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Simulationandmodelingofahydraulicsystem Fluidsim Oronjak
Simulationandmodelingofahydraulicsystem Fluidsim Oronjak
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Velibor Karanovic
University of Novi Sad
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All content following this page was uploaded by Marko Orošnjak on 02 March 2021.
Abstract
Modeling and simulation of hydraulic control systems is necessary in order to acknowledge the
drawbacks and advantages before even starting a design of a system. By acknowledging, the
discrepancies between the model of a physical system and a system in a virtual environment,
engineers can handle the optimization, in terms of price and time-consumption. FluidSim is
comprenhensive software for simulation of fluid control systems and it is mostly fitted for use in
educational purposes. Comparison between the results obtained by mathematical model and FluidSim
model of a simple open-circuit hydraulic system results show a low percentage deviation of
approximately 3%.
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2 Orošnjak et al.
directional control valve, a hydraulic cylinder, and a where L is the length, d is diameter of the orifice, v is
pressure-relief valve. Fixed positive displacement pump the fluid velocity within a valve, and λ is the friction
is used to transform the mechanical energy input from factor which depends on the Reynolds number (Re):
el. motor to pressurizied fluid energy i.e. hydraulic vd vd
Re (5)
energy. Pressurizied fluid travels through (activated)
directional control valve towards hydraulic cylinder. The
where ν is the kinematic viscosity, ρ is the fluid density,
role of a directional valve is to transfer fluid between the
μ is the dynamic viscosity. Adopting turbulent flow for
circuits. Usually ports are marked with P, A, B, T (figure
Re and replacing λ gives by Blasius[10]:
2), and fluid path connections are as follow: P-A and B-
0, 3164
T; or P-B and A-T (see figure 2). Port P stands for 4 (6)
pressurized port or pump, A and B flow out of Re
directional valve to inlet or outlet of the hydraulic
2.3. Compressibility
cylinder, while T ports stands for tank i.e. reservoir.
Flow from the pump to the pressure-relief valve and to Even though hydraulic fluids are considered
tank is optional: incompressible in macro scale [11], they still have small
• in a case of a system overload; compressibility that needs to be included in modeling of
a hydraulic system. However, in this case system is not
• directional control valve is in middle position working at high pressure and flows and it will be
(idling); neglected. Applications with higher power and high
pressure hydraulic machinery, compressibility must be
• fault or failure in a system (e.g. valve jamming –
included while modeling the hydraulic system behavior
pressure rise activates pressure-relief valve).
as follows [12]:
2.1 Hydraulic pump model V dp
Qc (7)
A fixed positive displacement pump is used in the dt
model of a system. Electric motor is used to drive replacing:
hydraulic pump. Each pump has its own efficiency, but dp
based on its geometry, design and working pressure, a Qc (Qin Qout ) (8)
dt V V
portion of the flow leaks back to the inlet port. Equation
where p is the pressure present at the circuit, β is the
used for pump flow rate is described as follows[6,7]:
bulk modulus, Qin and Qout are the flows entering and
QPV DP P K PS p , (1) exiting the segment, respectively. Equation (7)
and slippage coefficient KPS is described: represents the dynamics of hose or pipe. The
C D compressibility equation must be written for each
K PS S P , (2)
continuous segment of the circuit because of a pressure
where QP is pump flow rate, DP is the pump discontinuity (pressure rise or drop) caused by a pump,
displacement, ωp is the pump angular velocity, p is the valve or cylinder [11]. In a FluidSim toolbox options for
pump pressure, Cs is a constant provided by the modeling compressibility of a hose or pipe is not known
internal structure of a pump that does not change [8], μ to the authors.
is the absolute viscosity (i.e. dynamic viscosity). 2.4 Hydraulic cylinder model
2.2 Directional valve model The function of a hydraulic cylinder is to convert
Directional valves are designed to direct the flow from hydraulic energy supplied by the pump into mechanical
the pump to the actuator. There are numerous work at the output. The flow of a ideal hydraulic cylinder
directional valves in use, such as spool, servo, and is calculated as follows:
dx
proportional valves. Proportional valves impose Qcyl A (9)
resistance against the entering flow and thus the flow dt
changes on inlet/outlet. In a conventional hydraulic whereas Qcyl is the flow rate, A piston area, and dx/dt
system if the upstream pressure increases the pressure velocity (Vcyl). With modern sealing technology, the
relief valve opens and bypasses the surpass flow to the volumetric efficiency (leakage losses) of a hydraulic
tank. Flow from a directional valve is controlled by its cylinder in good condition approaches ~100% [13].
orifice area. The flow is calculated as follows [6,7]: While the mechanical-hydraulic efficiency of a cylinder
2 p varies with seal type and the tolerances between the
QDV C D A (3) piston-rod and its wear bands. A mechanical efficiency
of cylinders is calculated as follows [13]:
where CD is the coefficient discharge (value from [9]), A F
is the orifice area, Δp is the pressure difference across mech (10)
p1 A1 p2 A2
the orifice, and the ρ is the fluid density. Pressure
difference is calculated as follows: whereas ηmech is the cylinder mechanical efficiency, p1
and p2 are the pressure at piston and piston rod area,
L v2
p (4) respectively, while F is the effective piston force.
d 2 Leakage in the cylinder is necessary to assure seal
lubrication, therefore in most cases it does not affect
system behavior considerably and is neglected.
