PERFORMANCE OF FINGER PEPPER TO DIFFERENT RATES OF BLACK

SOLDIER FLY MANURE APPLICATION

_________________________

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Agriculture Systems and Technology
Pampanga State Agricultural University
___________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Bachelor of Science In Agriculture
(Crop Science)

By

JOHN PAUL R. SANTOS

June 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “PERFORMANCE OF FINGER PEPPER TO DIFFERENT

RATES OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY MANURE APPLICATION”, prepared and
submitted by JOHN PAUL R. SANTOS, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree Bachelor of Science in Agriculture major in Crop Science, is hereby
recommended for acceptance and approval.

NORMAN C. DE JESUS, Ph.D.

Thesis Adviser
___________________________
Date Signed
ADRIAN B. BANTEGUI, M.S.A MR. CARLO G. CUNANAN
Member, Technical Committee Member, Technical Committee
__________________________ ___________________________
Date Signed Date Signed

Approved and accepted as partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Bachelor
of Science in Agriculture major in Crop Science, Pampanga State Agricultural
University, PAC, Magalang, Pampanga.

ADRIAN B. BANTEGUI, M.S.A CARREN C. JUICO, Ph.D.

Thesis Coordinator Department Chair, Crop Science
________________________ __________________________
Date Signed Date Signed

JOANARCH C. BRIONES, Ph.D.

Dean, College of Agriculture Systems and Technology
___________________________
Date Signed
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author is very grateful to God Almighty for his grace and blessings. And

thanks to the ALIAS farm workers who assisted and supported me in guiding my planting

area to make plots, rows, planting, and harvesting. Immeasurable gratitude and sincere

thanks are extended to the following individuals who helped make this study possible:

To Dr. Joanarch C. Briones, the Dean of the College of Agriculture Systems and

Technology, for allowing the researcher to pursue the study in order to shed light to the

progress of agricultural studies.

To Dr. Carren Juico, the Chairperson of the Crop Science Department, for the

supervision she did regarding the procedures taken, in order for the researcher to

accomplish the paper on time.

Normal C. De Jesus, PhD., my adviser, I thank you for your support, guidance,

suggestions, knowledge, and advice for my thesis study so that my study can be

successful and especially for my physical health because it makes me sad when I see that

I have an illness. The one who touched my heart by giving endless help to finish my

manuscript especially with my data, I am very grateful author for having a good and

loving advisor to us like you.

To the member of the technical committee, Prof Adrian B. Bantegui and Carlo

G. Cunanan, for their suggestions, recommendations, and advice in my research to

expand the studies on my manuscript in order to complete this thesis.

Special mention to Emmanuel Pangilinan, Leslie Jonas Marcelo, Jomar

Gaspar, Silvino Reyes, Alexander Del Mundo for providing me with ideas, guidance,
and advice for this thesis, and especially for assisting me in my planting area in making

plots, rows, laying plastic mulch, planting, and collecting data. My thesis paper may not

be possible without their assistance.

To my friends Aldrich Clarence M. Cayanan, Reycel E. Rondain, Ronelly A.

Nucup, Kristhine Y. Cabuso, Andrei Dizon, Abirey Cuaresma and Jean Marc

Gallardo for moral support, guidance, knowledge advice and encouragement for our

thesis study.

To my family of the researcher, especially his Parents for love, care, patience and

support from the beginning of the research study until it was finished.

To all who are not mentioned but in one way or another helped in the completion

of this study, I thank you very much.

JOHN PAUL R. SANTOS

PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

PAC, MAGALANG, PAMPANGA
MAY 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………... i

APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………… iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………. v

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………… viii

LIST OF PLATES……………………………………………………………… ix

LIST APPENDIX TABLES……………………………………………………. x

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….. xi
 Body of Thesis
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………. 1

Objective of the study……………………………………………. 3

Time and place of the study……………………………………… 3

Scope and delimitation…………………………………………… 3

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………………….. 4

MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………..….. 7

Experimental site………………………………………………… 7

Experimental crop……………………………………………….. 8

Experimental design and treatments……………………………. 8

Statistical analysis………………………………………………. 8

Experimental lay-out…………………………………………….. 9

CULTURAL MANAGEMENT……………………………………………….. 11

Land preparation….……………………………………………… 11

Mulching and perforating………….…………………………….. 11

Transplanting and replanting…………………………………….. 11

Fertilizer Application…………………………………………….. 11

Water management……………..………………………………… 12

Pest management…………………………………………………. 12

Weed management……………………………………………….. 12

Harvesting……………………………………………………….. 12

DATA GATHERED…………………………………………………………….. 13

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………... 15

 Number of days from transplanting to flowering……………….. 15

Analysis of variance no. ff days from transplanting to flowering 16

Plant height at harvest (cm)………………………………………. 17

Analysis of variance on plant height at harvest………………….. 18

Length of fruit (cm)…………………………...…..……………… 19

Analysis of variance on length of fruit…………………………… 20

Weight of fruit (g)...……………………..……...…..……………. 21

Analysis of variance on weight of fruit……………...…………… 22

Actual yield per plot (kg)…………………..…………………….. 23

Analysis of variance on actual yield per plot………..…………… 24

Computed yield per tons/ha……………………………………… 25

Analysis of variance on computed yield per tons/ha…………….. 25

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION……………………… 26

Summary…………………………………………………………. 26

Conclusion ……………………………………………………….. 27

Recommendation…………………………………………………. 27

Literature Cited.………………………………………………….. 28

PLATES…………………………………………………………………………. 29

APPENDICES………………………………………………………………….. 38

CERTIFICATE TEHNICAL CRITIC……………………………………….. 45

DATA TESTING CERTIFICATE……………………………………………. 46

CURICULUM VITAE…………………………………………………………. 47
 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page

1 Number of days from transplanting to flowering………….…….. 15

2 Plant height at harvest (cm)……………………………………… 17

3 Length of fruit (cm)……………………………………………… 19

4 Weight per fruit (g)……………..….…………………………….. 21

5 Actual yield per plot (kg)…………………..…………………….. 23

6 Computed yield per hectare……………………………………… 25

 LIST OF PLATES
Plate No. Page

1 The researcher while land preparation 30

2 The researcher while seedbed preparation 30

3 Overview of the experimental area after seedbed preparation 31

4 The researcher while mulching 31

5 Overview of the area after mulching 32

6 The researcher while transplanting 32

7 The researcher while watering 33

8 The researcher while marking the sample plants 33

9 The researcher while weighing the BSFM 34

10 The researcher while fertilizer application of BSFM 34

11 The researcher while weeding 35

12 The researcher while measuring the plant height at harvest 35

13 Sample harvest of Treatment 2 36

14 Sample harvest of Treatment 1 36

15 Sample harvest on length of fruits 37

16 Overview of the area after 10th harvest 37

 LIST OF APPENDICES

Table No. Page

1 Number of days from transplanting to flowering………….…….. 39

2 Plant height at harvest (cm)……………………………………… 39

3 Length of fruit (cm)……………………………………………… 40

4 Weight per fruit (g)……………..….…………………………….. 40

5 Actual yield per plot (kg)…………………..…………………….. 41

6 Computed yield per hectare; and………………………………… 41

 ABSTRACT

JOHN PAUL R. SANTOS “PERFORMANCE OF FINGER PEPPER TO

DIFFERENT RATES OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY MANURE APPLICATION”
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture. Pampanga State Agricultural University,
Magalang, Pampanga.
Adviser:NORMAN DE JESUS, Ph.D.

The field study was conducted from January 2023 to May 2023 at Crop

Science Department PSAU at San Agustin, Magalang, Pampanga to evaluate the yield

of finger pepper affected by different rates of black soldier fly manure (BSFM). The

experimental design was used in the study is Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD) with four (4) treatments replicated three times. The following treatments used

were as follows: T1 (Control), T2 (62.5 grams/plant), T3 (125 grams/plant) and T4

(187.5 grams/plant). Each treatment was replicated three times.

The results of the study revealed that significant difference was observed on

the number of days from transplanting to flowering, plant height at harvest (cm),

length of fruit (cm), weight per fruit (g), actual yield per plot (kg) and computed yield

per tons/hectare.

In conclusion, The different rates of black soldier fly manure on finger pepper

had no adverse effects in different rates in terms on number of days from

transplanting to flowering, plant height at harvest (cm), length of fruit (cm), weight

per fruit (g), actual yield per plot (kg) and computed yield per tons/hectare.
 1

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Importance of the Study

In the Philippines, Finger pepper (Capsicum annuum), also known as siling

haba or siling panigang, is widely grown vegetable spice. A long yellowish green chili

that is 4 to 6 inches long, 3/4 inch in diameter at the stem end, and taper to a point

(Philippine Chilis, n.d.). It is high in A and C vitamins, potassium, folic acid, and fiber.

This crop grows well in sandy loam or clay loam soil with pH levels ranging from 5.5

to 6.8.(Kennisgeving Voor Omleiding, 2021)

Nowadays, most farmers have constantly relied on consuming synthetic

fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides to increase crop yields. However, overuse of

chemical fertilizers can affect soil fertility and the health of farmers, consumers, and

the general public. Furthermore, the cost of synthetics has continually increased in

price, which causes a small profit for farmers.

In order to increase growth, productivity, and nutritional quality in

Solanaceous plants, one suggestion is the Black Soldier Fly Frass. It is the ideal

manure for promoting crop growth. The purpose of this research is to advance

information for both producers of Finger Pepper and other researchers. The black

soldier fly fertilizer is made entirely of BSF frass (manure). It is ideal for promoting

the growth of solanaceous plants and, revitalizing soil, and ensuring even and

consistent plant growth.

Black Soldier fly manure provides nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to

plants. BSF frass has a nitrogen content of 5%, a phosphorus content of 3%, and a
 2

potassium content of 2%, making it an excellent organic fertilizer for our plants. Cow

manure has 0.6% nitrogen, 0.4% phosphorus, and 0.5% potassium, pig manure has

0.8% nitrogen, 0.7% phosphorus, and 0.5% potassium, chicken manure has 1.1%

nitrogen, 0.8% phosphorus, and 0.5% potassium, and average homemade compost has

0.5% nitrogen, 0.2% phosphorus, and 0.8% potassium. At what was stated, BSFL

outperforms all NPK values used in organic fertilizer. BSFL frass creates organic

products entirely from the larvae of the Black Soldier fly, allowing our farmers to

create another type of organic fertilizer to use on their crops. This fertilizer is

environmentally friendly because it is pure organic and uses fewer chemicals. The

application of BSFL frass manure to the soil for planting can be done. It is also

possible to make frass tea by combining half a cup of frass with a gallon of water; this

tea is useful for allowing crops to better absorb the nutrients that come from the frass

right away. (Crickets, 2019)

The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of finger pepper to

different rates of black soldier fly manure.

 3

Objective of the Study

The general objective of the study was to determine the performance of finger

pepper to different rates of black soldier fly manure (BSFM) application.

Specifically, the study aimed to determine the following parameters:

1. Number of days from transplanting to flowering;

2. Plant height at harvest (cm);

3. Length of fruit at harvest (cm);

4. Weight per fruit (g);

5. Actual yield (kg); and

6. Computed yield per tons/hectare.

Time place of the study

The study was conducted at Crop Science Field Laboratory, Pampanga

State,Agricultural University. Magalang, Pampanga from January 2023 to May 2023.

Scope and delimitation of the study

The study was focused to determine the performance of finger pepper to

different rates of black soldier fly manure (BSFM) application in terms of number of

days from transplanting to flowering, plant height at harvest (cm), length of fruit (cm),

weight per fruit (g), actual yield per plot (kg) and computed yield per tons/hectare.
 4

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Finger Pepper

According to (Decena, 2021), the term "siling haba" or "siling mahaba" can

also refer to the finger chili, siling pangsigang/panigang, or siling espada. It is a

different type of native chili pepper that grows in the Philippines. This pepper's length,

which typically ranges from 5 to 7 centimeters, makes it stand out the most. It has a

cold 50,000 SHU, making it much gentler than the siling labuyo and siling tingala.

This crop is essential for additional taste and spiciness in food, mostly used to prepare

various dipping sauces. They can be used in a variety of recipes that call for chili

peppers, including enchiladas, salsa, and chili (Jiménez, 2022). It also has a good

amount of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). additionally, a fair amount of copper and vitamin

K (phylloquinone) (Chili pepper, 2022).

Black Soldier Fly Frass

Gärttling, & Schulz (2022), frass is a promising organic fertilizer to utilize as

one component of a fertilizing strategy. BSF frass can contribute significantly to

sustainable circular agriculture by enhancing the cycling of nutrients back to the land.

According to Beesigamukama et al. (2020) BSF manure contains a high

concentration of proteins, fats, and minerals, making it an excellent organic fertilizer

for plants. Frass contains high levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, all of

which are essential for plants to grow healthy foliage, strong roots, stems, flowers, and

fruits. According to studies, frass outperforms other organic fertilizers such as

compost, owing to its high mineralization rate, which results in a better supply and
 5

availability of nutrients to plants (Beesigamukama et al. 2020). BSF diet variety

results in a diverse composition of frass, providing a diverse supply of nutrients and

organic matter to soil, promoting diverse microbial communities, and supporting plant

behavior (Schmitt and Vries 2020).

Frass also promotes healthy ecosystems, with studies showing that adding

frass to soil can encourage more pollinators, larger plant growth, and increased flower

and seed production (Schmitt and Vries 2020). BSF frass introduces an exciting, long-

term method for recycling and upgrading low-value food waste and animal tissue

materials into a rich organic fertilizer.

Effect of Black Soldier Fly Frass

Beesigamukama et al., (2020) found in a study BSFFF is a promising and

environmentally friendly substitute for synthetic fertilizers in order to boost maize

yield. Moreover, frass may be a useful fertilizer and does not harm the hygienic

qualities of soils (Klammsteiner) 2020.

Conor Watson et. al., (2021), claimed that consumers are looking for more

environmentally friendly products with lower impacts on animal welfare, so

alternative protein sources are becoming more important for sustainable food

production systems. Insect protein and lipid production is viewed as one solution, as

insects can efficiently convert organic residues from food and feed side streams into

valuable food and feed products. Furthermore, this allows for the re-use of valuable

nutrients and, as a result, the development of an agricultural circular economy. Frass, a

sort of insect excrement, can serve as a plant fertilizer or soil supplement, helping to
 6

close nutrient cycles and enhance the health of the soil and plants. Frass may actually

be more beneficial for plants than "simply" a nutrition supply because it contains

elements that may promote plant growth, such chitin. In fact, frass may even enhance

plants because of these elements.

 7

CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental Site

The study was conducted from January 2023 to May 2023. at Crop Science

Department of Pampanga State Agricultural University (PSAU), San Agustin,

Magalang, Pampanga at coordinates Latitude: 15.21841195 longitude : 120.6877697

and altitude of 32m above sea level. The soil’s characteristics was clay loam.

Pampanga province features two different climates: a rainy day and a dry one. The dry

season and the rainy season alternate in the province of Pampanga

Plate No. 1 The experimental area of the researcher

 8

Experimental Crop

The Inokra finger pepper variety was used in this study. This variety is an all-

year-round, highly productive, light green, 'sinigang' type hybrid hot pepper. The color

is light to medium green. It has strong plant vigor all year, is highly productive, and is

a "sinigang" type of hybrid hot pepper. Maturity: 60–65 DAT (Pilkanekoseeds, 2019)

Experimental Design and Treatments

The experimental design that was used is Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD) with four treatments replicated three times. The treatments were assigned as

follows;

T1 - Control

T2 - 2.5 tons/hectare (62.5 grams/plant)

T3 - 5 tons /hectare (125 grams/plant)

T4 - 7.5 tons/hectare (187.5 grams/plant)

Statistical Analysis

In order to determine whether any significant differences exist between the

various treatments to be utilized, the data was statistically evaluated. Analysis of

variance was used to analyze the data (ANOVA).

 9

EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT

14m

T3 N T4
T2

T4 T1 T2

23m

T3 T2 T1

T1 T3 5m
T4

4m

Block Block Block

3 2 1

Figure No. 1 Experimental Lay-out

 10

Total area = 23m x 14m = 322m² Legend:

Area planted = 240m² T1 - Control
Plot size = 4m x 5m = 20m² (Sample area) T2 - 62.5 grams/hill
Sample plant= 10 T3 - 125 grams/hill
Planting distance = 50cm x 75cm T4 - 187.5 grams/hill
Number of rows per plot = 8
Number of plants per row = 5
Number of plants per plot = 40
Distance between block = 1m
Distance between treatment = 1m
 11

CULTURAL MANAGEMENT

Land Preparation

A total land of 306 square meters was used in this study at Crop Science

Department of Pampanga State Agricultural University. The experimental field was

plowed and harrowed twice until the soil became loose and friable. Furrows were

formed with a distance of 75 cm..

Mulching

Silvery gray plastic mulch was used as mulching material to prevent weeds and

to maintain water moisture. The size of plastic mulch for seedbed was measured 1 m x

5 m.

Perforating`

Perforating was done after mulching the area using perforating apparatus.

Transplanting and Replanting

Two weeks old of seedlings was used and transplanted late in the afternoon to

minimize the occurrence of transpiration and to hasten recovery. After one week of

transplanting, replanting was followed once the pepper seedling wilted.

Fertilizer Application

The application of black soldier fly manure was made twice. The first

application was applied at 15 days after transplanting (DAT) and the second

application was applied 30 days after transplanting at flowering stage. The method of

application of black soldier fly manure (BSFM) was side dressing.

 12

T1 - Control

T2 - 2.5 = 2,500g / 10,000 x 20 = 5kg = 5,000g / 2 = 2,500 /40 = 62.5 grams

T3 - 5.0 = 50,000g / 10,000 x 20 = 10kg = 10,000g / 2 = 5,000 /40 = 125 grams

T4 - 7.5 = 7,500g / 10,000 x 20 = 15kg = 15,000 / 2 = 7,500 /40 = 187.5 grams

Water Management

The plant, as shown by the moisture content needed to be watered in order to

avoid drying out. Watering was done atleast once or twice a week with the used of

watering hose or water sprinkler.

Weed Management

Weeding was done once a week in order to control the weeds that usually

compete with experimental crops for their nutrients, sunlight and water supply. This

was done by hand or with the aid of a garden hoe.

Control of Pest and Diseases

Wood vinegar was used as insecticide applied at 20 days until at vegetative

stage to control pests such aphids. The rate application is 2 tablespoon of wood

vinegar per 3 liters of water which based on the manufacturer’s recommendation.

Harvesting

Harvesting was done 65 to 70 days after transplanting (DAT). Harvesting was

done manually. 10 priming was done with 5 days interval.

 13

DATA GATHERED

Ten (10) sample plants were randomly selected per treatment. Data from these

samples served as the source of data of the parameters . These were as follows:

Number of days from transplanting to flowering

This was determined by counting the days from transplanting up to the day

when 50% of the plants had flowers.

Plant height at harvest (cm)

This was determined by measuring the plant height from the base of the plant

up to the tip of the leaf using meter stick at harvest.

Length of fruit at harvest (cm)

This was determined by measuring the length of fruit using a vernier caliper

right after harvest.

Weight per fruit (g)

This was determined by weighing per fruit of 10 sample plants at harvest with

the use of electronic weighing scale.

Actual yield per plot (kg)

This was determined by weighing the fruit per plot at harvest with the use of

electronic weighing scale.

Computed yield per tons/hectare

 14

The actual yield was obtained to determine the computed yield per hectare.

This was obtained using this formula.

Formula:

Yield per plot

Computed yield = X 10,000
Sample area
 15

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Number of days from transplanting to flowering

Table 1 showed the number of days from transplanting to flowering as

affected by different rates of black soldier fly manure (BSFM). The earliest flower

were produced from T3 (125 grams/plant) with a mean of 36.40 but, similar results

were also obtained on T2 (62.5 grams/plant and T4 (187.5 grams/plant). On the other

hand, T1 (Control) produced the lowest number of days.

According to Anyega et. al. (2012) The black soldier fly-composted organic

fertilizer enhances growth, yield, and nutrient quality of three key vegetable crops in

sub-Saharan Africa. The findings demonstrate that the integration of BSFFF and NPK

in vegetable cropping systems at the recommended rate of 1.24 t ha−1 BSFFF and 322

kg ha−1 NPK would improve soil health, boost yield, and nutritional quality of

vegetable crops.

Table 1. Number of days from transplanting to flowering as affected by different rates

of BSFM

Treatments Mean

T1 - Control 41.87a

T2 - 62.5 grams/plant 36.37b

T3 - 125 grams/plant 36.40b

T4 - 187.5 grams/plant 36.43b

*Mean with the same letter are not significantly different.

 16

Table 1a. Analysis of Variance on number of days from transplanting to flowering

SOURCE OF
DF SS MS Fc Pr(>F)
VARIATION
Replication 2 0.0717 0.0358 0.16 0.8542
Treatment 3 44.8967 14.9656 67.60 0.0001
Error 6 1.3283 0.2214

Total 11 46.2967

CV=1.25%
 17

Plant height at harvest (cm)

The plant height at harvest (cm) as affected by different rates of black soldier

fly manure (BSFM) was presented in Table 2. Statistical analysis showed that there

was a significant difference among the treatments. T2 (62.5 grams/plant) acquired the

tallest plant height with a mean of 33.29 cm followed by T3 (125 grams/plant) and T4

(187.5 grams/plant). Furthermore, T1 (Control) had the lowest plant height among of

all treatments.

According to Anyega et. al. (2012) The black soldier fly-composted organic

fertilizer enhances growth, yield, and nutrient quality of three key vegetable crops in

sub-Saharan Africa. The findings demonstrate that the integration of BSFFF and NPK

in vegetable cropping systems at the recommended rate of 1.24 t ha−1 BSFFF and 322

kg ha−1 NPK would improve soil health, boost yield, and nutritional quality of

vegetable crops.

Table 2. Plant height at harvest (cm) as affected by different rates of BSFM

Treatments Mean

T1 - Control 28.36c

T2 - 62.5 grams/plant 33.29a

T3 - 125 grams/plant 31.71b

T4 - 187.5 grams/plant 31.98ab

*Mean with the same letter are not significantly different.

 18

Table 2a. Analysis of Variance on plant height

SOURCE OF
DF SS MS Fc Pr(>F)
VARIATION
Replication 2 2.4434 1.2217 2.24 0.1874
Treatment 3 39.7474 13.2491 24.32 0.0009
Error 6 3.2690 0.5448

Total 11 45.4598

CV=2.45%
 19

Length of fruit (cm)

Reflected in Table 3 was the length of fruit (cm) as affected by different rates

of black soldier fly manure. Significant difference was obtained on the length of fruit.

Statistical analysis showed that T3 (125grams/plant) had the longest fruit with a mean

of 9.56 cm followed by T2 (62.5 grams/plant and T4 (187.5 grams/plant) with a mean

of 9.46 cm to 9.52 cm. Meanwhile, T1 (Control) had the shortest fruit among of all

treatments.

According to Anyega et. al. (2012) The black soldier fly-composted organic

fertilizer enhances growth, yield, and nutrient quality of three key vegetable crops in

sub-Saharan Africa. The findings demonstrate that the integration of BSFFF and NPK

in vegetable cropping systems at the recommended rate of 1.24 t ha−1 BSFFF and 322

kg ha−1 NPK would improve soil health, boost yield, and nutritional quality of

vegetable crops.

Table 3. Length of fruit (cm) as affected by different rates of BSFM

Treatments Mean

T1 - Control 8.56b

T2 - 62.5 grams/plant 9.46a

T3 - 125 grams/plant 9.56a

T4 - 187.5 grams/plant 9.52a

*Mean with the same letter are not significantly different.

 20

Table 3a. Analysis of Variance on length of fruit

SOURCE OF
DF SS MS Fc Pr(>F)
VARIATION
Replication 2 0.2031 0.1016 2.42 0.1700
Treatment 3 2.0831 0.6944 16.51 0.0026
Error 6 0.2523 0.0420

Total 11 2.5385

CV=2.21%
 21

Weight per fruit(g)

Table 4. depicted the weight of fruit as affected by different rates of black

soldier fly manure (BSFM). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant

difference among the treatments. T2 (62.5 grams/plant) had the heaviest fruit but did

not differ significantly with T3 (125 grams/plant) and T4 (187.5 grams/plant).

Meanwhile, T1 (Control) obtained the lightest fruits among of all treatments.

Subramanian (2022) Stated that the nutrient quality and maturity status of frass

fertilizer from nine edible insects. Black soldier frass fertilizer obtained from the other

eight insect species showed medium to high phytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate

that insect frass fertilizers are promising alternatives to existing commercial fertilizers

(i.e., mineral, and organic) for improved soil health and crop yield.

Table 4. Weight per fruit (g) as affected by different rates of BSFM

Treatments Mean

T1 - Control 7.38b

T2 - 62.5 grams/plant 8.64a

T3 - 125 grams/plant 8.55a

T4 - 187.5 grams/plant 8.55a

*Mean with the same letter are not significantly different.

 22

Table 4a. Analysis of Variance on weight per fruit

SOURCE OF
DF SS MS Fc Pr(>F)
VARIATION
Replication 2 0,0005 0.0002 0.01 0.9905
Treatment 3 3.2743 1.0914 44.75 0.0002
Error 6 0.1463 0.0244

Total 11 3.4211

CV=1.89
 23

Actual yield per plot (kg)

Table 5 presented the actual yield per plot as affected by different rates of

black soldier fly manure (BSFM). T2 (62.5 grams/plant) had the highest actual yield

with a mean of 8.71 kg which did not differ significantly with T3 (125 grams/plant)

and T4 (187.5 grams/plant) with a mean of 8.38 to 8.60, respectively while T1

(Control) had the lowest actual yield with a mean 7.27kg.

Subramanian (2022) Stated that the nutrient quality and maturity status of frass

fertilizer from nine edible insects. Black soldier frass fertilizer obtained from the other

eight insect species showed medium to high phytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate

that insect frass fertilizers are promising alternatives to existing commercial fertilizers

(i.e., mineral, and organic) for improved soil health and crop yield.

Table 5. Actual yield per plot (kg) as affected by different rates of BSFM

Treatments Mean

T1 - Control 7.27b

T2 - 62.5 grams/plant 8.71a

T3 - 125 grams/plant 8.38a

T4 - 187.5 grams/plant 8.60a

*Mean with the same letter are not significantly different.

 24

Table 5a. Analysis of Variance on actual yield per plot

SOURCE OF
DF SS MS Fc Pr(>F)
VARIATION
Replication 2 0.0276 0.0138 0.30 0.7481
Treatment 3 3.9042 1.3014 28.72 0.0006
Error 6 0.2719 0.0453

Total 11 4.2037

CV=2.58%
 25

Computed yield per tons/ha

Table 6. presented the computed yield per tons/hectare as affected by different

rates of black soldier fly manure (BSFM). Statistical analysis showed that there was a

significant difference among the treatments. T2 (62.5 grams/plant) obtained the

highest yield with a mean of 4.35 tons/ha followed by T3 (125 grams/plant) and T4

(187.5 grams/plant). Meanwhile, T1 (Control) obtained the lowest yield with a mean

of 3.62 tons/ha.

Table 6.Computed yield per tons/ha as affected by different rates of BSFM

Treatments Mean

T1 - Control 3.62b

T2 - 62.5 grams/plant 4.35a

T3 - 125 grams/plant 4.19a

T4 - 187.5 grams/plant 4.30a

*Mean with the same letter are not significantly different.

Table 6a. Analysis of Variance on computed yield per tons/ha

SOURCE OF
DF SS MS Fc Pr(>F)
VARIATION
Replication 2 0.0103 0.0051 0.41 0.6802
Treatment 3 1.0251 0.3417 27.36 0.0007
Error 6 0.0749 0.0125

Total 11 1.1103

CV=2.72%
 26

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
SUMMARY

The field study was conducted from January 2023 to May 2023 at Crop

Science Department PSAU at San Agustin, Magalang, Pampanga to evaluate the yield

of finger pepper affected by different rates of black soldier fly manure (BSFM). The

experimental design was used in the study is Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD) with four (4) treatments replicated three times. The following treatments used

were as follows: T1 (Control), T2-2.5 tons/hectare (62.5 grams/plant), T3-5

tons/hectare (125 grams/plant) and T4-7.5 tons/hectare (187.5 grams/plant). Each

treatment was replicated three times.

The results of the study revealed that significant difference was observed on

the number of days from transplanting to flowering, plant height at harvest (cm),

length of fruit (cm), weight per fruit (g), actual yield per plot (kg) and computed yield

per tons/hectare.
 27

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, The different rates of black soldier fly manure on finger pepper

had no adverse effects in different rates in terms on number of days from

transplanting to flowering, plant height at harvest (cm), length of fruit (cm), weight

per fruit (g), actual yield per plot (kg) and computed yield per tons/hectare.

RECOMMENDATION

It’s therefore recommended that the T2 ( 62.5 grams/plant) due to its lower

cost of black soldier fly manure (BSFM). On another note, further studies or

experimentation is also recommended on the subject to have more conclusive finding.

 28

REFERENCES
An Introduction to Frass! (2020, November 5). Green Man Char.
https://greenmanchar.com.au/blogs/the-green-mans-blog/an-introduction-
tofrass?fbclid=IwAR2cbTSx8M_oopzFqiJalQ_WDQ10x7mNE0ZkLkBLd
vdNfYVr7rJsxLC5Gg0

Beesigamukama, D., Mochoge, B., Korir, N. K., Fiaboe, K. K., Nakimbugwe, D.,
Khamis, F. M., ... & Tanga, C. M. (2020). Exploring black soldier fly frass
as novel fertilizer for improved growth, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of
maize under field conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 574592.

Chili Pepper. (2022, June 22). HerbaZest. https://www.herbazest.com/herbs/chili-

pepper

Decena, M. (2021, November 16). Chili Peppers You Can Find in the Philippine
Market.Bitesized.ph. https://www.bitesized.ph/chili-peppers-you-can-find-in-
the-philippine-market/

Gärttling, D., & Schulz, H. (2022). Compilation of black soldier fly frass analyses.
Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 22(1), 937-943.

Jiménez, M., & Jiménez, M. (2022, November 14). Chili Peppers: A Common
Ingredient In Many Cuisines | Greengos Cantina.
https://greengoscantina.com/chili-peppers-a-common-ingredient-in-many-
cuisines-2/

Kennisgeving voor omleiding. (2021b, June 24). haba-a-beginners-guide/?amp

https://www.google.com/amp/s/mb.com.ph/2021/06/24/long-chili-siling-

Klammsteiner, T., Turan, V., Fernández-Delgado Juárez, M., Oberegger, S., & Insam,
H. (2020). Suitability of black soldier fly frass as soil amendment and
implication for organic waste hygienization. Agronomy, 10(10), 1578.

Nutritional Benefits of Black Soldier Fly Larva Frass - Critter Depot. (2019,
September13).https://www.thecritterdepot.com/blogs/news/nutritional-benefits
-of-black-soldier-fly-larva-frass-critter-depot
 29

PLATES
 30

Plate No.1 The researcher while land preparation

Plate No.2 The researcher while seedbed preparation

 31

Plate No. 3 Overview of the experimental area after seedbed preparation

Plate No. 4 The researcher while mulching

 32

Plate No. 5 Overview of the area after mulching

Plate No. 6 The researcher while transplanting

 33

Plate No. 7 The researcher while watering

Plate No. 8 The researcher while marking the sample plants

 34

Plate No. 9 The researcher while weighing the BSFM

Plate No. 10 The researcher while fertilizer application of BSFM

 35

Plate No. 11 The researcher while weeding

Plate No. 12 The researcher while measuring the plant height at harvest
 36

Plate No. 13 Sample harvest of Treatment 2

Plate No. 14 Sample harvest of Treatment 1

 37

Plate No. 15 Sample harvest on length of fruits

Plate No. 16 Overview of the area after 10th harvest

 38

APPENDICES
 39

Appendix 1. Number of days from transplanting to flowering as affected by different

rates of black soldier fly manure (BSFM).

Treatment Block
Total Mean
I II III
T1 – Control 41.20 40.30 41.10 122.60 40.87
T2 – 62.5g/plant 36.40 36.30 36.40 109.10 36.37
T3 – 125g/plant 36.90 36.20 36.10 109.20 36.40
T4 – 187.5g/plant 36.00 37.00 36.30 109.30 36.43

Appendix 2. Plant height at harvest as affected by different rates of black soldier fly
manure (BSFM).

Treatment Block
Total Mean
I II III
T1 – Control 27.96 29.13 27.99 85.08 28.3600
T2 – 62.5g/plant 33.98 34.36 31.54 99.88 33.2933
T3 – 125g/plant 31.90 31.77 31.47 95.14 31.7133
T4 – 187.5g/plant 32.15 31.91 31.89 95.95 31.9833
 40

Appendix 3. Length of fruit (cm) as affected by different rates of black soldier fly
manure (BSFM)..

Treatment Block
Total Mean
I II III
T1 – Control 8.23 8.43 9.01 25.67 8.5567
T2 – 62.5g/plant 9.63 9.22 9.54 28.39 9.4633
T3 – 125g/plant 9.54 9.53 9.61 28.68 9.5600
T4 – 187.5g/plant 9.49 9.42 9.66 28.57 9.5233

Appendix 4. Weight of fruit (g) as affected by different rates of black soldier fly
manure (BSFM)..

Treatment Block
Total Mean
I II III
T1 – Control 7.24 7.56 7.33 22.13 7.3767
T2 – 62.5g/plant 8.81 8.56 8.55 25.92 8.6400
T3 – 125g/plant 8.45 8.54 8.67 25.66 8.5533
T4 – 187.5g/plant 8.65 8.43 8.56 25.64 8.5467
 41

Appendix 5. Actual yield per plot as affected by different rates of black soldier fly
manure (BSFM).

Treatment Block
Total Mean
I II III
T1 – Control 7.1 7.231 7.492 21.82 7.2743
T2 – 62.5g/plant 8.546 8.673 8.91 26.13 8.7097
T3 – 125g/plant 8.342 8.549 8.234 25.13 8.3750
T4 – 187.5g/plant 8.728 8.732 8.342 25.80 8.6007

Appendix 6. Computed yield per tons/ha as affected by different rates of black soldier
fly manure (BSFM).

Treatment Block
Total Mean
I II III
T1 – Control 3.5 3.615 3.746 10.86 3.6203
T2 – 62.5g/plant 4.273 4.336 4.455 13.06 4.3547
T3 – 125g/plant 4.171 4.274 4.117 12.56 4.1873
T4 – 187.5g/plant 4.364 4.366 4.171 12.90 4.3003
 42

Republic of the Philippines

PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY
Magalang, Pampanga

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the thesis manuscript entitled “PERFORMANCE OF

FINGERPEPPER TO DIFFERENT RATES OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY

MANURE APPLICATION ” prepared and submitted by JOHN PAUL R.

SANTOS, has been duly edited and scrutinized by the Technical Critic whose

signature is affixed below.

English Critic

Date Signed
 43

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

PERSONAL DATA

Name : John Paul R. Santos

Birthday : October 27, 2000
Birthplace : Magalang, Pampanga

Civil Status : Single

Nationality : Filipino

Religion : Missionary Baptist

Parents : Danilo G. Santos

Mariane R. Santos

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary : Bucanan Elementary School

Bucanan, Magalang, Pampanga

2007-2013

Secondary : Magalang Institute

: San Nicolas 2, Magalang, Pampanga

2013-2017

: Ayala High School

Ayala, Magalang, Pampanga

2017 - 2019

Tertiary : Pampanga State Agricultural University

San Agustin, Magalang, Pampanga
2019-2023
Course : Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (CS)