Submitted by:- P.

SIVA SAI SHASANK

Regestration.no:- 12111390
Topic Name:- Samarpan
S.NO TOPIC NAME PG.NO

1 Acknowledgement 3

2 Introduction 4-6

3 Aim of the project 7

4 Benefits of Donating Blood 8-13

5 Necessary measurements to 14-21

be taken before donating
blood
6 How the percentage of blood 22-24
donation is increased in india

7 conclusion 25
I express my deepest thanks to the Training and Placement Coordinator,
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional
University, for allowing me to grab this opportunity. I am thankful and
fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support, and guidance
from all Teaching staff of the School of Computer Science and
Engineering. The community development opportunity I had with
Foundation was a great chance for learning and professional development.
I consider myself lucky as I was provided with an opportunity to be part of
it. I choose this moment to acknowledge the contribution of professionals
who gave me the necessary advice and guidance and helped me learn new
things to make my project a good learning experience.
I would not forget to remember Plant a Plant Foundation for their
encouragement and timely support and guidance till the completion of my
project. I cannot express enough thanks to the committee for their
continued support and encouragement. I offer my sincere appreciation for
the learning opportunities provided by the committee.
My completion of this project could not have been accomplished without
my friends, seniors, and classmates' support. Gratitude and love to all the
ones who gave the countless time with the kind attention. Ultimately, my
loving, caring parents were the backbone support of moral boost and
confidence.
 Introduction
The primary responsibility of a blood transfusion service is to
provide a safe, sufficient and timely supply of blood and blood
products. In fulfilling this responsibility, the BTS should ensure that
the act of blood donation is safe and causes no harm to the donor
(3,5,8). It should build and maintain a pool of safe, voluntary non-
remunerated blood donors and take all necessary steps to ensure
that the products derived from donated blood are efficacious for
the recipient, with a minimal risk of any infection that could be
transmitted through transfusion.
information provided by 164 countries to the WHO Global
Database on Blood Safety indicates that, worldwide, more than 92
million blood donations are collected annually. Of these, an
estimated 1.6 million units are discarded due to the presence of
infectious markers for TTI, including HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C
and syphilis. In addition, at least 13 million prospective donors are
deferred from donating blood due to anaemia, existing medical
conditions or the risk of infections that could be transmitted
through transfusion .
The scale of these discards and deferrals highlights the need for
effective blood donor selection to minimize the unnecessary
deferral of suitable donors, and the donation of blood by
unsuitable donors that subsequently has to be discarded; this
will reduce the wastage of resources, including donor and staff
time, consumables and screening tests, and also avoid needless
discomfort to donors.
Significant variations have been observed between
countries in the extent to which national donor selection criteria
are defined, prospective donors are assessed and the quality
and effectiveness of the donor selection process are monitored.
In some countries, national systems of blood donor selection are
not well-developed and donor selection criteria are not clearly
defined or applied uniformly. This may result in blood being
collected from donors who have not been properly assessed for
their suitability to donate; this may affect their health and pose
a higher risk of transmission of infections through transfusion.
The scale of these discards and deferrals highlights the
need for effective blood donor selection to minimize the
unnecessary deferral of suitable donors, and the donation of
blood by unsuitable donors that subsequently has to be
discarded; this will reduce the wastage of resources, including
donor and staff time, consumables and screening tests, and also
avoid needless discomfort to donors.
 In many countries, donor selection criteria are still based on
tradition and customary practice rather than on evidence (10,11)
and criteria from one country are often adopted in other countries
without due consideration of the profiles of the general and
potential donor populations, the prevailing epidemiology of
infections and diseases, local culture and available resources.
Some countries take a highly precautionary approach to the
selection of donors for the safety of blood products, donors and
patients. Policies for donor selection should take into account the
need for a balance between the safety and sufficiency of the
blood supply and available resources (11,12,13).
In 2005, World Health Assembly resolution WHA58.13 (14) urged
Member States, inter alia, to establish or strengthen systems for
the recruitment and retention of voluntary, non-
remunerated blood donors and the implementation of stringent
criteria for donor selection. World Health Assembly resolution
WHA63.12 (15) in 2010 also urged Member States to take all
necessary steps to update their national regulations on donor
assessment and deferral. However, there are relatively few
internationally-recognized guidelines on blood donor selection
(Annex 1) and all of these have been developed to address the
needs of specific regions or countries. There is therefore a need
for global guidance on the development of systems and criteria for
blood donor selection that could then be adapted at national
level.
 Aim Of The Project
To wipe off the scarcity of blood and ensure availability of safe
and quality blood and other blood components, round the clock
and throughout the year. This will lead to alleviation of human
sufferings, even to the far-flung remote areas in the country.
• Provide safe and quality blood and blood components
collected from voluntary donors, round the clock, at
affordable cost to the general public and free of cost to the
poor.
• Ensure safety and quality of blood.

