Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377

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Decision Analytics Journal

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dajour

An analysis of critical factors for adopting machine learning in

manufacturing supply chains
Revati Gardas a ,∗, Swati Narwane b
a R&D Department, EI Electronics, Shannon Free Airport Industrial Estate, Shannon, Co. Clare, V14 H020, Ireland
b Department of Information Technology, MCT’s Rajiv Ghandhi Institute of Technology, Andheri, Varsova, Mumbai, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: This study identifies and examines the critical factors for adopting machine learning technologies in manufac-
Machine learning turing supply chains. Initially, a thorough literature review was employed to identify 13 critical factors, and
Supply chain then the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) methodology was used to analyse their
DEMATEL
cause–effect relationship. Next, a qualitative analysis concluded that ‘Technology Integration’ and ‘Forecasting’
Technology adoption
are essential for adopting machine learning in manufacturing supply chains, ‘Risk Management’ is unaffected
Decision-making
by causal factors, and ‘Manufacturing Processes’ is minor in adopting machine learning. The research findings
aim to guide the practitioners in understanding the influence of one factor over the other and the ‘cause–effect’
relation among them. The strategies for the effective implementation of machine learning technologies may be
deduced. It is a pioneering study in which novel and crucial determinants have been identified and examined
in the multi-criteria environment using the DEMATEL approach.

1. Introduction
The exponential growth of Industry 4.0 in the past decade was
majorly in manufacturing, supply chain, services, and products [1,2].
Machine learning (ML) can assist in innovative education, smart prod-
ucts, smart workers, smart services, smart supply chain, and smart
manufacturing [3–7]. Market growth of ML is expected to rise at a
44.1% Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) with an incremental
increase of $ 7.4 billion from 2019 to 2024 [8]. The ML market is
moving from software to hardware to services [9]. Significant existing
literature discusses ML applications for supply chain and manufactur-
ing. Giants in ML such as Microsoft, DataScience.com, IBM, Experfy,
NeenOpal, etc., have started offering products in the supply chain ana-
lytics technology market and supply chain planning system integrators
[10]. The number of patents on Artificial Intelligence (AI)/ML has seen
exponential growth since 2016 [11]. According to Gartner’s (2021)
report, by 2025, 70% of organisations will be using ML models for data
analytics. Also, the current COVID-19 pandemic shows that ML models
could be demanding to handle SC disruptions [13].
Recent studies show that ML capabilities enable organisations in
cost estimation [14], demand forecasting [15,16], zero downtime [17],
failure prediction [18], risk management [19,20], sustainable supply
chain [21], and supplier selection [22]. The researchers popularly used
the Multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach along with ML
in manufacturing and supply chain. Aggarwal and Davè [23] proposed
a hybrid approach of a fuzzy-neural network for selecting a supplier
in supply chain. Wilson et al. [24] ranked suppliers using ML and the
fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. Abdulla et al. [25]
employed ML and AHP for supplier selection. Harikrishnakumar et al.
[26] performed a supplier assessment using supervised learning and
compared results with the MCDM approach. In other studies, Dohale
et al. [27] proposed a hybrid Delphi-AHP for selecting production
systems using the ML framework. Nayal et al. [13] investigated AI/ML
for agricultural supply chain using a hybrid MCDM approach. Kartal
et al. [28] studied ML for inventory problems using VIKOR, AHP, and
simple additive weighting.
These studies show that the ML approach helps organisations to
improve overall performance. However, factors affecting the adoption
of ML for manufacturing supply chain were not discussed in the past
literature. Also, these factors influence each other, and it is imperative
to comprehend the interdependencies of the ML factors. This will help
organisations with the effective implementation of ML. Thus, this study
aims to report subsequent research questions (RQs):
RQ-1: What factors affect ML implementation in manufacturing supply
chain?
RQ-2: How these factors are correlated with each other?
RQ-3: What significant factors must be addressed for the effective
adoption of ML in manufacturing supply chain?
To address the above research questions, an extensive literature
survey was carried out, and Factors of ML in manufacturing supply

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: revati.gardas21@gmail.com (R. Gardas), Swati29narwane@gmail.com (S. Narwane).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2023.100377
Received 5 April 2023; Received in revised form 29 November 2023; Accepted 1 December 2023
Available online 5 December 2023
2772-6622/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
R. Gardas and S. Narwane
chain were identified through research articles. Further, these factors
were approved by industry and academia experts. Later, the Decision-
Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) methodology was
used to recognise the interrelationship between the elements. The
DEMATEL categorises factors into two groups: ‘cause’ and ‘effect’. It
also ranks factors to identify the most significant factors.
The paper’s organisation is as follows: Section 2 deals with the pa-
pers’ systematic and detailed literature review. Section 3 deals with the
methodology (the qualitative analysis using DEMATEL) and the cause–
effect model development. Section 4 deals with the result analysis and
discussion, followed by the conclusion (Section 5).
2. Literature survey and research gap identification
2.1. Theoretical background
The literature survey started with the finalisation of keywords.
The finalised keywords were Manufacturing, Supply Chain, Machine
Learning, Analytics, Risk, Quality and Logistics. Based on these key-
words, the SCOPUS database was used to search papers. A total of 407
articles were found to have these keywords. These papers were then
searched for duplicates. The remaining 396 pieces were then filtered
out to remove irrelevant documents by using TAK (Title, Abstract and
Keywords) principle [29,30]. After the filtering out process, 91 papers
were finalised for further study. The flowchart of the survey is shown
in Fig. 1. These papers were then classified into eight categories (Fig. 2)
namely, ‘‘Literature Survey’’, ‘‘Theoretical’’, ‘‘Conceptual Framework’’,
‘‘Managerial Survey’’, ‘‘Mathematical Modelling’’, ‘‘Simulation’’, ‘‘Pro-
totype’’ and ‘‘Case Studies’’, after which a detailed study of every paper
was undertaken. However, few critical, relevant studies have been
discussed in this section.
2.1.1. Literature survey
There is a significant growth in digital technology in supply chain
[32,33]. In this context, Attaran [34] reviewed the capabilities of
various technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID), Additive Manufacturing, Robotics etc., through
book chapters, journal papers, conference papers and industrial reports
to comprehend and summarise their implications in supply chain and
logistics management. The use of 5G technologies is predicted to ad-
dress significant challenges faced by the industries like latency, speed,
connectivity, etc. Industry 4.0 (I4.0) has been used synonymously with
digital technologies. In this domain, Dhamija et al. [35] and Ivanov
et al. [36] undertook literature surveys better to understand the associ-
ation between Industry 4.0 and Supply Chain Management (SCM). By
clustering keywords and using a systematic approach, bibliometric and
network analysis of existing research on the SCOPUS database within
ten years from 2009 was undertaken to show the popularity of I4.0
and SCM among researchers [35]. Through literature research, Ivanov
et al. [36] identified the influence of 4 elements, namely I4.0, big data
analytics, additive manufacturing and tracking technologies, on supply
chain disruption risk management and its ripple effect. The study found
the influence of digital technology in the increment of responsiveness,
flexibility, and risk mitigation. Also, the lack of empirical research to
obtain a generalised overview of the impacts of digital technologies
was found. Multiple literature studies for applications like AI and data
analytics have been carried out. Thompson et al. [37] studied the recent
developments in applying AI in medicine. Initially, the current state
was determined, followed by the potential future applications of AI
in various departments of radio oncology like medical physics, patient
care, etc., along with a roadmap to reach the same. With the increase
in AI use cases, a significant change in the medical field has been
predicted.
Since there has been a rising need for making faster and more
efficient decisions in an organisation, research concerning supply chain
analytics has an increased relevance. Arya et al. [38] explored big data,
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Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377
its application impact and capabilities for spare part supply chains.
An implementation methodology for a specific case of an army supply
chain was developed, and various factors, the different types of data
at various levels of supply chain, its flow, and their replenishment
architecture were explored. Data unavailability and the presence of un-
structured data were the significant identified limitations. At the same
time, Herden [39] integrated Data Science and supply chain analytics
to study ‘similarity matching’ tasks for nine different decision-making
processes in supply chains. Using a structured 6-step approach, publi-
cations and papers were categorised, filtered out and analysed. Further,
a SCOR model for similarity matching tasks in SCM was developed
to establish relevance and structure. It was concluded that classifying
functions into data science and non-data science processes was one of
the significant challenges. To conduct a systematic literature review
on ML in SCM, Raza et al. [40] employed advanced analytical tools
like bibliometric and network analysis. The influential authors, sources,
research clusters, and key topics within the field were explored. The
study emphasised the importance of ML in handling large and diverse
data for real-time decision-making in modern supply chains. It analysed
155 documents from 2008 to 2018 to provide valuable insights for
future research directions.
In another study, Rolf et al. [41] used of reinforcement learning in
complex supply chain decision-making and presented a classification
framework for academic papers in this field, revealing that Q-learning
remains a popular RL algorithm. It was concluded that most appli-
cations focused on inventory management, often using artificial data.
The shift to industry-scale challenges was identified as a critical next
step to realise real-time data-driven decision-making in supply chain
management.
One of the essential aspects of SCM is transparency, a review of
various IoT-based digital technologies for transparency in food supply
chains was done by Astill et al. [42]. Initially, multiple factors related
to transparency were identified. Various data acquisition techniques
and the challenges and requirements for their implementation were
explored. The main non-technical problems identified stakeholders’
intervention and customer acceptance, which slowed the application
process. Appendix A.1 indicates the papers published in the category
of literature survey.
2.1.2. Theoretical studies
Various theoretical studies focused on the effects of digital tech-
nologies on the efficiency of SCM. Li et al. [43] discussed its impact
on various types of performances in Supply Chains. Since there was
plenty of available literature on the effects of Big Data and Predictive
Analytics (BDPA), none considered contextual conditions like nation,
culture, firm size, etc. [43] conducted research to identify and study
different pricing strategies and the various factors influencing online
service supply chain management. Selection of features using different
classifiers and ML algorithms, followed by Stackelberg’s game approach
to analyse price strategies, were carried out. A sample data set of
about 12,330 customers was considered, and a relation between data
visualisation levels and optimal pricing was established.
Further, its impact on the customer’s purchase behaviour was ex-
plored, followed by the phenomenon of mystery customers. Finally, it
was stated that supplier evaluation and selection remain tricky parts of
supply chain management [44]. There have been various technological
innovations such as neural networks and Support Vector Machine
(SVM). Guosheng and Guohong [44] undertook a comparative study
between the two technologies for applications specifically for supplier
selection. Existing studies reflect the benefits of using neural networks
over conventional statistical methods. Still, research shows various
drawbacks to its application, while SVM, a machine learning-based
technique, tends to deliver improved results.
The market is all about competition, and relevant technologies have
proved to be an effective way to gain an edge over others. With
I4.0, newer techniques and methods have now come into the picture
R. Gardas and S. Narwane Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377

Fig. 1. Flowchart of literature review [31].

