Non-Fermenting & Miscellaneous

Gram-Negative Bacilli
BACT211 | MIDTERM | 2ND SEMESTER

nebulizers, dialysate fluids, saline,

catheters, and other devices.
General Characteristics of Nonfermenters

Biochemical Characteristics and

★ Fail to acidify an
Identification
oxidative-fermentative (OF) medium
when it is overlaid with mineral oil
Note: Both test tubes for oxidative and ★ Oxidase-positive reaction, although
fermentative, hindi mag-turn into yellow, reaction can be weak and variable
which indicates acid
★ Nonreactivity in 24 hours in
★ Fail to acidify triple sugar iron agar
commercial multitest kit systems used
(TSIA) butts
primarily for the identification of
Note: Triple sugar iron agar is for:
Enterobacteriaceae
carbohydrate utilization:
■ Slanted portion for lactose and sucrose ★ No acid production in the slant or butt
fermentation of Triple Sugar Iron Agar or Kligler Iron
■ Butt portion for glucose fermentation Agar
Note: Hence, non-fermenters in triple sugar ★ Resistance to a variety of classes of
iron agar will show color red, which antimicrobial agents, such as
indicates alkaline aminoglycosides, third-generation
Note: K/K - red slant/red butt (they will not
cephalosporins, penicillins, and
ferment sugars)
fluoroquinolones
★ Grow much better in an aerobic
Note: Many classification systems have been devised
environment
for grouping the nonfermenters. One system uses the
★ Some group members oxidize reactions of three common tests:
carbohydrates to derive energy for 1) Growth on MacConkey (MAC) agar,
their metabolism; they are referred to 2) Oxidase reaction, and
as oxidizers. Others do not break down 3) Glucose oxidation-fermentation (O-F) test.
carbohydrates at all; they are referred
to as nonoxidizers or asaccharolytic.
Taxonomic Changes for Some
★ Most nonfermentative, gram-negative
Gram-Negative Nonfermenters
bacilli are oxidase positive
★ All species except Burkholderia mallei
are motile, having one or several polar New Name Old Name
flagella
★ Optimum temperature range: Achromobacter Achromobacter
xylosoxidans xylosoxidans var.
30℃ - 37℃ (mesophilic)
xylosoxidans
★ Acidovirax facilis is the only MacConkey
negative Achromobacter Achromobacter
★ Pseudomonas spp. are catalase denitrificans xylosoxidans var.
positive denitrificans
★ They prefer moist environments, and in
hospitals they can be isolated from Bergeyella Weeksella zoohelcum
zoohelcum
Non-Fermenting & Miscellaneous
Gram-Negative Bacilli
BACT211 | MIDTERM | 2ND SEMESTER

Brevundimonas Pseudomonas Ralstonia Ralstonia picketi

diminuta diminuta mannitolilytica 3/‘thomasii’

Burkholderia mallei Pseudomonas mallei Ralstonia pickettii Pseudomonas

pickettii
Chryseobacterium Flavobacterium
gleum gleum Rhizobium Agrobacterium
radiobacter radiobacter
Chryseobacterium Flavobacterium
indologenes indologenes Sphingobacterium Flavobacterium
multivorum multivorum
Cupriavidus pauculus Ralstonia pauculus
Sphingobacterium Flavobacterium
Cupriavidus gilardi Ralstonia gilardi mizutaii mizutaii

Delftia acidovorans Comomonas Sphingobacterium Flavobacterium

acidovorans spiritivorum spiritivorum

Elizabethkinga Chryseobacterium Sphingomonas Pseudomonas

meningoseptica meningosepticum paucimobilis paucimobilis and CDC
group IIk-1
Empedobacter brevis Flavobacterium
CDC, Centers for Disease and Control - Mahon
brevis

Methylobacterium Pseudomonas Current Name Previous Name

mesophilicum mesophilica
Acidovorax delafieldii Pseudomonas
Myroides odoratus Flavobacterium delafieldii
odoratum
Acidovorac facilis Pseudomonas facilis
Neisseria animaloris CDC group EF-4a
Acidovorax Pseudomonas and
Neisseria CDC group EF-4b temperans Alcaligenes spp.
zoodegmatis
Brevundimonas Pseudomonas
Ochrobactrum Achromobacter diminuta diminuta
anthropi biovar 1, 2, or Vd-1
Brevundimonas Pseudomonas
Pandoraea spp. CDC WO-2 vesicularis vesicularis

