BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY:

And for preserving homeostasis and cell surroundings as we all know blood is a means of
transportation and complex organisms carrying his waste products and carbon dioxide out of
the interstitial fluid surrounding the cells and supplying nutrients and oxygen to the cells by
integrating them with the help of hormones this transportation system also links the body's in
the organs in addition to these less evident task blood also distributes and conserves body heat
and prevents loss through Mystic mechanisms it also kills 11 Organism by phagocytosis and
antibody actions and destroys them through the act of other bodily fluids for the objectives of
this experiment we aim to demonstrate the effects of osmosis and the resulting changes in cell
volume next is to explain the ABO and RH blood groups and their clinical significance and last is
that they mean how long will it take for your body to stop bleeding and how long will it take for
your blood to coagulate so the materials and the regions used in experiment 3.1 of the effects
of osmolality of solution on red blood cells are 10% solution distilled water physiologic saline
solution last slides cover slips test tubes microscope blood sterile lancets absorbent cotton and
tissue paper the following materials that are used in experiment 3.2 which is the packed cell
volume or PCV or hematocrit centrifuge and coagulated blood blood lancets microhematocrit
tubes and glacier land so the materials that are used for the blood cell count experiment are the
following solution tech solution distilled water 95% alcohol acetone the hemocytometer set the
light microscope the whole blood with that a rubber aspirator and finally rubber tubing and
syringe now for the materials used in exercise 3.4 differential white blood cell count we have
this week which is sustained used to examine blood smears and psychology samples right blood
stain them sustain microscope slides differential white blood cell counter and coagulated blood
sample tissue paper and toothpicks For the materials and solutions that were used in
experiment 3.5 first we have 70% isopropyl alcohol 5% potassium oxalate 2% sodium citrate
25% magnesium sulfate none very nice capillary tubes microscope slides whole and coagulated
blood sterile lancets absorbent cotton needle filter paper cotton and paraffin so here are the
materials used for the blood typing experiment 70% isopropyl alcohol ABO and RH typing kit
microscope slides and coagulated blood sterile lancets observant cotton toothpick and pencil
pen and now let us talk about the different schemes and reagents used in the experiment he's
also in blood typing we used anti asylum and antibio is a naturally occurring agent found in
people with blood groups of O&B so basically it is an indicator in blood typing to see the
obliteration of the blood sample and it is an indicator that the sample the sample blood is type
A and on the other hand antibiogram is also a natural occurring agent found in people with
blood groups of O&A and in contrast to other AC room it is anti B serum is an indicator of
agglutination of the blood sample in people with blood type B now ham solution aims solution
is an RBC diluting fluid it contains mercury chloride to preserve the sample it it has sodium
sulfate to inhibit the RBC aggregation and sodium chloride to maintain osmolarity on the other
hand they're solution is the diluting fluid for white blood cells and in in blood cell counting take
solution hemolyzed the RBC and retains the WBC so that they are accountable and it has 99%
acetic acid and water which makes the RBC undergo lysis another agent used in the
experiments done is hydrogen peroxide which is commonly used as an antiseptic solution for
wound dressing and it oxidizes the blood gems sustain is also commonly used in blood parasite
detection in tests and it stains the nucleic acid in the blood sample finally we have rights blood
steam named after James right which is the person responsible for inventing the steam in 1902
which is also a modification to the romanowsky stain and writes blood stain is used the
differential scheme between blood cells the different blood cell types the red blood cell white
blood cell and platelets combination place two ML of each solution and the saltwater in
separate test tubes enable each with letters or any preferred label of choice using a sterile
Lancet prick your finger and not through drops of blood to each test deadly mix by inverting the
test tube several times observe the clarity of the solution and a transparent solution indicates
slices of red blood cells and the Appalachian Milky solution indicates the presence of impact
sales for the microscopic examination get three glass slides and three cover slips and using a
sterilized again prick your finger and place three drops of blood on each gaslight and label one
drop of solution appropriately cover each shop with the cover slip and absorb the excess
solution with the tissue paper observe the slides under the microscope and note the size and
shape of the red blood cells for the procedure of packed cell volume mix the blood with an
anticoagulant and use plain capillary tubes and field approximately 1 centimeter from the end if
the blood sample is from the ear lip toe nail or finger use heparinized tubes hold the tube near
