COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCINCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF POLETICAL SCINCE AND

INTERNATIONAL RELATION
AN ASSESSMENT OF PRACTICES AND PROBLEMS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE IN THE CASE
OF BONGA TOWN ADMINSTRATION

A SENNIOR ESSAY SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF POLETICAL SCINCE AND

INTRNATIONAL RELATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS (BA) DEGREE IN POLETICAL SCINCE AND
INTERNATIONAL RELATION

By yezihalem

ADVISOR: -
Mr. TADIWOS

BONGA, ETHIOPIA

DECLARATION

I undersigned to declare that this student research paper is my work and all the material used for
this study has been duly acknowledged.

Name _____________________________

Signature ___________________________
 Date _______________________________

This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as university advisor

Advisor_______________________

Signature______________________

Date__________________________

This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as university examiner

Examiner____________________

Signature __________________

Date_______________________

Acknowledgments
First of all I would like to give thanks for my almighty God for his high assistance and guidance
in all my life, protection for me from any physical and mental harm and his help for me to
complete this study. Secondly, I would like to give an enormous gratitude and heartfelt thanks to
my advisor Tadiwos for his valuable advice's, constructive comments, constant guidance and
suggestion until the finalization of this paper.
I would never forget the shares of my families and my father Mihret and My Mother Lakech;
they were continuously helping and encouraging me throughout working this paper.

I would also like to thank officials and respondents who played greater role in the study by
filling the questionnaires and responding interviews, especially Mr. Abebe for his support while
this paper was under process.

Lastly, I am very grateful for Mr Abebe for his nice co-operation with me by phone calling and
praying to God throughout in my university life, in my university study and for this research
accomplishment.

Table of content
Content page

Declaration………………………………………………………………….…..I

Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………..II

List of tables…………………………………………………………………..VI
 Abstract………………………………………………………………………VII

Chapter one
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………1

1.1 Background of the study…………………………………………………………...…………………………………………....1

1.2 Statement of the problem……………………………………………………………………………………………………….3

1.3 Research questions………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….4

1.4 Objectives of the study……………………………………………………………………………………...……………………5

1.4.1 General objective…………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………5

1.4.2 Specific objectives………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

1.5 The significance of the study…………………………………………………………………………….…………………….5

1.6 Scope of the study………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………6

1.7 Limitation of the study…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….6

1.8 Organization of the paper………………………………………………………………………………….……………………6

Chapter two

2. Review of related literature…………………………………………………………………………………………..…………7

2.1 Conceptual framework of good governance…………………………………………………………………………….7

2.2 Good governance in local governments.....................................................................................8

2.3 Good governance in national governments…………………………………………………………….……………….8

2.4 Components of good governance……………………………………………………………………………………………9

2.4.1 Rule of law………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10

2.4.2Accountability………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………..10

2.4.3 Transparency…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………..11

2.4.4 Participation………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………..12

2.4.5 Responsiveness……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………….13

2.4.6 Consensus oriented………………………………………………………………………………………………….………13

2.4.7 Equity and inclusiveness………………………………………………………………………………………….………13

2.4.8 Effectiveness and efficiency……………………………………………………………………..………….…………..14

2.5 Corruption…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………14

2.5.1 The impacts of corruption……………………………………………………………………………………….…………14

Chapter three
3. Method and methodology of the study………………………………………………..………………..15

3.1 Background of the study area……………………………………………………….…………………15

3.2 The research design……………………………………………………………………………………15

3.3 Data type and source…………………………………………………………………..………………15

3.4 Sample size and sampling technique………………………………………………………………….16

3.5 Instruments of data collection……………...………………………………………………………….16

3.6 Methods of data analysis………………………………………………………………...…………….16

Chapter four

4. Results and discussion………………………………………………………………………………………...……17

4.1 Background of the respondents……………….………………………………………………...……………17

4.2 Analysis of the data gathered through questionnaire from the beneficiary or from
households......................................................................................................................................19

4.3 Analyses of the data gathered through questionnaire from the officials.................................23

4.4 The role of the officials in promoting good governance……………………………...……27

4.5 Possible solutions to improve the good governance……………………………................27

Chapter five

5. Conclusion and Recommendations…………………..…….....…………...…………………28

5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….……….28
 5.2 Recommendations………..…………….……………………………………………..…….30

