Phatma ‘ a 5 > Gehan stg ee loxl> lo LP Botonical nae 6 Gmede st S bk sey spe fruit 8f Tearnidy Ombel if oa Vinga mah Clemicel Congttuestr 4 Vinesptne, Vinblastiyy- (2) Family st TS peguls— Plawtiqinaccae I ¥ ie c Use ef Asabectidg —» Carmi native , ExPectoearnt, clexdtive , acc) Pbormedic. é3) ove — exhaust clove © aaa Ba tei the nbe fam bulls Corand§ tim Setivum | clove Stalks, © Neem died bak 64 dsee Azadipnchty Dnt an Meus Cage © Clemacal covst-turts St geste Che Ain GQ cocte> poluble Dulbhur Combeund - © vse 4 Phenk busrpi 9 Rvetn toi gp hesdin ArtAelmintr prostns (a) Use of handel ved » tite . Stic, befumee arel oe po pcakons, dinicfedkat yor gents - eames back, gorowhecs, ae (oe) Bet rurre Ef, Aelledems 3 St Cruise of dvred Leer Onl otte local parti of oS balladcrns Pam Prlomace ne ———Section B oxg " aq Secondary ridge Primary ridge RT scenes eamatthetejad oh tered Macroscopic Coriander consists of whole cromocarps, Each eremnocarp 1s made of two hemispherical mé px has 4a splped wavy and net ry ridges which 4. Thacolar gov bea 5 Odour 1s aromatic and taste is spicy Bib DigbeeBel blo fixed ou Bp YoletiLe oth - Vetatle ouls | a i: Vio eee Light, motile higtty |) Freee vile are 2ieo * odorous daqvids BbLids Can be yee] LE 3 ott ied with o en pend on. 4 eeadss Ate ito Seed ol oe bee «ay evapo oF gia eric! odin gy tiny Tag ane chee called ersertia) sls Dal _ bpot @ Tey de not Leave Mo ny prdwes Gey “opt on pepe a aa @ Bey de net orbesh ayy) feeds ; este of febg are Tedisco oUt WY Tey Corned ee paperbies st Adit Gbled by alikelics - Le i poteble. rn ae pligtty ples 1@ Gre ope on™ vy welt a voltefla 6 stoma ef Pam s® ) \ sess ids: Morphine, codeine, 1b) Benzylisuquinoline alkaloids: Papaverin, noscapine ‘These alkaloids are combined with meconic acid whe detected by chemical test 2 Opium also con 468 Uses ru 25 Tulst plan ins sugar, sals, albu Uses: EE Astitscrerial, anipeonoaoel ant insecticidal 4X Stomachie and carminative 3 Diaphoretic and expectorant bens ais, Hy ’ [STARCH i YY monym: Anylum. $ Og Gelavicet Gowrte, tam oseot seus Soule: Sieh eons of pohsecharde ras ned From: eS grams of maize = Zea mays b 2. gins of ge = Orisa save 1 q 3. grains of wheat + = Trttcum aestivum J, yet 1 y 4 bors of potatoe = Solanum tuberovum L : ey “Sigaby ere : egy Secoraph lassification of fibres !"Depending on the source fibres ‘countries 3k classified as para reparatio: 1) Natural fibres 1, Thee 1) Vegetable fibres - cotton, hemp. jute The b 2) Animal fires © wool, silk cotton by Amutiiat 1) Regenerated fibres Viscose rayon, acetate rayon. mi ihe fibres mpln,tenlene forma o& section << Sx gaze TEs 6 ) Alexandrian senna | Tinnevelly senna 4-em in length, broad | Sem-in. length, tes = j bro Shape Ovate-lanccolae | Lanceotate | More ssynmeticl ifferences between Alexandrian and Tinnevelly sennz aves, . Ny — - | Less assymnctial Space between | More Less hairsfe. 4 19D) thf ijeosices f Serographi &) a oo primary glycosides are (1) Purpurea_gleoside A (2) eel SY" urpurceelvcosde 8. (3) Ghebuialowt TE primar’ HA Conecuon : nse absorbed foie chs &. The. secondary glycosides are (1) Digitoxin (2) Gitoxin (2) Giron ‘Awad, ree glycosides are formed from Purpurca | Characters: : side A and B. which are primary glycosides. They undergo ‘enzymatic dogredalion on diving to produce the above thrce H Aguas secondary glycosides. Digitaxote is the sugar present in 2 digits — ‘ y: 55 f Source : Fennel consisis of dned ripe ( Sou ram Fipe felts of. Foe = “cat veiliaceum (Engi Umbelliferse’ ~~ 1A volatile oi! which cont see fins anethole and fenchone xed oil and proteins eh _ | ASWAGANDHA Tle a ‘Synonym : Withania Ss Source : Aswagandha consists of dried roots and stem bases of Withania somaifera (Fam. Solanaceae). popenifeca (Fash, Stanecees | Alkaloids: Withesomninc,wihanin anahygrine and anaferine. dal lactones: Withaferin A and