Fig. 2. Distribution of finalised papers.

[45–48]. Fawcett and Waller [45] insisted on designing strategic supply
chains to gain a competitive advantage and listed three factors: play-
ers, roles, and relationships to create value and compete within the
market. They termed emerging technologies as game-changers. Since
more and more people have been using data analytical tools, Herden
[46] aimed at providing a theoretical justification for how sustainable
competitive advantage could be achieved using those tools. Initially,
the available studies on analytics and various challenges and factors
were explored. Eight case studies focused on logistics and SCM and
proposed an outline based on the same. The academic and managerial
implications of the study were then listed, suggesting how the use
of analytics in day-to-day complexities can improve their problem-
solving capabilities both creatively and efficiently. With the rise in
the number of services-providing companies, digital technologies have
been frequently used to identify opportunities and create value. Aho
[47] predicted consideration of the shift to services is vital to the future
success of all production companies. This case-based study was aimed
at firms contemplating using big data to provide competitive benefits.
A product manufacturing company that moves from manufacturing to
a product-service system was studied using the Product Data Analytics
Services (PDAS) model.

3
R. Gardas and S. Narwane
There is more cutthroat competition between retailers than it ever
was; hence, to gain a competitive advantage, the other retailers are
under constant pressure to apply different price and optimisation mod-
els [49,50]. These models determine demand variation for the price
difference and integrate data on costs and inventory to give the low-
est possible product price. Simchi-Levi and Wu [48] identified three
modern elements, namely data, analytics, and automation and demon-
strated how these technologies could benefit retailers of different de-
mographics. Also, the use of these opportunities for organisations to
revolutionise their supply chains drastically was suggested.
Risk mitigation and the ability to predict risk and prepare for the
same are essential aspects of a well-designed supply chain [51,52].
Predictive analysis is used in many fields and areas, from baseball
to consumer resource management. Waller and Fawcett [51] defined
numerous research questions answered by the academic research com-
munity and then developed a 2 × 2 model to show the applications
of predictive analytics in theory development for SCM practitioners,
which is not being done traditionally. Based on the observations made
from the current trends, they find its implications in predictions re-
lated to product innovation, production, distribution, and demand. To
integrate Big Data Analytics (BDA) and sustainable operations, Mani
et al. [52] studied and examined the use cases of BDA in the mitigation
of social risks concerning supply chains, which would result in the
achievement of environmental, economic, and social sustainability. A
survey was done along with interviews of an expert panel to iden-
tify and validate supply chain-related social issues and showed how
information management could reduce social and environmental risks.
Multiple research studies have been undertaken to discover the
applications of big data technologies in different aspects of the supply
chain [53–56]. Srimarut and Mekhum [53] analysed the impact of
supply chain connectivity on the ability of BDA and its effect on the
quickness, adaptableness, and alignment of the supply chains. Based
on a questionnaire, information was collected from 300 employees of a
Thai manufacturing firm. After the resource-based view model analysis,
it was found that BDA capability positively influenced the three above-
mentioned supply chain qualities and improved the ability of a supply
chain to cope with external environment and fluctuation. To know,
understand and review the impact of BDA in the finance, economics,
healthcare, biology, IT, logistics and SCM, and manufacturing sectors,
Zhong et al. [54] identified and evaluated existing big data technologies
concerning implementation models and algos, storage, data processing,
visualisation, and analytics. While to know movements, worldwide big
data is looked upon through North American, European, and Pacific
Asian perspectives. Based on all the research, the barriers, prospects,
and future outlooks for six defined aspects of big data concerning ser-
vice and manufacturing supply chain management were found. Big data
has emerged to be the face of IT-enabled innovations for businesses.
Applications of analytics in supply chain optimisation and decision-
making have been on the rise as companies have been trying to extract
insights and generate value to gain a competitive edge. Hence, Sanders
[55] studied how leading firms have been using BDA to drive their
supply chains and their characteristics of a successful implementation.
Based on the literature examined, they proposed to offer a framework
for BDA implementation.
Increasing costs of raw materials, labour and energy, have con-
stantly been concerning Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs),
and they have been engaging in various strategies to reduce production
costs. Especially in the automotive industry, cost reduction has become
a common operational strategy. With expanding applications of big
data techniques, OEM has been handy to form innovative methods to
cut costs. Ge and Jackson [56] studied various ways through which big
data applications could effectively reduce costs for automotive OEMs
and suppliers. Two domains they insisted on offer effective results,
including real-time data analytics and the development of the circular
economy as BDA can help improve the scope of re-manufacturability of
various products. Also, multiple types of big data infrastructures were
discussed in the study.
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Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377
It has become essential for firms to closely monitor their supply
chains’ performances and effectiveness. Panian [57] and Ivanov et al.
[58] initially defined Supply Chain Intelligence (SCI) goals with their
application areas, followed by the steps for SCI adoption and the
challenges faced during the development of intelligent supply chains.
They also discuss data warehousing technologies for SCI, and advanced
supply chain logistics to determine the importance of tighter integra-
tion between manufacturing and analytics. Ivanov et al. [58] tried to
understand how digitalisation and I4.0 have impacted the supply chain
and explored the relationship between BDA, I4.0, additive manufac-
turing, the latest tracking systems, and supply chain interruption risk.
Finally, the technologies were classified and built a logical framework
that showed their influence on various aspects of supply chains. Ap-
pendix A.2 indicates the papers published in the theoretical studies
category.
2.1.3. Conceptual framework
BDA helps examine patterns, correlations, and market trends. The
applications of BDA concerning various SCM aspects were explored
by Giannakis and Louis [59], Zaki et al. [60] and Hofmann and
Rutschmann [61]. Identifying agility to be one of the critical aspects of
SCM, Giannakis and Louis [59] proposed a Multi-Agent-Based System
(MAS) to theoretically link BDA and supply chain agility by defining
roles to different agents at different levels of the supply chain and
associating various key factors affecting their correlation. Various
learning tools were used to determine how MAS contributed to SCM’s
better decision-making.
Through a multi-case study-based approach, Zaki et al. [60] inves-
tigated the applications of big data with manufacturing technologies to
facilitate redistributed engineering from a consumer goods perspective.
Based on the analysis of the data collected from 20 firms, clothing and
electronics portfolios, a conceptual framework was proposed to find
the contributing factors and the interrelation between them. Demand
forecasting has always been an essential component of SCM by acting as
the driver for almost all supply chain-related decisions and was studied
by Hofmann and Rutschmann [61]. Initially, an extensive literature
survey was done to recognise different forecasting methods, demand
influencing factors and data analytics techniques, based on which
a framework of inter-relationships was formed. Then improvements
were proposed in existing forecasting methods concerning the market-
affecting factors by BDA to know its impact on supply chain demand
forecasting.
Supply chain risk management (SCRM), another important aspect
of SCM, can be described as the process of identifying, assessing, and
mitigating the various risks involved in an end-to-end supply chain.
In this context, Engelseth and Wang [62] identified the use of big
data and structured a theoretical framework on the impact of BDA
on long linked physical supply for risk management using factors
like information flow, customer value, complexity, connectivity etc.,
for supply chains. Extensive literature research and a case study of
imported machine parts were used to establish relevance and link
multiple connectivity-supporting technologies for standardised results.
While Chu et al. [63] connected text mining techniques with better
global supply chain risk management using LDA modelling and Bi-gram
Analysis. The potential risks were found by mining online news articles,
which were then pre-processed, analysed, and finally classified into
seven types by recognising a pattern of risk variation through hierarchy
and sentiment analysis.
With the rise in the applications of data analysis, there is been an
ever-increasing amount of data generation that often requires massive
storage capacities, which might get expensive and inefficient. Rehman
et al. [64] established the concept of big data reduction in an appli-
cation for both the customer and the enterprise to achieve multiple
objectives. Different methods and technologies for the various steps
involved in the reduction process were investigated to suggest a big
data reduction agenda for creating value based on nine components of
the developed theoretical business model.
R. Gardas and S. Narwane
To confirm the interplay between modern-day technology and pro-
duction organisation and design, Kumar et al. [65] studied how smart
city production systems affect the structure of supply chains for their
nature and form. Using a case study-based approach for five prod-
ucts, the collected data were examined to differentiate generalisation
patterns and propose a theoretical framework to interpret the inter-
connection between the factors. Appendix A.3 indicates the papers
published in the conceptual framework category.
2.1.4. Managerial survey
Manufacturing processes involve the production or fabrication of
products or their parts. For the manufacturing sector, supply chain
management is crucial as it optimises the production cycle leading
to increased efficiency and reduced costs. With the rising trends of
Industry 4.0 and other digital technologies, multiple survey-oriented
studies investigating the implementation of these technologies concern-
ing SCM for the manufacturing sector had been undertaken [66–69]. To
determine the role of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) in applying big
data powered by AI in Indian industries, Dubey et al. [66] framed a
survey with the aid of NASSCOM and FICCI and then floated it across
the market to understand the current industrial trends. The results
from more than 250 respondents were then analysed using partial
least squares structural equation modelling to interpret the correlation
between big data analytics, operational performance, entrepreneurial
orientation and environmental dynamism.
For understanding the patterns of adoption of I4.0 technology in
the Brazilian manufacturing sector, Frank et al. [68] surveyed manufac-
turing firms of different sectors and proposed a conceptual framework
forming technology layers suggesting the present levels of adoption.
Behera [67] in the context of reverse supply chain analytics for man-
ufacturing firms, used the survey methodology with more than 500
respondents to propose a reference framework for further research on
the application of BDA with regards to reverse supply chain manage-
ment. Finally, Murray et al. [69] researched the manufacturing supply
chains of the USA to understand the effectiveness of enterprise resource
planning systems in assisting people in decision-making for produc-
tion and operations management. Fifteen major firms were initially
interviewed to know the factors that affect the most. To frame the
questionnaire for the survey, the data of more than 150 responding
firms were then analysed using partial least squares analysis to present
a methodology that showed the public opinion and understanding of
the enterprise resource planning systems.
Van der Spoel et al. [70] explored various ways to predict the
arrival timings of goods carrying freight in Europe. After the initial
literature review, a survey of 230 truckers reaching the distribution
centres was conducted in about 12 different European languages. BDA
was then employed to interpret the correlation between the factors,
only to know that accurate arrival prediction is not possible due to
the role played by various human factors portrayed by truckers during
transportation. Appendix A.4 highlights the papers published in the
