SUSTAINABLE INCOME GENERATION THROUGH

ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CLOTHING AND TEXTILE

AFTER RETIREMENT

ABAMBA, CHIBUZOR DEBORAH,

abambachibuzor@gmail.com
08037540777

ERADAJIRE, BLESSING NKECHI

oyekeblessing1@gmail.com

REV.SR OGBANU, DOMITILLA NWABUKO

srdomyogbanu@gmail.com

Home Economics Department

Delta State University Abraka

Abstract
The study aimed at generating income, through entrepreneurship in clothing
and textile. The area studied was Oshimili south local Government Area of
Delta State. Three research questions were to guide the study. The total
population of retirees in Delta state was estimated 2,500 retirees as at the year 2020 by
pension’s commission asaba. The population of the study comprises of all the retiree
in the area who are into small scale businesses. 100 respondents were
randomly selected that formed the sample for the study.
Questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection and were analyzed with
percentage and a mean of 2.50 was taken as the cut –off point for the item. Findings
revealed that various entrepreneurship area such as fashion designing,
merchandizing, weaving clothes, laundry services, curtains and interior were
means of generating income.

Conclusions and recommendations were made, that retirees should go into more
areas of clothing and textile such as make-up, gele tying, barbering saloon to also
generate more income.

Key word

Entrepreneurship, retirees, sustainable income

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Introduction
The potentials of Home economics is virtually without limit, for the home is the
focus of our lives. Its focus is on the community which reaches out to the world.
The job opportunities in the field of home economics after one’s retirement
from civil service are immerse and diversified, it encourages self-reliance that
focus on modern endeavors.

According to Washi (2009) home Economics is a profession and a field of study

that deals with the economics and management of the home and community.
This field of knowledge is an applied science subject which depends on the
integration of different academic discipline such as the Humanities, Natural and
Social Sciences to provide multi- dimensional approach to solving problems of
families, societies and individuals. International federation for home economics
(2009), defined home economics as a field of study and profession situated on
the Human Science that draws from the range of discipline to achieve optimal
and sustainable living. Home economics is a broad subject that is made up of
three main areas: Food and nutrition, clothing and textiles and home
management.

For the purpose of this study, emphasize is on clothing and Textile. It’s a skill
for sustainable retirement. clothing and textiles deals with textile production,
designing and sewing of clothes, fashion blogging, fabric designing, it also
includes wise selection of clothes, personal hygiene and good grooming. It
prepares people for clothing and Textile related jobs pre and at retirement.
clothing and textile is an essential unit in the subject area of Home Textile
Economics. The course is taught in secondary and tertiary institutions in
Nigeria. In a changing society such as ours, it is of paramount important to
every member of the society to acquire the basic skills in Clothing and Textile
(Rebecca, 2008).

Osia, (2001) described clothing and Textile Education as a branch of Home

Economics Education that is concern with the acquisition and development of
practical skills by the beneficiary, hence clothing and Textile is a skill oriented
course, which help to equip individual with saleable skills needed for self
reliance and equip individuals for enormous employment opportunities in
occupations relating to Clothing and Textile. It also encourages the expansion of
knowledge and development of skills by every individual in the society. The

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aim of clothing and Textile is centered on acquisition of knowledge and skills
that can be applied for purposeful living.

According to Azonuche and Nzuta (2013) defined clothing and textile is a skill
oriented area in Home Economics which prepares one to function effectively in
the family and larger society by utilizing learned capabilities, skills and
knowledge. These skills can be used to establish small business, being
productive, self-sufficient and self reliant. Johnson and Foster in Azonuche and
Nzuta(2013). Opined that clothing is anything placed on the body to protect,
adorn or communicate intent. Clothes are dresses, gowns, skirts, trousers, shorts
and related article used for protection, adornment, modesty, social status,
occupation and traditional identity. Clothes play many functional aesthetic
roles. Clothes are worn to protect the body against hash weather conditions and
harmful substance, enhancement of personality, as well as roles identification
and display of status. Similarly International federation for home economics
(2009), stated that clothing and textile is a skill oriented area in Home
Economics which prepares one to function effectively in the family and larger
society by utilizing learned capabilities, skills and knowledge. They added that
these skills can be used to establish small business being productive, self
sufficient and self reliant. The business areas in clothing and Textile that can
help pensioners generate more income for themselves are fabrics, dying,
embroidery, knitting laundry/dry cleaning, fashion blogging, fashion designing,
pattern drifting, hat and fascinator production, make-up and gele tying and so
on. Anyakoha (2007) emphasize on the opportunities in occupation relating to
clothing and Textile such as dress making/ clothing construction, Designing,
Dry cleaning/Laundry, tie-dying and Bath king, others includes beauty care,
Make-up, hair dressing, shoe and bag production, household articles such as bed
sheets, duvets, table clothes, kitchen linen and aprons, fashion merchandizing
and pattern illustration.

Retirement is the withdrawal from ones position or occupation or from ones

active working life. A person can also semi-retire by reducing work hours or
work load. Many people choose to retire when they are old or unable to do their
job well due to health challenges or accident. Some can retire when they are
eligible for private or public pension benefits. Most countries have system that
provide pension scheme on retirement in old age for her works, this is funded
by employer of both public and private sectors. Now, retirement with a pension
is considered a right of the worker. Retirement plan requires an individual to
make decision that will affect one’s life later. There are numerous unknown that
one needs to consider and modeled accordingly when thinking or choosing a

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particular financial plan for the future. Looking at the complexity and
unpredictable nature of retirement planning, it is important that sustainable
income should be included in ones plan.

Meriam-websters simple definition of sustainable is being able to last or

continue for a long time”. Examples of sustainable income are social-security,
defined benefit Pension Plan and fixed-income annuities. According to Robert
(2016), retirement planning requires one to make decisions today that will affect
ones future. More so, there are numerous unknown that needs to be considered
and modeled accordingly. Knowing the complexity and unpredictable nature of
retirement planning, it is important that sustainable income be included in ones
plan. There are four basic reasons for including sustainable income in retirement
plan.

- Hedge against longevity, this is because it is a fact that we will live

longer than we think.
- Match income to projected expansion: the key to successful retirement
planning is being able to pay for expanses for the duration of retirement.
This may be quit challenging in the absence of a well – thought out,
regularly updated plan that includes projected expanses and amount that
reflects different stages of retirement.
- Protect against the sequence of Returns: This is the risk of receiving low
and negative returns in the early years of taking withdrawals from
investments.
- Simplify your Financial Life: Simplification of our financial life becomes
increasingly important as we agreed and deal with cognitive declines.
This is the four basic reasons for including sustainable income in your
retirement plan. The common theme here is security as this will help one
reduce uncertainty and anxiety before and throughout retirement to the
extent that one or more predictable income streams that meet ones
financial needs are included in ones plan.
Furthermore, there are numerous reasons to pursue entrepreneurship in
retirement and some of them are as follows
- Stay Active: - With study so far, it is observe that staying physically
active can stave off health challenges and prolong one’s life span. A
small business needs both physical exertion and mental exercise. A
business that is run form home allows those without mobility to set their
own level of activity.

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- Pursue a Passion: Retirement can offer one the opportunity to pursue
his/her passion without the pressure to provide financially to the family
members as it was before retirement.
- Supplementing your Pension or Income:- After retirement one can still be
on reduced income, at this point a small business could help provide
support to settling personal bills, paying debts and even saving for rainy
days.
- Funding Hobby: - Your hubby could be making bed sheet or even sale
fashion merchandize. This is the right time to fund that hubby to help
cushion ones financial responsibilities as well as increase your joy in
being creative with something.
- Staying Social: - Leaving a job may seem giving up most of one’s daily
social intention that naturally happens with co-workers, starting a
business could help replace that interaction with customers, suppliers and
other professionals. There are many online groups for small scale
businesses were one can get advice and interact with others with similar
interest.

Purpose of the Study

The study was designed to investigate sustainable ways of making
income after retirement through entrepreneurship in clothing and textile,
in Oshimili South L.G.A. of Delta State.
The study specifically seeks to:
- Identify Entrepreneurship areas in Clothing and Textile engaged in, that
can enhance income generation for retirees.
- Find out ways of enhancing income generation for retirees through
entrepreneurship in Clothing and Textiles.

Research Questions
1. What are the entrepreneurship areas in Clothing and Textile that
retirees engage in.

2. How profitable is entrepreneurship in clothing and textile

3. What are the ways of sustaining income generation through

entrepreneurship in Clothing and Textiles?

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Methodology
The study adopted descriptive survey. This method is appropriate to get response from
the respondent on their opinions, ideas believes attitudes and behavior. The study is
after facts, thus there is no manipulation of variables.
The area of the study is Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. The
total population of retirees in Delta state was estimated 2,500 retirees as at the year
2020 by pension’s commission asaba. The target population was 100 respondents
comprising of male and female retirees who engage in small business entrepreneur in
Clothing and textile owing to the manageable size of the population, all were studied.

100 copies of structured questionnaire on sustainable income Generation

through Entrepreneurship in Clothing and Textile after retirement (QSIGECTR) were
made containing two sections. Section A contains the demographic information and
section B contains 30 items to get responses from the respondents. A four point likert
scale of Strongly Agreed, (SA), Agreed (A) Disagreed (D) and Strongly Disagreed
(SD) were used to collect the data. The instrument was subjected to validation by two
experts in research methodology from Federal College of Education (Technical)
Asaba. A test study was carried out of 10 male and female entrepreneurs who were not
used in the study and Cronbach Alpha was used to determine the reliability with a
coefficient of 0.70.

One hundred copies of the questionnaire were administered personally

with the help of two assistants to the selected entrepreneurs. All the
questionnaires were filled and returned back at the spot to the researcher.
Percentage and mean were used to analyze the research questions. A mean of
2.50 was taken and a cut-off point for the items. Any mean of 2.50 and above is
regarded as strongly agreed, 2.00 – 2.49 is agreed and 1.00 – 1.98 is disagreed
and from 0.10 – 0.99 is Strongly Disagreed.

Result
Research 1

S/N ENTREPRENEURSHIP AREA M % F % TOTAL

%
1 Fashion Merchandizing 10 33.3 20 66.6 30
2 Clothing Weaving 5 55.5 4 44.4 9
3 Embroidery 1 20 4 80 5
4 Laundry/Dry cleaning 2 40 - 0 2
5 Curtain /Interior design 4 57.1 3 42.8 7
6 Fashion accessories making & 13 81.2 3 18.75 16
sales
7 Fabric dying 1 50 1 50 2

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 8 Fabric Printing / direct heat 5 100 - 0 5
transfer
9 Fashion Designing 5 38.4 8 61.5 13
10 Shoe and Bag production 4 66.6 2 33.3 6
11 Gele tying/make-up and fascinator - 0 5 0 5
TOTAL 50 546.6 50 397 100

M = Male

F = Female
The above table shows that retirees engage in all the entrepreneurial areas in clothing
and Textile with high percentage role of involvement in fashion merchandizing,
fashion accessories, fashion designing, Cloth weaving, curtain /interior design, shoe
and bag production, embroidery, gele tying/make-up and fascinator, fabric
printing/direct heat transfer, then in fabric dyeing and laundry/dry cleaning.

Research 2
Table 2: Percentage Response on how much income they generate in a month

S//N AMOUNT MONTHLY NO OF % OF

(N) RESPONDENTS RESPONDENTS
1 0000 – 10,0000 4 4
2 11,000 - 20,000 44 44
3 21,000 – 30,000 21 21
4 31,000 – 40,000 12 12
5 41,000 – 50,000 10 10
6 51,000 – 60,000 6 6
7 61,000 and Above 3 3

From the above table the analysis shows that 44% of the respondents generate
between 11,000 to 20,000,while 21% generate between 21,000 to 30,000, 12%
generate between 31,000 to 40,000, 10% generate income between 41,000 to
50,000, 6% generate income between 51,000 to 60,000, 3% generate between
61,000 and above, but 4% generate income less than 10,000 monthly. This
shows that they generate income for themselves and even family members.

Research questions 3
What are the ways of enhancing income generation through Entrepreneurship in
Clothing and Textiles.
Table 3: Mean response of sustainable income through Entrepreneurship in
Clothing and Textile

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 S/N ITEM X DECISION
1 Sewing for others for money 2.93 SA
2 Making Shoes and Bags for sale 2.50 SA
3 Selling clothes 2.80 SA
4 Selling fashion accessories 2.30 SA
5 Laundry services 2.22 A
6 Weaving Clothes 2.12 A
7 Washing for myself, fabric dying 1.40 D
8 Sawing for friends and family for free 1.10 D
9 Fabric dying 1.60 D
10 Writing about fashion and 1.80 D
designing/blogging

From the Table above, result shows that item 1-6 have mean rating above 2.00.
This shows that respondents sew, make and sell clothes, shoes and bags,
weaving clothes and laundry peoples clothes to make money. While items 7-10
have mean rating below 2.00. Therefore, sewing for other for money, making
shoes and bag for sale, selling clothes and fashion accessories, laundry services
and weaving clothes are ways of sustainable income generation, while washing
for self, sewing for free, fabric dying and fashion blogging do not generated
much income.

Discussion of Result
The result in table 1 shows that fashion merchandizing clothe weaving,
making and selling of fashion accessories, curtain and interior design, fashion
designing, shoe and bag production are various entrepreneurship areas that
retirees engage in most to enhance income generation. Other areas are fabric
dying, laundry services, Gele tying that they did not engage much in, for income
generation. This affirms Edafe in Azonuche (2013) which reveals that there are
so many opportunities for retirees who venture in clothing and textile areas, as
the subject is innovative and creative which can satisfy the needs of the society.
With this in mind, these areas can boost income which will help eradicate
poverty level in the country. Ogbene (2006) asserted that lack of money and
unemployment can be greatly reduced by increasing opportunities for more area
of making money through the various occupations in clothing and textiles.
Anyakohia (2007), Also emphasized on the opportunities in occupation relating
to clothing and Textile such as dress making/clothing construction, designing,
dry cleaning/laundry, tie-dying and batiking, others include beauty care, make –
up, hair dressing, hat making and so on.
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Result in Table 2 revealed that only 4% of the respondent generate below
N10,000 in a month which is not too encouraging , 3% generate quite high
income of 61,000 and above monthly. While 44% generate income between
11,000 - 20,000. Its in line with Oyedokun’s (2003) finding which revealed that
70% 0f Nigeria live below poverty level and survive on less than one US dollar
($) a day. At this point it will be encouraging more retirees to engage in these
skill areas to help boost their income as this will prevent them from solely
depending thier children, friends and other family members for financial
support. The result in table 3 shows that sale of fashion accessories, weaving
clothes and laundry services are various ways of generating income. This is no
surprise as the current quest for fashion necessitates their patronage which yield
good amount of income for the retirees’. These areas according to Anyanwu and
Etonyeaku (2009) are available means of creating more wealth for self, society
and nation

Conclusion
Base on the result of these studies, the following conclusion were made as follows:
that the various areas in clothing and textile such as fashion –design, merchandizing,
making and sale of fashion accessories, clothes and curtain/interior design are skills
which retirees engage into to enhance sustainable income generation, also the ways of
generating these incomes are through sewing for others, selling clothes and fashion
accessories, production of shoes and bag for sale, laundry and cloth weaving

Recommendation
From the finding above the following recommendations are made:

i. Retirees should go into other areas of Clothing and textile skills such as
laundry, fabric dying, gele tying/make-up, barbing saloon as not much retiree
engaged in these areas.
ii. Government should provide retirees gratuity on time as well as give them soft
loans as a way of encouraging them because some of them may be retired but
are still active and not tired.
iii. Retirees should always go for training and retraining in other to always be up-
to date with newer invention of doing these skill they have chosen.

Refence:

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Alapa O. (1993). Management of clothing & textile facilities in secondary

school for national development And Manpower Development. Nsukka

Nigeria vocation association

Anyakoka E. U. (2007) Home Economics for junior secondary schools

Africana First Publisher Plc.

Anyanwu J. I., & Edonyeaku E. A. C. (2009). Assessment of family resources

management strategies amongst workers for family stability: Implication

for counseling. Journal of Economics research. Haran

Azonuche J. E. D & zuta V. J. (2013) Enhancing family income generation

through entrepreneurship in clothing and textile for self –reliance

Association vocational Journal (NVAJ) (2012).

Edefe F.N.U. (2007). Business skills needed for improved entrepreneurship in

clothing and textile. Journal of vocational education. 3(2), 16-21.

Igbo C. A. (1994) Identification of tasks in Clothing Construction for Secondary

school students of textile and clothing. Nigerian vocational journal.
Meriam, W (2014) Determinants of Active and Health aging in Sub-Saharan
Africa International Journal of Environmental Resources of Public Health
Ogbene A.E. (2006). Career opportunities in Home Economics. Journal of

Home Economics Research. 7 (special Edition) Heran.

Oranu R.N. & Anyakoha E.U (1992). Vocation and Technical Education in tertiary institution
Oyedokun T. (2003). Entrepreneurship structure and practice. Ibadan :Aseda

Publicials.

Rebecca E. O. (2008). A guide to Clothing and Textile Nsukka: End time Computer
Service

Robert, K (2016). Retirement income planner. Retrieve on the 10th of may, 2021 from
www.marketwatch.com

Washi (2009). Evaluation of Home Education in Africa and Worldwide.

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