Paracoccus yeei CDC EO-2 Burkholderia cepacia Pseudomonas

complex cepacia
Pseudomonas luteola Chryseomonas
luteola Burkholderia Pseudomonas
pseudomallei pseudomallei
Psychrobacter Moraxella
phenylpiruvicus phenylpiruvica Burkholderia mallei Pseudomonas mallei
Non-Fermenting & Miscellaneous
Gram-Negative Bacilli
BACT211 | MIDTERM | 2ND SEMESTER

spp. (weak
Pandoraea spp. CDC group WO-2 (five
distinct species) fermenters)
○ Sphingomonas
Pseudomonas paucimobilis
aeruginosa ○ Pseudomonas
(Chryseomonas)
Pseudomonas
luteola
fluorescens
○ Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas oryzihabitants
mendocina ○ Sphingobacterium
spp.
Pseudomonas
○ Pseudomonas stutzeri
monteilii
(light yellow) and
Pseudomonas putida wrinkled colonies
● Pink
Pseudomonas stutzeri ○ Methylobacterium
(includes CDC group spp.
IVd CDC group Vb-3
○ Roseomonas spp.
Pseudomonas veronii ● Purple (MacConkey Agar)
○ Acinetobacter spp.
Pseudomonas-like ● Blue-green
group 2 ○ Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
CDC group Ic
● Violet
Ralstonia “Pseudomonas ○ Chromobacterim
mannitolilytica thomasii,” Ralstonia violaceum
pickettii biovar 3 ● Lavender to lavender-green
(Blood Agar)
Ralstonia insidiosa CDC group IVc-2
○ Stenotrophomonas
Ralstonia pickettii Pseudomonas maltophillia
pickettii, Burkholderia ● Tan (occasionally)
pickettii, Va-1, Va-2 ○ Pseudomonas stutzeri
○ Shewanella
putrefaciens
Characteristics Common to Groups of
★ Wrinkled Colonies:
Nonfermenters
● Pseudomonas stutzeri
● Pseudomonas oryzihabitants
★ Pigmentation ● Burkholderia pseudomallei
● Yellow ★ Odor
○ Chryseobacterium ● Sweet
and Elizibethkingia ○ Alcaligenes faecalis
Non-Fermenting & Miscellaneous
Gram-Negative Bacilli
BACT211 | MIDTERM | 2ND SEMESTER
○ Myroides odoratus
○ Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (fruit-like
odor/grape-like
odor)
● Popcorn
○ EO-4
○ Neisseria
zoodegmatis
★ Nonmotile
● Acinetobacter spp.
● Moraxella spp.
● Chryseobacterium and
Elizibethkingia spp. (weak
fermenters)
● Sphingobacterium spp. (may
glide)
● Oligella spp. (non-O.
ureolytica)
★ Oxidase-negative
● Acinetobacter spp.
● Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
● Pseudomonas luteola and
Pseudomonas oryzihabitans
● Pseudomonas cepacia
★ H2S Positive
● Shewanella putrefaciens
Clinically Significant Nonfermentative,
Gram-Negative Bacilli
★ Pseudomonas
○ Gram-negative bacillus or
coccobacillus
○ Strictly aerobic metabolism
○ Motile usually with polar
flagellum or polar tuft of
flagella
○ Oxidase positive (except
Pseudomonas luteolus and
Pseudomonas oryzihabitans)
○ Catalase positive
○ Usually grows on MacConkey
(MAC) agar
○ Usually an oxidizer of
carbohydrates, but some
species are asaccharolytic
○ Produce water-soluble
pigments: pyoverdin, a
yellow-green or yellow-brown
pigment
Note: Most strains of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce
the blue, water-soluble pigment
called pyocyanin.
Note: Pyocyanin when combine
with pyoverdin produces the
green pigment characteristic of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonies.
Pseudomonas Fluorescent Group (Pyoverdin)
★ Pseudomonas aeruginosa: produces
pyoverdin and pyocyanin or
combination
★ Pseudomonas fluorescens
★ Pseudomonas putida
★ Pseudomonas monteilii
★ Pseudomonas veronii
★ Pseudomonas mosselii
Pseudomonas Fluorescent Group:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
★ Motile and rod shaped
★ Obligate aerobe
★ Producing sweet or grape-like or corn
taco-like odor caused by the presence
of 2-aminoacetophenone
★ Produce non-fluoroscent bluish
pigment, pyocyanin
★ Produces the fluorescent yellow-green
pigment pyoverdin
Non-Fermenting & Miscellaneous
Gram-Negative Bacilli
BACT211 | MIDTERM | 2ND SEMESTER

