Implicit Function and Its Derivative-1

Calculus
Derivatives
Dr. Xingni Jiang

Sichuan University
Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Implicit Differentiation
Outline
Definition of derivatives
Properties of derivatives and the calculation
Implicit function and its derivatives
Higher Order derivative
Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Implicit function
Definition 1
Two variables x and y satisfy the relation (equation)
F (x, y) = 0,

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Implicit function
Definition 1
F (x, y) = 0, then we call this F (x, y) = 0 a implicit function.

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Implicit function
Definition 1
We can find y = f (x) from F (x, y) = 0, this is called explicit
form of F (x, y) = 0.

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Implicit function
Definition 1
Example 1
• y = sin x + 1 (explicit function)

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Implicit function
Definition 1
Example 1
• y = sin x + 1 (explicit function)
• x2 + y 2 = 1 (implicit function)

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Implicit functions which is hard to find the explicit form.

Folium of Descartes: x3 + y 3 − 3xy = 0

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Implicit functions which is hard to find the explicit form.

Folium of Descartes: x3 + y 3 − 3xy = 0
Heart-shaped graph:
5x2 − 6|x|y 2 + 5y 2 = 128

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Derivatives of implicit fuctions
Given a implicit function F (x, y) = 0, how to find the

derivative of y = y(x)?

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Derivatives of implicit fuctions
Given a implicit function F (x, y) = 0, how to find the

derivative of y = y(x)?
Solution:
Find the derivative of h(x) = F (x, y(x)), using the fact that
h 0 (x) = 0, then we can find y 0 (x).
Remark : during the process, we always see y in F (x, y) as a
function of x.

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 2
x2 + y 2 = 1, with (y > 0), Find y 0 (x).

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 2
x2 + y 2 = 1, with (y > 0), Find y 0 (x).
Solution 1, Find the explicit Form, then calculate the

derivative:
√
y(x) = 1 − x2 ,

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 2
x2 + y 2 = 1, with (y > 0), Find y 0 (x).

derivative:
√
y(x) = 1 − x2 , then y 0 (x) = 2√−2x
1−x2
= − xy .

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 2
x2 + y 2 = 1, with (y > 0), Find y 0 (x).

derivative:
√
y(x) = 1 − x2 , then y 0 (x) = 2√−2x
1−x2
= − xy .
Solution 2, implicit differentiation
(x2 + y(x)2 − 1)0 = 0,

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 2
x2 + y 2 = 1, with (y > 0), Find y 0 (x).

derivative:
√
y(x) = 1 − x2 , then y 0 (x) = 2√−2x
1−x2
= − xy .
(x2 + y(x)2 − 1)0 = 0, then 2x + 2yy 0 = 0,

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 2
x2 + y 2 = 1, with (y > 0), Find y 0 (x).

derivative:
√
y(x) = 1 − x2 , then y 0 (x) = 2√−2x
1−x2
= − xy .
(x2 + y(x)2 − 1)0 = 0, then 2x + 2yy 0 = 0, hence y 0 = − xy .

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 3
def
ey − xy − e = 0, find y 0 and y 0 |x=0 = y 0 (0).

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 3
def
solution:
Seen y as a function of x. Taking the derivative of x on both
sides of ey − xy − e = 0,

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 3
def
solution:
sides of ey − xy − e = 0, we have:
(ey )0 − (xy)0 − (e)0 = 0

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 3
def
solution:
(ey )0 − (xy)0 − (e)0 = 0 ⇒ ey y 0 − y − xy 0 = 0.

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 3
def
solution:
(ey )0 − (xy)0 − (e)0 = 0 ⇒ ey y 0 − y − xy 0 = 0.
y
⇒ y0 = ey −x .

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 3
def
solution:
(ey )0 − (xy)0 − (e)0 = 0 ⇒ ey y 0 − y − xy 0 = 0.
y
⇒ y0 = ey −x .
Take x = 0 in ey − xy − e = 0, we get y = 1.

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 3
def
solution:
(ey )0 − (xy)0 − (e)0 = 0 ⇒ ey y 0 − y − xy 0 = 0.
y
⇒ y0 = ey −x .
Take x = 0 in ey − xy − e = 0, we get y = 1.
Hence, y 0 (0) = 1
e−0 = e−1 .

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Find the derivatives of inverse function through implicit

differentiation

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

differentiation
Recall that: if f has inverse function, y = f (x) is derivable and
f 0 (x) 6= 0, then f −1 is derivable at y = f (x) and
(f −1 ) 0 (y) = f 01(x) = f 0 (f −1
1
(y))
.

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

differentiation
(f −1 ) 0 (y) = f 01(x) = f 0 (f −1
1
(y))
.
Since y = f (x) can decide an implicit function y − f (x) = 0, we
can see y as independent variable, i.e. x is changed with y ,

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

differentiation
(f −1 ) 0 (y) = f 01(x) = f 0 (f −1
1
(y))
.
then we derivative the function y − f (x) = 0:
1 − f 0 (x)x 0 = 0,

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

differentiation
(f −1 ) 0 (y) = f 01(x) = f 0 (f −1
1
(y))
.
1 − f 0 (x)x 0 = 0,
so x 0 = 1
f 0 (x) ,

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

differentiation
(f −1 ) 0 (y) = f 01(x) = f 0 (f −1
1
(y))
.
1 − f 0 (x)x 0 = 0,
so x 0 = f 01(x) ,using x = f −1 (y), we have

(f −1 )0 (y) = f 01(x) = f 0 (f −1
1
(y))
.

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Classical case
Find the derivative of y = µ(x)ν(x) .

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Classical case

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Classical case
Take the natural log on both sides:
ln y = ν(x) ln µ(x)

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Classical case
take the derivative (w.r.t. x) on both sides:
y0 ν(x)µ 0 (x)
= ν 0 (x) ln µ(x) +
y µ(x)

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Classical case
take the derivative (w.r.t. x) on both sides:
y0 ν(x)µ 0 (x)
= ν 0 (x) ln µ(x) +
y µ(x)
Using x to express y 0 (x).

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 4
Find the derivative function of y = xx .

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 4
ln y = x ln x

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 4
ln y = x ln x
Take the derivative (w.r.t. x)on both sides:
y0 1
= ln x + x
y x

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 4
ln y = x ln x
Take the derivative (w.r.t. x)on both sides:
y0 1
= ln x + x
y x
Hence, y 0 (x) = xx (ln(x) + 1).

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 5
f (x) = xa (x > 0), then f 0 (x) =

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 5
f (x) = xa (x > 0), then f 0 (x) = a · xa−1 .

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 5
f (x) = xa (x > 0), then f 0 (x) = a · xa−1 .
Take the natural log of both sides:
ln f (x) = a ln x

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 5
f (x) = xa (x > 0), then f 0 (x) = a · xa−1 .
ln f (x) = a ln x
Take the derivative (w.r.t. x)of both sides of above equation,
f 0 (x) a
=
f (x) x

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 5
f (x) = xa (x > 0), then f 0 (x) = a · xa−1 .
ln f (x) = a ln x
Take the derivative (w.r.t. x)of both sides of above equation,
f 0 (x) a
=
f (x) x
Hence, f 0 (x) = xa f (x) = axa−1 .

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 6
√
y=x x, Find y 0 .

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 6
√
y=x x, Find y 0 .

√
ln y = x ln(x)

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 6
√
y=x x, Find y 0 .

√
ln y = x ln(x)
Take the derivative (w.r.t. x)of both sides:
y0 1 1 1
= x− 2 ln(x) + x− 2
y 2

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 6
√
y=x x, Find y 0 .

√
ln y = x ln(x)
y0 1 1 1
= x− 2 ln(x) + x− 2
y 2
1 1
Hence y 0 = y( 12 x− 2 ln(x) + x− 2 ).

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 6
√
y=x x, Find y 0 .

√
ln y = x ln(x)
y0 1 1 1
= x− 2 ln(x) + x− 2
y 2
1 1 √
Hence y 0 = y( 12 x− 2 ln(x) + x− 2 ). Bringing y = x x back to the
formula, we have
√ ln(x) + 2
y0 = x x √
2 x
.
Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Find the derivatives of functions formed by multiplication of

functions :

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

functions :
1st. Take the natural logarithm of both sides, turn the product
into sum, turn the division into difference, turn the power
into coefficient.

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

functions :
into coefficient.
2nd. Implicit differentiation.

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

functions :
into coefficient.
2nd. Implicit differentiation.
3rd. Rearranging formula, using x to express y.

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 7
q 3
y = x(x+3)(4−x)
(x−1)(x+2)
, find y 0 .

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 7
q 3
y = x(x+3)(4−x)
(x−1)(x+2)
, find y 0 .
Take the natural logarithm of both sides,

1
ln y = [3 ln |x| + ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 2| − ln |x + 3| − ln |4 − x|]
2

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 7
q 3
y = x(x+3)(4−x)
(x−1)(x+2)
, find y 0 .

1
2
Take the derivative (w.r.t. x) of both sides of above equation,
y0 1 3 1 1 1 1
= [ + + − + ]
y 2 x x−1 x+2 x+3 4−x

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 7
q 3
y = x(x+3)(4−x)
(x−1)(x+2)
, find y 0 .

1
2
Take the derivative (w.r.t. x) of both sides of above equation,
y0 1 3 1 1 1 1
= [ + + − + ]
y 2 x x−1 x+2 x+3 4−x
q 3
Hence, y 0 = 12 x(x+3)(4−x)
(x−1)(x+2) 3 1
[ x + x−1 1
+ x+2 1
− x+3 1
+ 4−x ]

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Exercise
x
1. y = xx q
+ xx ,
(x+1)(x−3)
2. y = 2x 3
x(x−2)

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

x = α(t)
Parametric equation
y = β(t)
As t changes, the orbital of point (x, y) = (α(t), β(t)) is a curve,
We call this kind of curves defined by the Parametric equations.

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

x = α(t)
Parametric equation
y = β(t)
As t changes, the orbital of point (x, y) = (α(t), β(t)) is a curve,
We call this kind of curves defined by the Parametric equations.
In mathematics, a parametric equation defines a group of quantities

as functions of one or more independent variables called parameters.
Parametric equations are commonly used to express the coordinates
of the points that make up a geometric object such as a curve or
surface, in which case the equations are collectively called a
parametric representation or parameterization (alternatively spelled
as parametrisation) of the object.

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 8

x = r cos θ,
Circle: θ ∈ [0, 2π).
y = r sin θ,

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 8

x = r cos θ,
y = r sin θ,

x = a cos θ,
Ellipse: θ ∈ [0, 2π).
y = b sin θ,

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 8

x = r cos θ,
y = r sin θ,

x = a cos θ,
Ellipse: θ ∈ [0, 2π).
y = b sin θ,
(
3at
x = 1+t 3
Folium of Descartes: 3at2
y = 1+t3,

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Derivative of parametric equation

x = α(t),
Let t ∈ I, be a parametric equation.
y = β(t),

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

x = α(t),
Let t ∈ I, be a parametric equation. If x = α(t) has
y = β(t),
inverse function t = α−1 (x), then the parametric equation can
become a function:
y = y(x) = β(α−1 (x)).

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

x = α(t),
y = β(t),
become a function:
y = y(x) = β(α−1 (x)).
If both α 0 (t) and β 0 (t) exist and α 0 (t) 6= 0,

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

x = α(t),
y = β(t),
become a function:
y = y(x) = β(α−1 (x)).
If both α 0 (t) and β 0 (t) exist and α 0 (t) 6= 0, then using the
chain rule and the derivative of inverse function, we have
dy β 0 (t)
|x=x(t) = 0 .
dx α (t)

Implicit function
2.Derivatives

x = α(t),
y = β(t),
become a function:
y = y(x) = β(α−1 (x)).
If both α 0 (t) and β 0 (t) exist and α 0 (t) 6= 0, then using the
chain rule and the derivative of inverse function, we have
dy β 0 (t)
|x=x(t) = 0 .
dx α (t)
dy
dy dt
Then , = dx
dx dt

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
40 




 x = t sin(t),


 y = t cos(t),
30 




 t ∈ [0, 10π].
20
10
Example 9
0
x = t sin(t)
, t ∈ [0, π2 ], -10
y = t cos(t) -20
dy
find dx |x=x(t) . -30
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Graph: Archimedes spiral

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
40 




 x = t sin(t),


 y = t cos(t),
30 




 t ∈ [0, 10π].
20
10
Example 9
0
x = t sin(t)
, t ∈ [0, π2 ], -10
y = t cos(t) -20
dy
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

dx
dt = sin(t) + t cos(t),

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
40 




 x = t sin(t),


 y = t cos(t),
30 




 t ∈ [0, 10π].
20
10
Example 9
0
x = t sin(t)
, t ∈ [0, π2 ], -10
y = t cos(t) -20
dy
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

dx
dy
dt = cos(t) − t sin(t).

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
40 




 x = t sin(t),


 y = t cos(t),
30 




 t ∈ [0, 10π].
20
10
Example 9
0
x = t sin(t)
, t ∈ [0, π2 ], -10
y = t cos(t) -20
dy
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

dx
dy
dy
dx |x=x(t) =

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
40 




 x = t sin(t),


 y = t cos(t),
30 




 t ∈ [0, 10π].
20
10
Example 9
0
x = t sin(t)
, t ∈ [0, π2 ], -10
y = t cos(t) -20
dy
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

dx
dy
dy
dy
dx |x=x(t) = dx =
dt
dt

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
40 




 x = t sin(t),


 y = t cos(t),
30 




 t ∈ [0, 10π].
20
10
Example 9
0
x = t sin(t)
, t ∈ [0, π2 ], -10
y = t cos(t) -20
dy
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

dx
dy
dy
dy cos(t)−t sin(t)
dx |x=x(t) = dx = sin(t)+t cos(t) .
dt
dt

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 10

x = a(2 cos t − cos(2t))
, where a ≥ 0. For t ∈ [ π2 , π], find
y = a(2 sin t − sin(2t))
dy
dx |x=x(t) .

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Example 10

x = a(2 cos t − cos(2t))
, where a ≥ 0. For t ∈ [ π2 , π], find
y = a(2 sin t − sin(2t))
dy
dx |x=x(t) .
dx
dt = a(−2 sin t + 2 sin(2t)),
dy
dt = a(2 cos t − 2 cos(2t)).
dy
dy
dx |x=x(t) = dt
dx = − cos t−cos(2t)
sin t−sin(2t) .
dt

Implicit function
2.Derivatives
Thank you!

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Calculus

Dr. Xingni Jiang

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Implicit functions which is hard to find the explicit form.

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Implicit functions which is hard to find the explicit form.

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Derivatives of implicit fuctions

Given a implicit function F (x, y) = 0, how to find the

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Derivatives of implicit fuctions

Given a implicit function F (x, y) = 0, how to find the

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Solution 1, Find the explicit Form, then calculate the

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Solution 1, Find the explicit Form, then calculate the

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Solution 1, Find the explicit Form, then calculate the

Solution 2, implicit differentiation

(x2 + y(x)2 − 1)0 = 0,

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Solution 1, Find the explicit Form, then calculate the

Solution 2, implicit differentiation

(x2 + y(x)2 − 1)0 = 0, then 2x + 2yy 0 = 0,

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Solution 1, Find the explicit Form, then calculate the

Solution 2, implicit differentiation

(x2 + y(x)2 − 1)0 = 0, then 2x + 2yy 0 = 0, hence y 0 = − xy .

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

(ey )0 − (xy)0 − (e)0 = 0

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

(ey )0 − (xy)0 − (e)0 = 0 ⇒ ey y 0 − y − xy 0 = 0.

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

(ey )0 − (xy)0 − (e)0 = 0 ⇒ ey y 0 − y − xy 0 = 0.

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

(ey )0 − (xy)0 − (e)0 = 0 ⇒ ey y 0 − y − xy 0 = 0.

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

(ey )0 − (xy)0 − (e)0 = 0 ⇒ ey y 0 − y − xy 0 = 0.

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Find the derivatives of inverse function through implicit

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Find the derivatives of inverse function through implicit

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Find the derivatives of inverse function through implicit

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Find the derivatives of inverse function through implicit

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Find the derivatives of inverse function through implicit

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Find the derivatives of inverse function through implicit

so x 0 = f 01(x) ,using x = f −1 (y), we have

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative

Dr. Xingni Jiang Calculus Derivative