North South East West

Mean 248.5 244.3 261.0 221.7

Standard Error 14.1 12.5 15.6 18.4
Median 292.0 253.0 251.2 204.0
Mode 310.0 235.0 226.0 306.0
Standard Deviation 101.6 76.3 115.7 111.8
Sample Variance 10327.1 5817.2 13384.6 12488.8
Kurtosis -0.3 1.0 7.1 0.4
Skewness -0.8 0.2 1.8 0.8
Range 389.0 389.0 746.7 450.0
Minimum 16.0 67.0 43.5 49.0
Maximum 405.0 456.0 790.1 499.0
Sum 12922.4 9040.9 14352.4 8203.6
Count 52 37 55 37
Table 1 : Annual Sales Data for ASPL last year (Volume, in hundred thousand pkts)
North South East West
316 203 180 109
375 264 240 199
362 320 370 250
395 235 790 204
302 456 242 251
110 206 363 118
351 301 129 398
301 125 188 49
125 151 199 306
205 253 308 153
351 276 149 182
23 171 314 306
310 324 43 105
362 165 254 178
304 267 296 313
372 116 312 205
294 200 255 490
299 215 220 175
325 156 180 260
110 234 265 95
305 370 59 255
284 300 262 153
306 270 447 249
304 260 456 203
251 234 300 433
302 267 265 267
54 255 275 499
405 376 399 210
275 67 233 110
310 300 251 355
297 288 268 97
111 200 256 295
208 235 278 245
194 202 193 113
298 220 288 88
210 257 350 110
251 302 176 176
199 230
124 308
115 160
290 199
286 226
313 181
226 226
314 325
310 143
56 122
237 241
209 347
216 168
55 226
16 423
218
129
426
249 244 261 222
Case : Reward Distribution at Atomic Sales Pvt. Ltd. ᵵ

Rahul was sitting in his office, on a Friday morning, with the TOI in his hand. He was contemplating
if his Zonal Head of Sales of North, Ashish Arora would also turn in with a game changing
performance this year, by notching up the highest share of National Annual Dealer Performance
Bonus, for the third year in a row. The winning amount this year, was a whopping Rs. 8.0 crores
which was duly ratified by the Board.

Amongst the 4 zones, North Zone was in fact one of the laggards in the company Atomic
Sales Pvt Ltd. (ASPL) until around 3 years ago. The company was involved in the
manufacture and sale of branded soyabean nuggets. However, after Rahul joined the
company about 5 years ago, as VP-Sales, he has been trying to push his strategy of
following a combination of vigorously supporting promising dealers and also
simultaneously knocking off contracts of non-performing dealers. Rahul believed "Sabka
Saath, Sabka Unnati" is the mantra to success. Knocking off contracts was never an easy
proposition by any means, but a careful and bold implementation of the same, enabled
North Zone turn the tide in their favor for these past three years. And according to Rahul,
the latest zone-wise results seem to have again pointed to the same growth. Data on the
zone-wise sales performance of the company's 181 dealers across 4 Zones is given in
Table 1 on the next worksheet.

Much like the North zone, the other three Zones also tried their hand with Rahul's measures.
However their understanding of their own markets, the growing dealer power at local levels &
their prevailing contexts lead to differential kinds of results and interpretations. In this context,
while it was natural for dealers to still expect rewards based only on their actual sales
performance (irrespective of prevailing concerns, or scope of growth in the future), it was their
own perception of strengths, weaknesses in terms of sales performance, versus the perception of
their boss Rahul on these aspects, which often stood in the way, particularly when it came to
dividing annual bonuses.
 Rahul kept thinking hard on the potential outcome while distributing the bonus. He kept
wondering how he will confront his ZSM's as he announces the scheme for distribution of Annual
Bonus as he was certain Ashish from North Zone will again be the reckoning for a large share.
However he also did not rule out the possibility of his other 3 ZSM's strongly voicing their views on
bonus sharing, based on their own 'idea' of performance. To settle all this, Rahul called his 4 ZSM's
over to Mumbai for a meeting this Monday June 27th.

