Phuong phap chitng minh bai todn ding quy, thang hang Ha Va Anh - THPT Chuyén Vinh Phiic Neay 4 thang 7 nam 2012 Dé gidi quyét bai tosn chimg minh quan he ddng quy - thing hang, ta e6 céc phuong phap co bin sau: Phwtang phap veets, Phung phap toa do, Phutang phap bién hinh va Phuong phap qu¥ tich, Trong chuyén dé nay, ching ta chi ban dén Phitung php vecta, Platong phép bién hinh va Phuong phap quy tieh, 1 Phuong phap vecto Vi du 1. Cho tit giée lbi ABCD ngoai tiép diting tron (0). Goi 1a trung diém hai dudng chéo AC, BD. Chitng min ring M N theo thit ty O thang hang, Ldi giai 1. Ching minh OM AON =0 Loi giai 2. Goi S la giao diém cia AB,CD, goi X,Y theo thit ty la tiép diém ctia (O) vai AB,CD. Qua O ké dung thing song song voi XY, clit AB,CD tai I, J. Khi — | 1 46-0 Ta trung diém 1, suy ra OM = 5 (a + i) wON= 3 (B + 7) Hon nita, do ZBOL = ZOCJ, ZOBI = ZUOJ, nén ATRO & A.JOC & AORC. ‘Suy ra IB _ JO “JIC = JO® ip = qa =? IBC = 10- JO = 10? = JOHinh 1 Tung tt, cfing c6 IA. JD = JO? = 10? Vay _— TA _Ti k= TA=KIB,3C = ID TR OID Tit dé, suy ra... OM = KON, Didu phai ching minh, ‘Vi du 2. Cho tam giic ABC. Xét cic diém M € BC,N € CA va P € AB sao cho tit gide APMN I mot hinh binh hanh, Cac dung thing BN va CP cat nhau tai O. Chitng minh ring dung thing OM luon di qua mot diém cé dinh. Véi bai tosn ching minh mot dung thing luon di qua mot diém 6 dinh diéu quan trong truée tién 1A can dit don duge diém 6 dinh di da. O bai toan nay bing viée vé mot vai trutng tru’ng hgp dae biét cia diém M, ta dy dodn diém of dink can tim la D-dinh thié tit cia hinh binh hanh ABDC, sau dé edn ching min O,M,D thing hang Lai gid. (Hinh 2) Dat AB = 0.AC = 2. Do B, M,C thing hing theo thet ty, nén tan tai np > 0 sao cho AM =n + p8 voin+p=1 hink binh hanh, nen AP = pb, AN al Tit d6, do tit giée ANMP Ia w 2Hink 2 Do B,O.N thing hang va C,O, P thing hang nén WO =28 + nye etm trong d6 r+ y=l=z+t. a7 FZ khong ct A Tit d6, do hai vecto 6, @ khong cing phuong, nén pll—n) l=np vay pil=n) = | n(l~p) B+ Do 6 Ai +, suy ra —np T—np (1—np)- OM = (1 — np)(AM — AO) = np(1 — p)B + np — nye —mp — > P On = (042) (ne +p8) np Hay AM = npAB + (1 —np)AO trong d6 D la diém théa man AD = 8 +2. Tw 6, duidng thing OM luon di qua D 06 dinh (D la dink thit tu cia hinh bin hank ABDC). Vi du 3, Cho tam giée ABC. Xét diém M tren tia AB, diém N tren tia AC sac cho AB = m- AM va AC = (m+1)- AN véi m > 0 ndo d6, Chg minh ring eéc duding thing MN luon di qua mot diém c6 dinb,1 Lai giai, Dat AB = VLAC = 7%. Khi d6, do gid thiét ta 06 AM = —- 8 (m+ 1)AN ~mAM = AC - AB = BC = AB voi J 1 dinh thi tit cia hinh bin hanh ABCD. Tird6 suy ra MN Inon di qua diém D 06 