managerial survey category.
2.1.5. Mathematical model
Decision-making plays a vital role in defining the potential of an
organisation. With improving technology like data analytics and self-
learning algorithms, decision-making has become easier, faster, and
more efficient. Multiple studies have been undertaken, and mathemati-
cal models have been developed to implement modern-day technolo-
gies in conventional decision-making processes [71,72]. To present
a framework for modelling the infrastructure resilience of complex
systems, Thekdi and Santos [71] conducted a study in which multi-
ple stakeholder perspectives and multi-criteria decision analysis were
employed to investigate the system with competing performance mea-
sures. Appendix A.5 indicates the papers published in the mathematical
modelling category.
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Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377
2.1.6. Simulation
When it comes to any product or service, quality is an essential
aspect; it acts as the market differentiator due to high market competi-
tion. Hence, quality control is vital for an organisation as it reduces
wastage and improves productivity. Kunkel et al. [73], Peres et al.
[74], Bucur et al. [75], Baumgartl et al. [76], and Caggiano et al.
[77] undertook studies from different fields revolving around control,
detection, prediction, and assurance of quality. Intending to propose a
standard and efficient model for quality control of metal Powder Bed
Fusion Manufacturing (PBFM) processes, Kunkel et al. [73] used image
recognition and laser scanning to simplify the complexity of monitoring
data from the operations and obtained validation accuracy close to
99%. SCM plays a massive role in the business operation and socioe-
conomic growth of a company. Digital technologies have been used
for various applications in SCM. A few studies have been conducted
to optimise the supply chain or its elements using digital technologies
[78]. Since the supply chain, efficiency management systems could not
effectively control the risk caused by the inefficient SCM, to improve
the supply chain decision-making, Han and Zhang [78] proposed a
model based on machine learning and neural networks that evaluated
the risk indicator systems based on the current status of SCM. The
results showed the practical effects of the model and hence could be
used for industrial applications. Appendix A.6 highlights the papers
published in the simulation category. To enhance the efficiency of SCM,
Lin et al. [79] explored the application of AI by introducing a dynamic
supply chain member selection algorithm to address attribute-data
imbalance. Machine learning was employed for purchase and inventory
analysis, while vehicle scheduling was optimised for efficiency which
helped to streamline supply chain operations. To predict unknown
supply chain links, Kosasih and Brintrup [80] employed Machine Learn-
ing, specifically graph neural networks. Testing on a real automotive
network demonstrated superior performance compared to existing al-
gorithms. Integrated gradient was used for enhanced explainability,
shedding light on the factors influencing graph neural network’s de-
cisions. In another study, Belhadi et al. [81] focused on the role of AI’s
in enhancing supply chain resilience by introducing a novel approach
utilising AI techniques such as Fuzzy systems, wavelet neural networks,
and evaluation based on distance from average solution. Findings from
data collected from 479 manufacturing companies highlighted that the
employed approaches as promising AI tools for bolstering supply chain
resilience.
The rise of fake news and disinformation on online platforms has
raised concerns about supply chain disruptions and decision-making.
To address this issue, Akhtar et al. [82] introduced an AI and ML-
based fake news detection model, using case studies from Indonesia,
Malaysia, and Pakistan. The model, collected data from multiple data
sources, which proved effective for managerial decisions. In another
study, to enhance supply chain risk management for small-medium
enterprises, Wong et al. [83] used AI techniques. Using a structural
model, it analysed the influence of AI on risk management, supply chain
re-engineering, and agility. The study employed partial least squares-
based structural equation modelling and artificial neural network meth-
ods, finding that AI enhanced risk management and subsequently im-
proved supply chain agility. The study emphasised the ability of AI to
model scenarios for complex decision-making in the face of demand
uncertainties. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic’s disruptions to global
supply chains, Bassiouni et al. [84] presented deep learning approaches
for predicting shipment exportability despite pandemic restrictions. The
deep learning methods involved data capture, preprocessing, feature
extraction (including recurrent neural networks and temporal convolu-
tional networks), and classification using various classifiers. Evaluation
on an online dataset demonstrated up to 100% accuracy in predicting
shipment risks, offering valuable insights for proactive supply chain
risk management and resilience enhancement. Roozkhosh et al. [85]
explored the use of blockchain in improving supply chain resilience
employing system dynamics to model the blockchain acceptance rate
R. Gardas and S. Narwane
in Iran’s home appliance supply chain from 2020 to 2030, consider-
ing policy design and COVID-19 impacts. Machine learning methods
effectively predicted blockchain acceptance behaviour, with resulted in
framing effective policies to increase resilience, reaching a maximum
blockchain acceptance of 0.8 in 2030.
2.1.7. Prototype
Humans have been employed in quality and inspection from the be-
ginning of production activities. But now, with emerging technologies,
human visuals can be interpreted to a large extent by computers in
the form of digital photos and videos. This computer vision or imaging
discipline has many applications in manufacturing activities, especially
defect detection [86,87]. To create a non-destructive defect inspection
model for aircraft composite models, Moustakidis et al. [86] used
infrared thermographic cameras and a robotic arm along with advanced
image processing algorithms. The initial feature extraction process was
done through captured infrared images. Thus, a friendly and graphical
user interface prototype was developed for aircraft maintenance and
defect inspection of composite materials. In a different application of
imaging systems, Imani et al. [87] investigated the impact of process
conditions in parts manufactured by laser powder bed fusion, an ad-
ditive manufacturing process, for lack of fusion porosity and detected
the cause for the same. This was done by monitoring process conditions
while changing sample parameters.
Along with the computer vision sensors, there also are various other
different types of sensors which, when used with other subsystems, can
be employed for multipleapplications to detect events or changes in
their environment and generate signals based on the circumstances,
its applications were reviewed by Mulrennan et al. [88], Alfian et al.
[89] and Fernández-Caramés et al. [90] in the fields of polymer testing,
perishable food quality control and logistics management, respectively.
Aimed at predicting the mechanical properties of extruded Polylactic
Acid (PLA) sheets during the process of extrusion using soft sensors,
Mulrennan et al. [88] used an instrumented slit die embedded with var-
ious sensors along with specificML algorithms for predicting the yield
stress of PLA sheets with random seed optimised feature combinations.
For improving the safety and quality of perishable food commodities,
Alfian et al. [89] suggested tracking real-time temperatures, humid-
ity and locations using RFID, IoT and ML. A web-based programme
available to all the clients with an internet connection was created
to access the collected data using MongoDB. The proposed XG Boost
model also proved to be significantly better than other models in terms
of accuracy, precision, recall, and F-score. Appendix A.7 highlights the
papers published in the prototype category.
2.1.8. Case study
Defect detection is becoming increasingly crucial for the manufac-
turing process. It leads to various benefits like improved product quality
and reduced economic impact as the lesser defective products would
have to be discarded. Zakeri et al. [91] and Keller et al. [92] conducted
research activities in the field of early and real-time discrepancy detec-
tion, respectively, for improved quality assurance. Predictive AI and
ML have a vast scope in supply chain analytics, but only a few case
studies have a realistic view. Brintrup et al. [93] and Villegas et al.
[94] conducted case study-based studies for disruption prevention and
demand forecasting, respectively. Appendix A.8 papers published in the
case study category. In the face of global business complexities and un-
certainties, to promote antifragility in supply chains, Raziee [95] used
AI and ML. The study explored their impact on risk mitigation, logistics
optimisation, inventory management, and demand forecasting. It also
addressed challenges, ethical concerns, and offered recommendations
for leveraging AI and ML to build resilient and agile supply chains.
2.2. Research gaps
From a detailed literature survey, it can be inferred that many
articles have been published in the ML domain; however, very few arti-
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Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377
cles involved the MCDM approach in analysing multi-criteria problems.
Further, none of the published articles focused on the ML for a manu-
facturing supply chain. Hence, the present investigation is highly novel
in identifying the cause–effect relationship between the determinants of
ML in the manufacturing supply chain using the DEMATEL approach.
Also, the determinants were ranked based on their influential capa-
bility which adds considerable value to the existing knowledge base.
Appendix A.9 shows significant ML studies using MCDM methodology
in recent times which highlights the novelty of the present study.
3. Research method and cause–effect model development
The main objective of this research framework is to identify and
analyse the critical factors that influence the adoption of ML in the
manufacturing supply chain and to explore the cause–effect relation-
ship between them.
The Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL)
methodology is a structured and systematic approach used to analyse
and model complex decision-making problems [96]. It was developed
to address situations where multiple factors or criteria are intercon-
nected, and understanding the interdependencies is crucial for making
informed decisions [97]. DEMATEL offers a unique way to represent
and evaluate causal relationships among factors. It provides a com-
prehensive view of the system, revealing which factors have the most
significant impacts and how they influence one another [98,99].
In the context of manufacturing supply chains and the adoption
of machine learning, factors influencing this decision are likely inter-
connected. The DEMATEL approach is a powerful tool which best fits
for addressing the case problem as it can produce causal diagrams
that visually represent the relationships between factors. This can aid
in presenting findings and insights to a diverse audience, including
non-technical stakeholders. Also, it does not require comprehensive
quantitative data; the capacity to work with qualitative or expert
opinion-based data allows conducting a meaningful analysis. Further,
it helps to gain insights into the structural dynamics of the adoption of
ML in the supply chain. It can help identify which factors play a central
role and which ones are influenced by others, guiding decision-makers
in prioritising actions [98].
DEMATEL possesses several advantages over other MCDM Tools such as:
1. It can uncover feedback loops within the system, which is crucial
for understanding dynamic systems. This feature differentiates it from
methods like Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment
Evaluation (PROMETHEE) that may not explicitly address feedback
effects [100].
2. Unlike some quantitative MCDM methods like the Technique for
Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), which
require complete and precise numerical data, DEMATEL can handle
incomplete or qualitative data, expert opinions, and subjective assess-
ments [101].
3. DEMATEL not only provides information about the importance of
factors but also reveals how factors are structured and interrelated.
This structural analysis sets it apart from methods like Simple Additive
Weighting (SAW) or Weighted Sum Model, which do not explicitly
analyse structural relationships [102].
4. DEMATEL generates causal maps and diagrams that visually repre-
sent the interconnectedness of factors, making it easier for decision-
makers to grasp the complexity of the problem. This visual depiction
sets it apart from quantitative MCDM approaches, which may not
deliver such visual insights [103].
5. DEMATEL is especially beneficial for recognising and analysing
causal linkages among components in decision-making. This distin-
guishes it from methodologies that primarily rely on weighing and
ranking criteria, such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Analytic
R. Gardas and S. Narwane Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377

