CHAPTER? [etotiteygiv ian Paes TEE 2010 TIRE 2011 UTJEE a2 {EE Advanced 2013 {EE Advanced a0 “FEE Advanced | JEE Advanced | JEE Advanced ois am16 2017 Paper | Paper | Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper a “Topic tpi teto 1 2) eae ae aa Equilibria ia Physical Processes ula in Chewical Pracescs Demmi gaiibuan Law of Chemical uli and Eguitiao Constant Homogensous Equlibia Tterosnonns Equilibria ‘Applicaton of Elia Constants Relationship berwssn uli Conant Reaction Quovcat and ivos Ener Faso A uta Tonic Equa i Solution 7 ‘Aci Bass aa Sots ih Tension of Aci and Bases Buffer Solan 1 Solubility Euitela of Sparingly Soluble Sais Sens For the reaction CO(g) + H,O(g) > CO) + Hyg) ata sven temperature the equilibria amount of CO,(e) an be increased by (A) axing a suitable catalyst (B) adding an inert gas. (©) decreasing the volume ofthe container () inceasing the amount of COW), IT JRE 1998) 2. Which of the following statement(s)is(are) correct? a (B) © o “he plT of 1.0% 10 M solution of ICL 8 ‘The conjugate base of H,PO; is HPO! Autoprotoysis consi temperate. of water increases with When a solution of a weak monoprotic acid is titrated aguinsta strong base, at half-neutralisation point pl! = (1/2) pK, AIT JEE 1998)The pH of 0.1 M solution ofthe following salts increases inthe onder (A) NaCl eNH (C1 < NACN < HCI (B) HCL (©) 44 x107/(0.082 773" (D) 44 10}(0.082 73) (UT JRE 2000) When two reactants, A and B are mixed to give products C and D, the reaction quotient Q, atthe intial stages of the reaction w (B) decreases with time, (©) is independent of time. (D) increases with time. (UT JEE 2000) At constant temperature, (K,) for the decomposition reaction expressed by: tho equilibrium constant ), = 2NO, is J stent of decomposition. where, p = pressure, =: w ‘one or the following statements is true? Rn, 1B (A) K; increases with inerease ofp. {B)_K, increase with increase of x. (C) K, increase with decrease of x (D)_K, remains eoustant with change in p and x AIT JEE 2001) For a sparingly soluble salt 4,13. the relationship ofits solubility product (2) with its solubility (5) is (A) L500 prog B) L289 pg © L=Smr gt O) Ly = SPP horg (QUT JEE 2001) Consider the following equilibrium in a closed container N,0,(g) = 2NOx(2) ‘Aca fixed temperature, the volume of the reaction con- tainer is halved. For this change, which of the following statements holds rue regarding the equilibrium constant (K,) and degree of dissociation (ay? (A) Neither K, nor ochanges, (B) Both K, and céchanges. (C)_K, changes, but a does not change. (D)_K, does not change, but crehanges. (IIT JEE Screening 2002) 500 mL of 0.2 M aqueous solution of acetic acid is ‘mixed with 500 mL. of 0.2 M HCI at 25 °C. (a) Calculate the degree of dissociation of acetic acid in the resulting solution and pH of the solution, (b) If 6 g of NaOITI is added to the above solution, determine the tinal pH. (Assume there is no change in volume on mixing; K, of acetic acid is 1.75% 10-8 mol L“.) (UT JEE Main 2002) A\ solution which is 10° M each in Mn, Fe, Ziv tnd He is treated with 10" M sulphide ion. If K, of Mn, FeS. ZnS and ligS are 10", 10*, 10 *and 10, respectively. which one will precipitate frst? (A) Fes (B) Mes (C) Hys (D) ZnS (IT JEE Screening 2003) A solution of 0.004 M Na,SO, is isotonic with 0.01 M slucose at the same temperature. The degree of dissoci- ation of Na,$O, is (B) 50% (D) 85% (UIT JEE Sereening 2004)16. . 