dinh, Vi dy 4. Tren cée canh BC,CA, AB cia tam giée ABC titong img lay cde diém Ay, By, Cy, Goi Ga, Go. Ge theo thi ty IA trong tam céc tam giée ABC}, CAB, Ay ByC va G,G), Go la trong tam cilia cic tam gidée ABC, A) B)C), GaGyG- theo thit tu dé. Ching minh ring G,G), Gy thing hang. Lai gidi. Tir gia thiét suy ra véi moi diém O déu 06 1 1 OG = 5 (A+ OB +00) w OG% = 5. (Oa, +08} + 0C}) 1 (+ OR» OP +O + OH) oi lf. 2 1 2 =} (ot 08--00 «oR. -oR, 20) = Los? 7 Suy ra 300) = OG +20G} v6i moi O. Didu nay 06 nghia la G.G), Go thing hang, digu phai chimg minh. Vi du 5. Goi Ap, Bo, Co lan hot la trung diém BC,CA, AB cita tam gide ABC. Aj, By, C) ta diém xuyén tam déi ciia cc dinh trén dutng tron ngoai tiép. Chine minh ring AA), ByBr, CoC) dong quy, xée dink vi tri hinh hoe cia diém déng any. (Diém X" duge goi la diém xuyén tam déi ciia néu XX" 1A mot dung kinh cia (O)) X nim tren dung tron (O)Lai giai. Goi O 1A tam duting tron ngoai tiép tam gide va dat OA =4,0B =1,00 =2 1. » (0+) 20K, -OA =a 4542 >t Khi d6 OA; = Mot cach tuong tut eting ¢6 208, — OB} = 200), — OC) = a+ 542 Tit dé suy ra cée dudng thing Ap), BoB,,CoC} dong quy tai H thod man Off =a +6 + é tic trye tam cia tam gide Vi du 6. Cho luc gide loi ABCDEF. Goi M.M" diém cita cae doan AB, DE. BC, EF,CD, PA. Chrtng min ring MM’.NN', PP’ dong quy khi va chi khi Sasze = Sasep N’, P,P’ theo thit ty 1a trung Ldi giai Ku higu [XYZ] la dign tich dai s6 cita tam gise XYZ. Voi moi diém O ta thay 4 (Onl x OM + ON x ON +08 x OP) = ((OA + 0B) x (OB +08 )+ (OC + OD) x OF + OA) + (OB + OF) x (OB + OC) = 0A x OB+ 04 x OF + OB x OB + OB x OF + OC x OF + OC x OA + OD x OF + OD x OA + OF x OB + OF x OC + OF x OB + OF x OC = (OA x OF + OF x OC +00 x OA)- ~ (OB x OF + OF x OB + OB x OB) = 2((OAE] + [OBC] + [OC.A))— = 2([OBF] + [OFD] + [ODB)} = 2{|AEC| - |BFD)). Suy ra 2 (O4F x OM? + ON x ON + OF x OP) = (AEC) - [BF] () Néu goi O la giao diém ciia MM’, NN" thi Om x OM =0=0N x ON (2) To (1) va (2) suy ra OP x OP = 0 & [AEC] = [BFD] dién phai chitng minh, 5Vi du 7. Cho tam giée ABC, trung tuyén AD. Mot dutng thing d vudng g6¢ véi AD. Xét M € d. Goi E, F lan htot la trung diém cia MC, MB. Dutng thing qua EB, vudng géc véi d cit AB tai P, dudng thing qua P, vudng 26¢ véi d, cit AC tai Q. Ching minh ring dudng thing qua M, vudng géc véi PQ ludn di qua mot diém 6 dinh, khi M thay ddi trén d. (VMO 2008 - Prob. 7} Lai gidi. Hinh 3 Goi Mj,.M, theo tht ti A hin chiéu cia B,C tren d. Nhan xét ring, khi M = My thi P= B,Q= Ava khi M, thi P = A,Q = C. Vay, goi $ 1a giao diém ciia duéng thing qua Mj), vudng géc véi AB va dung thing qua M,, vudng g6c vai AC, thi $ c6 dink. Va do d6, can chimg