Table 1
Inner dependency matrix (𝛽 = 24.47/169 = 0.1448).
Factors ML 1 ML 2 ML 3 ML 4 ML 5 ML 6 ML 7 ML 8 ML 9 ML 10 ML 11 ML 12 ML 13
ML 1 0.15 0.15
ML 2 0.19 0.17 0.21 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.15
ML 3
ML 4 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.18 0.19
ML 5 0.23 0.15 0.18 0.26 0.15 0.25 0.24 0.27 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.23 0.18
ML 6 0.18 0.17 0.24 0.16 0.22 0.24 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.18 0.16
ML 7 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.15 0.21 0.20 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.19
ML 8
ML 9 0.15 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.22 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15
ML 10 0.15
ML 11 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.17 0.21 0.17 0.22 0.15 0.16
ML 12 0.17 0.19 0.16 0.18 0.16
ML 13 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.22 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.21

Network Process (ANP), and Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT)
[104].
These examples demonstrate how DEMATEL’s distinct capabilities
make it a helpful tool in situations where comprehending causal links,
system framework, and qualitative information is critical for successful
decision-making.
DEMATEL, in a nutshell, is a useful tool for studying complicated
causal linkages and structural dynamics in decision-making processes.
Given the complexities of the current study topic, it is an appropriate
choice to give in-depth insights and enable informed judgements about
the use of ML in industrial supply chains.
In the present study, after meticulously reviewing the shortlisted
research items into several categories mentioned above, 731 elements
were identified. Further, after interacting with the 13 domain experts
(academia and industry), the factors were clustered into 90 (cluster
1) and then 43 (cluster 2) and finally 13 factors. The experts were
selected based on their contribution to supply chain management and
technology adoption with a focus on ML through research activities or
professional expertise. The criteria used for their selection where the
overall experience must be greater than or equal to 15 and they must
have worked on ML-based projects for the SCM. Taking this aspect
into account the experts whose total experience ranged between 15–
25 years and who have worked for a minimum period of 5 years on
the SCM and ML projects were considered for this study. Further, as
per Dworkin [105] for a qualitative analysis, the number of experts may
range between 5–50 and in this study 13 experts (more than 2 times
the minimum number required) were considered. The same numbers
of experts were contacted for carrying out the DEMATEL analysis in
Section 3. A brief explanation of the factors is given in Appendix A.10.
To collect inputs from experts, a questionnaire survey was con-
ducted. The questionnaire was explained to the respondents through
telephone and virtual meetings. The input values were represented by
a four-point scale (0–No relation; 1—Slight; 2—Moderate; 3—High).
The respondents’ team comprised two professors from the computer
engineering department, 2 from the operations and SCM department,
two from the decision sciences department, 1 data scientist, 2 ML
engineers, 2 supply chain managers, and two production managers.
The experts’ experience is in the range of 15–25 years. The following
research articles, Gardas [106] and Gardas et al. [107] may be referred
to for the detailed methodology. The adopted method in a flowchart is
shown in Fig. 3.
The steps involved in the DEMATEL method are listed below:
1. The average of all the inputs was taken, and the average decision
matrix (M) was developed as shown in Appendix A.11.
2. A normalised direct relation matrix (N) was developed using the
following equation
N=M∗P
where,
P = min (1/max. value of column sum of M; 1/max. value of
row sum of M).
3. The total relationship matrix (Appendix A.12) was formulated
using the following equation
T = N ∗ Inv(I − N)
where, I = unit matrix.
4. The inner dependency matrix (Table 1) was developed by not
considering values less than the average. The threshold value
was calculated using the following equation.
Threshold of total relation matrix (𝛽) = Sum of all entries/
Total number of entries
𝛽 = 24.47∕169 = 0.1448
5. A causal and effect relationship model was developed using r+c
and r-c values
Where, r and c are row and column of the sum of the 𝑇 matrix,
respectively.
4. Results and discussion
In this study, thirteen factors of ML for manufacturing supply chain
were shortlisted through a literature survey and expert input. Further,
the DEMATEL method was used to understand the cause–effect rela-
tionship between the factors. The analysis showed that eight factors
were ‘Causal’ factors as (R-C) values were greater than zero (positive
values), whereas five factors were ‘Effect’ with negative (R-C) values.
The factors can be ranked based on (Ri+Cj) or (Ri-Cj); however, ranking
based on the latter is more preferred [108–110]. Thus, factors were
ranked based on (R-C) values. The ranking and categories of the critical
factors are tabulated in Table 2.
As shown in Table 2, the five most significant factors are ‘Tech-
nology Integration (ML13)’, ‘Forecasting (ML5)’, ‘Data Management
(ML2)’, ‘Organisational Factors (ML9)’, and ‘Inventory Management
(ML6)’. ‘Technology Integration (ML13)’ was identified as the most
significant factor with the highest (Ri-Ci) value of 1.042. Followed by
‘Forecasting (ML5, 0.817)’, ‘Data Management (ML2, 0.452)’,
‘Organisational Factors (ML9, 0.378)’ and ‘Inventory Management (ML6,
0.364)’. The remaining causal factors, ‘Logistic Control (ML7)’, ‘Finan-
cial Management (ML4)’, and ‘Resource Management (ML11)’, have
higher values of (Ri+Ci). However, based on (Ri-Ci) value their rank
is sixth, seventh, and eighth, respectively. The five effect factors iden-
tified are ‘Risk Management (ML12)’, ‘Customer Management (ML1)’,
‘Quality Management (ML10)’, ‘Environment Control (ML3)’, and ‘Man-
ufacturing Processes (ML8)’.
Fig. 4 shows a cause–effect diagram that helps understand the
relationship among all the factors. The causal factors were displayed
above the horizontal axis, with a positive (Ri-Ci) value. In contrast,

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R. Gardas and S. Narwane
Fig. 3. Flow chart of the methodology.
effect factors with negative (Ri-Ci) values were shown below the hori-
zontal axis, which offers the intensity or prominence of the relationship
between the elements.
As shown in Fig. 4, ‘Forecasting (ML5)’ has got highest value (4.81)
of prominence, followed by ‘Financial Management (ML4: 4.64)’ and
‘Inventory Management (ML6: 4.43)’. These three factors have higher
prominence values than rank 1-factor ‘Technology Integration (ML13:
4.09)’. The values give influence the particular factor has on others.
This study ranks factors based on influence and not prominence. Fig. 4
also helps to understand relationships that can be drawn based on
Table 1 (Inner dependency matrix). 𝛽 value was calculated as an
average of Appendix A.12 (total influence matrix). In this study, the
𝛽 value was 0.1448 and a value lesser than this was removed to get
the inner dependency matrix. Single-headed and double-headed arrows
were drawn based on the inner dependency matrix. The factors ML4,
ML5, ML-8, and ML-10 are significantly influenced by ML-6, ML-7,
ML-9, ML-11, ML-12, and ML-13. It may be inferred that ML-5 has
the strongest influence on ML-8 with a value of 0.27. This shows that
forecasting has a huge impact on the adoption of ML.
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Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377
The most significant factor, ‘Technology Integration (ML13)’, shows
the importance of integrating other Industry-4.0 technologies with
ML. ML algorithms play an essential role in analysing big data. Also,
the integration can help in improving automation and transparency
in end-to-end SC. However, this integration has data heterogeneity,
privacy concerns, skill requirement, and trust issues. Fig. 5 shows the
cause–effect relationship for the factor ‘Technology Integration’.
‘Forecasting (ML5)’ is identified as the second most significant factor
as ML helps to forecast price, supply, and demand in typical situations
and disruptions. The current COVID-19 pandemic has signified the role
of ML and big data to make SC more robust and flexible. Fig. 6 shows
the cause–effect relationship for the factor ‘Forecasting’.
The third most significant factor, ‘Data Management (ML2)’, speci-
fies that organisations need a trusted mechanism for collecting, trans-
ferring, and analysing the data. Data processing and ownership issues
are beyond legal issues, and organisations are concerned about con-
trol over data flow and data security. Fig. 7 shows the cause–effect
relationship for the factor ‘Data Management’.
R. Gardas and S. Narwane
Table 2
Cause–effect relationship matrix.
Fig. 4. Cause and effect diagram (overall).
The fourth most significant factor, ‘Organisational Factors (ML9)’,
indicates the role of administration, particularly top management and
middle management, in smooth implementation. ML helps policymak-
ers in decision-making. However, there is a need for developing ML
algorithms that are less data-hungry. Finally, the fifth most significant
factor, ‘Inventory Management (ML6)’, indicates the role of ML to
streamline the inventory. ML can help with predictive analysis and
improve existing inventory models with higher accuracy.
Discussion on the causal and effect factors
Causal cluster
The most significant causative component is technology integration.
Its importance stems from its fundamental role in allowing the success-
ful implementation of ML. Technology integration in the current man-
ufacturing scene refers to the smooth introduction of ML technologies
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Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377
into current processes and systems. It is the cornerstone that connects
diverse supply chain components and facilitates the efficient use of ML
technologies. Integration of technology not only streamlines operations
but also enables organisations to fully realise the opportunity of ML,
such as predictive maintenance, assurance of quality, and prediction
of demand. Adoption of ML technologies might be fragmented and
ineffective without a well-integrated technical architecture.
The second most important causative component is forecasting.
Forecasting strategies that are accurate are critical for manufacturing
supply networks. They make demand forecasting, inventory optimi-
sation, and resource allocation easier. Forecasting accurately allows
businesses to make well-informed choices, plan for swings in demand,
and avoid overstock or understock scenarios. The capacity to use
sophisticated algorithms and data analytics for forecasting can rev-
olutionise supply chain operations in the context of ML adoption.
R. Gardas and S. Narwane Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377

Fig. 5. Cause–effect relationship for factor ML13 (Technology integration).