0.1 mole of CH,NH, (K, 1 W with K, = 10° I forms a salt Nax (0.1 M) on reacting with caustic soda, The degree of hydrolysis of NaX is (a) 001% © 01% (8) 0.0001% (0) 03% (UTIBE Screening 2004) I, {K, = 5% 10) is added (00.08 mol of HICL ard difuted to One lite. The hydrogen ion (I) concentration inthe solution will be (x) 81M (B)8x 10" (©) L6xi0™M () 8x 105M (IIT SEE Screening 2005) Ag’ + NH [Ag(NH Is fy =3.5 210 [Ag(NH I 4 NH = [Ag(NH),P4, then the formation constant of [AK(NH, 7x10? (a) 6.08 « 10" {B) 6.08% 10° (©) 6.08 x 10" (D) None of these (UIT JRE 2006) is the correct statement if N, is added at equilib- rium condition? (A) The equilibrium will shift forward direction because according to second law of thermody. namies, the entropy must inerease inthe direction of spontaneous reation (8) “ThecondisionforequilibriumisG,, #3G,,= 26, where Gis Gibbs free enemy per mole ofthe gas cous species measured at that partial pressure, The condition of equilibrium is unaffected by the use of catalyst, which increases the rate of both the forward and backward reaetions to the same extent (©) The catalyst will increase the rate of forward reae- tion by o and that of backward reaction by ft Catalyst will not alter the rate of either of the reaction. wo (UT JEE 2006) - Statement-1: In water, orthoborie acid behaves as a weak monobasic acid because Statement-2: In water, orthobori ono. id cts us a proton (A) Statement is true, Stitement-2 is true; State- ‘meat-2 is a correet explanation for Statement-| (B) Stotement-1 is tue, Statement-2 is trues State- ‘ment-2 is nota correct explanation for Statement| (C)_Statement-1 is true, Statement? is fase, (D) Statement-1 is false, eatement-2 is true, IFT JEE 2007 Paper-1) 19, 2.5 mL of (2/5) M weak monoacidic base (K, = 1 10 at 25 °C) is titrated with (2/15) M HCl in water a 25 °C. The concentration of H’ at equivalence point is (K, = | x10 at 25 °C) (A) 37x 108M (© 32x10°M (B) 3.2%107M (D) 2.7% 107M (UT JEE 2008 Paper-1) 20. Solubility product constants (K,,) of salts of types MX, MX, and M.X at temperature Pate 4.0% 10°, 3.2% 10° and 2.7 x 10°", respectively. Solubilties (mol dm) of the salts at temperature Tare in the order (A) MX>MX,>M,X (B)_M,X>MX,>MX © M Oy) M.X= MX, MX > M,X>MX, (ITT SEE 2008 Paper-2) 21, The Henry's law constant for the solubility of N gas in water at 298 Kis 1.03108 atm, The mole fraction of Nz in air is 08. The number of moles of N. fom air dis solved in 10 moles of water at 298 K and 5 atm pressure is (A) 40x10" (By 40x10" (©) 5010+ (D) 40x10" (IIT JEE 2009 Paper-1) 22, The dissoeiation vonstant of a substituted benzoie acid at 25 °C is 1.0% 10 The plT of a 0.01 M solution of its sodium salt is (IIT JE 2009 Paper-2) 23, Amongst the following, the total number of compounds whose aqueous solution tums red litmus paper blue is KCN Zr(NO), NaCl NHNO, (UIT SRE 2010 Paper-1) 24, Aqueous solutions of HINO,, KOH, CH,COOH and CI.COONs of identical concentrations are provided. ‘The pairs) of solutions which from a buffer upon mix- ing i(are) (A)_ HNO, and CH,COOH. (B) KOH and CH,COONa (©) HNO, and CH,COONa. (D) CH,COOH and CH,COONa (IIT JRE 2010 Paper-1) 25, The total number of diprotic acids among the following is HPO, HSO, H,P0, H,CO, HS, HBO, 1,PO, H,CO, 1,80, (IIT SEE 2010 Paper-2) K.so, FeCl, (NH).C.O, Ko.26, The equilibrium 2Cu! + Cur+ Cal In aqueous medium at 25 °C shifts towards the let in the presence of (a)_NO, © SCN (cr (D) CN IT JEE 2011 Paper-2) 27, The initial rate of hydrolysis of methyl acetate (1M) by. aa weak acid (HA, 1 M) is 1/100th of that ofa strong acid (HX, 1M), at 25 °C, The K, of HA is (a) 1x04 (B) 1x10" © 1x10 (Dy 1x10? (ABE Advanced 2013 Papert) 28, The thermal dissociation equilibrium of CaCO,s) is studied under different conditions CaCO,(s) + C2018) +CO.