minh SM L PQ. Tir SNK, - AP = 0 = SM AG suy ra Su. 40 -Si,- AP =055M-PO-MMh-AP+ MM. A=0 (1) Goi H, P',Q! 1 hinh chiéu cia H, P,Q tren D. Khi dé P*,Q’ theo thit ty 1 trang 3 —4 = diém MM, MM, (do E, F la trung diém MB, MC), MjH = HM. = PQ.Suy ra HG = M,P = 3 ThA. Khi a6 Mal. (Ql + HP) = Mab (Q + Pat + PM, +P Th - (PQ + Hah) =0 Tir dé va (1) suy ra SM PO =0 hay S. 1 L PQ. Suy ra diéu phai ching minh. Lai gidi 2. RO ring chi edn xét d 1 AD tai D la da. Chon rue toa do Dry (hinh 5) sao cho A(0;a),C(2m:2n), M(2z9;0). Do B,C déi xing nhau qua gc D nén B(—2m;—2n). Tit d6 (AB) : (Qn +a)-©—2m-y+2ma=0 (AC): (2n a) —2m+y+2ma=0 Tit d6 suy ra P(x — m; Q(x + m; Seat) + a), Suy ra PO = (2m:2n— =) Dudng thing di qua M, vuong g6e vai PQ c6 pny phwong trinh Qm(xz — 2x9) + (2n— Shy =a Khnt tham s6 ro, ta duge dung thing nay Inon di qua S(4%; —4%) voi moi tq. Va do d6 c6 dpem Nhan xét. Day la bai ton tuong d6i kh6. Tat nhién, gidi phap tét, nhiéu hoc sinh nghi d t, sé din dén vige tinh todn khé cong a sit dung phudng php toa do. Tuy nbién, v énh, vit vi. Y tung chon D lam gée, A, D chon hé truc toa d6 khong nim tren truc tung Li mot ¥ tudng tét, sé Igi dung duge B,C déi xting qua géc, dutng thing d cing phuong véi truc hodnh. Dé ¥ rang, bing mot phép vi tu, tam A ching han, ditng thing d bién thanh dudug thing vung gée AD tai D, cho nén mot ¥ tudng rat tét Ia coi ngay dudng thing d vudng g6c vdi AD tai D. Viec lam 7nay rit gon qué trinh tinh todn di rét nhiéu. Vige tim ra Idi gidi khong ding dén phitong php toa dé nhu 6 li xét cde vi tri dac biet cla M, dé dang chi ra diém S c6 dinh cin tim, 11a hoan toan tu nbién, Bang vi do dé chi can ching minh SM L PQ. Loi gidi 1 trink bay 6 trén chi A mot céch tiép can bai toan, ngodi ra 6 thé chi ¥ dén SM 1 PQ SQ? — SP? = MQ? — MP? ta cing thu duge két qua cita bai toan, Vi dy 8. Cho dugg trdn (O) véi dung kinh AB. Mot diém M thay déi 6 trong dung tron, khong nim tren AB. Phan gise trong cia g6e ZAMB cit duting trom tai N, phan gide ngodi cia g6e ZAMB cit NA,NB tai P,Q. Dittng thing MA eit lai dung tron dudng kinh NQ tai S, dutng thing MB cit lai dutng tron dudng kinh NP tai R. Chig minh rang trung tuyén ké titdinh NV cia tam giée NRS lion di qua mot diém cé dinh khi M thay déi, (Vietnam TST 2009) Léi giai. Ky hien (a:b) dé chi géc dinh huéng gitta hai dug thing a,b. Goi J 1a trung diém RS, goi J, K theo thit tut la cdc diém déi xttng voi M qua NB, NA. Khi 6 N la trung diém KJ. Ta sé chitng minh NJ di qua O (Hinh 5) ‘That vay, ta ¢6 (MER; MA) + (MA; = (KR; KN) = (KR: KA) + (KA; KN) (mod =) =(KR;KA)+(MN;MA) (mod 7)Suy ra (MR; MA) = (KR; KA) + 2() MA) (mod 7) = (KR; KA) +(MB; MA) = (KR; KA) +(MR; MA) (mod =] Suy ra (KR; KA) =0 (mod =) hay A, R, K thing hang. Tuong tut, cing cB, S, J thang hang, BS Sysq AR Synp BJ SyJo Ak Syke BS AR sysq Swap “AR” Sxiq’ Swice Mat khéc, do tinh déi xttug Tae (PR; PN) (mod 7) (QN:QS) (mod =) @ ape Ve do tinh di np Do da hai tam gide NRP, xing, nen MQ NP_NQ PQ Q MQ NQ NQ MP~ PQ P> MP suy ra O,1,N thing hang, 2 Phuong phap quy tich Vidu 9. Cho hai dung tron (O;), (O2) cat nhau tai A, B. Xét M € (01), N € (O2) thaa man LOAOM) = AGA,O.N) (mod 2) (x) Chitag minh ring M,B,N thing hang va trung true MNlu6n di qua mot diém cé dinh, khi M,N thay déi trén hai dutng tron, nhung ludn théa man (*) 9(IMO 1978} Nhan xét. Cho hai duting tron (O,), (O2) eat nhau tai A, B. Véi M; € (O,), ta non fr M,B,N thing hang & Z(O;A:O;M) = Z(OpA;0,N) (mod 2x) = Z(AM,; AM) = Z(AQ,; Oz) (mod 7) & Z(AQ\; AMy) = Z(AMz; Ag) (mod 7) & AMAM, + A0,AO, (tam gid ‘M,AMp ludn tut déng dang.) Vi dy 10. Cho hai digg tron (O;), (02) cit nhan tai hai diém phan biet A, B. P..Qi € (Oj) sao cho PP), QiQe p tuyén chung cita ching. Goi M, Ia trung diém P,Q;, dung thing AM, eét lai duéng tron (O,) tai N;. Chtmg minh ring N), BN» thing hang, (VMO 2001) Lai gi Theo nhan xét trén, ta cin chttng minh ZO,AN, = Z0,ANg 3° Hinh @ Dé dang chi ra dude AB di qua diém chinh gitta P,P2,QiQ2 va do dé AB la trung true ciia My My (do P,Q, || P2Qz). Suy ra AM, BMy la mot hinh thoi, do d6 AM, | BM». 10Goi $ 1a tam vi tu ngoai ctia hai dudng tron, khi dé + (01) — (Q2) Mos HP, Qi Q> = MM MAO, => ZO\AV = ZM\AMy thing hang, Vi dy 11. Cho tam gide ABC noi jc Cy, OK cf dung tron (O). K 1a mot diém trén phan i (O) tai M. Duong tron w di qua Av fic vi CM tai K cit lai AB va (0) tai P,Q. Chrmg minh ring P,Q,.M thing hang, (Russia 2010 - Grade 10) Lai gidi. Do tit gide APKQ udi tiép ne ZPQK = ZPAK Hinh 7 Dung tron w cit lai (O) va AC tai D. Dé ¥ ring cée tam giée QKE,QDC déng dang (xem nhan xét sau vi du 9), nén AQKD % AQEC. Do 6 ZMQK =a -ZMKQ- ZKMQ =n - ZKDQ- ZCMQ 1 ZQCR—z0MQ = 22nac = BAC Suy ra ZMQK = ZPKQ. Tit dé, do M,P nim vé cimg mot phia cia QK nen M,P,Q thing hang‘Vi du 12. Cho tit giae ABCD. Cac dutng thing AB,CD cat nhau tai B, cic duéng thing BC,DA c&t nhau tai F. Goi I,J, K theo thit ty la trung diém cc doan thing AC, BD, EF. Ching minh ring I, J, K thang hang, Lai gi ‘Thtde hét ta ching minh bé d@ sau: B6 dé. Cho tit giée ABCD. Cac duting thang AB,CD cat nhau tai E. Goi F,G theo thit tif IA trung diém cic dutng chéo AC, BD ciia tit giée. Khi d6 [EFG| = a |ABCD| Chitng minh bé dé, Néi AG,CG. Ta cé EFG| = |AEG| — |AFG| - |AEF| = |ABG] + |EGB| - |AFG| — |AEF, =}. ((ABD) +(BDE] -|ACG|- [ACE] 1 (4D) - [AGCE)) =}. (cp) - |aBca); A c B bv Hinh & ‘Mat khae [ABCG] = 1 - [ABG] + [BCG], [ABG] = [ABD va [BCG] = 5 - [BCD] Tit d6 suy ra bé dé due chttng minh.Hinh 9 Ap dung bé dé, ta ¢6 [E1J] = [JF] (= }-[ABCD]) 1 Ké EG, PHLIJ. Khi do 5-1 BG = 5-1J + PH Su ra EG = FH, va do da cat nhau tai trung diém méi dudng, tite EGFH la binh binh hanh. Suy ra GH, 1a GH di qua K. Tit dé suy ra diéu phai chting minh, Vi du 13. Tit giée loi ABCD dign tich S, khong c6 hai canh ndo song song. Lay diém P, € (CD) sao cho P,,C' cing phia déi vdi (AB) va Saanp, = &. Tuong tu. cing 06 P, € (BC), Ps € (AB), Py € (DA). Chig minh ring P,, Ps, Ps, Py thing hang, Loi giai, Hinh 10 Bé dé. Goi M,N theo thit ty la trung diém hai dung chéo AC, BD cita tit gide loi ABCD. Khi dé P € (MN) & |PAB| + |PCD| =|PBC| + |PDA| 13Chitng minh bé dé, Ta 06 MNP] = = ((ANP|+[CNP)) ((ABP] + [ADP] + [CDP] +[CBP)) ((PAB] + [PCD] — [PBC] - [PDA]; Vay P (MN) [MNP] =0 4 [PAB] +|PCD] = [PBC] + |PDA| B6 dé dude chitng minh. ‘Trd lai bai todn, W.L.O.G, c6 thé coi tit giée ABCD dinh hwéng am. Khi dé Suy ra [PBC] + [P.DAl 5 = [PAB] + [ACD Dodé P, € (MN). Hoan toan tuang tut, efing dutge P:, Ps, Py € (MN). Vay P, Pp, Py va P, cing cing nim trén mot dudng thing, Vi du 14. Cho tt giée ABCD ngi tidp dung tron (0), 06 hai duting chéo cit nhau tai £, Phan gide cia eée ge ZDAB,ZABC eit nhau tai P, cita of ZABC, ZBCD eit uhan tai Q, cia cée ge ZBCD, ZCDA g6c ZCDA, ZDAB cit nhau tai 8. goc At nhau tai R, cita cdc 1, Ching minh ring tit gic PORS noi tiép. 2. Chiing minh ring O, £1 thing hang (J la tam dung tron ngoai tiép tit gic PQRS) 3. Chimg minh ring PRL QS 14Hinh 11 L. KY higu f,, l,l. va fy theo thit tla dung phan gide cia cde g6e ZDAB, ZABC, LBC va /CDA, Khi dé Z(PS; PQ) = Z(la; fy) (mod x (lq; AB) + Z(AB:G) (mod =) Z 5B: AB) +5 Z(BA; BC) (nod 7) = 3 ; («+ LCD: cB) + ; ; (4m DC) (mod *)) ACD; b.) + LllasCD)(mn0d 7) = Llaile) = Z(RS; RQ) (mod 7) Do dé bén diém P,Q, R,S cing nim trén mot dudng tron. ABCD 6 mot e&p canh (d6i dign) song song, thi két Ing cita bai 2. Khi tit gis 1btoén lA hién nbien, Vay, ta chi cin xét trudng hgp ttt gide ABCD khong c6 hai canh nho song song, Goi K = (AB) (CD), L = (AD) (BC) Bé dé. Tit gide ABCD noi tiép trong duting tron (0) va 6 ACN BD = B, (AB) (CD) = F,(DA) N (BC) = G. Khi d6 O la trye tam tam giée POR (Day la mot két qua ed ban, céc em hoc sinh hay ty chimg minh (bing it nhat ba cach khae nhau)) Ap dung bé dé, ta duge OF L KL (1) Th gi ABKC va S la tam diting tron ndi tiép cia tam giée ADK. Do d6 Q.S n’m trén phan gise cia goe ZBKC hay Q,S, K thing hang. Tuong tit, efing duge PR, L thiét suy ra Q Ia tam dung tron bang tiép trong goe ZBKC cit