Fig. 6. Cause–effect relationship for factor ML5 (Forecasting).

Improved forecasting abilities improve responsiveness and allow for Data is important in decision-making in the context of ML. Data col-
more cost-effective resource allocation. lection, storage, cleansing, and analysis are all components of efficient
The relevance of data management is ranked third. This aspect em- data management. It assures that the appropriate data is accessible for
phasises the crucial need of effective data processing and management. ML algorithms to train on and produce correct predictions. Inadequate

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R. Gardas and S. Narwane
Fig. 7. Cause–effect relationship for factor ML2 (Data management).
data management may inhibit ML adoption by resulting in poor data
quality, errors, and redundancies in the modelling process. Robust
data management solutions are required to fully use the predictive
capabilities of ML.
The fourth most prominent causal element is organisational (admin-
istrative) issues. Organisational support, policies, and administrative
preparation are all included in this category. The importance of this
element may be seen in the necessity for a supportive organisational
culture that encourages innovation, distributes resources, and estab-
lishes rules that encourage ML adoption. Administrative preparation
guarantees that the structures, roles, and duties required for a suc-
cessful transition to ML-driven operations are in place. Even the most
powerful ML systems may fail to acquire momentum in the absence of
organisational and administrative assistance.
The sixth most important causative component is inventory manage-
ment. It is a critical component of effective supply chain management.
It has a direct impact on cost management, order fulfilment, and
customer happiness. Advanced algorithms in the framework of ML
can optimise inventory levels, reduce carrying costs, and minimise the
danger of stockouts or overstock situations. Inventory management is
critical to improving supply chain agility and efficiency.
Additional significant causative aspects include logistical control, fi-
nancial management, and resource management. They all contribute to
the supply chain’s preparation for ML adoption. Logistic control guaran-
tees that commodities are moved efficiently, while finance management
optimises resource allocation and resource management proactively
distributes assets to support ML adoption.
These causative elements are critical to ML adoption in manufac-
turing supply chains. Each element reflects a distinct aspect of the
adoption process, and their interactions have an impact on the readi-
ness and efficacy of ML technology. A complete approach that tackles
these critical factors ensure that ML adoption is not just successful,
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Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377
but also revolutionary, providing organisations with a competitive
advantage in today’s industrial world.
Effect cluster
Risk management has been classified as a ‘effect’ element, implying
that it is impacted by other system variables rather than actively creat-
ing changes. This element is significant since it serves as an indicator
of the total risk associated with ML adoption. There may be inherent
hazards in the context of ML, such as data security, issues related to
privacy, and potential interruptions throughout the integration process.
Factors like as technology integration and data management have an
impact on risk management. To limit possible downsides and uncertain-
ties associated with ML adoption, effective risk management techniques
and practises are required. Organisations may ensure a simpler and
more safe transition to ML-enhanced operations by recognising and
controlling risks.
Another ‘effect’ factor, customer management is influenced by other
factors within the supply chain. In the context of ML adoption, the
satisfaction and management of customers are closely tied to other
factors such as data management, forecasting, and inventory man-
agement. Customer management is vital as it pertains to maintaining
and enhancing customer relationships, meeting demands, and ensuring
high-quality service. Successful ML adoption can positively impact
customer management by enabling better forecasting, personalised ser-
vices, and improved response times. It is the outcome of well-executed
strategies and effective implementation of ML technologies and best
practices within the supply chain.
Quality management, also categorised as an ‘effect’ factor, repre-
sents the outcome of various factors within the supply chain, including
data management, organisational support, and technology integration.
Quality management is vital in manufacturing as it relates to the
consistent production of high-quality products and services. In the
context of ML adoption, ML tools can contribute to quality manage-
ment by enabling real-time monitoring, fault detection, and process
R. Gardas and S. Narwane
Table 3
Validation of the findings of the present research.
Factor No. Causal factor In agreement with
ML 13 Technology Integration Behera and Rasool [111]
and Frank et al. [68]
ML 5 Forecasting Van der Spoel et al. [70]
ML 2 Data Management Behera and Rasool [111]
Dubey et al. [66]
and Narwane et al. [112]
ML 9 Organisational (Administrative) Factors Dubey et al. [66]
and Narwane et al. [112]
ML 6 Inventory Management Murray et al. [69]
ML 7 Logistic Control Murray et al. [69]
and Van der Spoel et al.
[70]
ML 4 Financial Management – most influential factors were ‘Technology Integration’, ‘Forecasting’ and
ML 11 Resource Management Frank et al. [68]
and Murray et al. [69]
optimisation. High-quality ML models can lead to improved product
quality and customer satisfaction, which, in turn, influences the quality
management aspect of the supply chain.
Environment control is a ‘effect’ factor, showing its reliance on other
system components. It is concerned with the management and con-
trol of environmental parameters in the manufacturing process, such
as energy efficiency and decreasing waste. Environmental control is
impacted by issues such as resource management and technology inte-
gration in the context of ML adoption. Through predictive maintenance
and process improvements, ML technologies may improve environmen-
tal control by optimising energy use and minimising waste. Effective
ML implementation helps to more sustainable and ecologically friendly
industrial practises, which has a favourable influence on environmental
control.
Another effect component is manufacturing processes, which rep-
resent the consequences of numerous supply chain variables. It repre-
sents manufacturing operations’ efficiency and effectiveness, including
process optimisation and resource utilisation. In the context of ML
adoption, manufacturing processes are influenced by factors like tech-
nology integration and data management. ML technologies can enhance
manufacturing processes by enabling predictive maintenance, reduc-
ing downtime, and improving overall efficiency. Successful ML adop-
tion can result in streamlined and more cost-effective manufacturing
operations, affecting the quality of manufacturing processes.
The ‘effect’ cluster factors collectively represent the outcomes and
results influenced by other factors within the system. Their signif-
icance lies in their direct impact on the quality of manufacturing
operations, customer satisfaction, risk mitigation, environmental sus-
tainability, and overall supply chain performance. These factors are
essential measures of the success of ML adoption in the manufacturing
supply chain, reflecting how effectively ML technologies positively
influence these critical aspects of the business. Table 3 highlights the
literature that validates the causal factors that were derived by the
DEMATEL approach in the present study.
It may be noted that in this study, all 3 research questions in-
dicated in the introduction section have been addressed. The first
research question was to identify the determinants that influence the
ML adoption in the manufacturing supply chain which was addressed
by identifying the 13 critical factors through the literature review and
experts’ opinion. The second research question was to explore the
relationship between the factors which were addressed by developing
inner dependency matrix (Table 1) which highlights the strength of
association between the factors. Also, the cause–effect relationship
(Table 2) between the factors was explored. Further, the third research
question was addressed by identifying the most crucial (causal) factors
that influence the ML adoption.
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Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377
5. Conclusion
In this research, the factors affecting the implementation of ML
practices in the manufacturing supply chain have been shortlisted by
surveying the research items. Four hundred-seven research articles
were found in the Scopus database, filtered out to 91 articles based on
their relevance to the case research. Also, the experts were contacted to
shortlist the final 13 factors. Then, the DEMATEL approach was used to
identify the relationship between the factors. Also, the causal and effect
relationships were explored. In addition, this tool offered a ranking of
the elements. Finally, it may be noted that all three research questions
mentioned in the introduction section have been addressed.
Out of 13 factors, nine belonged to the causal cluster, whereas
the remaining elements (5) were related to the ‘Effect’ category. The
‘Data Management’. The significance of these factors is rooted in their
capability to shape the process of decision making to serve as key
drivers for the implementation of machine learning technologies. This
cluster of causal factors represent a roadmap for the organisational
managers which offers actionable insights into the domains that need
intervention and focus.
Furthermore, the interconnection between these causal factors and
their impact on the effect cluster indicates the multi-faceted nature of
the machine learning adoption. The least essential elements were found
to be ‘Risk Management’, ‘Customer Management’, ‘Quality Manage-
ment’, ‘Environment Control’, and ‘Manufacturing Processes’. Address-
ing these determinants would allow organisations to predict the extent
to which machine learning has positively influenced the supply chain.
This study adds to the scholarly understanding of the subject topic
while also providing significant useful information for organisations
looking to improve the efficiency of their supply chains. The causal-
effect correlations discovered in this study provide an outline for
decision-makers. These connections serve as a guidepost for strate-
gies, decisions regarding resources, and interventions, generating an
environment favourable to ML integration.
In a nutshell this research work provided a collection of results and
causal-effect linkages that add to the current body of knowledge in the
subject of ML adoption in the industrial supply chain. These discov-
eries are more than simply theoretical constructs; they are actionable
insights with the ability to influence future research endeavours and
practical applications in this dynamic and ever-changing context.
Limitations and further research
An extensive survey has been conducted for identifying the factors;
only articles published in English journals have been considered. Also,
this study is based on subjectivity as experts were contacted for filling
the direct relationship matrix of the DEMATEL approach, and their
inputs could be biased. Further, the experts belonged to the emerging
economy. Hence, the present model may not be directly usable for
developed countries. However, with minor modifications, the same can
be used.
In future research, the authors aims to explore and analyse the
factors affecting the adoption issues of BDA along with ML. Further,
the results of the present study may be validated by other power-
ful MCDM tools such as analytic hierarchy process, analytic network
process, interpretive structural modelling, simple additive weighting,
best worst method, and total interpretive structural modelling. Also, in
future studies, hybrid methodologies may be employed for analysing
similar research problems, as hybrid approaches improve the accuracy
and reliability of the decision-making model. In addition, hybrid tools
help to validate the findings. The authors wish to employ quantitative
research tools such as structural equation modelling for the purpose
of validation. Also, along with the manufacturing sector, service do-
mains may be studied. Further, to test robustness of the findings of
the study, analyse the influence of varying parameters, and improve
R. Gardas and S. Narwane Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377