Withanolides. Stem bases: 7 Roots * < Fig. 18. Roots and stem bases of Aswagandha a ace ACY / 1 f sc ee ‘The fruit slobose, Meshy. spherical and contains sx vertical] For treating scurvy due to deficisacy of vitam * Useful in diabotes and liver diseases. furrows and antifungal effee's. “The unripe fruit is yreon in colour and it turns light yellow 3 4, pag antibacterial, antivit wihep ripe : 4. The fron ss a drupe with fleshy mesocarp and stony endoeary 4. Ithhas no odour and the taste #8 sour but pleasantNe a5! > £ aly photos ‘Characters: Head | Entire flower bud : An entice lower bud of clove consisis of» stalk ‘Sepai—~ and head. + ‘Ypantnium | 1 The stalk is called Ayjpanihium. i is siboylindrical, ‘tapering at | Cotmaiy | 2 THe Med is he tipper enlarged portion Longitudinal section : A longitudinal section of flower bud shows “the following characters ‘ E ~ 2. Hypanthiue: Rha bo 1 The upper part of hypanthium contains inferior bilocular ovary. Hi Pitter ing ee ‘The ovary has numerous ovules with axile placenlation ‘contains calyx, stainons and style. TE” Cali contains four sepals projecting outwards «2, Corolla is dome shaped. It is made of four membranous petals. 2 2p Stamens. aro numerous, They are incurved ‘surrounding the ae a tape ile and erect. It reaches upto corolla: Constituents: mf bo 1. Invert sugar (a mixture of glucose and fructose) to the extent of 80 percent 2. ‘Small quantities of sucrose, dextrin and formic acid 3. Small amounts of enzymes, vitamins and minerals 2. Nutrient for patients and infants 3. An ingredient of linctuses and cough mixtures. 4, Demulcent and sweetening agent tae!if a i ‘i | CHAULMOOGRA OIL) : —~ fel) Lead) a a “Synonyms + Hydnocarpus cil, Gynocardia oil faxed oil expressed from the seeds of . Source : Chaulmoogra oil ws Hy enocorpus (Fan Hdnocourpuswighiang ot other species of H iagouriaccae) oF Brownist YEH solid below 25°C. “1 ihe oats 3etlo 2. Wexists as a soft 43. Taste is acid. It secs almost ike rancid buster tris a mivute of gly cerides of faty acids. They are 4) choulmoogrie seid 1) Gorie aid 3) Oleic acid Constituents : 1) Hydnocorpic acid 5) Palmitic acid Uses ¢ The oi is used forthe weaument of leprosy and wbereuloss Mainly alkaloids. The rauwoltia |) Indole altaloids (strongly basic): Reserpine, Rescinnamide and Desezpedine. Roucudl Pentre {iy Indoline alkaloids _ (intermediately basic): Ajarraline, Ajamalicine. tit) Anydronivon alkaloids (strongly basic): Serpentify Sexpentinine and Alstonine uses: anche) In the tres'merd of europe hiahrte 1. Reserpine i used as nanypstnsive and anguising agen 9“ 2. Ajamaline is usod in angina pectoris and cardiao arthythmias grape sguits kobertng, bestows Graesgpeued, Bem cas croscopie » G20ur” Tat Mads ane aPeyole yell qnerasconts: buen — Tbe, Cdourkent ys Yed- erie 1. The extemal characters of roots and rhizgties are almost similar, But thizomes contain a small central pith and small pieces of serial stem. 2. Rauwolfia occurs in small picees ( 2 to 15.cm.long and 0.3 10 2 cm thick). The picces are cylindrical, tortuous, rarely branched, _/Pharacters: 3. The outer surface is roy contain scars of root's. 4. The fracture is short. The fractured surface has a yellowish brown dark and a pale yellow wood. The wood occupies three fourths of the area 5, Rauwolfia has no odour but the taste is bitter.1 paeraion | ‘Adulteraion is broadly defined as admixture oF substitution of with spurious, defective, inferior or harmful substances fA, Sometimes, adertion can oscur eventhough ii Rt i For clample, adulteration tay 02 sellin transponition and adulation is called as uniliéerte adhlcrotion Polowing we te sorious moods used fer dug atlcnton i 1. Substitution with manufactured materials: Tis done wih i ally manufactured materials which res 3. drags inform | or example, nutmeg his = adutorted Wi “SSH, cut 1 We requized size and shape. Also, paraffin wax has Boon 2. Substitution with inferior material: Drugs _Adutored and substituted with substandard ccampl emai dulled wih dog caus Foren eer | sometimes 3. Substitution with exhausted materials ; Exhausted matcrals > vegetable residues which remain after the original material est an for og popaiion The exited atta SEAN signal drug if appearanes Bat the content of active principle i fares Examples are the use of exhausted clove and ginger for adalterauoa 4¢Substitution with cheap natural substances : Sometimes EU reat wh cheer scl baer hich ne mo to the genuine anice: og. Japan was for bees wayand sterulia «gum for trageansh, Basia Ks \dulteration with non-plant materials : Plant materials are mes aduteratsd with worthless fon-plant materials. Examples are Antilypertensives 8 Aniasthmaics rauwoltia beliadon phedra % — Aniicancer agents cofchicum ee Therapeutic effects: Alkaloids find a vanety of therspo o1ns| AG) “Definition : compounds « Alkaloids are defined as bose, nt ako pve ey aie thay form Properties of alkaloids: ATH a AT Tey ae With acid nostly colourless, crystalline solids are insoluble in water but solubl Whey uc water solubl SPistribution : Atkalo constitute be plytoconstiuens. Over “00 alkaloids have been angiosperms which contain alkaloids are Leguminosae, S Rubiaceae and Berberidacea. The gymaosperm which cooia': is Taxaceae The two monocotyledons which contain ab Liliaceae and Amarviidacece. The occurrence of alkaloids is not confined to speci plants, But they are found in various pans of plants. The fo a few examples, 1. im seeds (strychnos) 2. in leaves (belladonna) 3. in roots (rauwolfia) 4. in coms ( im) 5. in bask (cinchona) Classification of alkaloids : Accorsing structure, alkaloids are classified as: | Pyridine» piperidine alos - eg Jobe and ara 2 Trooane alaicids ___- ee beladommmant — 3 Quinine atkaoies 4 ogi skaics 3 Tpdole Talos : . midarols abalots 2. Siri aaloigs z {Jest for alkaloids! SE Maver's reagent produces a whitish yellow or cream colour Picipitsie with alksloigs, 2 Aare asat pes 4 iy brows oe pe cabaioidy F_Dnagondorihs reage to the basic inchona eg. alkaloids 4 Hagecr s reagent gives a yellow presipitae with alkaloids Hogser's recor ro ‘The following, are the important uses: L ‘Anispasmodics = lobetia belladonna Mydriatics + bedona_ hyoseyamas Local anvesthotice = _socaing Antimalarials = _sivchons Narcotics : “Antiamoshiesoe dregs uli aL ased Ve See ie) eb ry dle via toe Celled Al/malevial. Antimalarials Dey Cinchona Synonyms : Cuichon bash, Jess bith, Peruvian bark | Source : rnchore 16 ths dried bark of stein e¢ root of =F Cincone colisava AT Cinch ledgeriana 7 Sa ccnebrg 3 Cchona «fictanahs 4. Cchona succsvbra (oF hybrids of am of the Fis! W4o with the ast avo species (Fam Rubee) 1 Cinchona bark occurs in the fonn of quills or small curved picees 2. The outer surface 1s reddish brown oF yellowish. It is rough duc w longiiudinal and wansverse wrinkles and fissured. Constituents: 1 Quinotine alkaloids which arc quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine. 2. Cinchotannic acid which is a phlobatannin, Identification tests: 1A powder of cinchona bark is moistened with slacial acetic acid and heated in a dry test tube. A reddish fume i8 formed * Which condenses on the sides of the tube. 2.» Bark of cinchona when treated with concentrated sulphuric acid ‘shows a blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light. 3.) Thalleioquin test (for quinoline alkaloids): 1 10 2, mg of the | alkaloid is dissolved in dilute acetic acid and 2 ml of water. Then 2 to 3 divps of bromine waler is added and shaken. A snmonia is now added An cmerald green colour ' “Tis indicates the presence of quinoline alkaloids. Uses: 1. Mainly for the treatment of malaria, : 2. Ag a bitter tonic and stomachic. 3. Quindine as an antiarrhythmic drug,