★ May also produce a dark red pigment

(pyorubin) or a brownblack pigment
(pyomelanin)
★ Growth Characteristics:
○ Grows well at 37℃ to 42℃
Note: 42℃ makes it more
distinguishable from other
Pseudomonas spp. / fluorescent
group
○ Does not ferment
carbohydrates
○ Many strains oxidize glucose;
therefore, oxidase positive
○ Denitrification of nitrates and
nitrites
○ Arginine dihydrolase
(ADH)–positive
○ Citrate positivity
○ Acetamide utilization
● Culture media: Cetrimide
Agar
○ Selective and
differential
○ Cetrimide acts as a
detergent and
inhibits most
bacteria
○ Enhances the
production of the two
pigments: pyoverdin
and pyocyanin
produced by
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
★ Virulence Factors:
Virulence Factors Functions
Lipopolysaccharide Antiphagocytic
activity, cytotoxicity
Pili Adhesion
Flagella Motility, adhesion
Type III secretion Cytotoxic activity
system
Phospholipases Cytotoxicity
Proteases Cytotoxicity,
proteolytic activity
Exotoxin A Cytotoxicity
Capsule Antiphagocytic
activity
Note: The most important exotoxin is
exotoxin A-blocks the protein synthesis
Note: Several exotoxins—proteases, hemolysins,
lecithinase, elastase, & deoxyribonuclease (DNase)
★ Clinical Findings:
○ Wounds and burns:
blue-green pus
○ Necrotizing pneumonia
○ Cystic fibrosis (CF): chronic
pneumonia
○ Mild otitis externa in
swimmers
○ Invasive (malignant) otitis
externa in patients with
diabetes
○ Fatal sepsis - infants
○ Ecthyma gangrenosum
Note: presence of
erithema/redness–usually do not
contain pus
○ Folliculitis - poorly
chlorinated hot tubs and
swimming pools
★ Treatment:
○ Piperacillin and ticarcillin
○ Third- and fourth- generation
cephalosporins (ceftazidime
and cefepime, respectively)
Non-Fermenting & Miscellaneous
Gram-Negative Bacilli
BACT211 | MIDTERM | 2ND SEMESTER
○ Carbapenems (except
ertapenem)
○ Fluoroquinolones
Pseudomonas Fluorescent Group:
Pseudomonas fluorescens & Pseudomonas
putida
Note: can be isolated from respiratory specimens,
from contaminated blood products, urine, cosmetics,
hospital equipments, and fluids.
★ Can grow at 4℃
★ Produce pyoverdin (yellow-green
pigment)
★ Cannot reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas
★ Can produce acid from xylose
★ Gelatin hydrolysis
○ Pseudomans putida: negative
○ Pseudomonas fluorescens:
positive
Note: Susceptible to aminoglycosides,
polymyxin, and piperacillin
Note: Resistan to carbenicillin and
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT)
Pseudomonas Fluorescent Group:
Pseudomonas mosselii
★ Nonpigmented and nonhemolytic
★ Positive for oxidase, catalse, and
arginine dihydrolase (ADH)
★ Optimal growth occurs at 30℃
Pseudomonas Non-Fluorescent Group
★ Pseudomonas stutzeri
★ Pseudomonas mendocina
★ Pseudomonas alcaligenes
★ Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes
★ Pseudomonas luteola
★ Pseudomonas oryzihabitans
Pseudomonas Non-Fluorescent Group:
Pseudomonas stutzeri
★ Wrinkled, leathery, adherent colonies
★ Light-yellow or brown pigment
★ Distinguish Pseudomonas stutzeri from
most other Pseudomonas spp. by the
combination of:
○ Arginine dihydrolase (ADH)
negative
○ Starch hydrolysis positive
★ Can grow in an anaerobic environment
in nitrate-containing media, producing
nitrogen gas
★ Responsible for diseases like:
○ Septicemia,
○ Meningitis in the human
immunodeficiency
virus-infected patient,
○ Pneumonia (especially in
cystic fibrosis (CF) and
immunocompromised
patients),
○ Endocarditis,
○ Postsurgical wound infections
○ Septic arthritis,
○ Conjunctivitis, and
○ Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Pseudomonas Non-Fluorescent Group:
Pseudomonas mendocina
★ Produces nonwrinkled, flat colonies
that may appear with a
yellowish-brown pigment
★ Pigmentation seems to be a variable
trait, but many exhibit a smooth
buttery appearance.
★ Oxidase and arginine dihydrolase
(ADH) positive
Non-Fermenting & Miscellaneous
Gram-Negative Bacilli
BACT211 | MIDTERM | 2ND SEMESTER
★ Does not produce pyoverdin
★ Acetamide negative
