Bangladesh School Sinaw

Chemistry
Class IX
Chapter 26 (Alcohols)
Solved Exercise
1.
a. Draw the structural formulae for the following compounds:
i. Methanol
Answer:
CH3OH
ii. Propan-1-ol
Answer:
CH3CH2CH2OH
b. Draw the displayed formulae for the following compounds:
i. Ethanol
Answer:

ii. Butan-1-ol
Answer:

c. Name the following compounds:

i. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
Answer:
Butan-1-ol
ii. CH3CH2OH
Answer:
Ethanol
2. `
a. Draw a dot-and-cross diagram showing the bonding in a molecule
of ethanol.
Answer:
b. Ethanol can be produced by the catalytic hydration of ethene.
Describe two conditions used in this conversion.
Answer:
Here are two important conditions used in the catalytic hydration of ethene to
produce ethanol:

1. Temperature: The reaction is typically carried out at a temperature of around

300°C. This relatively high temperature is necessary to provide enough energy
for the reactants to overcome the activation energy barrier and for the reaction
to proceed at a reasonable rate.

2. Pressure: The reaction is also carried out under high pressure, typically
between 60 and 70 atmospheres. This high pressure is used to shift the
equilibrium of the reaction in favor of ethanol production. According to Le
Chatelier's principle, increasing the pressure will favor the reaction that
produces fewer molecules, which in this case is the formation of ethanol.
c. In some countries ethanol is manufactured by a different method
called fermentation.
i. State the raw material used to manufacture ethanol this way.
Answer:
The raw material used to manufacture ethanol by fermentation is typically sugars
derived from various agricultural sources. The most common raw materials
include:

1. Sugarcane:
• Source: Sugarcane is a major source of fermentable sugars for ethanol
production. Sucrose, a type of sugar present in sugarcane juice, is readily
fermentable by yeast to produce ethanol.
2. Corn (Maize):
• Source: Corn, specifically the starch present in corn kernels, is another
significant raw material for ethanol production. The starch is
enzymatically converted into fermentable sugars.
3. Grains:
 • Source: Various grains, such as barley, wheat, and sorghum, can be used
as raw materials for ethanol production. Like corn, the starch in these
grains undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis to yield fermentable sugars.
4. Cellulosic Biomass:
• Source: In addition to crops rich in sugars or starch, cellulosic biomass,
such as agricultural residues (corn stover, wheat straw), forestry residues,
and dedicated energy crops (switchgrass), can also be used. Cellulosic
biomass contains cellulose and hemicellulose, which can be broken down
into sugars and then fermented into ethanol.
5. Molasses:
• Source: Molasses, a byproduct of the sugar refining process, is rich in
fermentable sugars. It is often used as a raw material for ethanol
production.
ii. Explain why the following conditions are important for making
ethanol by fermentation of glucose.
Yeast is added into the reaction mixture.
Answer: Yeast is a type of fungus that contains enzymes that can
catalyze the fermentation of glucose to ethanol. These
enzymes work to break down the glucose molecules into
smaller molecules, releasing energy in the process. The
energy released is used by the yeast to carry out its own
metabolic processes, and the ethanol is produced as a
byproduct.
A temperature between 30 and 40°C is used.
Answer: The optimal temperature for yeast activity is between 30
and 40°C. At lower temperatures, the reaction rate is too
slow, and at higher temperatures, the yeast can be
denatured and lose its activity. Denaturation is a process
in which the proteins in the yeast unfold and lose their
shape, which makes them unable to function properly.
Fermentation needs to be carried out in the absence of air.
Answer: If oxygen is present during fermentation, the yeast will
instead carry out a process called aerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration is more efficient than fermentation,
and it produces more energy in the form of ATP.
However, aerobic respiration does not produce ethanol.
In order to produce ethanol, the yeast must be forced to
carry out fermentation, which can only occur in the
absence of oxygen.
iii. Explain why some countries, such as Brazil, manufacture ethanol in this
way.
Answer: The production of ethanol through fermentation, particularly
using sugarcane as a feedstock, is a prevalent method in
countries like Brazil for several reasons:

1. Abundance of Sugarcane:
Brazil has favorable climatic conditions for sugarcane cultivation.
The country has large expanses of arable land suitable for
growing sugarcane, providing an abundant and sustainable
source of raw material for ethanol production.