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Orošnjak et al. 3
2.5 Data used for modeling of a system GmbH, Paderborn. Hydraulic components are
explained with textual descriptions, figures, and
Data used for simulation is represented in table 1.
animations that illustrate underlying working principles
Although all data is used for mathematical modeling
[14]. FluidSim model shown in figure 2 consists of a
some of the data is not or can not be included in
pump unit, directional valve and a cylinder. Data
simulation in a FluidSim.
included in modeling of a system is used from table 1.
Table 1. Data used for simulation From the modeling of a system authors found some
Quantity Symbol Value Unit discrepancies, such as: compressibility in segments
Pump from a pump to directional valve and from directional
DP 14 cm3/rev
displacement valve to the cylinder, since that are high pressure lines;
Pump leakage
KPS 20.08 cm3/min*bar
hydraulic pipelines and hoses can not be modeled; and
coef. hydraulic fluid and viscosity type of a hydraulic medium
Pump to transfer the hydraulic power is not included. State
p 120 bar (105 Pa)
pressure diagram from the simulation of a represented system is
Pump total eff. ηuk 0.85 - shown in figure 3.
Pump vol. eff. ηvol 0.90 -
Angular
ωP 1450 rev/min
velocity
Fluid density ρ 844.4 kg/m3
Bulk modulus β 12665,3 bar
Fluid kin.
ν 15.987 cSt
viscosity
Flow discharge
Cd 0.985 -
coefficient
Orifice direct.
ddv 0,008 m
valve
Piston
dP 0.08 m
diameter
Piston rod
dPR 0.03 m
diameter
4. FLUIDSIM MODEL
FESTO FluidSim™ software is used for simulation of
fluid power system. FluidSim was developed as a joint
venture between the University of Paderborn, Festo Figure 2. FluidSim hydraulic open circuit system
Didactic GmbH & Co. KG, and Art System Software
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4 Orošnjak et al.
7. REFERENCES
[1] Modelon, (2013), "Modeling of Hydraulic Systems – Tutorial for
the hydraulics library", available at:
http://www.maplesoft.com/products/toolboxes/modelon/Hydraulic
sLibraryTutorial.pdf (accessed: 25.06.2017).
[2] Hamzehlouia, S., Izadin, A., (2012), "State-space representation
of a hydraulic wind power transfer", 2012 IEEE International
Conference on Electro/Information Technology (EIT), pp.1-6.
[3] Deldar, M., Izadin, A., (2015), "Modeling of a hydraulic wind
power transfer system utilizing a proportional valve", IEEE
Figure 4. Cylinder extension Transactions on Industry Application, Vol 51, Iss. 2, March-April
2015, pp.1837-1844.
[4] Gültekin, I. Y., Comert, S., Erkal, G., Balkan, T., Unlusoy, Y. S.,
(2016), "Modeling and simulation of power steering system for
agricultural tractors", International Conference on Advances in
Automotive Technologies, AAT2016, 11-14.October.2016,
Istanbul, Turkey, pp.1-6.
[5] Orošnjak, M., Jocanović, M., Karanović, V. (2016), "Quality
analysis of hydraulic system in function of reliability theory",in
Katalinić, B. (ed.), Proceedings of 27th DAAAM International
Symposium on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation,
Mostar, B&H, pp.569-577. DOI:
10.2507/27th.daaam.proceedings.084
[6] H. E. Merrit. (1967), "Hydraulic control systems", New York,
John & Wiley Inc., USA.
[7] E. C. Fitch, I. T. Hong, (1998), "Hydraulic component design and
selection", Oklahoma, BarDyne Inc.
[8] Blackburn, J.F., Reethof, G., and Shearer, J.L. (1960), "Fluid
Power Control", The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
[9] Miller, R.W. (1996), "Flow measurement engineering handbook",
Figure 5. Cylinder retraction 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
[10] Munson B.R., Young D. F., Okiishi T. H. (2006), "Fundamentals
While comparing time for cylinder to travel to the back of fluid mechanics", John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
end position, mathematical result show slightly higher [11] Deldar, M., Izadin, A., (2015), "Modeling of a Hydraulic Wind
time tmat = 7,24 sec comparing to fluidsim model which Power Transfer System Utilizing a Proportional Valve", IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 51, Iss. 2, March-April
took tfluidsim = 7,204 sec, which is ~0,5% deviation. 2015, pp.1837-1844. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2014.2354745.
However, results in figure 4 of cylinder extension show [12] A. V. Akkaya, (2006), "Effect of bulk modulus on performance of
a deviation of 3,5% which is much higher ( tmat = 8,429 a Hydrostatic Transmission Control System" Sadhana, vol. 31,
sec; tfluidsim = 8,133 sec). Part. 5, pp.543-556.
[13] Casey, B. (2016), "How to calculate hydraulic cylinder
efficiency", Hydraulics&Pneumatics, available at:
6. CONCLUSION http://www.hydraulicspneumatics.com/blog/how-calculate-
hydraulic-cylinder-efficiency (accessed: 01.07.2017).
Comparing mathematical modeling and modeling via [14] FESTO FluidSim (2016), "Festo FluidSim User's Guide", FESTO
block diagrams in FluidSim results show slight Didactic SE, Art Systems GmbH, available at: goo.gl/FhWzL7
discrepancies. From this particular example of an open- (accessed 22.06.2017).
circuit hydraulic system results showed deviation in
cylinder movement (extension and retraction time).
Authors emphasize that flow out of the pump shows the
different results of the flow comparing to mathematical
simulation. Besides, authors also emphasize that
options for setting the values within the hydraulic
directional valve (coefficient of discharge CD, orifice
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