★ Motile: single polar flagellum
★ Oxidizes glucose and xylose
★ Nonproteolytic and does not hydrolyze
starch
Pseudomonas Non-Fluorescent Group:
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes &
Pseudomonas alcaligenes
Note: often considered contaminants when isolated
from clinical specimens
★ Oxidase positive
★ Biochemically negative in many tests
★ Grown on MacConkey (MAC) agar
★ Motile - polar flagellum
★ Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes -
arginine dihydrolase (ADH) positive
and weakly derment fructose
Pseudomonas Non-Fluorescent Group:
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes &
Pseudomonas alcaligenes
★ Gram-negative, nonfermentative
oxidase-negative bacilli
★ Catalase positive and motile, oxidize
glucose, grow on MacConkey (MAC)
agar
★ Produce wrinkled or rough colonies at
48 hours
★ Pseudomonas luteola can be
differentiated from Pseudomonas
oryzihabitans by the
o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside
(ONPG) test and esculin hydrolysis
Note: ONPG test to detect Beta
galactosidase (present on late lactose
fermenters)
Acinetobacter spp.
★ Aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase
negative, gram-negative bacteria
★ May also appear as diplococci on
smears and then resembles Neisseria
spp.
★ Grows best at 35℃ to 37℃
★ Acinetobacter baumannii:
○ Most commonly isolated in
clinical laboratories
○ Glucose-oxidizing
○ Nonhemolytic strain
★ Acinetobacter radioresistens:
○ Described to colonize human
skin and cause occasionally
infections in
immunocompromised
patients.
★ Acinetobacter lwoffii:
○ Glucose negative
nonhemolytic strain
★ Clinical Infections:
○ Primarily affect patients with
weakened immune systems
and coexisting diseases
○ Urinary tract infections (UTIs);
pneumonia,
tracheobronchitis, or both;
endocarditis
○ Septicemia; meningitis, often
as a complication of
intrathecal chemotherapy for
cancer
○ Cellulitis, result of
contaminated indwelling
catheters, trauma, burns, or
introduction of a foreign body
● Acinetobacter baumamnii -
eye infections:
○ endophthalmis,
Non-Fermenting & Miscellaneous
Gram-Negative Bacilli
BACT211 | MIDTERM | 2ND SEMESTER
○ conjunctivitis, and
○ corneal ulceration
★ Identifying Characteristics:
○ Can resist decolorization and
retain the crystal violet stain
○ Purplish hue produced ny
some species
○ Acinetobacter baumannii is
saccharolytic, and
Acinetobacter lwoffii is
asaccharolytic
○ Strains that can resist
carbapenems are referred to
as: CRAB, or
Carbapenem-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii -
only susceptible to collistin
and tigecycline
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
★ Third most common non-fermentative,
gram negative bacillus in the clinical
laboratory
★ Colonies appear bluish on MacConkey
(MAC) agar
★ Positive for catalase, DNase, esculin
and gelatin hydrolysis, and lysine
decarboxylase
Burkholderia spp.
Burkholderia cepacia complex
★ Weak, slow, positive, oxidase reaction
★ Oxidase glucose, and many will oxidize
maltose, lactose, mannitol
★ Lysine decarboxylase and
o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galacopyranoside
(ONPG) positive
★ Ornithine decarboxylase negative and
fail to reduce nitrate to nitrite
★ Motile by means of polar tufts of
flagella
★ Causes onion bulb rot in plants and
foot rot in humans
Burkholderia mallei
★ Previous name: Pseudomonas mallei
★ Smooth and cream to white colonies in
Blood Agar Plate (BAP) and weaky
oxidase positive
★ The only non-motile among all
pseudomonads
★ Cannot grow in 40℃
★ Causes GLANDER’S Disease: infectious
disease of horses, goats, sheeps, &
donkeys. Rare cause of human
infection acquired by direct contact,
trauma, or inhalation.
Note: Respiratory tract zoonosis
★ FARCY: disseminated form of glander’s
disease
★ Considered as a potential bioterrorism
agent (intentional or threatened use of
pathogenic organisim to produce death or
disease)
Burkholderia pseudomallei
★ Cream to tan wrinkled colonies on the