(8) For this equilibrium, the correct statement(s) is (are) (A) AM is dependent on 7. (B) Kis independent of the initial amount of CaCO, (©) Kis dependent on the pressure of CO, aa given 7. (D) Afi independent of catalyst, ifany. (EE Advanced 2013 Paper-2) 29, The K,, of Ag,C1O, is 1.1 10-1 298 K. The solubility (in mol/L) of Ag,C2O, in 2 0.1 M AgNO, solution is Lixo" (®) Lix10" © Lixioe (D) 11x 10* (JBE Advanced 2013 Paper-2) 30, The correct statement(s) for orthohoric acid is(are) (A) It behaves as @ weak acid in water due to sel ionisation. (B) Acidity of its aqueous solution inereases upon tuddition of ethylene glycol. (©) Ithas a three dimensional structure due to hydro- gen bonding. (D) tis a weak electrolyte in water. (IEE Advanced 2014 Paper-1) Paragraph for Questions 31 and 32: When 100 mL. of 1.0 M HCI was mixed with 100 mL of 10 M NaOH in an insu- lated beaker at constant pressure, a temperature inerease of 5.7°C was measured for the beaker and its contents (Expt. 1). Because the enthalpy of neutralisation of a strong acid with a strong base is a constant (-7.0 kJ mol), this experi- ment could be used to measure the calorimeter constant, In a second experiment (Expt. 2) 100 mL of 2.0 M acetic acid (K, = 2.0 x 10°) was mixed with 100 mL of 1.0 M NaOH (under identical conditions to Expt. 1) where a temperature rise 075.6 °C was measured (Consider heat capacity of all solutions as 42 J g°* K-* and density of all solutions as 1.0 g mL) 31. Enthalpy of dissociation (in kI mot") of acetic acid obtained from the Expt. 2is (a) 10 (©) 245 (B) 10.0 (wy 514 (IEE Advanced 32. The pH of the solution after Expt. is 1A) 28, (B) 47 © () 70 (IEE Advanced 2 Paragraph for Questions 33 and 34: Vhermal decomposition of giseous X, to gaseous X at 298 K takes place necording to the following equation: Xe) = 2X(e) ‘The standard reaction Gibbs energy, 4,6°, this reaction is positive. At the stat of the reaction, there is one mole of X, tnd no X. As the reaction proceeds, the number of moles of & formed is given by B. THUS, Biju i the number of moles of X formed at equilibrium, The reaction is carried out at a constant total pressure of 2 bar: Consider the gases to behave ideally. (Given: R= 0,083 L bar K"! mol") 33. ‘The equilibrium constant K, for this reaction at 298 K, in terms of B gaa iS 8B, Maa = Besaivin 8B, aos OY ofa oy 4 Began (IEE Advanced 2016 Paper-2) 3M. The incorrect statement among the following, for this reaction. is (A) Decrease inthe total pressure will result in forma tion of more moles of gaseous X. (B) Atte start of the reaction, dissociation of gaseous X, takes place spontaneously. (©) Bettina = 9-7. ©) K.<1 (IBE Advanced 2016 Paper-2)COE L 9 iT 26. 32, oO 20.0 3B) (4) (A) 10. (DT Ga) = 1.75104, 1506) 4.76 BIC) 1D) 2D) 2 (A) B.C. (D) 271A) 28. (A),(B),(D) 8 BB HC) 5. 2. 2, 2», 0) 60) 720) &@) (© 1B AY AY 18 (BY 16. (AD 8 23 240,00) 25.6 (B) 30.(8),(D) 30. (8), (D) 31 (A) ANSWERS WITH EXPLANATIONS Topic: Factors Affecting Equi For the reaction CO(e) + HLOlg) = COLe) + He) atagiven temperature, the equilibriam amount of © can he increased by increasing the amount of CO (g [co, 11,1 (CowH,O} for maintaining a constant value of K,. if [CO] is increased then. [CO,] increases. Answer (D) ‘Topic: Lonisation of Acids and Bases The conjugate base of HPO, is HPO} HPO, + HO SHPO} +H,0 Autoprotolysis constant of water increases with tem- perature Answer (B), (C) Topi Is, Bases and Salts, pH defines as the concentration of H* ions in the solution, The orler of H? ions in the solution is as follows, HCI < NH,CI< NaCl < NaCN Therefore, the order of pl is as follows: HCl < NH,Cl< NaCl < NaCN Answer (B) Topic: Factors Affecting Equilibria For the given reaction 3X(g)+ Yg) =X, Y(a) ‘The amount of X,Y at equilibrium is affected by tem- perature and pressure. Answer (A) 6. 