Qtn: What should Rahul do?

 Player Team Runs Avg SR Hundreds Fifties Fours
1 AB de Villiers Royal Challengers Bangalor 442 44.20 154.00 0 5 31
2 Ajinkya Rahane Rajasthan Royals 393 32.75 137.89 1 1 45
3 Akshdeep Nath Royal Challengers Bangalor 61 12.20 107.01 0 0 5
4 Ambati Rayudu Chennai Super Kings 282 23.50 93.06 0 1 20
5 Andre Russell Kolkata Knight Riders 510 56.66 204.81 0 4 31
6 Axar Patel Royal Challengers Bangalor 110 18.33 125.00 0 0 10
7 Ben Stokes Rajasthan Royals 123 20.50 124.24 0 0 8
8 Bhuvneshwar Kumar Sunrisers Hyderabad 12 4.00 63.15 0 0 1
9 Chris Gayle Kings XI Punjab 490 40.83 153.60 0 4 45
10 Chris Lynn Kolkata Knight Riders 405 31.15 139.65 0 4 41
11 Chris Morris Delhi Capitals 32 5.33 86.48 0 0 1
12 Colin Ingram Delhi Capitals 184 18.40 119.48 0 0 20
13 David Warner Sunrisers Hyderabad 692 69.20 143.86 1 8 57
14 David Miller Kings XI Punjab 213 26.62 129.87 0 1 19
15 Deepak Hooda Sunrisers Hyderabad 64 10.66 101.58 0 0 5
16 Dinesh Karthik Kolkata Knight Riders 253 31.62 146.24 0 2 22
17 Dwayne Bravo Chennai Super Kings 80 16.00 121.21 0 0 6
18 Faf du Plessis Chennai Super Kings 396 36.00 123.36 0 3 36
19 Hardik Pandya Mumbai Indians 402 44.66 191.42 0 1 28
20 Ishan Kishan Mumbai Indians 101 16.83 101.00 0 0 8
21 Jofra Archer Rajasthan Royals 67 33.50 167.50 0 0 4
22 Jonny Bairstow Sunrisers Hyderabad 445 55.62 157.24 1 2 48
23 Jos Buttler Rajasthan Royals 311 38.87 151.70 0 3 38
24 Kane Williamson Sunrisers Hyderabad 156 22.28 120.00 0 1 12
25 Kedar Jadhav Chennai Super Kings 162 18.00 95.85 0 1 19
26 Keemo Paul Rajasthan Royals 18 3.60 75.00 0 0 1
27 Kieron Pollard Mumbai Indians 279 34.87 156.74 0 1 14
28 KL Rahul Kings XI Punjab 593 53.90 135.38 1 6 49
29 Krunal Pandya Mumbai Indians 183 16.63 122.00 0 0 18
30 Mandeep Singh Kings XI Punjab 165 41.25 137.50 0 0 10
31 Manish Pandey Sunrisers Hyderabad 344 43.00 130.79 0 3 34
32 Marcus Stoinis Royal Challengers Bangalor 211 52.75 135.25 0 0 14
33 Mayank Agarwal Kings XI Punjab 332 25.53 141.88 0 2 26
34 Moeen Ali Royal Challengers Bangalor 220 27.50 165.41 0 2 16
35 Mohammad Nabi Sunrisers Hyderabad 115 19.16 151.31 0 0 8
36 MS Dhoni Chennai Super Kings 416 83.20 134.62 0 3 22
37 Nicholas Pooran Kings XI Punjab 168 28.00 157.00 0 0 10
38 Nitish Rana Kolkata Knight Riders 344 34.40 146.38 0 3 27
39 Parthiv Patel Royal Challengers Bangalor 373 26.64 139.17 0 2 48
40 Piyush Chawla Kolkata Knight Riders 42 14.00 113.51 0 0 4
41 Prithvi Shaw Delhi Capitals 353 22.06 133.71 0 2 45
42 Quinton de Kock Mumbai Indians 529 35.26 132.91 0 4 45
43 Rahul Tripathi Rajasthan Royals 141 23.50 119.49 0 1 13
44 Rashid Khan Sunrisers Hyderabad 34 6.80 147.82 0 0 2
45 Ravichandran AshwinKings XI Punjab 42 8.40 150.00 0 0 3
46 Ravindra Jadeja Chennai Super Kings 106 35.33 120.45 0 0 7
47 Rishabh Pant Delhi Capitals 488 37.53 162.66 0 3 37
48 Riyan Parag Rajasthan Royals 160 32.00 126.98 0 1 17
49 Robin Uthappa Kolkata Knight Riders 282 31.33 115.10 0 1 28
50 Rohit Sharma Mumbai Indians 405 28.92 128.57 0 2 52