surface of Blood Agar Plate (BAP)
★ Motile via polar tuft flagella
★ Arginin dihydrolase (ADH) positive
★ Highly oxidative - glucose, maltose,
lactose, mannitol
★ Causes MELIOIDOSIS - glander’s-like
disease which has long latent period
Note: pulmonary disease caused by
ingestion, inhalation, or inoculation of
organisms.
Non-Fermenting & Miscellaneous
Gram-Negative Bacilli
BACT211 | MIDTERM | 2ND SEMESTER
★ Manifestation of symptoms takes years
hence the synonym VIETNAM TIME
BOMB
Burkholderia gladioli
★ Produces yellow pigment after 48-72
hours of incubation
★ Motile by mean of one or two polar
flagella
★ Catalase and urease positive
★ Grows on MacConkey (MAC) agar
★ Oxidizes glucose
Mannitol Decarboxylase Oxidase
Positive Negative Negative, although
some strains are
weakly positive
Less Commonly Encountered
Nonfermentative, Gram-Negative Bacilli
Alcaligenes & Achromobacter
Note: Isolates of both Alcaligenes and
Achromobacter are found in water (e.g.,
swimming pools, tap water, dialysis fluids) and
are resistant to disinfectants.
★ Obligately aerobic gram-negative
bacilli
★ Possess peritrichous flagella
★ May produce a fruity odor
★ Cause a green discoloration on
Sheep/Blood Agar Plate (SBA/BAP)
★ Oxidative/Fermentative (OF) media:
nonoxidative, produce a deep blue
color at the top, except for
Achromobacter xylosoxidans
(Achromobacter xylosoxidans var.
xylosoxidans)
Brevundimonas
Brevundimonas diminuta
Note: considered as contaminant
★ Motile and possess a single polar
flagellum
★ Oxidase glucose
★ Oxidase positive
★ Most strains grow on MacConkey
(MAC) agar
Brevundimonas vesicularis
★ Slender rod, with polar flagella
★ Only about 25% grows on MacConkey
(MAC) agar
★ Most strains produce an orange
intracellular pigment
★ Oxidase positive and oxidizes glucose
and maltose
★ Esculin hydrolysis test to
differentiatte Brevundimonas diminuta
& Brevundimonas vesicularis
○ Brevundimonas diminuta:
rarely positive
○ Brevundimonas vesicularis:
positive
CDC groups EO-3, EO-4, and Paracoccus
Note: EO refers to eugonic oxidizer
★ Oxidase-positive
★ Nonmotile, saccharolytic coccobacilli
that grows weakly, if at all, on
MacConkey (MAC) agar
★ All oxidize glucose and xylose
★ EO-3 and many EO-4 isolates have a
yellow nondiffusible pigment
★ Paracoccus yeei (EO-2): coccoid or
O-shaped cells on gram stain
Non-Fermenting & Miscellaneous
Gram-Negative Bacilli
BACT211 | MIDTERM | 2ND SEMESTER
Chromobacterium
Chromobacterium violaceum
★ Motile, facultative anaerobe, OXIDASE
(+) positive
★ Rare cause of human infection
★ Found in soil and water
★ Unique because of the violet pigment
that it produces - violacein
Comamonas and Delftia
★ Straight to slightly curved rods
★ Produce alkalinity in
Oxidative/Fermentative media
★ Catalase positive and oxidase positive
★ Motile by multitrichous polar flagella
★ Reduce nitrate to nitrite
Comamonas testosteroni and Comamonas
terrigena
★ Cause nosocomial bacteremia
Delftia acidovorans
★ Associated with keratitis in soft
contact lens wearers
★ Nosocomial infections including
bacteremia and endocarditis
Delftia tsuruhatensis
★ Associated with catheter-related
bacteremia
Flavobacteriaceae
★ Members of the family
Flavobacteriaceae:
○ Balaneatrix
○ Bergeyella
○ Chryseobacterium
○ Elizabethkingia
○ Empedobacter
○ Myroides
○ Weeksella
○ Wautersiella
○ Sphingobacterium spp.
★ Non-motile except Balaneatrix alpaca
★ Lavender-green discoloration of the
aggar on media with blood
★ Fruity odor
Elizabethkingia meningoseptica
★ Meningitis and septicemia in
newborns
★ Produce acid from glucose, maltose,
mannitol
★ Hydrolyze esculin, indole positive
★ Growth on MacConkey (MAC) agar is
variable
Balaneatrix alpaca
★ Curved to straight rod
★ Motile by polar flagella
★ Pale yellow, becoming brown with age
★ No growth on MacConkey (MAC) agar
★ Positive for oxidase and indole
★ Saccharolytic, oxidizing glucose,
mannose, fructose, and other sugars
Chryseobacterium indologenes
Non-Fermenting & Miscellaneous
Gram-Negative Bacilli
BACT211 | MIDTERM | 2ND SEMESTER