2 8. Topic: Buffer Solutions A buffer solution can be sodium acetate and avetie nia and ammonium chloride is water prepared from a mixture of in water and from ammo- Becanse buffer solution is prepered by mixture of weak acid or base and salt oF is conjugate Answer (A), (B) We know that K,= KR" where, = mole of gaseous product ~ moles of eas given: Ny(@)+1,(@)=220, ae i x10 fee ial RN Boxy [sinee,7 = 500°C = (500+ 273K] Answer (D) Relationship between Equilibrium Constant , Reaction Quotient Q and Gibbs Energy G Reaction quotient, Q is equal to the ratio of concentra. tion of produets to concentration of renetants at instant of time. So, the value of reaction quotient, Q increases. to equilibrium constant K from initial stage of reaction Answer (D) Topie: Factors Affecting Equilibria Given that K, is independent of ore, K, remuins constant with change of p and x. Answer (D)9. Topi 10, Topi + Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble S For a sparingly soluble salt A,B,. the relationship of product (Z,) with its solubility (S) is ts A,B, > pA" +g" So, dy = [0 PB psy (gs) = p's"g's* Therefore, 1, pig Answer (A) Applications of Equilibrium Constants For the equilibrium, we have N,0,(8) = 20.08) K = Box (RT) For the relation, we ean sce that K, of the equilibeium reaction is dependent only on temperature. Since tem- perature is constant, so K, or K, will nt change, On decreasing the volume to half, the presure inside the container is doubled, so in accordance with Le Chatel er’ principe, the equilrium will shift in the backward sirwotion and degree of dissociation will decrease Answer (D). 11, Topic: Ionisation of Acids and Bases (a) Given that 500 ml of 0.2 M CH,COOH is mixed ‘with $00 ml of 02 M HCL, Thus, the total volume Cf solution on mixing is 1000 ml. and the eoncen- tration of CH,COOH and HCl in the final solution is0.1M, HCI being a strong electrolyte will dissociate com- pletely. Let the weak acid CH,COOH jonise with degree of dissociation. If x moles of CH,COOH dissociate, the equilibrium in the solution at initial conditions and after time r can be represented as follows HCL’ +c Au=0 01 0 0 At=r 0 01 OL CH,COON = CH,Coo™ +11* AU=0 OL o 0 At Ol x x Atequil, — 0.1-, x Ole The equilibrium constant: [CH,Coo-ItH] “"TeH,Coon] 1-9 Given that for acetie acid K, = 1.75 x 10° mol L-* Aso, for weak acid, value of tis very smal, so lore land Liv] Substituting values, we get x = 1.75 x 10%. Therefore, degree of dissociation is om “The pif of the solution is given by log, {1 ]= ~Hogf0.1= 75x10" pit (b) When a strong base, NaOII (6 g) is added to the above buffer solution, the OH" from the strong base reacts with some CH,COOH, converting it into its conjugate base. This prevents a build-up of OH fons. in the solution, thus preventing a large change in pH of the solution (buffer action), ‘The concentration of added NaQH is 6/40 =0.15 M. OF this, 0.1 M of NaOIT are used to neutralise 0.1 M of H° (from HC) present in the solution and the remaining 0.05 M react with CH.COOH to form CHCOONs, thus forming acetate buffer. The eq librium congitions in the buffer ean be represented as HC1+ NaOH > NaCl+H,0 a) 0 o 01 ot CH,COOH + NaOH > CH,COONa+H,0, ol 0 0 01-005 0.05 9.05 From Henderson: Hasselbalch equation, we have [Conjugate base] [Weak aci] [CH,COONa] [CH,COOH) (0.05) og, [1.75% 10 ]+logh 2) ll Tos a5] pil = pK, + log =lop,, K, +108! Solubility product constant is the product of molar con- centration ofthe ions in the saturated solution, raised to approprinte powers. It is equal to the ionic product in case of saturated solution, Ifionie product > solubility preduct, then the solution is containing mote sal than it can dissolve and precipitation takes place and continues. Ull ionie product becomes equal to solubility product. So, the sulphide with lowest solubility product constant will precipitate firs. Hence, Hy with lowest value of K., will precipitate frst. Answer (C)13, 14, 15, ‘Topic: Applications of Equilibrium Constants Given thac the solution of glucose (0.01 M) and Na,SO, (0.004 M) are isotonic. Therefore, the osmotic pressure is the same, that is, 0, 80, = Mae We know that p = CRY, where C is the concentration of the solution. Therefore, van't Hoff factor is O01RT =i 0.004RT > 1= 25 The degree of sissociaton canbe determined as Na,SO, = 2N2'+S0} Thus, the degree of dissociation is 75%. Answer (A) ‘Topic: lonisation of Acids and Bases Given that IIX is a weak acid, therefore, NaX isa salt of weak acid and strong base (NaOH), NaX + HO HX + H,0 Ih is the degree of hydrolysis, then equilibrium is given as X (ag) + HOW BXCaQ) + OH GQ) Therefore, K,_ Ohxch =k 10 10" x00 Hence, % degree of dissociation = 10 * 100 = 0.01%. Answer (4) Topic: Lonisation of Acids and Bases Consider the given reaction CHNH,+ HCL CH, NH,+ Cr oos To To 0.08 Initial (moles) on oo | o | oos Final (moles) [CH.NH,] tow [CH.NH}] 5x10 0.02 for ]== =o 10+ 0.08; 4 Ke 10" gio M [OW] Sx10 Answer (8) 16, Topie: Applications of Equilibrium Constants We have ocaleulte Ag +2NH, SIAgINH), _{AgiNH),I! ETN] Given that 4, =3.5%10" Ag’ + NH, =[Ag(NH,)"] [AgONHL)'] "(Ag INI) Given that k, = 1.710" [A(NH,))” + NH, = [AR(NH,)1" [Ag(NH).]* [Ag(NIL)F TNH] [Ag(NIL,)“] _ TAgNIL), [Ag INH] [Ag(NH TINH] Ag(NH)e]" [Ag TINK] SKIO? X1.73K107 = 60810 Answer (A) 17. Topic: Factors Affecting Equilibria ‘The change in Gibbs free energy is given by AGireaction) = AGiproduets) ~ AG(reactants) Also, catalyst only speeds up the reaction without affect- ing the equilibrium conditions. Answer (B) 18, Topic: Acids, Bases and Salts Orthoborie acid isa weak monobasic acid. Itis not a pro- tonic acid but acts as Lewis acid by accepting electrons to form s hydroxyl ion Answer (C) 19, ‘Topic: Acids, Bases and Salts ‘The reaction for the base can be written as BOH+HCI > BCI+H,0 Be +H,0 = BOF20, 2 2, Inia onsen «|e fe Eauilbriom coneenation [ea [ea Jew Volume oF HCI used canbe absined as 14,7, BOM) = MF (HCD Zn, ih Silay, concentration of sal an be obi 8 MV, (salt) = MV, (BOL) Mxaser25e2 & We know tat Solving, we gt ar Answer (D), ‘Topic: Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts Solubility of MX =(4%10%)"" = 2x10 3.17107 Solubility of MX, =@8.2«10) Solubility of M,X-= (27x10 )* = 2.27x10" So, MX > MX > MX, Answer (D) ‘Topic: Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts According to Henry's law, we have Px, = Kuta, 08% X10 XXy, =4x10" Tints one mole of solution contains 4x 10™ moles of N, and 1-4 x 10) = 1 mole of water. Therefore, N, from air dissolved in 10 moles of water is 10 x 4 ¥ 10-° moles. =4x 104 Answer (A) Topic: Lonisation of Acids and Bases Given that K,(C,H,COOH) = | x10. pH of 0.01 MC,H,COONa. 2, 2 25, 26. 2. CH,COO"+H,O = C,H,COOH 40H 0.01 o 0 0.01-0.01 4= 0.0101 A) Onl 001k 1 fis approximately equal to 1 [OH] = 0.01 A= 0.01 x 10 = 10% Answer (8) ‘Topic: Acids, Bases and Salts ‘Throe of them, that is, KCN, K,CO, and 1iCN are hasie in nanwe and their aqueous solutions turn red Litmus paper blue. Answer (3) ‘Topic: Buffer Solutions ‘option (C), if HNO, is present in limiting amount then this mixture will be a butfer and in option (D), the mix- ture contains a weak acid, that is, acetic aeid and its salt of strong base, that is, sodium acetate Angwer (C), (D) Topic: Acids, Bases and Salts Among the given formulae, the diprotic acids are: H,SO,, H,PO,, H.CO,.H,S,0,, H,Cr0,, H,SO, 11,PO, isa diprotie acid since one of the proton (hydro- gen) is bound to the phosphorous atom, Answer (6) ‘Topic: Tonie Equilibrium in Solution ‘The reaction of Cu ions with CN, SCN and CuCl, will lead to the formation of [Cu(CN),P . [CuSCN),T and CuCl which will shift dhe reaction in the backward direction, Cu*+2CN > Cu(EN), CUCN + 3CN- > [Cu(CN)," Cu + 4SEN + [Cu(SEN), uct, + Cu 2cucr" Answer (B),(C),(D) ‘Topic: Tonisation of Acids and Bases Theratewithrespectto weakacidis r= K[H” Jay Ester] and rate with respect to strong acid is28, 2», 30. aM. 15 = ALE ng (Ester) Now, given that He iy L Lee Too 100 The reaction involved is HAHA, LEIA] 001x001 _ 4g THAT 7 Answer (A) ‘Topic: Applications of Equilibrium Constants For the reaetion CaCO,(s) = CaO{s)+CO,(2). AH is dependent on temperature according to Kirch- hoft"s equation AW, AH, =C,(T,—T,), but it is inde- pendent of addition of catalyst. The eulibrium constant (A) is independent of initial amount of CaCO, and pres- sure of CO, ata given ternperature. Answer (A),(B),(D) ‘Topic: Solubility Equil The reaction involved is ‘of Sparingly Soluble Salts 2Ag* +10 Ag,CrO, = The solubility product is Ky =[Ag" FICOP J 11x10 =. xs Peete, 510} = 2210 rom" aH Answer (B). ‘Topic: Lonisation of Acids and Bases The reaction involved is, 1,80, + 1,0 <* [BOID, J++ I (weak acid) [BOHT + OHLOH H0-0s,, 0-GHe GHt,0H = 6-077 S0-CHt, Answer (B), (D) ‘Topic: Lonisation of Acids and Bases Energy evolved on neutralisation of HCI and NaQH is, O.1 x 57=5.7 d= 5700) Energy utilised to rise the temperature ofthe solution is mms AT =200 x 1x4.2 5,7 =4788 3 Energy used to ineveuse temperature of calorimeter is = 5700 4788912) ms AT=912 mxs%5,.7= 912 ms = 160°C! [Calorimeter constant] Energy evolved by neutralisation of CH,COOH. and NaOl is 00 x 4.2 5.64 160 x 5.6= 5600) So, the energy used in dissociation of 0.1 mol CH,COOI is = 5700 ~ 5600 = 100 Thus, enthalpy of dissociation is 1 J mot” Answer (A) 32, Topic: lonisation of Acids and Bases In Expt. 2, the final solution is a buffer as it contains equimolar amounts of acid and sat. < lop {0 Hi = pk, + og 0, a ee Nee acid) z pK, =—log(2%10-) = 0301045 = 4.699247 100 Salt] =[CH,COONa}= OP x2 = (Salt}=[CH,COONa]= 0) x2=1M 200-100, _ 100. {Acid} =[c11,C00H 100 oa 200?" 200 Substutng the values in Eq, (2,92 get pH = ATsogh= 8.7 Answer (B) 33. Tople:lonle Equilibrium in Solution “The give reeton for thermal desompostion is X= Re ct a at (ia) 20 aus, UBB (Given 20 p) ‘otal numberof moles at equilibrium = (1 + a) = 1 + 2 Therefore, | fice Ps LTB) Therefore, te equilibrium constant Kis given by& ea 34. Topic: Ionie Equilibrium in Solution On decreasing total pressure, the reaction will move in the forward ditection where number of gascous mole- cules is less. Hence, option (A) is correct. At the start of reaction Q = 0, From AG = AG! + RT In, we have that for Q = 0 at the start of reaction AG is negative, this causes dissociation of X, to take place spontaneously. Hence, option (B) is correct, ‘The value of K, is greater than 1, which is not possible as given that AG®> 0 far the reaction, Hence, option (C) i incorrect. ASAG'> Oand AG'=—RT Intk,) ‘AG"> 1, 90K, should be less than We know that = KART) K, pry Therefore, K,-< Ky. As K, is less than 1, so K, is also less than 1 Hence, option (D) is correct, Answer (C)