Table A.1

S. N. Title of the paper Author Year Country Duration of Total No. of

study papers referred
1 Transparency in food supply chains: A review of enabling Astill et al. 2019 Canada 2005–2019 77
technology solutions
2 Digital technology enablers and their implications for supply chain Attaran 2020 USA 2000–2019 70
management
3 Industry 4.0 and supply chain management: A Methodological Dhamija et al. 2020 USA 2009–2019 884
Review
4 Similarity-matching in decision-making processes of supply chain Herden 2017 Germany 2001–2015 192
analytics: a systematic literature review
5 The impact of digital technology and Industry 4.0 on the ripple Ivanov et al. 2019 Germany 2004–2018 104
effect and supply chain risk analytics
6 An exploratory study on supply chain analytics applied to spare Arya et al. 2017 India 2006–2017 44
parts supply chain
7 Artificial intelligence in radiation oncology: A speciality-wide Thompson et al. 2018 USA 1990–2018 89
disruptive transformation?
8 Research themes in machine learning applications in supply chain Raza et al. 2023 Oman 2008–2018 155
management using bibliometric analysis tools
9 A review on reinforcement learning algorithms and applications in Rolf et al. 2022 Germany 2000–2021 206
supply chain management

comprehensiveness of the research the sensitivity analysis may be A.3. Papers published in the conceptual framework category
employed in further research activities.
Implications of the study See Table A.3.
According to Meredig [113], the evaluative listing of factors and
the availability of large-scale material data and advances in ML tech-
nologies would lead to a massive increment in real-world industrial
A.4. Papers published in the managerial survey category
applications of material informatics. In this investigation, 13 factors
that influence the adoption of ML in the supply chain of manufactur-
ing industries were evaluated using the DEMATEL methodology. The See Table A.4.
research findings aim to offer guidance to practitioners and policy-
makers in understanding the influence of one factor over the other
and the cause–effect relationship between them. The decision-makers
A.5. Papers published in the mathematical modelling category
need to emphasise the causal factors and address them to implement
ML technologies in the manufacturing sector’s supply chain. As already
discussed in the previous sections about the merits of ML, the strategies See Table A.5.
for effective implementation may be deduced. Also, the procedure
related to offering training sessions may be planned to address the
social dimension. It may be noted that the adoption of ML would
A.6. Papers published in the simulation category
increase the entire supply chain’s performance, resulting in profitability
and retention of human resources.
See Table A.6.
Declaration of competing interest

Authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest

A.7. Papers published in the prototype category

Data availability
See Table A.7.
Data will be made available on request.

Appendix
A.8. Papers published in the case study category

A.1. Papers published in the literature review category See Table A.8.

See Table A.1.

A.9. Ml studies using MCDM approaches
A.2. Papers published in the theoretical studies category

See Table A.2. See Table A.9.

13
R. Gardas and S. Narwane
Table A.2
S N. Title of the paper
1 Product data analytics service model for
manufacturing company
2 Supply chain game changers – mega,
nano, and virtual trends – and forces
that impede supply chain design (i.e.,
building a winning team)
3 The big data application strategy for
cost reduction in automotive industry
4 Comparison of neural networks and
support vector machines in suppliers’
selection
5 Explaining the competitive advantage
generated from analytics with the
knowledge-based view: the example of
logistics and supply chain management
6 The impact of digital technology and
Industry 4.0 on the ripple effect and
supply chain risk analytics
7 The impact of digital technologies on
economic and environmental
performance in the context of industry
4.0: A moderated mediation model
8 Data-driven online service supply chain:
a demand-side and supply-side
perspective
9 Mitigating supply chain risk via
sustainability using big data analytics:
evidence from the manufacturing supply
chain
10 Supply chain intelligence in E-business
environment
11 How to use big data to drive your
supply chain
12 Powering retailers’ digitisation through
analytics and automation
13 From supply chain connectivity to
supply chain agility, adaptability and
alignment: mediating role of big data
analytics capability
14 Click here for a data scientist: Big data,
predictive analytics, and theory
development in the era of a maker
movement supply chain
15 Big data for SCM in the service and
manufacturing sectors: Challenges,
opportunities, and future perspectives
Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377
Author Year Country List of factors
Aho 2015 Finland Customer value proposition, servitization, pricing, scalability,
reliability, performance, data source consumability, ease of
deployment
Fawcett & Waller 2014 USA Role of environment, nature of system design, system goals,
correlation, new product development, invention, shopping
behaviour, safety, shortages, savings, strategic capabilities, deep
functional skills, process redesign initiatives, internal collaboration
capability
Ge & Jackson 2014 USA Relevance, sponsorship level, urgency, resource availability, IT
personnel abilities, absorptive capacity, task routineness, data
privacy, cost validation, performance, endurance, operation cost,
emission compliance, service record, external feedback, engine
manufacturing variations, real-time analytics, simulation models,
subsystem end of line tests
Guosheng & Guohong 2018 China Product info, delivering time, price, quality, location, delivery
place, transportation, corporation info, workmanship, facility, leader
team, innovation, HR, R&D funds, IT, Trademark, annual output,
corporation culture, corporation strategy, property yield, property
ascending ratio, collaborative history, collaborative time,
collaborative situation, service, response required time, service
quality, supplier credit index values
Herden 2019 Germany Starting position, focus on initiative, problem-solving process, roles
in an initiative, external expertise, data, deployment, user
responsibility, organisational factors, long-term usability, variability
of solution application, frequency of solution application.
Ivanov et al. 2018 Germany Redundancy, robustness, resilience, flexibility, risk mitigation,
parametric recovery, process recovery, structural recovery,
disruption propagation, disruption risks, complexity, single sourcing,
visibility, safety, event identification
Li et al. 2020a China Economic performance, environmental performance, modes of
production, consumer demographics, government regulation,
product life cycle, return on sales, profit, return on investment,
sales, market share, air emission, wastewater, solid waste, firms’
environmental situation
Li et al. 2020b China Operating systems, browser, region, traffic type, visitor type,
weekend, month, revenue, bounce rate, exit rate, page value,
special day, administrative, administrative duration, informational,
informational duration, related products, products related duration,
online customer experience, online customer experience
Mani et al. 2017 Portugal Traffic violation, unethical acts, over speeding, unscrupulous
workforce behaviour, theft, workforce safety, workforce security,
fuel cost, route optimisation, proof of delivery, fuel consumption,
natural calamities, workforce health and tracking
Panian 2005 Croatia Performance measurement, goals, growth, working capital efficiency,
fixed asset utilisation, organisation barrier, visibility, decision cycle
processes, collaborative decision making, iterative measurement
Sanders 2016 USA Inventory optimisation, capacity constraints, facility location,
facility layout, workforce analytics, location-based marketing,
in-store behaviour, customer micro-segmentation, multichannel
marketing, assortment optimisation, supplier risk, product
characteristics, sourcing channel options, supplier integration level,
supplier negotiation, distribution and logistics optimisation,
transportation alternatives, routing, scheduling, vehicle maintenance
Simchi-Levi & Wu 2018 USA Forecasting optimisation, price optimisation, learning optimisation,
product category, revenue, profits, unit sale, website traffic,
consumer decision, competitor pricing strategy, estimate efficiency,
computing speed, consumer behaviour, consumer preferences
Srimarut & Mekhum 2020 Thailand SC connectivity, BDA capability, agility, adaptability, alignment,
frequency, age, gender, education,
Waller & Fawcett 2013 USA Predictive analysis, theoretical explication, descriptive exposition,
exegetical construction, prediction, explanation, transportation
modes, warehouse design, warehouse location, demand forecast,
supplier evaluation, supplier selection, knowledge management,
information sharing
Zhong et al. 2016 New Zealand Location, continent, country, storage, data processing, data
visualisation, data interpretation, data transmission, data collection
decision-making models and algorithms, the current movement
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R. Gardas and S. Narwane Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377

Table A.3

S N. Title of paper Author Year Country List of factors

1 A multi-agent-based system with big Giannakis et al. 2016 France Inter & intra organisational communication, information tech &
data processing for enhanced supply integration, customer/marketing sensitivity, process integration &
chain agility performance management, collaborative planning, responsiveness,
flexibility, speed, autonomy, proactiveness, social ability, reactivity,
computational efficiency
2 Big data analytics and demand Hofmann et al. 2018 USA Product, price, placement, promotion, role of competitors, external
forecasting in supply chains: a factors, marketing factors, consumer preferences, shop factor, supply
conceptual analysis factor, data exploration, advanced analysis, interactive analysis &
planning, embedded analytics, stream analytics, types of forecasting
methods
3 How will smart city production systems Kumar et al. 2016 UK Production scale, manufacturing technology, integrative technology
transform SC design: a product-level (Big Data, IIoT), network design & relationships, processes,
investigation reconfigurability, product type/design
4 Big data reduction framework for value Rehman et al. 2016 Malaysia Data acquisition, data reduction, big data aggregation, big data
creation in sustainable enterprises analytics, big data applications, cloud based data reduction, key
partners, key activities, resources, value proposition, customer
relationships, channels, customer Segments, cost Structure, channels,
revenue streams
5 Redistributed manufacturing and the Zaki et al. 2017 UK Competitive advantage, competitive priorities, facility strategies,
Impact of big data: A consumer goods data sources, key activity, data users, industry group, product type,
perspective firm revenue
6 A global supply chain risk management Chu et al. 2020 USA Term frequency, correlation, risk variation, sentiment analysis,
framework: An application of feature selection, performance metrics, political risk, environmental
text-mining to identify region-specific risk, financial Risk, supply & demand risk, logistics risk, system
supply chain risks risk, operational risk
7 Big data and connectivity in long-linked Engelseth and Wang 2018 Norway Information flow, customer value, complexity, connectivity, volume,
supply chains velocity, variety,

Table A.4

S. N. Title
1 Big data analytics and
artificial intelligence
pathway to operational
performance under the
effects of
entrepreneurial
orientation and
environmental
dynamism: A study of
manufacturing
organisations
2 Impact of big data
analytics in the reverse
supply chain of Indian
manufacturing
industries: An empirical
research
3 Industry 4.0
technologies:
Implementation
patterns in
manufacturing
companies
4 Predictive analytics for
truck arrival time
estimation: a field
study at a European
distribution centre
Author Year Country Sample size Factors Tools and Techniques
used
Dubey et al. 2019 India 256 Entrepreneurial Partial Least Squares
orientation, operational (PLS)-SEM, Warp PLS
performance, 6.0, Common method
environmental bias
dynamism, organisation
size, industry
type, dynamic
capability view
Behera 2019 India 125 Reverse supply chain Skewness & Kurtosis
management, reverse technique, multiple
supply chain regression analysis,
partnership, human correlation analysis
knowledge, innovation
culture
Frank et al. 2019 Brazil 92 Front End Technologies, Levene’s test, t-test for
Smart Manf., Smart equality of means,
Products, Smart Supply 2-Step cluster analysis,
Chain, Smart Working, hierarchical cluster
Base Technologies. analysis, Ward’s
method, demographic
analysis, Pearson’s
Chi-Squared measure,
Fisher’s exact test
Van der Spoel et al. 2015 Europe 230 Congestion, weather, Pearson’s r correlations,
speed, distance, cargo frequency of
type truck type, occurrence, clustering,
delivery time, regression trees,
cumulative previous k-Nearest Neighbours,
decision, accidents, SVM, random forest
traffic signal failures, and adaboost classifiers
road condition, driving
style