2. High Energy Yield from Sugarcane:

Sugarcane contains a high concentration of sucrose, a type of
sugar. This high sugar content makes sugarcane an efficient and
energy-dense feedstock for ethanol production. The
fermentation of sucrose yields a substantial amount of ethanol.

3. Economic Viability:
The fermentation process for ethanol production is relatively
cost-effective, and the infrastructure for sugarcane cultivation
and ethanol production has been developed and optimized over
the years. This makes ethanol production from sugarcane
economically viable in Brazil.

4. Energy Security and Independence:

By producing ethanol domestically from sugarcane, Brazil can
reduce its reliance on imported oil. This contributes to energy
security by minimizing the impact of international oil price
fluctuations and fostering greater energy independence.

5. Environmental Benefits:
Ethanol produced from sugarcane has lower greenhouse gas
emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels. This aligns with
global efforts to mitigate climate change and promotes a more
environmentally sustainable energy solution.

6. Renewable Energy Focus:

Ethanol production from sugarcane aligns with the global shift
towards renewable and sustainable energy sources. It reflects a
commitment to reducing the carbon footprint and reliance on
non-renewable resources.

7. Flexibility in Fuel Usage:

Brazil has embraced flex-fuel vehicle technology, allowing
vehicles to run on various blends of ethanol and gasoline. This
 infrastructure supports the widespread use of ethanol as an
alternative fuel, providing consumers with flexibility in choosing
their fuel source.
d. Ethanol is used as a biofuel in Brazil. Write a balanced chemical
equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.
Answer:
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
3. Glucose can be converted into ethanoic acid in the following sequence of
reactions:
𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 →𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏 𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒍 →𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐 𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅
a. Write a balanced chemical equation for reaction 1 (the formula for glucose
is C6H12O6).
Answer: The balanced chemical equation for the conversion of glucose into ethanol,
in reaction 1, is

𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 → 2𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 + 2𝐶𝑂2

b. Ethanoic acid can be made by the oxidation of ethanol in a lab. The

ethanoic acid can be distilled off from the resulting mixtures and collected
as a solution in water.
i. Give suitable reagent (In chemistry, a reagent is a substance or compound that is
added to a system to cause a chemical reaction or to test for a chemical reaction.
Reagents are often used in laboratory experiments to identify unknown substances, to
synthesize new compounds, or to measure the concentration of a substance in a
solution.) for reaction 2.
Answer: Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is a strong oxidizing agent that will
oxidize ethanol to ethanoic acid. The reaction is usually carried out in
acidic solution, and the product is a mixture of ethanoic acid and
chromium (III) sulfate.
ii. Describe color change during reaction 2.
Answer: When potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is used as an oxidizing agent,
it undergoes a color change from orange to green. This is due to a
change in the oxidation state of chromium.
iii. Write a balanced chemical equation for this process, using [O] to
represent the oxidizing agent.
Answer: A balanced chemical equation for conversion of glucose to ethanol
and its conversion to ethanoic acid process, using [O] to represent
the oxidizing agent.

Glucose to Ethanol
 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 → 2𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 + 2𝐶𝑂2
Ethanol to Ethanoic Acid

𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 + [𝑂] → 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻2 𝑂

Overall Reaction

𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 2[𝑂] → 2𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 2𝐶𝑂2

In the overall reaction, glucose is converted to ethanol and ethanoic
acid, and carbon dioxide and water are produced as byproducts. The
oxidizing agent is used to convert ethanol to ethanoic acid.

c. Ethanol can be converted to ethene and another product in a single step.

Complete the equation below.
Answer: 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 → 𝐶2𝐻4 + 𝐻2 𝑂