile are from the mutagenic treatments. The mutagens used are X-ray (ms-1, ms-2 from the Dippes
Gelbe victoria), Ethyl methyl sulphonate (ms-5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11) and Sodium azide (ms-8) [52].
These lines can be exploited for hybrid seed production in pea. French bean male sterile plants are
characterized by dark green foliage, enormous flowering but poor pod development as well as low
seed set [57]. Hence not much of commercial use for hybrid seed production. In cluster bean seed
production through hybridization is unsuccessful due to its flower size and brittleness. This is the
cause of poor per cent setting of seeds.
Other techniques by which hybrids are produced are mutation breeding and molecular
markers. Some important traits of cluster beans are developed by obtaining genetic variability through
mutation breeding. Although this breeding method has shortcomings of not showing any major effect
on the breeding and seed setting. Hence breeders have to rely on the advance method of hybrid seed
production i.e., by using the hybrids produced by using fourth generation molecular markers such as
SSR and SNPs [53].
20. Seed Processing:

The term grain is used for whole seed of some of the legume crops and pulses is used when
seeds of legumes are without seed coat and cotyledons are split into half. Seed of French bean, pea or
cluster bean is called as quality seed if it is physically sound (having seed coat without crack),
genetically pure (representing the variety) and healthy. The harvested seed is passed through a chain
of equipment in a seed processing plant to get seeds of desired quality. These equipment are such as
spiral separator to separate round seeds e.g. peas from flat one; indent pocket separators to discard
broken seeds from lengthy seeds of French bean; specific gravity separator to fraction seed lot into
light weight, and dense seeds; stoner to remove rocks from seeds; velvet roller to remove dirt from
bean seeds where dirt or rough material cling to the fabric; colour separator to detect and discard off
coloured seeds; polishers to brighten the seed surface of peas and beans [54].
150
21. Seed Storage:

Pulses or legumes are those agricultural commodities that have to suffer from a big post-
harvest loss. It can be threshing (broken seed coat), transport, processing or finally storage. This
covers up around 3-unit loss of pulses out of 100 units [59]. Rest loss occur after storage and milling.
A safe and ideal seed storage conditions can help in maintaining seed life and preventing it from
deteriorating. But in stores also a seed damage of 30 to 70 % is seen in pulses due to infestation by
weevils. Weevils and Bruchids breed very fast if storage conditions are not good i.e., at a temperature
of 30°C and RH of 70 %. Hence it is very much essential to maintain a balance between optimum
amount of temperature, humidity and moisture content of seeds. These are very well explained by
Harrington’s thumb rule. One rule is that if moisture of seed is reduced by one per cent, its storage
life doubles. Another rule is that if storage temperature of room is reduced by 5°C then the storage
life of seed doubles. Other than this for legumes [ 59] it should be taken care that the temperature of
store house or godown should be below 25°C but it should not reach freezing. Also, the RH of room
should be around 15 % or lower.
Legume seed bags if they not stacked in warehouse are preferably stored for short term in
outdoor storage in two ways; in pyramids mounted on a concrete platform or in flexible silos of 500
tonnes capacity. Other methods of storage are ware house, low-capacity silos and high-capacity silos.
If seeds are stored inside building then ventilation should be the primary concern. A proper
ventilation of godown can minimize the temperature inside hence; prevent the biochemical
degradation of seeds. The optimum level of moisture at which French bean, peas and cluster bean
seeds should be stored is mentioned in table 5. Another advantage if in house storage is that
fumigation of the seeds of beans and peas can be done effectively. Fumigation is indeed necessary to
kill the storage pests of beans and peas. These pests are; Brichids or Pulse beetle (Callosobruchus
spp.), Trogoderma spp., Ephestia spp., Stegobium spp., etc. It requires certain specific requirements
for using chemicals such as Alphos, methyl bromide for getting rid of infestation. As these are
volatile chemicals hence, quick in action, highly effective and easily leak out. The exposure time of
these fumigants depend on temperature, dose, level of infestation etc. For example, if the storage
temperatue is less than 5 ⁰ C then there is no need to fumigate as it will not be effective. But if room
temperature is 20 ⁰ C then an exposure period of four to five days in optimum. The effectiveness of
treatment is more when storage temperatures are high. Fumigation is done with aluminium phopshide
@ 3 tablets (3 gram each) per tonnes with exposure up to seven days or depending upon the room
temperature as mentioned above. After fumigation the airtight conditions (by covering with
tarpauline) provide accurate enviroenmet to kill the eggs and adults of the insects [60].
22. Seed Certification [34], [42]:

Certification of seed is a legitimate system to provide the best quality seed to the market.
Certified seed are highest in genetic and physical purity as it undergoes various rounds of tedious
151
field inspection and continuous vigilance by the field inspectors and officials where various factors
are critically observed for permissible limit as mentioned in the table below [34]:
Table 5: Seed certification standards for French bean, pea and cluster bean.
Standards for each class

Factors
Pure seed (minimum) 98.0% 98.0%
Inert matter (maximum) 2.0% 2.0%
Other crop seeds (maximum) None None
Other crop seeds (maximum) for cluster bean 10/kg 20/kg
Total weed seeds (maximum) None None
Total weed seeds (maximum) for French bean None 10/kg
Other distinguishable variety (Maximum) 5/kg 10/kg
Other distinguishable variety (Maximum) for cluster
10/kg 10/kg
bean
Germination including hard seeds (minimum) 75% 75%
Germination including hard seeds (minimum) for
70% 70%
cluster bean
Moisture (maximum) 9.0% 9.0%
For vapour-proof containers (maximum) for pea and
8.0% 8.0%
cluster bean
For vapour-proof containers (maximum) for French
7.0 % 7.0 %
bean
Seed certification aims at providing good quality seeds of a notified variety to farmers. Hence
certification of seed is not only restricted to the harvested seed but it aims at control of seed
production at field level as well as managing the land on which seed production will be taken up. It
can be done by meeting the specific requirements of the crop.
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Chapter · April 2022

Neha Thakur Tejaswini Uppuluri

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Himangini Kanwar Anurag Malik

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The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Edition: First- 2021

Copyright 2021 © Authors

PUBLISHER & PRINTER: INSC International Publishers

Unit No. Title Pages

1. Seed Production Technology of Wheat and Barley 1-28

2. Quality Seed Production Technology of Rice 29-40

3. Seed Production Technology of Cotton, Jute and Flax 41-66

4. Seed Production Technology of Cowpea and Soybean 67-81

5. Seed Production Technology of Rapeseed & Mustard 82-96

6. Quality Seed Production Technology of Berseem & Oats 97-110

7. Seed Production Technology of Sunflower & Safflower 111-127

8. Seed Production Technology of Peas and Beans: French Bean, 128-155

9. Quality Seed Production Technology of Pulses (Chickpea, 156-168

10. Utilization of Existing Genetic Mechanisms for Quality Hybrid 169-184

11. Quality Seed Production of Leafy Vegetables: Amaranth and 185-198

13. Quality Seed Production of Rare Vegetables: Asparagus, Lettuce, 227-255

14. Advances in Quality Seed Production of Major Seed Spices: 256-278

15. Varietal and Hybrid Seed Production in Apiaceae Vegetables 279-297

Himangini Anurag Malik

Table 1: Ploidy level of different species under the genus Phaseolus.

Common name Scientific Name Ploidy level Chromosome no.

Another member of Leguminosae family, Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)

2. Plant Characteristics and Floral Biology:

Figure 1: Stem and leaves of cluster bean

Figure 2: Inflorescence and flower structure of cluster bean

Figure 3: Pods and seeds of cluster bean

3. Soil and Climate Requirements:

4. Cultural Practices for Seed Production:

5. Land Requirement and Preparation:

6. Seed Selection and Treatment:

7. Rhizobium and Legume Seed Production:

8.1. French Bean:

8.1.2. Kashi Rajhans:

8.1.4. IPL 315:

8.2.1. Kashi Samridhi:

8.2.2. Kashi Mukti:

8.2.3. Arka Chaitra:

8.2.4. Arka Apoorva:

8.2.5. Arka Sampoorna:

8.3. Cluster Bean [30]:

Table 2: Description of some of the important varieties of Gaur bean

It is cultivated on irrigated land in summer season

11. Seed Rate and Sowing Method:

12. Weed Management:

13. Isolation Requirements:

Distance (meters) Min.

15. Field Inspection and Rouging:

Maximum permitted (%)

16. Pest and Disease Management:

16.1.1.2. Leaf spot:

16.1.1.3. Bean Blight:

16.1.1.4. Angular Leaf Spot:

16.1.1.5. Black Root Rot:

16.1.1.6. White mold:

16.1.2. Insects of French Bean:

16.1.2.2. Leaf Miner: