Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A+
CISSP
CompTIA ® ®
CERTIFICATION
PASSPORT
PASSPORT SEVENTH
(Exams 220-1001 & 220-1002) EDITION
About the Author
Bobby Rogers (he/his/him) is a cybersecurity proessional with over 30 years in the inor-
mation technology and cybersecurity ields. He currently works with a major engineering
company in Huntsville, Alabama, helping to secure networks and manage cyber risk or its
customers. Bobby’s customers include the U.S. Army, NASA, the State o ennessee, and
private/commercial companies and organizations. His specialties are cybersecurity engineer-
ing, security compliance, and cyber risk management, but he has worked in almost every area
o cybersecurity, including network deense, computer orensics and incident response, and
penetration testing.
Bobby is a retired Master Sergeant rom the U.S. Air Force, having served or over 21 years.
He has built and secured networks in the United States, Chad, Uganda, South Arica, Germany,
Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Aghanistan, and several other remote locations. His decorations
include two Meritorious Service medals, three Air Force Commendation medals, the National
Deense Service medal, and several Air Force Achievement medals. He retired rom active
duty in 2006.
Bobby has a master o science in inormation assurance and a bachelor o science in
computer inormation systems (with a dual concentration in Russian language), and two
associate o science degrees. His many certiications include CISSP-ISSEP, CRISC, CySA+,
CEH, and MCSE: Security.
Bobby has narrated and produced over 30 computer training videos or several training
companies and currently produces them or Pluralsight (https://www.pluralsight.com). He
is also the author o CompTIA Mobility+ All-in-One Exam Guide (Exam MB0-001), CRISC
Certiied in Risk and Inormation Systems Control All-in-One Exam Guide, and Mike Meyers’
CompTIA Security+ Certiication Guide (Exam SY0-401), and is the contributing author/
technical editor or the popular CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Ninth Edition, all o which are
published by McGraw Hill.
A+
CISSP
CompTIA ® ®
CERTIFICATION
PASSPORT
PASSPORT SEVENTH
(Exams 220-1001 & 220-1002) EDITION
Bobby E. Rogers
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cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.
I’d like to dedicate this book to the cybersecurity proessionals who
tirelessly, and sometimes, thanklessly, protect our inormation and
systems rom all who would do them harm.
I also dedicate this book to the people who serve in uniorm as
military personnel, public saety proessionals, police, frefghters,
and medical proessionals, sacrifcing sometimes all that they are
and have so that we may all live in peace, security, and saety.
—Bobby Rogers
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DOMAIN vii
Contents at a Glance
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
vii
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DOMAIN ix
Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
ix
x CISSP Passport
REVIEW 14
12 QUESTIONS 14
12 ANSWERS 15
Objective 1.3 Evaluate and apply security governance principles . . . 16
Security Governance 16
External Governance 16
Internal Governance 16
Alignment of Security Functions to Business Requirements 17
Business Strategy and Security Strategy 17
Organizational Processes 18
Organizational Roles and Responsibilities 18
Security Control Frameworks 19
Due Care/Due Diligence 20
REVIEW 21
13 QUESTIONS 21
13 ANSWERS 22
Objective 1.4 Determine compliance and other requirements . . . . . . 23
Compliance 23
Legal and Regulatory Compliance 24
Contractual Compliance 25
Compliance with Industry Standards 25
Privacy Requirements 25
REVIEW 26
14 QUESTIONS 27
14 ANSWERS 28
Objective 1.5 Understand legal and regulatory issues that pertain to
information security in a holistic context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Legal and Regulatory Requirements 29
Cybercrimes 29
Licensing and Intellectual Property Requirements 30
Import/Export Controls 31
Transborder Data Flow 32
Privacy Issues 32
REVIEW 33
15 QUESTIONS 33
15 ANSWERS 34
Objective 1.6 Understand requirements for investigation types (i.e.,
administrative, criminal, civil, regulatory, industry standards) . . . 35
Investigations 35
Administrative Investigations 35
Civil Investigations 35
Contents xi
Criminal Investigations 36
Regulatory Investigations 36
Industry Standards for Investigations 37
REVIEW 37
16 QUESTIONS 38
16 ANSWERS 39
Objective 1.7 Develop, document, and implement security policy,
standards, procedures, and guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Internal Governance 40
Policy 40
Procedures 40
Standards 41
Guidelines 41
Baselines 42
REVIEW 42
17 QUESTIONS 43
17 ANSWERS 44
Objective 1.8 Identify, analyze, and prioritize Business Continuity (BC)
requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Business Continuity 45
Business Impact Analysis 46
Developing the BIA 46
REVIEW 47
18 QUESTIONS 47
18 ANSWERS 48
Objective 1.9 Contribute to and enforce personnel security policies
and procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Personnel Security 49
Candidate Screening and Hiring 49
Employment Agreements and Policies 50
Onboarding, Transfers, and Termination Processes 50
Vendor, Consultant, and Contractor Agreements and Controls 52
Compliance Policy Requirements 53
Privacy Policy Requirements 53
REVIEW 54
19 QUESTIONS 55
19 ANSWERS 56
Objective 1.10 Understand and apply risk management concepts . . . 57
Risk Management 57
Elements of Risk 57
Identify Threats and Vulnerabilities 59
xii CISSP Passport
Risk Assessment/Analysis 60
Risk Response 63
Risk Frameworks 64
Countermeasure Selection and Implementation 64
Applicable Types of Controls 65
Control Assessments (Security and Privacy) 66
Monitoring and Measurement 67
Reporting 67
Continuous Improvement 68
REVIEW 68
110 QUESTIONS 69
110 ANSWERS 69
Objective 1.11 Understand and apply threat modeling concepts and
methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Threat Modeling 70
Threat Components 70
Threat Modeling Methodologies 72
REVIEW 73
111 QUESTIONS 73
111 ANSWERS 73
Objective 1.12 Apply Supply Chain Risk Management
(SCRM) concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Supply Chain Risk Management 74
Risks Associated with Hardware, Software, and Services 74