51 Sam Curran Kings XI Punjab 95 23.75 172.72 0 1 13
52 Sanju Samson Rajasthan Royals 342 34.20 148.69 1 0 28
55 Sarfaraz Khan Kings XI Punjab 180 45.00 125.87 0 1 19
56 Shane Watson Chennai Super Kings 398 23.41 127.56 0 3 42
57 Sherfane Rutherford Delhi Capitals 73 14.60 135.18 0 0 2
60 Shikhar Dhawan Delhi Capitals 521 34.73 135.67 0 5 64
61 Shimron Hetmyer Royal Challengers Bangalor 90 18.00 123.28 0 1 4
63 Shreyas Gopal Rajasthan Royals 63 15.75 136.95 0 0 8
64 Shreyas Iyer Delhi Capitals 463 30.86 119.94 0 3 41
65 Shubman Gill Kolkata Knight Riders 296 32.88 124.36 0 3 21
67 Steve Smith Rajasthan Royals 319 39.87 116.00 0 3 30
68 Stuart Binny Rajasthan Royals 70 23.33 175.00 0 0 5
71 Sunil Narine Kolkata Knight Riders 143 17.87 166.27 0 0 17
72 Suresh Raina Chennai Super Kings 383 23.93 121.97 0 3 45
74 Suryakumar Yadav Mumbai Indians 424 32.61 130.86 0 2 45
76 Umesh Yadav Kolkata Knight Riders 25 12.50 100.00 0 0 3
77 Vijay Shankar Sunrisers Hyderabad 244 20.33 126.42 0 0 11
80 Virat Kohli Royal Challengers Bangalor 464 33.14 141.46 1 2 46
84 Wriddhiman Saha Sunrisers Hyderabad 86 17.20 162.26 0 0 13
92 Yusuf Pathan Sunrisers Hyderabad 40 13.33 88.88 0 0 1
Sixes Salary
26 1.71875 Note: Avg = average; SR = strike rate; salaries in US$ million
9 0.62500
2 0.51430 What can you infer from the data? Summarise it and present in a meanningful way
7 0.34375
52 1.32813
3 0.71430
4 1.95313
0 1.32813
34 0.31250
22 1.50000
2 1.71875
5 0.91430
21 1.95313
7 0.46875
1 0.56250
14 1.15625
3 1.00000
15 0.25000
29 1.71875
4 0.96875
4 1.12500
18 0.31430
14 0.68750
5 0.46875
3 1.21875
1 0.07140
22 0.84375
25 1.71875
5 1.37500
4 0.21875
6 1.71875
10 0.96875
14 0.15625
17 0.26563
7 0.15625
23 2.34375
14 0.60000
21 0.53125
10 0.26563
2 0.65625
9 0.18750
25 0.43750
2 0.53125
2 1.40625
3 1.18750
4 1.09375
27 2.34375
5 0.02860
10 1.00000
10 2.34375
3 1.02860
13 1.25000
4 0.03570
20 0.62500
7 0.28570
11 0.81250
7 0.60000
1 0.03125
14 1.09375
10 0.28125
4 1.95313
4 0.07813
9 1.95313
9 1.71875
10 0.50000
1 0.65625
12 0.50000
13 2.65625
1 0.17140
1 0.29688
 Critical at Critical at
admission_KB admission_NV
Sl number Kolkilaben (Yes/No) Sl number Nanavati (Yes/No)
1 survived No 1 Survived No Last couple of days Grandpa of your best friend is seriously ill and req
2 survived No 2 Survived No surgery. The conditions were deteriorating fast and the doctor sugges
3 survived No 3 Survived No The selection of a hospital is a must and the two good hospitals in the
and Max Nanavati. You got access to the surgery and survival data of b
4 survived No 4 Survived No 100 patients). If the cost of surgery and other external factors are
5 survived No 5 Survived No hospitals, which one you would suggest your frien
6 survived No 6 Survived No
7 survived No 7 Survived No
8 survived No 8 Survived No
9 survived No 9 Survived No
10 survived No 10 Survived No
11 survived No 11 Survived No
12 survived No 12 Survived No
13 survived No 13 Survived No
14 survived No 14 Survived No