(continued on next page)

15
R. Gardas and S. Narwane
Table A.4 (continued).
S. N. Title
5 Satisfaction with ERP
systems in supply chain
operations
Table A.5
S. N. Title
1 Product recall decisions in medical device
supply chains: A big data analytic approach to
evaluating judgement bias
2 Decision-making analytics using plural
resilience parameters for adaptive management
of complex systems
Table A.6
S. No. Title
1 A deep learning-based model for
defect detection in laser-powder
bed fusion using in-situ
thermographic monitoring
2 Machine learning-based image
processing for online
defect-recognition in additive
manufacturing
3 Blockchain acceptance rate
prediction in the resilient supply
chain with hybrid system
dynamics and ML approach
4 Multistage quality control using
machine learning in the
automotive industry
5 Optimisation of supply chain
efficiency management based on
machine learning and neural
network
6 Quality assurance in metal
powder bed fusion via
deep-learning-based image
classification
7 Quality classification methods for
ball nut assemblies in a
multi-view setting
8 An innovative machine learning
model for supply chain
management
9 A machine learning approach for
predicting hidden links in supply
chain with graph neural networks
10 Building supply chain resilience:
an AI based technique and
decision making framework
Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377
Author Year Country Sample size Factors Tools and Techniques
used
Murray et al. 2013 USA 156 Manufacturing, PLS analysis, bootstrap
inventory, health & analysis
safety, cost controls,
facility maintenance,
labour & personnel
Author Year Country List of variables/factors
Mukherjee et al. 2017 USA Product recalls, judgement bias, big data analytics, system neglect,
attention based decision making., false alarm rate, miss rate, sunk cost
of false alarm, opportunity cost of miss alarm
Thekdi & Santos 2018 USA Geography for service, schedules for service, environmental conditions,
redundancy in design, geographic growth, population shifts,
demographic changes, ownership changes, social capital, social
memory, eco-friendliness, energy efficiency, health conditions,
availability of goods and services, transportation, schools
Author Year Software Country Factors Tools and techniques used
Baumgartl et al. 2020 Keras 2.1.5 Germany Quality assurance, Additive Image detection, Heat
with Tensorflow manufacturing, Performance mapping, Convolutional
1.8 indicators neural networks, the
gradient-weighted class
activation mapping
(Grad-CAM) algorithm
Caggiano et al. 2019 – Italy Additive manufacturing, fault Deep convolutional neural
recognition, selective laser network
melting, pattern recognition,
quality assurance.
Roozkhosh et al. 2023 Stella architect Iran Personal skills, confirmed Multi-layer perceptrons,
transactions, blockchain neural networks, support
acceptance rate, backup buffer. vector regression
Peres et al. 2019 – Portugal Quality control, predictive Principal concept analysis,
manufacturing system, real-time data analysis,
multistage, automotive industry, different machine learning
product dimension, multistage algorithms
manufacturing process, repair
costs, reducing scrap
Han & Zhang 2020 MATLAB China Efficiency, performance BP neural network,
evaluation, flexibility, risk reinforcement learning
Kunkel et al. 2019 QM-Meltpool- Germany Quality assurance, selective volume graphics, laser
3D® ,VGSTUDIO laser melting, cost-efficient, scanning, image processing
focus diameter, linear energy
density, surface energy density,
volume energy density, hatch
pattern
Bucur et al. 2019 – Austria Rotating multi-body system, Canonical correlation
ball nut assemblies, multi-view analysis, e Cohen kappa
steering gear, vibroacoustic metric, neural network,
quality
Lin et al. 2022 – China Purchase, production schedule, Dynamic supply chain
production plan, bill of member selection algorithm
materials, material requirement
planning, product design,
product demand, order signing.
Kosasih and 2022 PyTorch UK Complex emergent networks, Graph neural networks
Brintrup geometric logistic issues, supply chain
visibility, prediction accuracy,
Belhadi et al. 2022 – Morocco Supply chain risk management, Wavelet neural networks,
supply chain agility, supply fuzzy systems
chain collaboration, supply
chain reengineering
(continued on next page)
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R. Gardas and S. Narwane Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377

Table A.6 (continued).

S. No. Title Author Year Software Country Factors Tools and techniques used
11 Detecting fake news and Akhtar et al. 2023 – Indonesia, News category: Sports, business, Term frequency inverse
disinformation using AI and ML Malaysia, and health, science, tech, opinion, document frequency, Porter
to avoid supply chain disruptions Pakistan politics, and world stemmer, support vector
machine
12 AI driven risk management for Wong et al. 2022 – Malaysia Ai-based risk management, PLS-SEM, ANN
enhancing supply chain agility: a supply chain agility, supply
deep learning based dual stage chain re-engineering
PLS-SEM-ANN analysis capabilities, demand response,
decisiveness, supply chain
visibility, and customer
responsiveness
13 Advanced deep learning Bassiouni et al. 2023 MATLAB Egypt Shipment details such as origin Recurrent neural networks
approaches to predict supply metro, origin state, code of and temporal convolutional
chain risks under COVID-19 shipment, etc. networks
restrictions

Table A.7

S. N. Title
1 A soft sensor for prediction of
mechanical properties of
extruded PLA sheet using an
instrumented slit die and
machine learning algorithms
2 Improving the efficiency of
RFID-based traceability system
for perishable food by
utilising IoT sensors and
machine learning model
3 Non-destructive inspection of
aircraft composite materials
using triple IR imaging
4 Process mapping and
in-process monitoring of
porosity in laser powder bed
fusion using layer-wise optical
imaging
Author Year Country Details of software/hardware
Mulrennan et 2018 Ireland A Dynisco
al. TPT412-3M-6/18-C16 NaK
filled pressure transducer, Two
miniature fibre-optic pressure
transducers, Prism twin screw
extruder, adapter, slit die,
calendar roll-off system,
Colorette volumetric feeder, R
(version 3.3.3) software as a
back end and RStudio (version
1.0.143) software as a front
end.
Alfian et al. 2020 South RFID reader ALR-9900+,
Korea linear antennas ALR-9610-AL,
UF RFID tag model is 9662,
RFID Chip PHYCHIPS PR9200,
IC type is Alien H3, Arete Pop
Dongle UHF Reader,
Raspberry Pi, Sense-HAT, 1
programme based on java and
python each, MongoDB,
web-based traceability system
was developed based on the
Node.js
Moustakidis 2016 United KUKA 125/2 robotic arm,
et al. Kingdom Bassler acA1300-60gm NIR
cameras, InfratecImageIR 5300
IR Cameras, VarioCAM hr
head 600 camera, HEDLER
H25S lamps, PANALIGHT
halogens
Imani et al. 2018 USA EOS M280(LPBF Machine),
Single Lens Reflex Camera.
Factors
QA-Quality Assurance
Feed Rate
Screw Speed
Temperature Profile
Tag Direction
Defect Types, Signal to
Noise Ratio, Distance, Pixel
ID, Line Profile,
Wavelengths, Heating
Effects, Abnormalities,
Thermal & Optical
Reflections
Defects, Porosity, Pore
Count, pore size and
location, Hatch Spacing,
Laser Velocity, Laser
Power, Areal Energy
Density, Layer Height, Part
Quality
Tools and techniques used
Bagging
random forests
decision trees
principal component
analysis
MLP
LR
KNN
DT
NB
RF
AdaBoost
XGBoost
NDT Techniques, lock in &
Pulse thermography
methods, pseudo-colour
images, contrast stretching,
spatial image noise
reduction, Synthetic signal
reconstruction techniques,
differential absolute
contrast, pulse phase
thermography, principal
component thermography
X-Ray computed
tomography images,
spectral graph theory,
multifractural& lacunarity
analysis

(continued on next page)

17
R. Gardas and S. Narwane Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377

Table A.7 (continued).

S. N. Title
5 Towards an Autonomous
Industry 4.0 Warehouse: A
UAV and Blockchain-Based
System for Inventory and
Traceability Applications in
Big Data-Driven Supply Chain
Management
Author Year Country Details of software/hardware Factors Tools and techniques used
Fernández- 2019 Spain Flight controllers - Pixhawk Signal Strength Indicator Probability density function,
Caramés et 2.4.8, STM32F427 (SSI), payload size, generalised extreme value
al. microcontroller, STM32F103 network load, location, distribution
coprocessor Active UHF tags scale, shape
from RF-Code Orbit DB, IPFS,
IPFS Pubsub, Rinkeby,
Ropsten Sensors - L3GD20
3-axis digital gyroscope,
LSM303D 3-axis accelerometer
and magnetometer, MPU6000
6-axis accelerometer and
magnetometer, MS5607
barometer, GPS M8N
RFID Reading System - NPR
Active Track-2, OrangePI PC
Plus (SBC)

Table A.8

S. N. Title Author Year Country Industry Industry details Details of Factors Tools and
software/hardware techniques used
1 A support vector Villegas 2018 Spain FMCG Household and MATLAB, Demand forecasting, ECOTOOL toolbox,
machine for model et al. Industry personal care SSpace, time series analysis, white noise model,
selection in demand manufacturers in R package e1071 model selection, moving average
forecasting applications the UK stock keeping units model, simple
exponential
smoothing, internal
models approach,
mean and median,
SVM
2 An early detection Zakeri et 2018 Australia Agriculture Milk Farm in MATLAB, IoT Level Milk Temperature, C4.5, hoeffding,
system for proactive al. Queensland, and Temperature Level of milk in the artificial neural
management of raw Australia Sensor and tank network
milk quality: an Controller
Australian case study
3 Classification models Keller et 2015 Switzerland Cash and Metro cash and RFID Reader, RFID Dynamic time Logistic regression,
for RFID-based al. carry stores carry, unna Gate control unit, warping, received decision trees,
real-time detection of distribution light signal, motion signal strength artificial neural
process events in the centre, Germany sensor, antennae, indication, networks, time
supply chain: An mounting unit, sincestart, antenna series analysis
empirical study transponders,
printer
4 SC data analytics for Brintrup 2018 United Manufactur- Not mentioned Not mentioned Feature engineering; Different ML
predicting supplier et al. Kingdom ing risk; disruption, algorithms
disruptions: a case Industry supply chain
study in complex asset analytics; data,
manufacturing Precision
5 AI and ML as an Raziee 2023 Iran Not Not mentioned Not mentioned Fragile, break, Not mentioned
antifragile driver in the mentioned robust, resist,
supply chain resilient, adapt,
innovate, antifragile

Table A.9

S. N. Title Author(s) Country Industry/ Factors Tools and Benefits/key findings Limitations of the Cause–
Domain techniques study Effect
used relationship
discussed
1 An integrated Dohale et al. India Manufacturing Human resource Voting AHP 1. A compatible 1. Subjective No
Delphi-MCDM- [27] investment, machine and Bayesian production system decision-making
Bayesian network resource investment, Network was found.
for production delivery, flexibility,
system selection quality, cost, and 2. A three-stage
product to be framework was
manufactured. proposed

3. Mass production
system obtained the
highest selection
probability

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R. Gardas and S. Narwane Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377

Table A.9 (continued).