References……………………………………………………………………………………….3
2

Appendix-A…………………………………………………………………………………….. I

Appendix-B……………………………………………………………………………….………V

List of Tables

Tables No. Table’s Title

page

1. Sex status of the respondents…………………………………………………………..…...17

 2. Age distribution of the respondents…………………………………..…………………….17

3. Educational levels of respondents…………………………………………………………. 18

4. Accountability of the staff members and officials of the town administration……………. 19

5. Waiting time of the respondents to get service………………………………………………20

6. The presence of corruption in the town administration…………………………………...…21

7. Analyses pertaining to the participation of the public in the town administration……...…...22

8. Analyses pertaining to the comparison of good governance practices of bonga town

administration with the other town administration……………………………...……………….23

9. Satisfying the need of the society through the public resources……………………….……24

10. Information sharing on the town administration….…………………………………………26

Abstract
 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The concept “governance” is not new. It is as old as human civilization; Governance means the
process of decision making and the process by which decisions are implemented or not
implemented. (David C.s and Harry B, 1997; 231). Yet, it was since the early 1980s that it has
emerged as a popular agenda of development literature and appeared in the discussion about
social organization (Aminuzzaman, 2007:13). Since then, however, consensus has not reached
on among different stakeholders around a single definition of governance (Plumptre and
Graham, 1999). However, despite the wide array of governance definitions by different authors
and organizations, one should not conclude that there is a total lack of definition-al consensus in
this area. That is because most definitions of governance accept the importance of a capable state
operating under the rule of law (Kraay, 2003).

Some define governance as the act of governing. It relates to decision that define expectation,
grant power or verify performance. It consists of either separate process or part of government or
leadership process. This process and system are typically administered by government. But there
are other cases related to the governance. In the case of business or non-profit organization
governance relates to the constituent management, cohesive policies, guidance, process and
decision right for a given area of responsibility. For example managing at a corporate level might
involve policies on privacy or internal investment and use of data are the some of the act of the
governance in the both public and private organizations. (R.Mesa 1994; 78).

The concept of good governance was emerged at the end of 1980s, at time of unprecedented
political changes. This concept of good governance has been on the agenda of development
institutions now for more than 20 years and it has become indispensable in development co-
operation. Also the concept of governance was further developed in the bank’s 1992 publication
“governance and development’’. In this publication governance was defined as “the manner in
which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social sources for
development. (WB, 1992).
The concept of good governance is emerged as an issue becomes practices of bad governance
which characterized by corruption, unaccountable governments and lack of respect for human
rights has become increasingly dangerous and the need to intervene in such cases had become
urgent. Good governance has become an important element of the political and economic
agendas and has mean while better specified along with the proliferation of good governance
practices that take the concept in to consideration. (WB, 1992).

Based on the state governance survey conducted by the Economic Commission for Africa for 28
countries (2004) , Ethiopia’s performance in all indices of measuring good governance has fallen
below the sample average which is 53% while the sample index of Ethiopia is 36% (Shimelis,
2005) in (ECA, 2004) and the same trend persists in the country governance profile by
subsequent ECA’s governance survey of 2005(ECA, 2005).This clearly, according to the
documents, shows that Ethiopia is still not good in good governance even as far as African
standards concerned. Especially in transparency, accountability and corruption in public sector
the country score below average, 2.5 points (Court, Fritz, and Boadi, 2007).

The international monetary fund places a great emphasis on promoting good governance when
providing policy advice and technical assistance to its countries to promote good governance and
combat corruption (IMF, 2012).

The local government as broader concept, it consists of governance that is officially established
with in communal basis. The major advantage of this town government is it will have a direct
access to reach and hear the public and power to address challenges raised by the people under
its jurisdiction. (David C.S and Harry). This study assesses good governance practices and
problems in administration of bonga town.
 1.2 Statement of the Problem
According to UNDP (1997) Governance is a multi-dimensional concept that covers all aspects of
exercise of authority through formal and informal institutions in the management of the resource
endowments of a state. Governance is the dynamic exercise of management power and policy while
government is the instrument that does it.

One of the areas of consensus reached by the world leaders in September 2000 in their Millennium
Summit General Assembly of the United Nations conference for the Declaration of Millennium
Development Goal was Democracy and Good Governance. That is why governance occupies a central
stage in the development discourse and is considered as a crucial element to be incorporated in the
development strategy (Abdellatif, 2003). Ethiopia as one of the African countries trying to achieve the
millennium development goals accepted the importance of good governance and striving to achieve it.