Third-Party Assessment and Monitoring 76
Minimum Security Requirements 77
Service Level Requirements 77
REVIEW 77
112 QUESTIONS 78
112 ANSWERS 79
Objective 1.13 Establish and maintain a security awareness, education,
and training program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Security Awareness, Education, and Training Program 80
Methods and Techniques to Present Awareness and Training 80
Periodic Content Reviews 82
Program Effectiveness Evaluation 82
REVIEW 82
113 QUESTIONS 83
113 ANSWERS 84
Contents xiii
REVIEW 108
25 QUESTIONS 108
25 ANSWERS 108
Objective 2.6 Determine data security controls and compliance
requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Data Security and Compliance 109
Data States 109
Control Standards Selection 110
Scoping and Tailoring Data Security Controls 111
Data Protection Methods 111
REVIEW 113
26 QUESTIONS 113
26 ANSWERS 114
3.0 Security Architecture and Engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Objective 3.1 Research, implement, and manage engineering
processes using secure design principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Threat Modeling 116
Least Privilege 116
Defense in Depth 117
Secure Defaults 117
Fail Securely 117
Separation of Duties 118
Keep It Simple 119
Zero Trust 119
Privacy by Design 119
Trust But Verify 119
Shared Responsibility 120
REVIEW 120
31 QUESTIONS 121
31 ANSWERS 122
Objective 3.2 Understand the fundamental concepts of security
models (e.g., Biba, Star Model, Bell-LaPadula) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Security Models 122
Terms and Concepts 123
System States and Processing Modes 124
Confidentiality Models 126
Integrity Models 127
Other Access Control Models 128
REVIEW 128
32 QUESTIONS 129
32 ANSWERS 130
Contents xv
Objective 3.3 Select controls based upon systems security
requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Selecting Security Controls 130
Performance and Functional Requirements 131
Data Protection Requirements 131
Governance Requirements 132
Interface Requirements 132
Risk Response Requirements 133
REVIEW 133
33 QUESTIONS 134
33 ANSWERS 134
Objective 3.4 Understand security capabilities of Information Systems
(IS) (e.g., memory protection, Trusted Platform Module (TPM),
encryption/decryption) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Information System Security Capabilities 135
Hardware and Firmware System Security 135
Secure Processing 137
REVIEW 138
34 QUESTIONS 139
34 ANSWERS 139
Objective 3.5 Assess and mitigate the vulnerabilities of security
architectures, designs, and solution elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Vulnerabilities of Security Architectures, Designs, and Solutions 140
Client-Based Systems 140
Server-Based Systems 140
Distributed Systems 141
Database Systems 141
Cryptographic Systems 142
Industrial Control Systems 142
Internet of Things 143
Embedded Systems 143
Cloud-Based Systems 144
Virtualized Systems 145
Containerization 146
Microservices 146
Serverless 146
High-Performance Computing Systems 146
Edge Computing Systems 146
REVIEW 147
35 QUESTIONS 148
35 ANSWERS 148
xvi CISSP Passport
REVIEW 376
713 QUESTIONS 376
713 ANSWERS 377
Objective 7.14 Implement and manage physical security . . . . . . . . . . 377
Physical Security 377
Perimeter Security Controls 378
Internal Security Controls 382
REVIEW 386
714 QUESTIONS 387
714 ANSWERS 387
Objective 7.15 Address personnel safety and security concerns . . . . 388
Personnel Safety and Security 388
Travel 388
Security Training and Awareness 389
Emergency Management 389
Duress 390
REVIEW 391
715 QUESTIONS 391
715 ANSWERS 392
8.0 Sotware Development Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Objective 8.1 Understand and integrate security in the Software
Development Life Cycle (SDLC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Software Development Life Cycle 394
Development Methodologies 395
Maturity Models 398
Operation and Maintenance 400
Change Management 401
Integrated Product Team 401
REVIEW 401
81 QUESTIONS 402
81 ANSWERS 403
Objective 8.2 Identify and apply security controls in software
development ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Security Controls in Software Development 403
Programming Languages 404
Libraries 405
Tool Sets 406
Integrated Development Environment 406
Runtime 406
Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery 407
Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response 407
Software Configuration Management 408
Contents xxv
Code Repositories 408
Application Security Testing 408
REVIEW 411
82 QUESTIONS 411
82 ANSWERS 412
Objective 8.3 Assess the effectiveness of software security. . . . . . . . 412
Software Security Effectiveness 412
Auditing and Logging Changes 413
Risk Analysis and Mitigation 413
REVIEW 415
83 QUESTIONS 415
83 ANSWERS 415
Objective 8.4 Assess security impact of acquired software . . . . . . . . 416
Security Impact of Acquired Software 416
Commercial-off-the-Shelf Software 416
Open-Source Software 417
Third-Party Software 417
Managed Services 418
REVIEW 419
84 QUESTIONS 419
84 ANSWERS 420
Objective 8.5 Define and apply secure coding guidelines
and standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Secure Coding Guidelines and Standards 420
Security Weaknesses and Vulnerabilities at the Source-Code Level 420
Security of Application Programming Interfaces 421
Secure Coding Practices 422
Software-Defined Security 424
REVIEW 424
85 QUESTIONS 425
85 ANSWERS 425
A About the Online Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
System Requirements 427
Your Total Seminars Training Hub Account 427
Privacy Notice 427
Single User License Terms and Conditions 427
TotalTester Online 429
Technical Support 429
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
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DOMAIN xxvii
Acknowledgments
A book isn’t simply written by one person; so many people had key roles in the production o
this study guide, so I’d like to take this opportunity to acknowledge and thank them. First and
oremost, I would like to thank the olks at McGraw Hill, Wendy Rinaldi, Caitlin Cromley-
Linn, and Janet Walden. All three worked hard to keep me on track and made sure that this
book met the highest standards o quality. hey are awesome people to work with, and I’m
grateul once again to work with them!
I would also like to sincerely thank Nitesh Sharma, Senior Project Manager, Knowledge-
Works Global Ltd, who worked on the post-production or the book, and Bill McManus, who
did the copyediting work or the book. hey are also great olks to work with. Nitesh was so
patient and proessional with me at various times when I did not exactly meet a deadline and
I’m so grateul or that. I’ve worked with Bill a ew times on dierent book projects, and I must
admit I’m always in awe o him (and a bit intimidated by him, but really glad in the end to
have him help on my projects), since he is an awesome copyeditor who catches every single
one o the plentiul mistakes I make during the writing process. I have also gained a signiicant
respect or Bill’s knowledge o cybersecurity, as he’s always been able to key in on small nuances
o wonky explanations that even I didn’t catch and suggest better ways to write them. He’s the
perect person to make sure this book lows well, is understandable to a reader, and is a higher-
quality resource. hank you, Bill!
here are many other people on the production side who contributed signiicantly to the
publication o this book, including Rachel Fogelberg, ed Laux, homas Somers, and Je
Weeks, as well as others. My sincere thanks to them all or their hard work.
I also want to thank my amily or their patience and understanding as I took time away
rom them to write this book. I owe them a great deal o time I can never pay back, and I am
very grateul or their love and support.
xxvii
xxviii CISSP Passport
And last, but certainly not least, I want to thank the technical editor, Nichole O’Brien.
I’ve worked with Nichole on tons o real-world cybersecurity projects o and on or at least
ten years now. I’ve lost count o how many proposals, risk assessment reports, customer meet-
ings, and cyber-related problems she has suered through with me, yet she didn’t hesitate
to jump in and become the technical editor or this book. Nichole is absolutely one o the
smartest businesspeople I know in cybersecurity, as well as simply a really good person, and
I have an ininite amount o proessional and personal respect or her. his book is so much
better or having her there to correct my mistakes, ask critical questions, make me do more
research, and add a dierent and unique perspective to the process. hanks, Nichole!
—Bobby Rogers
DOMAIN xxix
Introduction
Welcome to CISSP Passport! his book is ocused on helping you to pass the Certiied Inor-
mation Systems Security Proessional (CISSP) certiication examination rom the Interna-
tional Inormation System Security Certiication Consortium, or (ISC)². he idea behind
the Passport series is to give you a concise study guide or learning the key elements o the
certiication exam rom the perspective o the required objectives published by (ISC)², in their
CISSP Certiication Exam Outline. Cybersecurity proessionals can review the experience
requirements set orth by (ISC)² at https://www.isc2.org/Certiications/CISSP/experience-
requirements. he basic requirement is ive years o cumulative paid work experience in two
or more o the eight CISSP domains, or our years o such experience plus either a our-year
college degree or an additional credential rom the (ISC)² approved list. (ISC)² requires that
you document this experience beore you can be ully certiied as a CISSP. For those candidates
who do not yet meet the experience requirements, they may achieve Associate o (ISC)² status
by passing the examination. Associates o (ISC)² are then allowed up to six years to accumulate
the required ive years o experience to become ull CISSPs.
he eight domains and the approximate percentage o exam questions they represent are
as ollows:
CISSP Passport assumes that you have already studied long and hard or the CISSP exam
and now just need a quick reresher beore you take the exam. his book is meant to be a
“no lu ” concise study guide with quick acts, deinitions, memory aids, charts, and brie
explanations. Because this guide gives you the key concepts and acts, and not the in-depth
xxix
xxx CISSP Passport
explanations surrounding those acts, you should not use this guide as your only study source
to prepare or the CISSP exam. here are numerous books you can use or your deep studying,
such as CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Ninth Edition, also rom McGraw Hill.
I recommend that you use this guide to reinorce your knowledge o key terms and con-
cepts and to review the broad scope o topics quickly in the inal ew days beore your CISSP
exam, ater you’ve done all o your “deep” studying. his guide will help you memorize ast
acts, as well as reresh your memory about topics you may not have studied or a while.
his guide is organized around the most recent CISSP exam domains and objectives
released by (ISC)², which is May 1, 2021 at the time o writing this book. Keep in mind that
(ISC)² reserves the right to change or update the exam objectives anytime at its sole discretion
and without any prior notice, so you should check the (ISC)² website or any recent changes
beore you begin reading this guide and again a week or so beore taking the exam to make sure
you are studying the most updated materials.
he structure o this study guide parallels the structure o the eight CISSP domains pub-
lished by (ISC)², presented in the same numerical order in the book, with individual domain
objectives also ordered by objective number in each domain. Each domain in this guide is
equivalent to a regular book chapter, so this guide has eight considerably large “chapters” with
individual sections devoted to the objective numbers. his organization is intended to help
you learn and master each objective in a logical way. Because some domain objectives overlap,
you will see a bit o redundancy in topics discussed throughout the book; where this is the case,
the topic is presented in its proper context within the current domain objective and you’ll see
a cross-reerence to the other objective(s) in which the same topic is discussed.
Each domain contains the ollowing useul items to call out points o interest.
EXAM TIP Indicates critical topics you’re likely to see on the actual exam
NOTE Points out ancillary but pertinent information, as well as areas for
further study
Cross-Reference
Directs you to other places in the book where concepts are covered, for your reference
he end o each objective gives you two handy tools. he “Review” section provides a
synopsis o the objective—a great way to quickly review the critical inormation. hen the
“Questions” and “Answers” sections enable you to test your newly acquired knowledge. For
urther study, this book includes access to online practice exams that will help to prepare you
or taking the exam itsel. All the inormation you need or accessing the exam questions is
provided in the appendix. I recommend that you take the practice exams to identiy where
you have knowledge gaps and then go back and review the relevant material as needed.
I hope this book is helpul to you not only in studying or the CISSP exam but also as a quick
reerence guide you’ll use in your proessional lie. hanks or picking this book to help you
study, and good luck on the exam!
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M A
O I
N
Security and 1.0
Risk Management
Domain Objectives
1
2 CISSP Passport
Domain 1, “Security and Risk Management,” is one of the key domains in understanding
critical security principles that you will encounter on the CISSP exam. The majority of the
topics in this domain include the administrative or managerial security measures put in
place to manage a security program. In this domain you will learn about professional ethics
and important fundamental security concepts. We will discuss governance and compliance,
investigations, security policies, and other critical management concepts. We will also
delve into business continuity, personnel security, and the all-important risk management
processes. We’ll also discuss threat modeling, explore supply chain risk management, and
finish the domain by examining the different aspects of security training and awareness
programs. These are all very important concepts that will help you to understand the subse-
quent domains, since they provide the foundations of knowledge you need to be successful
on the exam.
T he fact that (ISC)2 places professional ethics as the first objective in the first domain of
the CISSP exam requirements speaks volumes about the importance of ethics and ethi-
cal behavior in our profession. The continuing increases in network breaches, data loss, and
ransomware demonstrate the criticality of ethical conduct in this expanding information secu-
rity landscape. Our information systems security workforce is expanding at a rapid pace, and
these new recruits need to understand the professional discipline required to succeed. Some
may enter the field because they expect to make a lot of money, but ultimately competence,
integrity, and trustworthiness are the qualities necessary for success. Most professions have
published standards for ethical behavior, such as healthcare, law enforcement, accounting, and
many other professions. In fact, you would be hard-pressed to find a profession that does not
have at least some type of minimal ethical requirements for professional conduct.
While exam objective 1.1 is the only objective that explicitly covers ethics and professional
conduct, it’s important to emphasize them, since you will be expected to know them on the
exam and, more importantly, you will be expected to uphold them to maintain your CISSP sta-
tus. The first part of this exam objective covers the core ethical requirements from (ISC)2 itself.
Absent any other ethical standards that you may also be required to uphold in your profession,
from your organization, your customers, and even any other certifications you hold, the (ISC)2
Code of Ethics should be sufficient to guide you in ethical behavior and professional conduct
while you are employed as an information systems security professional for as long as you hold
the CISSP certification. The second part of the objective reviews other sources of professional
ethics that guide your conduct, such as those from industry or professional organizations.
First, let’s look at the (ISC)2 Code of Ethics.
DOMAIN 1.0 Objective 1.1 3
NOTE (ISC)2 updates the Code of Ethics from time to time, so it is best to
occasionally go to the (ISC)2 website and review it for any changes. This allows you
to keep up with current requirements and serves to remind you of your ethical and
professional responsibilities.
“The safety and welfare of society and the common good, duty to our principals, and to
each other, requires that we adhere, and be seen to adhere, to the highest ethical stand-
ards of behavior. Therefore, strict adherence to this Code is a condition of certification.”
I. Protect society, the common good, necessary public trust and confidence, and the
infrastructure.
II. Act honorably, honestly, justly, responsibly, and legally.
III. Provide diligent and competent service to principals.
IV. Advance and protect the profession.
Obviously, these canons are intentionally broad and, unfortunately, someone could con-
strue them to fit almost any type of act by a CISSP, accidental or malicious, into one these
categories. However, the ethics complaint procedures specify a burden of proof involved with
making a complaint against the certification holder for violation of these canons. The com-
plaint procedures, set forth in the “Standing of Complainant” section, specify that “complaints
4 CISSP Passport
will be accepted only from those who claim to be injured by the alleged behavior.” Anyone
with knowledge of a breach of Canons I or II may file a complaint against someone, but only
principals, which are employers or customers of the certificate holder, can lodge a complaint
about any violation of Canon III, and only other certified professionals may register com-
plaints about violations of Canon IV.
Also according to the ethics complaint procedures, the complaint goes before an ethics
committee, which hears complaints of breaches of the Code of Ethics Canons, and makes a
recommendation to the board. But the board ultimately makes decisions regarding the validity
of complaints, as well as levees the final disciplinary action against the member, if warranted.
A person who has had an ethics complaint lodged against them under these four canons has a
right to respond and comment on the allegations, as there are sound due process procedures
built into this process.
EXAM TIP You should be familiar with the preamble and the four canons of
the (ISC)2 Code of Ethics for the exam. It’s a good idea to go to the (ISC)2 website and
review the most current Code of Ethics shortly before you take the exam.
As you can see, these points are directly aligned with the (ISC)2 Code of Ethics and, as with
many codes of conduct, offer no conflict with other codes that members may be subject to. In
fact, since codes of ethics and professional behavior are often similar, they support and serve
to strengthen the requirements levied on various individuals.
REVIEW
Objective 1.1: Understand, adhere to, and promote professional ethics In this objective
we focused on one of the more important objectives for the CISSP exam—one that’s often
overlooked in exam prep. We discussed codes of ethics, which are requirements intended
to guide our professional behavior. We specifically examined the (ISC)2 Code of Ethics,
as that is the most relevant to the exam. The Code of Ethics consists of a preamble and
four mandatory canons. (ISC)2 also has a comprehensive set of complaint procedures for
ethics complaints against certified members. The complaint procedures detail the process
for formally accusing a certified member of violating one or more of the four canons, while
ensuring a fair and impartial due process for the accused.
We also examined organizational ethics and discussed how some organizations may not
have a formalized code of ethics document, but their ethical or professional behavior expec-
tations may be contained in their policies. These are usually found in policies such as accept-
able use, acceptance of gifts, bribery, and other types of policies. Most of the policies that
affect professional behavior for employees are typically found in the employee handbook.
Finally, we discussed other sources of professional ethics, from professional organi-
zations and governance requirements that may define how to protect certain sensitive
data classifications. Absent any other core ethics document that prescribes professional
behavior, the (ISC)2 Code of Ethics is mandatory for CISSP certification holders and
should be used to guide their behavior.
1.1 QUESTIONS
1. You’re a CISSP who works for a small business. Your workplace has no formalized
code of professional ethics. Your manager recently asked you to fudge the results of
a vulnerability assessment on a group of production servers to make it appear as if
the security posture is improving. Absent a workplace code of ethics, which of the
following should guide your behavior regarding this request?
A. Your own professional conscience
B. (ISC)2 Code of Ethics
C. Workplace Acceptable Use Policy
D. The Computer Ethics Institute policies
2. Nichole is a security operations center (SOC) supervisor who has observed one of her
CISSP-certified subordinates in repeated violation of both the company’s requirements
for professional behavior and the (ISC)2 Code of Ethics. Which of the following
actions should she take?
A. Report the violation to the company’s HR department only
B. Report the violation to (ISC)2 and the HR department
C. Ignore a one-time violation and counsel the individual
D. Report the violation to (ISC)2 only
8 CISSP Passport
1.1 ANSWERS
1. B Absent any other binding code of professional ethics from the workplace, the
(ISC)2 Code of Ethics binds certified professionals to a higher standard of behavior.
While using your own professional judgment is admirable, not everyone’s professional
standards are at the same level. Workplace policies do not always cover professional
conduct by cybersecurity personnel specifically. The Computer Ethics Institute policies
are not binding to cybersecurity professionals.
2. B Since the employee has violated both the company’s professional behavior
requirements and the (ISC)2 Code of Ethics, Nichole should report the actions to
both entities. Had the violation been only that of the (ISC)2 Code of Ethics, she would
not have necessarily needed to report it to the company. One-time violations may be
accidental and should be handled at the supervisor’s discretion; however, repeated
violations may warrant further action depending upon the nature of the violation
and the situation.
3. C The Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Code of Ethics requirements are part of the regulation
(Section 406 of the Act) enacted to prevent securities and financial fraud and require
organizations to enact codes of ethics to protect financial and personal data. The
other choices are not focused on data sensitivity or regulations, but rather apply to
technology and cybersecurity professionals.
4. A Although the argument can be made that falsifying an audit report could violate any
or all of the four (ISC)2 Code of Ethics Canons, the scenario specifically affects the canon
that requires professionals to perform diligent and competent service to principals.
DOMAIN 1.0 Objective 1.2 9
I n this objective we will examine some of the more fundamental concepts of security.
Although fundamental, they are critical in understanding everything that follows, since
everything we will discuss in future objectives throughout all CISSP domains relates to the
goals of security and their supporting tenets.
Security Concepts
To become certified as a CISSP, you must have knowledge and experience that covers a
wide variety of topics. However, regardless of the experience you may have in the different
domains, such as networking, digital forensics, compliance, or penetration testing, you need
to comprehend some fundamental concepts that are the basis of all the other security knowl-
edge you will need in your career. This core knowledge includes the goals of security and its
supporting principles.
In this objective we’re going to discuss this core knowledge, which serves as a reminder for
the experience you likely already have before attempting the exam. We’ll cover the goals of
security as well as the supporting tenets, such as identification, authentication, authorization,
and nonrepudiation. We will also discuss key supporting concepts such as principles of least
privilege and separation of duties. You’ll find that no matter what expertise you have in the
CISSP domains, these core principles are the basis for all of them. As we discuss each of these
core subjects we’ll talk about how different topics within the CISSP domains articulate to these
areas. First, it’s useful to establish common ground with some terms you’ll likely see through-
out this book and your studies for the exam.
between the two. For purposes of this book, and studying for the exam, data are raw, singular
pieces of fact or knowledge that have no immediate context or meaning. An example might be
an IP address, or domain name, or even an audit log entry, which by itself may not have any
meaning. Information is data organized into context and given meaning. An example might be
several pieces of data that are correlated to show an event that occurred on host at a specific
time by a specific individual.
EXAM TIP The CISSP exam objectives do not distinguish the differences
between the terms “information” and “data,” as they are often used interchangeably
in the profession as well. For the purposes of this book, we also will sometimes not
distinguish the difference and use the term interchangeably, depending on the context
and the exam objectives presented.
Confidentiality
Of the three primary goals of information security, confidentiality is likely the one that most
people associate with cybersecurity. Certainly, it’s important to make sure that systems and data
are kept confidential and only accessed by entities that have a valid reason, but the other goals
of security, which we will discuss shortly, are also of equal importance. Confidentiality is about
keeping information secret and, in some cases, private. It requires protecting information that
is not generally accessible to everyone, but rather only to a select few. Whether it’s personal
privacy or health data, proprietary company information, classified government data, or just
simply data of a sensitive nature, confidential information is meant to be kept secret. In later
objectives we will discuss different access controls, such as file permissions, encryption, authen-
tication schemes, and other measures, that are designed to keep data and systems confidential.
DOMAIN 1.0 Objective 1.2 11
Integrity
Integrity is the goal of security to ensure that data and systems are not modified or destroyed
without authorization. To maintain integrity, data should be altered only by an entity that has
the appropriate access and a valid reason to modify. Obviously, data may be altered purpose-
fully for malicious reasons, but accidental or unintentional changes may be caused by a well-
intentioned user or even by a bad network connection that degrades the integrity of a file or
data transmission. Integrity is assured through several means, including identification and
authentication mechanisms (discussed shortly), cryptographic methods (e.g., file hashing),
and checksums.
Availability
Availability means having information and the systems that process it readily accessible by
authorized users any time and in any manner they require. Systems and information do users
little good if they can’t get to and use those resources when needed, and simply preventing
their authorized use contradicts the availability goal. Availability can be denied accidentally
by a network or device outage, or intentionally by a malicious entity that destroys systems and
data or prevents use via denial-of-service attacks. Availability can be ensured through various
means including equipment redundancy, data backups, access control, and so on.
Identification
Identification is the act of presenting credentials that state (assert) the identity of an individ-
ual or entity. A credential is a piece of information (physical or electronic) that confirms the
identity of the credential holder and is issued by an authoritative source. Examples of creden-
tials used to identify an entity include a driver’s license, passport, username and password
combination, smart card, and so forth.
Authentication
Authentication occurs after identification and is the process of verifying that the credential
presented matches the actual identity of the entity presenting it. Authentication typically
occurs when an entity presents an identification and credential, and the system or network
verifies that credential against a database of known identities and characteristics. If the iden-
tity and credential asserted matches an entry in the database, the entity is authenticated.
12 CISSP Passport
Once this occurs, an entity is considered authenticated to the system, but that does not mean
that they have the ability to perform any actions with any resources. This is where the next
step, authorization, comes in.
Authenticity
Authenticity goes hand-in-hand with authentication, in that it is the validation of a user, an
action, a document, or other entity through verified means. User authenticity is established
with strong authentication mechanisms, for example; an action’s authenticity is established
through auditing and accountability mechanisms, and a document’s authenticity might be
established through integrity checks such as hashing.
Authorization
Authorization occurs only after an entity has been authenticated. Authorization determines
what actions the entity can take with a given resource, such as a computer, application, or
network. Note that it is possible for an entity to be authenticated but have no authorization
to take any action with a resource. Authorization is typically determined by considering an
individual’s job position, clearance level, and need-to-know status for a particular resource.
Authorization can be granted by a system administrator, a resource owner, or another entity
in authority. Authorization is often implemented in the form of permissions, rights, and privi-
leges used to interact with resources, such as systems and information.
EXAM TIP Remember that authorization consists of the actions an individual can
perform, and is based on their job duties, security clearance, and need-to-know,
Nonrepudiation
To hold entities, such as users, accountable for the actions they perform on objects, we must
be able to conclusively connect their identity to an event. Auditing is useful for recording
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kauan kuin hän elää! Semmoinen on päätökseni! Ivan Fjodorovitš
hyväksyy menettelyni aivan täydellisesti.
— Voi hyvä Jumala, kuinka toisin tuo kaikki on! — huudahti taas
rouva
Hohlakov.
— Mitä, mitä?
— Te… te… te… olette pieni hassu, sitä te olette! — sanoi äkkiä
Katerina Ivanovna kasvot kalvenneina ja huulet vihasta vääntyneinä.
Ivan Fjodorovitš alkoi nauraa ja nousi paikaltaan. Hänellä oli hattu
kädessään.
— Sinä olet erehtynyt, hyvä Aljošani, — lausui hän, ja hänen
kasvoissaan oli sellainen ilme, jommoista Aljoša ei ollut niissä vielä
koskaan nähnyt, — jonkinmoista nuorekasta vilpittömyyttä ja
voimakasta, hillittömän avomielistä tunnetta, — ei koskaan ole
Katerina Ivanovna rakastanut minua! Hän on tietänyt kaiken aikaa,
että minä rakastan häntä, vaikka minä en koskaan ole puhunut
hänelle sanaakaan rakkaudestani, hän on — tietänyt, mutta ei ole
rakastanut minua. En myöskään ole ollut hänen ystävänsä
kertaakaan, ainoatakaan päivää: ylpeä nainen ei ole tarvinnut
ystävyyttäni. Hän piti minua läheisyydessään voidakseen yhtä mittaa
kostaa. Hän kosti minulle ja minussa kaikki loukkaukset, joita hän
alituisesti ja joka hetki koko tänä aikana on saanut kärsiä Dmitrin
puolelta, loukkaukset heidän ensimmäisestä kohtaamisestaan asti…
Sillä heidän aivan ensimmäinenkin kohtauksensa on jäänyt hänen
sydämeensä loukkaukseksi. Sellainen on hänen sydämensä! Minä
en koko aikana ole muuta tehnytkään kuin kuullut hänen
rakkaudestaan Dmitriin. Minä lähden nyt matkaan, mutta tietäkää,
Katerina Ivanovna, että te todellisuudessa rakastatte ainoastaan
häntä. Ja kuta enemmän hän loukkaa, sitä enemmän ja yhä
enemmän. Se juuri on teidän puuskanne. Te rakastatte häntä
semmoisena kuin hän on, rakastatte häntä teitä loukkaavana. Jos
hän tekisi parannuksen, niin te heti hylkäisitte hänet ja lakkaisitte
kokonaan rakastamasta. Mutta hän on teille tarpeellinen, jotta
voisitte katsoa lakkaamatta sankarillista uskollisuuttanne ja moittia
häntä uskottomuudesta. Ja kaikki tämä johtuu teidän ylpeydestänne.
Oi, tässä on paljon alentamista ja alentumista, mutta kaikki johtuu
ylpeydestä… Minä olen liian nuori ja olen rakastanut teitä liian
voimakkaasti. Minä tiedän, että minun ei pitäisi puhua teille tätä, että
olisi arvokkaampaa yksinkertaisesti poistua luotanne, ja se olisi
teillekin vähemmän loukkaavaa. Mutta minähän matkustan kauaksi
enkä palaa koskaan. Tämähän on ero iäksi… Minä en tahdo istua
puuskan ja mullerruksen vieressä… Muuten en osaa enää puhua,
olen sanonut kaiken… Hyvästi, Katerina Ivanovna, te ette saa olla
vihainen minulle, sillä minä olen saanut sata kertaa kovemman
rangaistuksen kuin te: se on jo minulle rangaistus, että en koskaan
saa nähdä teitä. Hyvästi. Minä en tarvitse kättänne. Te olette liian
tietoisesti minua kiusannut, jotta voisin tällä hetkellä antaa teille
anteeksi. Myöhemmin annan anteeksi, mutta nyt ei tarvita kättänne.
»Den Dank, Dame, begehr ich nicht!» — lisäsi hän vääristäen
suunsa hymyyn (osoittaen, muuten aivan odottamattomasti, että
hänkin pystyi lukemaan Schilleriä niin paljon, että osasi ulkoakin,
mitä Aljoša aikaisemmin ei olisi uskonut). Hän poistui huoneesta
sanomatta jäähyväisiä edes emännälle, rouva Hohlakoville. Aljoša löi
käsiään yhteen.
— Lise, Jumalan tähden, älä huuda, älä tee minusta loppua. Sinä
olet vielä siinä iässä, ettet saa tietää kaikkea mitä aikuiset tietävät,
minä riennän luoksesi ja kerron kaikki mitä sinulle voi kertoa. Voi
hyvä Jumala! Minä riennän, riennän… Hysteerinen kohtaus — se on
hyvä merkki, Aleksei Fjodorovitš, se on mainiota, että hänellä on
hysteerinen kohtaus. Juuri niin pitää ollakin. Minä olen tässä
suhteessa aina naisia vastaan, kaikkia noita hysterioita ja naisten
kyyneliä vastaan. Julia, juokse ja sano, että minä lennän. Mutta että
Ivan Fjodorovitš poistui sillä tavoin, siihen on Katerina Ivanovna itse
syypää. Mutta Ivan Fjodorovitš ei matkusta pois. Lise, älä Jumalan
tähden huuda! Ah, niin, ethän sinä huuda, minähän se huudan, anna
anteeksi äidillesi, minä olen riemastunut, riemastunut, riemastunut!
Mutta huomasitteko, Aleksei Fjodorovitš, millaisena nuorukaisena,
nuorukaisena Ivan Fjodorovitš äsken lähti pois, sanoi kaiken sen ja
lähti! Minä luulin, että hän on tuommoinen tiedemies, akateemikko,
ja yht'äkkiä hän puhui niin kiihkeästi, kiihkeästi, avoimesti ja
nuorukaisellisesti, kokemattomasti ja nuorukaisellisesti, ja kuinka se
kaikki oli kaunista, kaunista, aivan niinkuin te… Ja hän sanoi tuon
saksalaisen säkeenkin, niin, hän on aivan kuin te! Mutta minä
juoksen, juoksen. Aleksei Fjodorovitš, menkää kiireesti toimittamaan
tuo asia ja palatkaa pian. Lise, tarvitsetko jotakin? Jumalan tähden,
älä viivytä hetkeäkään Aleksei Fjodorovitšia, hän palaa kohta
luoksesi.
6.
Mullerrus tuvassa
Aljoša avasi oven ja astui kynnyksen yli. Hän tuli tupaan, joka oli
jokseenkin tilava, mutta täpö täynnä sekä ihmisiä että kaikenlaista
taloustavaraa. Vasemmalla oli iso venäläinen uuni. Uunin luota
vasemmalla puolella olevan ikkunan luo oli yli koko huoneen
pingoitettu nuora, johon oli ripustettu erilaisia riepuja. Sekä
vasemmalla että oikealla olevan seinän vieressä oli kudotulla
peitteellä peitetty vuode. Toisella niistä, vasemmanpuolisella, oli
päällekkäin neljä karttuunityynyä, toinen toistaan pienempiä.
Oikeanpuolisella vuoteella oli vain yksi hyvin pieni tyyny. Kauempana
etunurkassa oli pieni verholla tai lakanalla erotettu ala, joka oli
muodostettu siten, että poikittain nurkan kohdalle oli pingoitettu
nuora, jonka yli vaate oli heitetty. Tämän verhon takaa näkyi syrjittäin
niinikään vuode, joka oli laitettu lavitsalle ja sen viereen asetetulle
tuolille. Yksinkertainen, puinen, nelikulmainen maalaispöytä oli
siirretty etunurkasta keskimmäisen ikkunan luo. Kaikki kolme
ikkunaa, joissa kussakin oli neljä pientä, vanhuuttaan jo vihertäväksi
käynyttä ruutua, olivat hyvin himmeät ja tarkoin suljetut, niin että
huoneessa oli jokseenkin tukahduttavaa eikä juuri valoisaa. Pöydällä
oli paistinpannu, jossa oli paistettujen munien jätteitä, sekä
nakerrettu leipäpala ja sen lisäksi puolituoppinen, jonka pohjalla oli
vielä hiukan jäljellä ilolientä. Tuolilla vasemmanpuolisen vuoteen
luona oli rouvan näköinen naishenkilö, yllään karttuunipuku. Hänen
kasvonsa olivat hyvin laihat, keltaiset. Hyvin kuopallaan olevat
posket ilmaisivat heti, että hän oli sairas. Mutta kaikkein enimmän
hämmästytti Aljošaa tuon naisraukan katse, joka oli tavattoman
kysyvä ja samalla kertaa hirveän kopea. Ja Aljošan puhuessa
isännän kanssa tämä rouva oli koko ajan vaiti, suuret ruskeat silmät
siirtyen toisesta puhujasta toiseen aina yhtä ylpeän ja kysyvän
näköisinä. Tämän rouvan vieressä vasemmanpuolisen ikkunan
luona seisoi nuori tyttö, jolla oli jokseenkin rumat kasvot ja
punertavat harvat hiukset ja jonka puku oli köyhä, vaikkakin sangen
siisti. Hän tarkasteli ylenkatseellisesti sisäänastunutta Aljošaa.
Oikealla puolella, niinikään vuoteen luona, istui vielä eräs naisolento.
Tämä oli sangen säälittävä ilmiö, noin kahdenkymmenen vuoden
ikäinen nuori tyttö, joka oli kyttyräselkäinen eikä kyennyt liikkumaan,
koska hänen jalkansa, kuten Aljošalle myöhemmin sanottiin, olivat
kuivettuneet. Hänen kainalosauvansa seisoivat hänen vieressään
nurkassa vuoteen ja seinän välissä. Tyttö-raukan ihmeen kauniit ja
hyvyyttä osoittavat silmät katselivat Aljošaa rauhallisesti ja nöyrästi.
Pöydän ääressä istui munan jätteitä lopetellen noin neljänkymmenen
viiden vuoden ikäinen herrasmies, lyhyenläntä, laihanpuoleinen,
heikko ruumiinrakenteeltaan, tukka punertava, parta punainen ja
harva muistuttaen suuressa määrin hajalleen revittyä niinistä
pesuhoskaa (tämä vertaus ja erityisesti sana »pesuriepu» välähti
jostakin syystä heti ensi katsauksella Aljošan mieleen, hän muisti
sen sittemmin). Ilmeisesti juuri tämä herrasmies oli huutanut oven
takaa: »kuka siellä!» sillä muita mieshenkilöitä ei huoneessa ollut.
Mutta kun Aljoša astui sisälle, niin hän ponnahti penkiltä pöydän
äärestä ja pyyhkien nopeasti suutaan reiäkkäällä lautasliinalla kiiruhti
Aljošan luo.