15 survived No 15 Survived Yes
16 survived No 16 Colapsed Yes
17 survived No 17 Colapsed Yes
18 survived No 18 Colapsed Yes
19 survived Yes 19 Colapsed Yes
20 survived Yes 20 Colapsed Yes
21 survived Yes 21 Colapsed Yes
22 Colapsed Yes 22 Colapsed Yes
23 Colapsed Yes 23 Colapsed Yes
24 Colapsed Yes 24 Colapsed Yes
25 Colapsed Yes 25 Colapsed Yes
26 Colapsed Yes 26 Survived Yes
27 Colapsed Yes 27 Survived Yes
28 Colapsed Yes 28 Survived Yes
29 Colapsed No 29 Survived Yes
30 Colapsed No 30 Survived Yes
31 Colapsed No 31 Survived Yes
32 Survived No 32 Survived Yes
33 Survived No 33 Survived Yes
34 Survived No 34 Survived Yes
35 Survived No 35 Survived Yes
36 Survived No 36 Survived Yes
37 Survived No 37 Survived Yes
38 Survived No 38 Survived Yes
39 Survived No 39 Survived Yes
40 Survived No 40 Colapsed Yes
41 Survived No 41 Colapsed Yes
42 Survived No 42 Colapsed Yes
43 Survived No 43 Colapsed Yes
44 Survived No 44 Colapsed Yes
45 Survived No 45 Colapsed Yes
46 Survived No 46 Colapsed Yes
47 Survived No 47 Colapsed Yes
48 Survived No 48 Colapsed Yes
49 Survived No 49 Colapsed No
50 Survived No 50 Survived Yes
51 Survived No 51 Survived Yes
52 Survived No 52 Survived Yes
53 Survived No 53 Survived Yes
54 Survived No 54 Survived Yes
55 Survived No 55 Survived Yes
56 Survived No 56 Survived No
57 Survived No 57 Survived No
58 Survived No 58 Survived No
59 Survived No 59 Survived No
60 Survived No 60 Survived No
61 Survived No 61 Survived No
62 Survived No 62 Survived No
63 Survived No 63 Survived No
64 Survived No 64 Survived No
65 Survived No 65 Survived No
66 Survived No 66 Survived No
67 Survived No 67 Survived No
68 Survived No 68 Survived No
69 Survived No 69 Survived No
70 Survived No 70 Survived No
71 Survived No 71 Survived No
72 Survived No 72 Survived No
73 Survived No 73 Survived No
74 Survived No 74 Survived No
75 Survived No 75 Survived No
76 Survived No 76 Survived No
77 Survived No 77 Survived No
78 Survived No 78 Survived No
79 Survived No 79 Survived No
80 Survived No 80 Survived No
81 Survived No 81 Survived No
82 Survived No 82 Survived No
83 Survived No 83 Survived No
84 Survived No 84 Survived No
85 Survived No 85 Survived No
86 Survived No 86 Survived No
87 Survived No 87 Survived No
88 Survived No 88 Survived No
89 Survived No 89 Survived No
90 Survived No 90 Survived No
91 Survived No 91 Survived No
92 Survived No 92 Survived No
93 Survived No 93 Survived No
94 Survived No 94 Survived No
 95 Survived No 95 Survived No
96 Survived No 96 Survived No
97 Survived No 97 Survived No
98 Survived No 98 Survived No
99 Survived No 99 Survived No
100 Survived No 100 Survived No
 friend is seriously ill and required an immediate
g fast and the doctor suggested not to wase time.
e two good hospitals in the vicinity were Kokilaben
urgery and survival data of both the hospitals (last
d other external factors are similar to both the
ou would suggest your friend?
 Learning Obj: Mutually exclusive events, exhaustive events, Marginal probability, Joint Probab