However, Ethiopia like any other African country has faced a number of challenges in good governance
practices and building processes. In order to address the gaps identified the government developed a
multi-sectorial national capacity building strategy which advocates the principles of decentralization,
regional autonomy, and efficiency to enhance popular participation and to promote good governance,
accountability and transparency (ECA,2005).

In general, though the government of FDRE has taken important measures to promote good
governance by ratifying a number of international human right instruments, and the FDRE
constitution adopted multi-party government system and accepted most of the internationally
recognized human rights conventions since 1991, the process of good governance building is
facing serious and complex challenges.

The challenges are mainly related with that of the infancy of building good governance in the
country (Rahmato, Bantirgu, Endeshaw, 2008). According to the authors the major challenges
include lack of adequate awareness about human rights among the public, the limited democratic
culture and experience in the country, limited participation of citizens in governance, lack of
adequate and appropriate policies and laws in some areas and capacity limitations of law
enforcement and governance organs of the government.
The promotion of good governance involves creating the right political conditions for the
successful social environmental and economic development. But lack of quality in good
governance and existence of corruption affect the practices of good governance in local,
regional, national and international level.

Some of the factors that affect the practices of good governance in the study area are lack of
quality of good governance elements for example un accountability, lack of enough participation
in development activities, lack of transparency, less responsiveness, un fair distribution of the
services in the town, result less partiality and not accordingly respecting the rule of law. In
addition to the above problems there is also prevalence of corruption and unpunctuality of
officials and carelessness to their work in the study area are some challenges to promote
practices of good governance in a good manner. Thus the study has been tried to investigate the
problems and assess practices and factors of good governance in the study area. The status of
good governance in the study area is under poor condition or there is low level of practices of
good governance and there is low openness transparency and responsiveness for the
beneficiaries. Therefore the reason why the researcher needed to conduct this study in the study
area is to assess practices and problems of good governance in town administration, to
recommend possible solution to improve the practices of good governance and to encourage
qualities of good governance in the study area.

1.3 Research Questions

 What are the factors that affect good governance practices in the study area?
 How the practices and problems of good governance have been examined?
 Do the officials of the town administration are responsive enough and accountable?
 What are the possible solutions to improve the practices of good governance in the study
area?

1.4 Objective of the study

 1.4.1 General objective

The general objective of the study was to assess the practices and problems of good governance
in bonga town administration.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

 To identify the main challenges of good governance practices in the study area.
 To determine the factors that affect good governance in town administration.
 To examine the practices and problems of good governance in the study area.
 To recommend possible solutions to improve the practices of good governance in bonga
town administration.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

The findings of this study are significant because;

 It enables town administration to identify the main factors that affect the practices
of good governance in their institutions.
 Describe the major points that the town administration should give due attention as
far as their capacity development needs in relation to good governance concerned.
 It clearly showed the level of good governance core elements such as accountability,
transparency, low participation and efficiency and effectiveness in town
administration for service users.
 It contributed to determine the good governance practices in bonga town administration
and suggested possible solutions to improve good governance practices in town
administration.
 Finally, this study also creates favorable grounds for those who will study further on the
same topics in wider scale and depth as source materials to undertake their study.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study confined to bonga town administration. The researcher was delimited the
data collection tools to a questionnaires and interviews because these are appropriate tools to
collect data for study. Regarding the content of the study, the study has focused on four
components of good governance among the eight elements of good governance. These are
accountability, transparency, participation and the effectiveness and efficiency. The other focus
of the study was determining the extent of corruption at the study area and to minimize its extent
and reducing the impacts of corruption from town administration.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

The study was conducted under some limitations or in doing this research the researcher has
faced some of the challenges. Those problems were shortage of time, lack of sufficient finance,
shortage of clear and neat information from respondents, the unwillingness of some respondents
and officials to give accurate information, distance and shortage of resource materials in the
written form in the time of undertaking study. These all, above listed problems are some of
limitations that have been faced in conducting this study.

1.8 Organization of the Paper

The research paper is organized into five chapters;- Chapter one deals with introduction part
which includes background of the study, statement of the problem, research questions, objective
of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, limitations of the study and
organization of the paper. Chapter two included review of the related literatures and conceptual
frameworks of good governance. The third chapter deals about method and methodologies of
the study. Chapter four is about data analysis and presentation of the research. The last but not
the least, chapter five includes conclusion and recommendations.
 CHAPTER TWO

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Conceptual Framework of Good Governance

According to Seppance (2003), the notion of good governance becomes part of the development
agenda in the 1980’s, under the influence of the World Bank development program to replace
‘’structural adjust’’ which based itself on neo-liberal micro economic reforms privatization,
liberalization of trade and reducing the role of the state in economy.

The function of good governance is to ensure that an organization or partnership fulfill its overall
purpose, achieves its intended out comes for the citizens, and service use and operates in an
efficient and ethical manner. This principle guides all governance activity. Each organization has
its own purpose. There are also general purpose that is fundamental to all public governance,
including providing good quality service and achieving value of money from any organization
especially governmental organizations play major role in the determining policy and research in
setting the objectives. The governing body should decide how the quality of service for use is to
be measured and make sure that it has information if needs to review service quality effectively
and regularly. As part of this it should ensure that process in place to hear what views of service
users and non- users from all back ground about the sustainability and quality of service. The
governing body should use this information when making decisions about service planning and
improvement (ibid).

Good governance means competent management of resource (human, financial, material and
information resource ) and affairs in the manner that is open, transparent, accountable, equitable
and responsive to people’s needs. It is also effective and equitable and promotes the rule of law.
It ensure that political, social, and economic priorities are based on broad consensus in society
and the voice of the poorest and the most vulnerable are heard in decision making over the
allocation of development resource (Seppance, 2003).

Hidden (2004) describe that governance practice is conscious management of regime structure
with a view to enhance the public reach and it is the mode and modern of governance that leads
to social and economic results sought by citizens good governance could be taken as the efficient
and effective management of public resource and problems in dealing with the critical need of
the society.

Understanding the concept of good governance may provide a valuable touch often could help
governments and societies towards a better understanding of the relationship between
institutional arrangements and the attainment of socio economic well-being for citizens. A better
understanding of good governance might provide road maps, or if not a map, at least a form of
reference for future process of institutional reform and evolution in the public sector; useful
alternative to fairly middles application of the maximum that less government is better
governance and the crude downsizing of public institution that has too often been characterized
as “reform” in recent years. (Plumptere and Graham 2004).

As UNDP human development report, democratic good governance implies in which;-

 People’s human rights and fundamental freedoms are respected to live with dignity.
 People have a say in decisions that affect their lives.
 People can hold decisions maker accountable.
 Inclusive and fair rules institutions and practice govern social interaction.
 Women are equal partners with male in private and spheres of life and decision making.
 People are free from discrimination based on race, ethnicity, classes, and gender.
 The need of future generation are reflected in correct policies, economic and social policies are
responsive to people’s needs and polices.
 Economic and social polices aim at eradicating poverty and expand their lives.

2.2 Good governance in Local Governments

Good Governance is argued to be the most important in local governments. It tries to promote
more relationships between government and citizens, Neighborhood councils and Community
councils. Good Governance with local government aims to increase civil engagement with more
members of the community in order to get the best options that serves the people

2.3 Good Governance in National Governments

Good governance in the context of countries is a broad term, and in that regards, it is difficult to
find a unique definition. According to Fukuyama (2013), there are two dimensions to qualify
governance as good or bad: the capacity of the state and the bureaucracy´s autonomy. They both
complement, in the sense that when the state is more capable, for instance through the collection
of taxes, there should be more autonomy because the bureaucrats are able to conduct things well
without being instructed with a lot of details. In less capable states, however, less discretion and
more rules setting are desirable.

Another way to think about good governance is through outcomes. Since governments carry out
with goals like the provision of public goods to its citizens, there is no better way to think about
good governance other than through deliverables, which are precisely the one demanded by
citizens, like security, health, education, water, the enforcement of contracts, protection to
property, protection to the environment and their ability to vote and get paid fair wages.

Similarly, good governance might be approximated with provision of public services in an

efficient manner, higher participation given to certain groups in the population like the poor and
the minorities, the guarantee that citizens have the opportunity of checks and balances on the
government, the establishment and enforcement of norms for the protection of the citizens and
their property and the existence of independent judiciary systems.

Lawson (2011) in his review of Rothstein´s book “The quality of government: corruption, social
trust, and inequality in international perspective” mentions that the author relates good
governance to the concept of impartiality, which is basically when the bureaucrats perform their
tasks following the public interest rather than their self-interest. Lawson differs with him in that
this impartial application of law ignores important factors like the economic liberalism, which
matters due to its relation with economic growth.

2.4 Components of Good Governance

The practical meaning of good governance will vary according to socio-economic and political
particularistic and the concrete state of the development of the constitutional order involved. As
matter of principle, it means promoting the limited type of the government through strengthen
public accountability in connection by the way of promoting popular participation in
development and management. In substantive forms good governance requires that the working
of the political system is made transparent, that the political leaders are hold published
accountable the fairness and equality before the laws prevail and that access to and distribution
of assets mainly land are regulated in equitable manner. In operational terms the realization of
governance practices requires that key sectors of the society and the people participation as much
of possible in co-operation with the government. In shaping governance (free encyclopedia,
2011), according to the united nations reports(UNDP,1997) good governance has eight (8) major
elements these are a participation, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive
effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and rule of low. It assures that corruption is
minimized, the views of minorities are taken in to account and the voices of the most vulnerable
group in society are heard in decision making. It is also responsive or responsible enough to the
present and future needs of the society.

2.4.1 Rule of Law

Politicians, economists and policy maker often use the term ‘’rule of law’’ to characterize certain
type of legal and political regime. As apace of globalization has increased in the past two
decades, many developing countries including Ethiopian prioritized their policy agendas to
promote the rule of the law.

What is rule of law? The rule of law doesn’t have the precise definitions and its meaning can
vary between different nations and legal political regime under which the refrain the government
by promoting certain function (Michael 2001 p7). The other source says that, rule of law is legal
maxim that states no person is above the law and no one can be punished by the government for
the branch of the law. Rule of law means that the laws are enforced equally fairly and
consistently and that the government does not make arbitrary decision. Respect for the rule of
law means that no person, even an elected president or monarch is above the law.

2.4.2 Accountability
Accountability is a concept in ethics and governance with several meanings. It is used as
synonyms with each concept as responsibly, answerably, liable and blame worthiness and other
terms associated with expectation of account giving. As a concept of governance it has been
centered to discussion which related to problem in the public sector. In leadership roles,
accountability acknowledgement and assumption of the responsibility for actions, products,
decisions and policies including the administration, governance and implementation within scope
of the role of the employment position and encompassing the obligation to report explain and
the be answerable resulting consequence.

Accountability is the ability or capacity of the public to hold government officials responsible for
their action (Thomas M.M2003; 419). As the term is related to the government, accountability
has been difficult to define. It is frequently described and an account giving relationship between
individuals example Mr.-A is responsible for Mr.-B when ‘’A’’ is obliged to inform ‘’B’’ about
A.S (past or future) action or decision to justify them and suffer punishment in case of eventual
miss conduct. Accountability cannot exist with all proper governance practice (Thomas M.M).
Generally, accountability is defined as holding responsible elected or appointed individuals
and organization charged with the public from who drive their authorities. It also
concerned with the establishment and enforcement of rules and regulations in concerned
with in corporate governance.

2.4.3 Transparency
Transparency means the decisions and the action of government and its officials should be
clearly known to the people. In democracy, the people and the mass media have the light to
obtain information about what decision have been made and who made them. Such access to
information enables citizen to check the abuse of power by the government and it is officials.
The prevalence of transparency prevents governmental for being corrupt and from transparency
the wish and interest of the people .however, some government decision actions related to
military and national security secrets might not be made public because their release would
endanger the interest of the nation. (R.mesa1994 p-38)

Government should be transparent; transparency promotes accountability and provides

information for citizens about that their movement is doing. However some government decision
and action related to military and national security secrets might not be made public, because
their release would endanger the interest of the nation (R-mesa 1994p-38). Government should
be transparent; transparency promotes accountability and provides information for citizens about
that their government is doing. Information maintained by the federal government is the national
asset. Any administrator action will take appropriate action consistent with the law and policy, to
disclose information rapidly informs the equally of the public readily found and use.
Transparency broadly defined as a public knowledge of the polices of the government and
confidence in its intention. This requires making public account verifiable providing for public
participation in government policymaking and implementation and allowing condensation over
choices impact on the lives of citizens. It also includes making available for public security
accurate timely information on economic and market condition. According to Thomas E.P 2003
public participation is an essential element of the principle of the accountable and transparency.
It is a society with the culture of participation and open minded citizen that the government and
the public officials will be forced to be the public. This is because ultimate power holder is the
people and hence the officials are ultimate accountable and transparency for the public officials
might be directly accountability to the immediate public officials who in turn accountable to
the higher officials. This leader of accountable goes to the extent that the government at
large will be accountable to the ultimate power holder the people.

2.4.4 Participation
One of the central premises of the democratic theory is that citizens will take full advantage of
their opportunities to participation actively in political life making their calls known to the
governing authorities and holding them accountable to their views (Michaels Todaro 2001;95).

According to mark T. and David H. (1997) participation is not only the right but also the civic
duty of citizens for example running for election, voting, attending community meeting, forming
or joining organization, paying taxes, holding peaceful demonstration, rehires and etc are areas,
where citizens can participate in decision making process of their state either directly or
indirectly. If evident that democracy can flourish when the political system is run by citizens
willing to use their hard will freedom through participation in most important concerns of their
state. There for participation is remains the central element of government practices. According
to Thomas M.M (2003) there are three ways of political participation these are election, political
parties and interest groups.

When election will be democratic according to Michaels Todaro (2001) it’s the following
features enhance the good governance practices in sectors. Election must be inclusive, periodic,
free and fair and symbolic in democratic government. In other hand the existence of political
parties also help to improve good governance in the country. According to Michael there are
three types of political parties these are competitive, anti-regime and power monopolizing
parties.

Participation may be motivated from administrative participation or citizen’s perspective from

the administrative. Participation can build public support for activities. It can educate the public
about agency activities. It can also facilitate useful information exchange regarding local
conditions further more participation is often legally mandated. From citizen perspective
participation enables individuals and groups to influence agency decision (AHP/WWW. free
encyclopedia 2011).

2.4.5, Responsiveness
Responsiveness refers to the attempt of institutions and process to serve all stakeholders.
Institution should be approachable to their clients and service them within the reasonable time
frame.

2.4.6 Consensus Oriented

There are several actors and as many views points in a given society. Governance practice
required mediation of the different interests in the society for reach a broad consensus in the
society on what is the beds interests of the whole community and how these can be achieved. It
also requires a broad and long term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human
development and how to achieve the goals of such development. These can only result from
understanding to the historical, cultural, and social context of a given society or community. It
urges good governance to mediate differing interests to arrive at broad consensus on what is the
best interest of the group, and where possible, on policies and procedures.

2.4.7 Equity and Inclusiveness

The Society wellbeing depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it
and do not feel excluded from the main stream of society. This requires all groups but,
particularly the most vulnerable have opportunities to improve or maintain their wellbeing and
when the outcome of an economic transaction is fair to each party (Thomas E.p2004; 495).
 2.4.8 Effectiveness and Efficiency
Governance practice means that process and institutions produce result that meets the needs of a
society while making the best use of their resource disposal. The concept of efficiency in the
context of governance practice also covers the suitable use of natural resource and protection of
the environment. These characteristics promote efficient public delivery system and quality of
public out puts. Respect of civil service has one aspect of poor service delivery is corruption so,
efficiency is fulfillment of as many of society needs as possible at the cost of as a few of its
resource as possible. (Thomas E.p2000; 495).

2.5 Corruption

Corruption is one of the manifestations of bad governance so investigation of corruption is very

important for knowing the practices of good governance in the town administration. Corruption
is so an elusive and concept to define that different scholars and policy makers understand and
interpret it differently depending on the existing situation they found in. Corruption is also
difficult to identify and determine both in the individuals involved. However continuous attempt
to define corruption in different ways either by defining key concepts like justice and just man by
philosophers as opposed to that the one who is in corruption or other in order to synthesize a
working definition for the purpose of this literature, let us take some definition of corruption
from public administration point of view corruption is defined as abuse of power by a public
decision maker for the benefit of oneself or other people by passing legal and agreed
limits(Andargachew,T.2004; 49).

2.5.1 The Impacts of Corruption

The objectives of government are vital to the understanding of diverse negative impacts of
corruption at the public services. It distorts agents decision and limits the contractual space
available to agents and the government corrupt principal creates allocation in efficient and
cripple its credible commitments to effective policies and open the door to
opportunism(Andargachew T.2004;55). Thus corruption also harms all the eight characteristics
of the good governance practice to promote its development access to the country. So it is
responsibility of the everyone to prevent the corrupt practice in our country and its all sectors.
 CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHOD AND METHODOLOGIES

3.1 Background of the Study Area

Bonga town is located in South west Ethiopia . Bonga is a town and an administrative seat of
Kaffa zone in south west Ethiopia. Bonga town Administrative is 450km far from Addis Ababa
via Jimma and . The total population of the town is 18.973. (Bonga town Municipality office).