• Motivate and maintain a permanent well-indexed record of

voluntary blood donors.

• Educating the community on the beneficial aspects of

blood donation and harmful effect of collecting blood from

paid donors.
• Actively encourage voluntary blood donation and
gradually eliminate professional blood donors.
• Promote AIDS awareness and education to the general

public.
• Assists the various Organizations, Clubs, Colleges, Public &

Private Institutions and the Public to conduct voluntary

blood donation drives and arrange for motivational talks
to enable progressively increase the number of voluntary
non-remunerated blood donors every year.
CONTACT US
 Benefits of donating blood
Blood is high on demand globally. Human blood cannot be
manufactured by industries. Blood can be received only from
donors.
There are a lot of myths surrounding donating blood. Donating
blood has a lot of health benefits.
Donating blood doesn’t just limit its benefits to the receiver but
also offers health benefits to the donors.
Transfusion of blood takes place every day around the world.
Donating blood is good for health. The donors should check if
they are in good health to eliminate possible health issues after
blood transfusion to those who use it.
Blood donation usually takes place in a clinic, blood bank, or
hospital.
In order to donate blood, a person needs to
1)Register themselves
2)Undergo examination/Medical history
3)Process of donation
4)Refreshment
A person needs to be at least 16 years old to donate blood. A
person should have a minimum weight and must be in good
health to donate blood.
Certain blood banks may have more requirements.
Registration is when a person in the blood bank will sign for an
appointment and collect general information of the donor like
name and contact number.
Before the donation process begins, a medical examiner
would ask the donor a few important questions regarding
health and lifestyle. This is done to get an idea of the overall
health of the donor.
blood test is done to check for various diseases in the blood. If
there are no issues with the blood samples, then the donor is
free to donate blood.
During the donation process, the donor is sent into a room
where he should lie down on a bed.
The medical professional will clean the donor’s arm and insert a
needle into the vein. Later a machine will remove one unit of
blood.
When the process is done the needle is pulled out and the area
is cleaned with cotton and an adhesive strip is put on the arm.
After every blood donation, it is mandatory that the blood bank
or the hospital would give the donor some snacks or drink to
help the body get back to normal as it loses some fluid. The
doctors also advised 10 to 15 minutes of rest before leaving.
 Health benefits of donating blood

Prevents hemochromatosis
Donating blood would reduce the risk of developing
hemochromatosis. This health condition could be inherited at our
cost due to alcoholism, anaemia and various other disorders.

Blood cell production

After a person donates blood, the body will replenish
the blood loss by stimulating the production of new
blood cells. The new blood cells would help in
maintaining a person’s good health.
 Lowering cancer risk
Donating blood helps lower the risk of cancer as the iron
stores in the blood are maintained at healthy levels.
When there is a reduced iron level in the body, it is
linked to lower cancer risk. At the same time, when the
iron is too low in the body, it leads to iron deficiency and
other related health conditions.

Heart and liver health

Donating blood is beneficial as it reduces the risk of heart and liver
ailments which are caused due to iron overload in the body. When
people consume excess food in the body, they only absorb limited
proportions, and the rest of it gets stored in the heart, liver, or
pancreas.
Excess iron present in the body will increase the risk of developing
health conditions like liver failure, pancreatic damage, or heart
abnormalities. 13
Therefore, by donating blood, the body can maintain the
required levels of iron and reduce the risk of various health
conditions.