Client company Human Resource data:

Gender
Type of positionMale Female Total
Managerial 8 3 11
Professional 31 13 44
Technical 52 17 69
Clerical 9 22 31
Total 100 55 155
s, exhaustive events, Marginal probability, Joint Probability, independent events, law of addition

Situation 1: The company faced some legal concerns on the disproportionate gender ratio. The leadership wanted

If a staff member is randomly selected, what is the chance that the staff is a woman? What is the probability of sel
What is the probability of selecting a staff either from Professional or clerical cadre?

Situation 2: During the Annual meeting, every year the company had a tradition of selecting a staff member
randomly for a free trip to Goa. What is the chance that the winner will be a woman and from managerial
cadre? What is the chance that the winner will be a man from either Technical or Clerical cadre?
rship wanted to know

bability of selecting a staff randomly who is a woman and from the managerial cadre?
Objective: Conditional Probability; Law of multiplication

In a recent year business failures in US numbered 83,384 according to Dun and Bradstreet. The
construction industry accounted for 10,867 of these business failures. The south atlantic state
accounted for 8,010 of the business failures and 1,258 of all business failures were construction
business located in the south atlantic states. A failed business is randomly selected for the list of
business failures. What is the probability that the business is located in the south atlantic states?
What is the probability that the business is in the construction industry or located in the south
atlantic states?

