JOINDER OF CHARGES (applies to both summon and warrant cases, applies only to trials and not

preliminary inquiry )

218 + 224 = rules of general application

219+220+221+222= case of single accused

223= more person than one accused

A joint trial by misjoinder of charges for distinct offences is illegal

Section 218 – Separate charges for distinct

offences :MANDATORY PROVISION ; JOINT TRIAL
IS AN EXCEPTION
1. For every distinct offence of which any person is accused there shall be a separate
charge and every such charge shall be tried separately:

Provided that where the accused person, by an application in writing, so desires and
the Magistrate is of opinion that such person is not likely to be prejudiced thereby the
Magistrate may try together all or any number of the charges framed against such
person.

 Criminal cases like civil suits cannot be amalgamated and tried to gather
except within the limits as to joinder of charges allowed by the code
 The object is to ensure a fair trial and to see that the accused is not pivoted by
having to defend several unconnected charges
 The object is also to prevent the code being unduly influenced by the different
evidence against the accused on different charge
 The exception of multiplicity of trials in the proviso where the accused himself
wants joint trial of several offences is subject to court’s finding regarding
prejudice
 It is also advised that the court should not take unnecessary risk in holding
joint trial in doubtful cases
 DISTINCT OFFENCE : Disagreeing to the contention that distinct indicates
that there should be no connection between the various acts which give rise to
criminal liability , it has been held at” distinct “ does necessarily signify
unconnected acts, though there may be circumstances in which connected acts
will not constitute distinct offence. the Supreme Court has held that “distinct
“must have different content from the expression “every” offence or “each”
offence. separate charges required for every distinct offence and not
necessarily for each offence distinct means not identical. 2 offences would be
distinct if they be not in any way interrelated. If there is some interrelation
there would be no distinctness and it would depend on the circumstances of
the case in which the offences were committed whether there we separate
charges for those offences or not.
 SEPARATE CHARGE : Even if distinct offences arise out of the same
transaction they must be separately charged though they may be tried together
 under section 219 or 220, the principal being that the accused should not be
convicted of an offence of which he has not been specifically charged.
wherein one transaction 3 murders were committed three separate heads of
charges should be made

2. Nothing in Sub-Section (1) shall affect the operation of the provisions of sections 219,
220, 221 and 223.

Illustration

A is accused of a theft on one occasion, and of causing grievous hurt on another occasion. A
must be separately charged and separately tried for the theft and causing grievous hurt.

Three offences of same kind within year may be

S.
charged together : ENABLING PROVISION / not
219
mandatory but permissive

1. When a person (single ) is accused of more offences than one of the same kind
committed within the space of twelve months from the first to the last of such
offences, whether in respect of the same person or not, he may be charged with, and
tried at one trial for, any number of them not exceeding three.
2. Offences are of the same kind when they are punishable with the same amount of
punishment under the same section of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) or of any
special or local laws;
Provided that, for the purposes of this section, an offence punishable under section
379 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) shall be deemed to be an offence of the
same kind as an offence punishable under section 380 of the said Code, and that an
offence punishable under any section of the said Code, or of any special or local law,
shall be deemed to be an offence of the same kind as an attempt to commit such
offence, when such an attempt is an offence.

S. 220 Trial for more than one offence

1. If, in one series of acts so connected together as to form the same transaction, more
offences than one are committed by the same person, he may be charged with, and
tried at one trial for, every such offence.
2. When a person charged with one or more offences of criminal breach of trust or
dishonest misappropriation of property as provided in Sub-Section (2) of section 212
or in Sub-Section (1) of section 219, is accused of committing, for the purpose of
facilitating or concealing the commission of that offence or those offences, one or
 more offences of falsification of accounts, he may be charged with, and tried at one
trial for, every such offence.
3. If the acts alleged constitute an offence falling within two or more separate
definitions of any law in force for the time being by which offences are defined or
punished, the person accused of them may be charged with, and tried at one trial for,
each of such offences.
4. If several acts, of which one or more than one would by itself or themselves
constitute an offence, constitute when combined a different offence, the person
accused of them may be charged with, and tried at one trial for the offence constituted
by such acts when combined, and for any offence constituted by any one, or more, or
such acts.
5. Nothing contained in this section shall affect section 71 of the Indian Penal Code (45
of 1860).