To sum up
Donating blood is an excellent way to serve the
community as both the donor and the receiver will reap
health benefits.
Blood donating processes are quick and easy.
Usually, there are no side effects while donating blood. If
a person is a frequent blood donor consulting a doctor
about iron supplements and getting the blood level
normal in the body is mandatory.
 Necessary measurements to be taken
before donating blood
Only individuals in good health should be accepted as blood
donors. Good health is difficult to define, but certain associated
parameters may be established from a brief medical history,
observation and simple tests. Staff undertaking donor health and
risk assessment should be well-trained in the observation of donor
appearance and detection of signs of ill health. Staff should receive
explicit guidance on what to look for and when to refer a donor to
a health-care professional for further medical attention.
Donors should feel well on the day of donation and be able to
perform their routine daily activities. Information about minor
illnesses, exposure to communicable diseases, travel to disease
endemic areas, pregnancy and lactation and medical and surgical
interventions should be elicited so as to determine suitability for
blood donation or the need for deferral. The BTS physician may
request additional information and advice about the health of a
prospective donor from the donor's own doctor or specialist.

Lower age limit

A lower age limit should be set for blood donation, taking into
account national legal requirements for consent, the increased risk
of vasovagal reactions in younger donors, and the increased iron
requirements of adolescents and young menstruating females
The lower age limit for blood donation in most countries is 18
years, although in some countries national legislation permits
16–17 year-olds to donate provided that they fulfil the
physical and haematological criteria required and that
appropriate consent is obtained.

Studies of adverse events in blood donors have

shown an increased rate of vasovagal reactions in younger
donors (50,52); a study conducted in the United States of
America in 2006 reported a 10.7% risk of a vasovagal reaction
in donors aged 16–17 years, compared with 8.3% in 18–19
year-olds and 2.8% in donors aged 20 years or older (53). The
age of 16 should therefore be an absolute lower limit for blood
donation to ensure donor health and safety.

Adolescents of either gender are at risk of iron deficiency

during the pubertal growth spurt when the average daily total
requirement of absorbed elemental iron is 1.50 mg/day for
males aged 15–17 years and 1.62 mg/day for females (54,55)
Upper age limit
Upper age limits for blood donation of between 60 and 70
years have been implemented in the past because of
concerns regarding the increasing incidence of
cardiovascular disease with age and the potential risk of
adverse reactions, which are more likely in first-time donors.

There is now extensive published literature on the

safety of blood donation in older individuals in both the
allogeneic and autologous setting, indicating that vasovagal
and other adverse reactions are infrequent in older donors
who fulfil normal donor selection criteria (56,57,58,59,60).
The upper age limit has been safely removed for regular
blood donors in countries where healthy life expectancy is
high (56,61,62,63,64). Nevertheless, many BTS have an
upper age limit of 60 years for first-time donors
 DONOR IRON STATUS

There are no rapid, simple and direct bedside methods for

determining iron status. The pre-donation assessment of donor
haemoglobin remains the best approach. Normal ranges for
haemoglobin and red cell indices differ between ethnic
populations, and in males and females, and are also affected by
age, especially in women (74,75). International and national
guidelines (Annex 1) commonly recommend minimum
haemoglobin levels of 12.5 g/dl for females and 13.5 g/dl for
males but further studies are needed to justify the selection of
these levels. In some countries, the same haemoglobin level is
used for males and females (76). Individuals with haemoglobin
levels below the normal range are, by definition, anaemic (77).
The WHO Global Database on Anaemia (55) defines haemoglobin
thresholds for anaemia as 12.0 g/dl for non-pregnant women
(≥15.00 years) and 13.0 g/dl for men (≥15.00 years). There are
many causes of anaemia and anaemia due to iron deficiency is
the most prevalent. The aim of haemoglobin screening is to
ensure that the prospective donor is not anaemic. The lower limit
of acceptable haemoglobin for blood donation should be set at a
level that prevents the selection of anaemic individuals as blood
donors and also minimizes the exclusion of healthy donors.
 Haemoglobin screening safeguards anaemic individuals from
donating blood and also protects returning donors from
donation-induced iron deficiency (DIID), the depletion of iron
stores by repeated donations (78,79). Collecting a unit of blood
from a donor with a normal haemoglobin level also provides
good quality blood components, with adequate and consistent
haemoglobin content in the collected blood.

Haemoglobin screening safeguards anaemic individuals

from donating blood and also protects returning donors
from donation-induced iron deficiency (DIID), the depletion
of iron stores by repeated donations (78,79). Collecting a
unit of blood from a donor with a normal haemoglobin level
also provides good quality blood components, with
adequate and consistent haemoglobin content in the
collected blood.
Haemoglobin and/or haematocrit are easily estimated by
validated, simple, rapid and inexpensive methods, but are
insensitive in assessing iron deficiency as values start to fall only
when iron stores are depleted. Nevertheless, they remain the most
convenient measurement parameters at blood donation session
and when recorded at each subsequent attendance, can detect
anaemia and DIID.