a horizontal plane and allow the blood to enter until the tube is 3/4 full what the excess blood
from the outside of the troop plug the bottom of the tube by pushing it into a tablet of ceiling
compound and rotating it to form a plug this cell must be tired or the blood will be lost during
simplification unscrewed the center bolt on the centrifuge and remove the copper plate place
the tubes on the head in the slots with open ends towards hub and sealed end as close as
possible to the rim of the head to prevent the troops from breaking during centrifugation
replace the cover securely and centrifuge for 5 minutes at 10,000 to 13 thousands RPM or for
two minutes at 6000 RPM and above remove the troops and determine the percent PCV by first
measuring with the ruler the height of the column of RBC's in the tube and the height of the
total blood column as an alternate method the capillary tube may be held in front of hematocrit
chart which allows drag creating of the percentage now for the experiment blood cell counts
the procedure mainly goes that we start materializing the patients finger to prepare for The
Lancet cancel topping the blood sample and after breaking the patient we use a capillary tube
to obtain the blood sample and then we transfer it into a true where we mix it with the dye so
that it is differentiated under the microscope and after we have mixed this card refers to first
few drops because it is mainly mixed with the solvent and from that after discarding a few first
few drops we mix that we have mixed we mount the overall solution into the new power
shouldn't be miscounting grains and then observed under the microscope which we can see has
grids on it so that the researcher could count the viable cells as well as the debris and
depending on which one they are accounting so in exercise 3.4 we will prepare the blood smear
first starting off by robbing the finger with alcohol and pricking it using a Lancet then please
drop of blood on the end of the first slide so you will get another side which would be used as a
spreader and hold it at a 45 degree angle and push it back to the drop of blood on your first
slide allow the blood to spread on the edge reverse spreader and once it spreads move or slide
the spreader to the other end of the first slide Please note that the thickness of the blood film
should decrease from beginning to the tail and lastly air dry your sample after allowing your
blood smear to dry we will now proceed in staining the samples so here we'll be using three
stains steinley death quick right stain and stain for diff quick as I mentioned earlier it is used to
examine blood smears and cetology samples so this is a three-step system meaning you will be
submerging your blood smear into three solutions which are the fixer and you seen in
methylene blue for approximately 5 seconds each then you see on distilled water rinse off the
exact stain your sample and allow for it to air dry next is the right stain which is a mixture of
Asian and methylene blue so this stain is commonly used serotine staining of peripheral blood
smears the erosion component of the stain stains the basic component of blood such as
hemoglobin and asinine philic ganus where the methylene blue stains acidic components such
as nucleic acid and basophilic structures so after staining the sample allow it to stand upright for
30 seconds then after that add five drops of water into the sample and added stand again for 5
minutes then rinse the slide with water and lastly air dry the sample last we have the game stain
which which is used for staining the nucleic acids allowing for the white blood cells to be
highlighted in bluish purple color so first we will fix the film by immersing the sample in
methanol for 2 minutes then let it stand upright to dry after after allowing the umm we were
immersed this slide in yam sustained for 30 minutes then we'll rinse it gently with water to
remove the exhaust stain and allow for it to air dry after standing the blood smear will not
proceeding examining the stained slides so for this we will be using a microscope to observe the
sample under the low power and under all immersion to identify the different types cell types
president specimen so in this specimen you will see many types of blood cells such as
erythrocytes sides and from the sides but for this exercise we will focus only on the leukocytes
or the white blood cells next count the number of each type of white blood susana slide and
make sure that when you're counting move your slide no way you will not count the southern
area more than once and once you reach us 100 cells express it in percentage you will see in the
image below a pattern where you can move the slide so that you will not count the cell more
than once in this slide are different white blood cells which are monocytes lymphocytes
neutrophils acinos Phil and basophils so neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells
with around 65% distribution and will appear low viggiano's that will appear purple or pink
when observed under the microscope after staining next is the lymphocytes which has 20 to
25% distribution and will appear with large nucleated almost filled cells it will also have a
horseshoe shaped nuclei next is the monocytes with three to 7% distribution and appears to