Question that we revisit: What is the probability that the business is in the construction industry if
it is known that the business is located in the south atlantic states?
 Extra
information
!
An insurance company is assessing the risk of policyholders making claims based
on their driving habits. The company has collected data on policyholders' driving
records and categorized them into two groups: Group A, consisting of
policyholders with no previous accidents, and Group B, consisting of
policyholders with at least one previous accident. The data shows that 80% of
policyholders are in Group A, while the remaining 20% are in Group B. The
probability of a policyholder making a claim is 0.1 for Group A and 0.4 for Group
B. What is the probability that a randomly selected policyholder will make a
claim?
Learning Objective: Contingency table, independent events
Hospital Geog. RegionControl
1 1 2 Data contain observation of 200 US hospitals. The regions are coded as: 1= Sou
2 1 1 Southwest, 5= Rocky mountain, 6=California and 7= Northwest. The type of ho
3 1 2 Nonfederal, 2=Non government, not-for-profit, 3= For-profit and 4= Federal go
4 1 1 that a randomly selected hospital is in the midwest if the hospital is known to b
5 7 1 known to be in the south, what is the probability that it is a state hospital? Che
6 4 2 is independent of Rocky mountain as the geographic location.
7 4 4
8 4 2
9 1 2
10 1 1
11 1 1
12 6 3
13 6 3
14 6 2
15 6 4
16 6 1
17 6 3
18 6 2
19 6 3
20 6 3
21 6 3
22 6 2
23 6 2
24 6 1
25 6 3
26 6 2
27 6 2
28 6 3
29 6 3
30 6 2
31 5 2
32 5 2
33 5 2
34 2 2
35 2 2
36 2 2
37 1 3
38 1 2
39 1 1
40 1 2
41 1 3
42 1 1
43 1 2
44 1 2
45 1 1
46 1 3
47 1 3
48 1 2
49 1 1
50 1 1
51 1 3
52 1 2
53 1 1
54 1 2
55 7 2
56 7 3
57 3 1
58 3 3
59 3 2
60 3 2
61 3 2
62 3 2
63 3 2
64 3 3
65 3 2
66 3 2
67 3 2
68 3 4
69 3 2
70 3 2
71 3 1
72 3 3
73 3 1
74 3 2
75 3 2
76 3 2
77 3 1
78 3 2
79 3 2
80 3 1
81 3 3
82 3 1
83 3 1
84 3 3
85 1 4
86 1 1
87 1 2
88 1 3
89 1 3
90 1 2
91 1 1
92 1 3
93 2 2
94 2 2
 95 2 2
96 2 2
97 2 2
98 2 2
99 2 1
100 2 2
101 3 4
102 3 2
103 3 1
104 3 3
105 3 3
106 3 4
107 3 1
108 3 3
109 3 2
110 3 1
111 3 2
112 3 2
113 1 3
114 1 1
115 1 1
116 3 1
117 3 4
118 3 3
119 3 1
120 3 4
121 5 2
122 5 1
123 5 4
124 5 2
125 3 3
126 3 1
127 3 2
128 5 3
129 5 3
130 5 1
131 2 4
132 2 3
133 2 3
134 2 2
135 2 2
136 2 1
137 5 1
138 5 2
139 5 2
140 2 2
141 2 1
142 2 3
143 2 2
144 2 2
145 2 1
146 1 2
147 1 1
148 1 4
149 1 1
150 1 2
151 3 2
152 3 2
153 3 4
154 3 1
155 3 2
156 3 2
157 3 1
158 3 3
159 3 4
160 3 1
161 7 2
162 7 1
163 7 1
164 7 4
165 7 2
166 2 1
167 2 4
168 2 2
169 2 2
170 2 2
171 1 4
172 1 3
173 1 3
174 3 4
175 3 2
176 1 2
177 1 3
178 1 3
179 1 2
180 1 3
181 1 4
182 1 3
183 1 3
184 1 3
185 5 3
186 5 1
187 5 2
188 5 2
189 2 2
190 2 2
191 1 1
192 1 2
193 1 3
194 7 2
195 7 1
196 7 2
197 7 2
198 5 1
199 5 1
200 5 1
gions are coded as: 1= South, 2= Northeast, 3= Midwest, 4=
Northwest. The type of hospitals are coded as 1= State
r-profit and 4= Federal goverment. What is the probability
the hospital is known to be for-profit? If the hospital is
t it is a state hospital? Check whether chosing a Sate hospital
location.
Learning objective : Bayes theorem

Reliance digital is considering marketing a new model of their Reconnect brand television. In
past 40% of the new model televisions have been successful and 60% have been unsuccessful.
Every time before introducing the new model Reliance market research team conducts an
extensive study and releases a report in the form of favorable or unfavorable response. Data
suggest that in past, 80% of the successful new model televisions received favorable reports
and 30% of unsuccessful new model televisions received favorable reports.

For the new model of television this year the research team had issued a favorable report.
What is the probability that the television will be successful?
Mr. Jay Mehta, an editor of Excel books, New Delhi is trying to decide whether to publish a Business
Statistics text book with select Professors from Top 20 Business Schools in India. Information on
previous text books published by Excel Books indicates that 10% only were huge successes, 20%
were modest, 40% made break-even and around 30% were a straight loss. Before publication,
every book and its chapters go through peer review and is an exhaustive process. In last 5 years,
the data shows that 99% of the huge sucesses had received a favorable review, 70% of the
moderate successes received favorable reviews, 40% of the break-even books received favorable
reviews and 20% of the failed book projects also received favorable reviews from the reviewers.
This year, when the chapters of this proposed text book were sent to the reviewers, the editor
received a favorable review. Jay wants to know the chances of the proposed text book getting a
huge success. He also is interested in knowing the chance of a complete failure.