3.2 Research Design

The study was conducted by using descriptive survey because in which all data relevant to the
case was gathered and analyzed in that the study was founded to be appropriate to obtain full and
adequate information. This attribute of descriptive survey has been fitted the purpose of this
study as it was used both qualitative and quantitative type of data in order to assess the practices
and problems of good governance in Bonga town administration. The researcher used both
primary and secondary sources of data. Primary sources were from questionnaires and
interviews. Secondary sources were from books, written documents, and published materials.
The researcher has been used purposive sampling technique to manage large number of
population and to achieve objectives of the study as he has judged the subjects. By using this
technique the researcher selected 30 respondents, 23 respondents from the town households and
7 employees from the town administration sector. The study was also used qualitative
approaches by words, phrases and sentences and quantitative approaches by using numbers and
percentages.

3.3 Data Types and Sources

In order to achieve the intended objective and relevant information, the researcher has been used
both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary sources of data are sources of data
which are collected as fresh and first hand datas these are questionnaires and interview.
Secondary sources of data are collected from books, internets, internal reports, and published
materials. Also the research study was used qualitative and quantitative type of data which are
collected through by using words and numbers respectively.
 3.4 Sampling Design and Techniques

Sampling design is the way in which the researcher selects the required sampling units from a
sampling population for identifying the sample and Sampling is the process of selecting a few
respondents from a large number of sampling population. The study was conducted by using
purposive sampling technique because this technique helps the researcher to save time and
budget. By using this purposive sampling technique 30 respondents were selected for the study,
23 were beneficiaries of town administration or residents of the town from total 16570
population in the town and 7 from 42 employees or officials of town administration. . The
criterion to select these 30 respondents is, due to its easiest and the subjects are already available
in the researcher judgment or decision as to who can provide the best information to achieve the
objectives of the study.

3.5 Instruments of Data Collection

The researcher has been used the following data collection instruments. Questionnaires which
are used as the main instrument to collect data from the respondents and the respondents were
provided with the questions consisting of both open ended and close ended. Also the structured
interviews were employed with officials of the town administration to obtain the relevant data’s.

3.6 Methods of Data Processing and Analysis

The process was carried out in a clear way to reach the objectives of the study after the necessary
primary and secondary data’s were collected and has been started by editing and classifying the
collected data to more meaningful and relevant form. Data analysis is a mechanism for reducing
and organizing data to produce findings that require interpreter by the researcher (Burns and
Grove 2003; 497). Both quantitative and qualitative method of data analysis was employed.
Quantitative method of data analysis was analyzed through table and percentage by using
number and on the other hand the qualitative methods of data analysis from interview was
analyzed and presented in the form of words and notes.
 References

 Andargachew Tesfaye (2004), The Crime problem and its Correction.

 African Governance Report (2005): Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, retrieved from www.uneca.org.
 Aminuzzaman, M. (2007). Poverty and Governance.
 David C.S and Harry B, 1997; 231: Definitions and concepts of Good Governance.
 Free encyclopedia (2011) Good Governance.
 Governance for suitable development (2009), UNESCAP.
 M. Abdellatif (2003), Good Governance and Its Relationship to Democracy and
Economic Development, Good Governance.
 Michael J.Todaro (2001), Comparative politics of a global introduction MC Million press
fifth edition.
 Michael T.Molan (2001), Administrative Law.
 R.Mesa (1994), center of international for shameless government.
 Seppance (2003) Good Governance in international law. The crick carten of international
human right, Helsink fifth edition.
 Bonga town municipality office and town administration office.
 Thomas E. Patterson (2003), The American democracy second edition.
 Thomas M.MAGISAOT (2003) Understanding politics third edition.
 Tim Plumptre & John Graham (1999): Governance and Good Governance: International
and Aboriginal
 Perspectives, Institute on Good Governance.
 UNDP (2007).Democratic Governance. UNDP support to democratic governance in
Ethiopia
 UNESCAP http.//www.unescap .org//.
 WB (1992), Governance and Development.