Donor haemoglobin and/or haematocrit levels should be

measured immediately before each donation using a validated
technique that is subject to quality control. Donors who do not
meet the minimum haemoglobin levels for blood donation
should be referred for further haematological investigation and
treatment. They should be encouraged to return to donate
when the anaemia has been successfully treated.
Frequency of donation and iron supplementation
Iron deficiency is common worldwide and donation-induced iron
deficiency is of particular concern in relation to women of
childbearing age and adolescents. Adolescents of both sexes are
also at risk of iron deficiency during the pubertal growth spurt,
when the average daily total requirement of dietary elemental
iron to be absorbed is 1.50 mg/day for males and 1.62 mg/day for
female (54,55). A donation of 450 ml of blood removes 200–250
mg of haem iron. The average amount of stored iron (ferritin and
haemosiderin) in a woman of reproductive age in the developed
world is about 300 mg; hence, the donation of a unit of blood
requires the subsequent mobilization of much or all of this reserve
(80). In developing countries, many women have depleted iron
stores and will inevitably be precipitated into negative iron
balance by blood donation.Across the world, the minimum
interval between whole blood donations varies between 56 days
(8 weeks) and 16 weeks and different donation intervals are
usually followed for male and female donors; in practice, some
female donors are unable to give blood more than once or twice
per year due to iron deficient states. There is a high prevalence of
iron depletion in frequent blood donors; increasing the inter-
donation interval would reduce the prevalence of iron depletion
and deferral due to low haemoglobin
 How the percentage of blood
donation is increased in india
Blood donation is the best donation one can give to
another human being. Today, when the world is facing a gigantic
crisis like the coronavirus pandemic, it's crucial to consider
donating blood. The pandemic has affected blood donation
drives, which has further resulted in reduced stocks of blood and
its components. Blood banks and transfusion services are
struggling to keep up with the demand in the wake of the
ongoing crisis.
24
Access to safe blood through out the years has been a
persistent problem in India. Voluntary donations decreased
significantly during the pandemic and lockdowns due to travel
restrictions as well as fear of going to hospitals and getting
infected. The rate of blood donation in the country amounts to
only 1 per cent of the population, and the pandemic only
compounded the issue.
All blood banks in Mumbai and rest of Maharashtra, where blood
replacement has been made voluntary, faced a huge shortage of
blood due to strict social distancing norms, cancellation of various
blood drives, and low donor turnout due to COVID-19 crisis. While
the rate of blood donation declined drastically, the requirement for
blood and blood components remained constant due to emergency
surgeries and Covid requirements. Shortage of blood in the past few
months has proved to be detrimental to those who are in
urgent/regular need of blood and blood components, like those with
thalassemia and severe anaemia, road traffic accidents, bleeding
during pregnancy and childbirth.
The Government of India issued guidelines for safe donation of
blood during the ongoing covid pandemic. Blood donation is
recommended with social distancing standards, biomedical-waste
disposal rules, and infection control guidelines. It is also assured that
risk of developing COVID-19 through a blood transfusion or via a
blood donation procedure is unheard of.
 There’s no blood donation deferral time if you receive a
COVID-19 vaccine. However, one may wait for a few days as
per advice from the doctors to determine your eligibility to
donate blood. One can donate blood once every three months
till age of 65 in India. However, doctors will ensure that you do
not suffer from anaemia, hypertension, severe cardiac disease
before permitting you to donate blood.

Blood donation is not just about giving blood, but it is an act of

kindness that saves the lives of hundreds of people. Let us come
together and save lives through regular blood donation during
these difficult times of corona pandemic.
 Conclusion
Most of the donors in the study group opined that the
motivating factors for the recruitment of more donors
were, creation of opportunities to donate and the need
to be well-informed about the need of blood. A
majority of the donors were willing to be regular
donors. The donors showed positive effects like a sense
of satisfaction after the donation. In our study, most of
the donors were knowledgeable about the blood
donation and they had a good attitude towards it;
however, they felt comfortable in donating blood once
a year. If this feel good factor of a once a year donation
could be changed into atleast twice a year, the gap
between the demand and the supply of the country
could be narrowed down. Creating opportunities for
blood donations by conducting many blood donation
camps may provide a solution for our blood demand.