★ Linked to nosocomial infections:

Ralstonia and Cupriavidus
bacteremia

Empedobacter brevis Ralstonia pickettii

★ Slow growers
★ Endophthalmitis following cataract
★ Oxidase and catalase positive
surgery
★ Grows on MacConkey (MAC) agar,
Myroides odoratimimus reduces nitrate, oxidizes glucose and
xylose, and is motile by means of a
single polar flagellum
★ Pale yellow, becoming brown with age
★ Urinary tract infections (UTIs),
Cupriavidus pauculus
endocarditis, ventriculitis, and
cutaneous infections in
★ Motile (peritrichous flagella),
immunocompromised patients
oxidase-positive, catalase-positive,
asaccharolytic, gram-negative bacilli
Weeksella
★ Most strains grow on MacConkey
(MAC) agar
★ Asaccharolytic, indole and oxidase
positive, and fail to grow on
Shewanella
MacConkey (MAC) agar

Weeksella virosa
★ Found in genitourinary specimens
★ Grows on modified Thayer-Martin
medium or other media selective for
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Bergeyella (Weeksella) zoohelcum
★ Cellulitis, tenosynovitis, septicemia,
pneumonia, and meningitis, in
particular in association with dog and
cat bite wounds
★ Mucoid
★ Produce a tan to brown pigment
causing greenish discoloration of
Sheep/Blood Agar Plate (SBA/BAP)
★ Motile, ornithine decarboxylase and
nitrite reductase positive, and produce
profuse hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in Triple
Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA)
Shewanella algae Shewanella putrefaciens
Halophili: requires Non-halophilic
NaCl
Asaccharolytic Saccharolytic

Methylobacterium and Roseomonas

★ Pink pigmented colonies

★ Non-vacuolated, coccoid bacteria,
forming pairs and short chains
Non-Fermenting & Miscellaneous
Gram-Negative Bacilli
BACT211 | MIDTERM | 2ND SEMESTER

Sphingomonas

Sphingomonas paucimobilis

★ Yellow-pigmented
★ Does not grow on MacConkey (MAC)
agar
★ Requires more than 48 hours for
culture on Sheep/Blood Agar Plar
(SBA/BAP)
★ Weakly oxidase positive
★ Motile at 18℃ to 22℃ but not at 37℃
★ Indole negative, and oxidizers

Sphingomonas parapaucimobilis

★ Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) positive by the

lead acetate method, Simmon citrate
positive, and DNase negative