S. N. Title Author(s) Country Industry/ Factors Tools and Benefits/key findings Limitations of the Cause–
Domain techniques study Effect
used relationship
discussed
2 Ranking of supplier Wilson et al. India Manufacturing Responsiveness, Service, Decision tree 1. Suppliers were 1. More classifiers No
performance using [24] Safety & Trust (RSST), and Fuzzy ranked for a case and data can be
Machine Learning AHP sector used in further
algorithm of Capacity and Capability studies
Random Forest (CC) 2. Time and cost of
analysis were saved
Quality, Delivery, using the proposed
&Performance history methodology.
(QDP)
3 Supplier selection in Aggarwal and USA SCM Internal strengths in Fuzzy linear 1. Supplier was 1. The proposed No
supply chains: A Davè [23] SWOT, internal programming selected using AI/ML methodology may
SWOT-guided AI weaknesses in SWOT, be employed in
approach External opportunities 2. The robustness of future studies.
in SWOT, and external AI tools added
threats in SWOT considerable value
4 Weighting the key Abdulla et al. Libya Oil and Gas Best price, day offer Decision tree 1. Best supplier was 1. Only ML phases No
features affecting [25] industry date, month offer date, and AHP selected using a were considered in
supplier selection year offer date, items decision tree and the proposed
using machine offered, bid price, extra AHP. methodology
learning techniques charge, total amount,
USD price, delivery 2. Technical 2. DEA may be
term, day offer validity, acceptance was employed in
moth offer validity, considered the most further studies
year offer validity, significant feature
number of days, tech
acceptance, payment
terms, delivery mode
and action
5 Supervised Machine Harikrish- USA SCM Reliability, AHP-TOPSIS 1. Suppliers were 1. Bigger data sets No
Learning approach nakumar sustainability, service, classified using a may be used for
for effective supplier et al. [26] quality audits, price, supervised ML training and
classification delivery, and algorithm testing the model
geographic location in future.
2. Classification
algorithms were used 2. Further, other
to train the model. optimisation
algorithms may be
3. Performance explored for better
measures of all the performance.
classification methods
were employed for
the assessment of the
best supplier
6 A decision analytic Kartal et al. Turkey Automotive Unit size, consignment Hybrid SAW- Using ML and MCDM 1. The effect of No
methodology for [28] production stock, lead time, unit AHP-VIKOR the inventory with missing values
multi-attribute company cost, daily usage, multiple attributes may be evaluated
inventory average stock, demand was classified. in further studies.
classification fluctuation, and risk
problems. 2. Also, additional
data sets along
with other MCDM
tools may be
explored
7 Determinants of This study India Manufacturing Refer to Appendix A.10 DEMATEL 1. Critical factors for 1. Subjective Yes
Machine Learning in adopting Machine decision-making
a Manufacturing Learning technologies
Supply Chain were evaluated. 2. In future
studies, factors
2. Technology affecting the
integration was found adoption issues of
to be the most BDA along with
significant factor ML may be
evaluated.

3. Also, other
MCDM tools may
be employed for
the analysis.

Note: AHP-–Analytic Hierarchy Process, ANP—Analytic Network Process, ISM—Interpretive Structural Modelling, SAW—Simple Additive Weighting, SCM—Supply Chain Management,
TOPSIS—Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, VIKOR—VIseKriterijumskaOptimizacija I KompromisnoResenje.

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R. Gardas and S. Narwane Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377

A.10. Critical factors Sr. No. Factor Description

Sr. No. Factor Description
ML-1 Customer This includes understanding customer
Management decisions and expanding the existing
customer base. Machine Learning can
be an incredible tool for understanding
the trends among consumers.
ML-2 Data It includes sourcing, analysing and
Management transferring data that help in running
a firm efficiently. Availability of big
data and its statistical analysis results
in predictive models of high quality,
which in turn increases organisational
performance. It may be noted that
data management is essential for
Machine Learning Algorithms.
ML-3 Environment Machine Learning can help analyse the
Control data, and the developed predictive
models help improve environmental
sustainability by reducing pollution,
which can be achieved by effectively
optimising travel routes. Also, ML
helps to monitor different
manufacturing processes from the
ecological perspective.
ML-4 Financial It includes the effective management
Management of costs and revenue of a firm. In
traditional corporation strategies
theory, one of the strategies to become
a market leader in cost reduction.
However, instead of reactively driving
down costs, Machine Learning can
proactively minimise costs and
improve revenue for a firm.
ML-5 Forecasting Machine Learning is extremely useful
in forecasting applications. As a result,
forecasting has become essential to
remain relevant in today’s highly
competitive world. This factor includes
demand, supply and price forecasting.
ML-6 Inventory Today, firms rely on efficient inventory
Management management for a competitive edge,
and Machine Learning helps achieve
the same. It improves the visibility of
the supply chain, effectively integrates
all its entities, reduces delays in
shipments, and eliminates inefficient
suppliers. Further, ML can help in
streamlining inventory management.
ML-7 Logistic Control It includes the capacity of vehicles,
type of cargo and vehicle schedule. As
a result, ML can increase Logistic
efficiency by reducing idle times,
selecting the best route for transport
vehicles and scheduling to prevent
bottlenecks.
ML-8 Manufacturing Mass customisation, which requires
Processes flexible manufacturing systems, is
becoming popular in various
industries. Machine Learning is
increasingly being seen as an enabler
for this and can reduce the time to
manufacture and monitor multiple
manufacturing processes.
ML-9 Organisational ML helps a firm in making
(Administrative) administrative decisions for smooth
Factors operations. It can eliminate this
subjectivity in decision-making and
help make ‘objective’ decisions in
complex situations involving multiple
variables.
ML-10 Quality Customers today have higher
Management expectations in terms of quality. Also,
manufacturing flaws increase waste
and costs. Machine Learning can help
predict faults before they happen and
correct them. It can also prevent
damaged goods from reaching the
customer.
ML-11 Resource Firms need to manage their resources,
Management both human and material, efficiently.
Machine learning can model the
network of manufacturers and
streamline the entire process. Also, ML
can be used to improve the retention
rate of the employees.
ML-12 Risk It is essential to mitigate these risks
Management before they happen and cope with
disruptions for seamless operation.
Machine Learning allows effective risk
management by exploring crucial
supply chain links, developing risk
profiles, etc.
ML-13 Technology Digital technologies improve processes
Integration and reduce risk, and they are
necessary for implementing ML.
Advances in Machine Learning
enhances the productivity and
performance of the organisation.

Table A.10

Factors ML 1 ML 2 ML 3 ML 4 ML 5 ML 6 ML 7 ML 8 ML 9 ML 10 ML 11 ML 12 ML 13
ML 1: Customer Management 0 0 0 1 3 1 2 0 0 3 1 0 0
ML 2: Data Management 1 0 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 2
ML 3: Environment Control 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
ML 4: Financial Management 2 1 2 0 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3
ML 5: Forecasting 3 1 2 3 0 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2
ML 6: Inventory Management 2 2 1 3 1 0 3 3 2 2 3 2 2
ML 7: Logistic Control 3 2 2 2 1 3 0 2 2 1 2 3 1
ML 8: Manufacturing Processes 0 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 1
ML 9: Organisational (Administrative) Factors 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 0 2 2 2 2
ML 10: Quality Management 3 1 1 2 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1
ML 11: Resource Management 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 1 0 2 1
ML 12: Risk Management 1 1 0 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 1
ML 13: Technology Integration 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 0

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R. Gardas and S. Narwane Decision Analytics Journal 10 (2024) 100377

Table A.11

Factors ML 1 ML 2 ML 3 ML 4 ML 5 ML 6 ML 7 ML 8 ML 9 ML 10 ML 11 ML 12 ML 13 Ri
ML 1 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.15 0.09 0.06 0.05 1.10
ML 2 0.14 0.09 0.12 0.19 0.17 0.21 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.14 0.15 2.04
ML 3 0.03 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.67
ML 4 0.18 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.18 0.19 2.41
ML 5 0.23 0.15 0.18 0.26 0.15 0.25 0.24 0.27 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.23 0.18 2.82
ML 6 0.18 0.17 0.14 0.24 0.16 0.14 0.22 0.24 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.18 0.16 2.40
ML 7 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.15 0.21 0.12 0.20 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.19 0.12 2.17
ML 8 0.06 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.09 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.10 0.06 0.08 1.21
ML 9 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.22 0.10 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15 2.05
ML 10 0.15 0.08 0.08 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.06 0.13 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.08 1.15
ML 11 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.17 0.21 0.17 0.22 0.13 0.15 0.11 0.16 0.12 2.11
ML 12 0.12 0.11 0.08 0.17 0.19 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.09 0.11 1.76
ML 13 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.22 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.21 0.11 2.57
Cj 1.80 1.59 1.61 2.22 2.00 2.04 1.94 2.31 1.68 2.03 1.95 1.76 1.52

A.11. Average matrix
See Table A.10.
A.12. Total interrelationship matrix
See Table A.11.
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