have large cell size as nuclei of lymphocytes isn't filled with two to 4% distribution which will
also appear lobe just like on a neutrophil but the granular colors will appear red and lastly we
have the Butterfield which is only 0.5% distribution and is by low for clubbing pie using capillary
method as you can see in the picture the area of the finger that was pricked was cleaned using
cotton with alcohol next is the finger was pricked with a sterile Lancet and a large drop of blood
was collected next the non heparinized capillary tube was held horizontally and one tip in the
drop of blood filled the capillary tube quickly the capillary tube was placed on a paper towel
and a 30 seconds interval 1CM of the true was broken off and gently pulled away from the rest
of the trump end time must recorded lastly breaking the tribe and pulling away the broken part
was continuously done until fibers or strands connecting the broken part to the remaining
portion of the tape were observed the time was noted again for gliding by missing drop method
almost same as the first one the area of the finger that was bricked was cleaned using cotton
with alcohol next the finger was pricked with a sterile Lancet and a large drop of blood was
collected using a capillary tube and placed on a clean microscope slide and then the time was
recorded it would pick was drawn to the drop at 32nd intervals and the formation of shreds of
fibrin clinging to the needle or toothpick was noted the clotting time is the time when the first
fibrin thread appeared for bleeding time diary of the finger that was pricked was clean using
cotton with alcohol next the finger was pricked the sterile Lancet and let the blood flow freely
the time that the first time the blood appeared was noted once the drops had appeared it was
removed by blotting with filter paper the time when the bleeding stopped was also recorded for
the blood typing experiment the group prepared one glass light the skin of the middle finger of
the subject group member was cleaned with 70% isopropyl alcohol the middle finger was done
brick with a sterile Lancet after pricking the other group member helped in placing a drop of
blood on each side of the glass slide aren't they a serum was added to a drop of blood and
antibody serum was added to the other drop the solution and blood on each side was mixed
using a toothpick the group then waited observed for the gluten nation of red blood cells and
macroscopic and microscopic examinations are grouped assume based on the research and
knowledge gathered from the lessons in the absence of required data with the given
information about the solutions involved in this experiment we can already have an assumption
and the results of this experiment through the different levels of of osmolality solutions that
have the same osmolality as plasma are said to be isotonic those with higher osmolality are
hypotonic solutions and those with lower osmolality are hypotonic solutions the first thing our
group did was differentiate the osmolality of the solutions by converting it into moles and
calculating the number of osmos the first thing our group did was differentiate the osmolality of
the solutions by converting it into moles and calculating the number of osmos first calculating
10% of sodium chloride sodium chloride has a 58.44 some more and the 10% and the 10%
sodium chloride solution typically means that 10 grams of salt are dissolved in 100 milliliters of
water thus we can divide 10 grams by 58.44 gram per mole which gives us 0.171 moles and to
convert to osmoles we need to multiply it by two cents it's holding chloride dissociates into two
ions in solution and sodium with a positive charge and chloride with a negative charge giving us
0.342 osmolality per kilogram we can continue this process for the saline solution comparing
the the result of 10% inquiry tuition and the silence solution we can continue that 10% sodium
chloride has a higher osmolality OK so in the experiment of blood cell counting we used the
hemocytometer and it has minute read lines so that under the microscope the researcher can
count the cells per grid and it should look something like this industry and it is common to use
the when mounting the hemocytometer in the microscope we commonly use the 10X objective
and through this we can count the number of viable cells AKA the alive cells the ones that are
clear and average them from every other square in the grid now the number that we can
compute from this we can say that this is the certain number or percentage of erythrocytes
present in that sample or these are the number this is the dilution factor of that sample along
with its dye so for the differential white blood cell count we were not able to perform the actual
experiment so the data given in this slide is gathered through a lab simulation here you can see
the sample under the microscope although this is only at four times magnification natural
experiment we will need to observe this specimen in higher magnification or all immersion to
be able to see and differentiate different types of white blood cells present in this slide also in a
simulation there are only 550 white blood cells that were counted and the percentage
equivalent of the number of white blood cells according to their types is also shown