thing hang, ‘Ta ed Z(CR:CB) = L(CR;CL) akg L(CD;CL) (mod 7) [A(CB:1B) + EB:CL)] (mod =) [awe Diy+ 2B; C1) (mod 7) + [r+ 280: BA) + 0+ 2B 70)| (mod 7) = (BL; BP) + Z(LP;LC) = Z(PR;PB) (mod x) Suy ra B,C, P, R cing nim trén mot dutng tron tron, do dé TB-LC = LP-LR = L nim trén truc ding phutong cia (O) va (PQRS). Tuong tit, cing 6 Knim tren truc ding phong cia hai dutngg tron nay. Vay (KL) Ia ttryc ding phitong cia (0) va dugug tron (PQRS) suy ra KL LOL (2) Tit (1), (2) suy ra O, 1, B thing hang. 3. Theo cluiing minh & phan 2 thi Z(BA:BC) (mod =) (3) (RP; RC) = 2(BP; BQ) = Tutong ty, cing duige -L(DC;DA) (mod r) (4) Z(PR; PA) = Z(DR; DA) = fing Z(RP; RC) = Z(SP; SQ) (mod =), Z(PR; PA) = Z(PR; PS) (mod 7)(5} va Z(BA; BC) + Z(DC; DA) = = (mod 27) (6) 167 a Tit (3),(4),(5),(6) suy ra Z(PR; PS) + Z(S. phai ching minh, ; $Q) =~ (mod =) suy ra diéu Nhan xét. Khi thay gid thiét "tt gide ABCD noi tiép dung tron (O)" bing gid thiét "bén diém A,B,C, D cing nim trén dudng tron (O)" thi két luan cia bai toan vin ding, Vi du 15. Cho tam giée ABC c6 AB # AC ndi tiép trong dudng tron (O). Cac tiép tuyén tai B va C ita (O) cit nhan tai 7, duttng thing AT ct Iai dutng tron tai X. Goi Y 1 diém xuyén tam d6i véi X tren (0). Cac diting thing YB, XC eit nhau tai P. cée dutng thing XB,YC cat nhau tai Q 1. Chiing minh ring P,Q, thing hang. 2. Chitng minh ring cée dung thing PQ, BC va AY dong quy. Lai gidi. 1. Do XY lA dung kinh ciia (O) nen ZQBY = ZXBY = 90° va ZPCY ZXCY = 90°. Suy ra ZPBQ = ZPCQ = 90° do dé, tit gife BCQP noi duténg tron duftng kinh PQ. Tit eid thiét, suy ra YT lh dung d6i trung ké tit ¥ etia tam giée Y BC, vi vay P,Q, thing hang va T la trung diém PQ. ¥y Hinh 19 qT2. Do tit giéc ABXC diéu hoa, nén AB» XC AC. XB hay 48 = 48 (1) Do tit gise BCQP noi tiép, nen XB-XQ= XC ae ABCY néi tiép, nen ZABY = ZACY + ZABP = ZACQ (3) Tit (1),(2),(3) suy ra AABP » AACQ. Do ds ZAPY = ZAPB = ZAQCZAQY suy ra tit giée AYQP noi tiép trong mot dung tron w Do tit Goi $ la giao diém ciia AY, PQ. Xét phuong tich cia S d6i véi cae dug tron (0), w va (T) ngoai tiép tt giée BCQP, ta 06 A. Psi) Psjg = SP 3Q = Psyery Suy ra $ nim trén true ding phutdng eiia (0) va (7) tite $ € (BC). Di minh, phi ching Vi du 16. Goi H Ia trye tam cia tam giée nhon ABC. Tx A ké hai tiép tuyén AP, AQ dén diting tron dung kinh BC (P,Q 1a cic Hing P,Q, H thing hang diém). Chitng minh (Chinese 1996} Loi giai, Hinh 12 Tit gid thidt, suy rangi gide APDOQ noi tiép ditdng tron dittng kinh AO (O 1a trung diém BC). DO 46 ZAQP = ZAOP khée it phutong tich cia A d6i véi cée diting tron (O) va (CEHD) ta 18.“ AP AH AP? = AE. AC = AH + / SS AAPH OA: AP? = AE. AC = AH AD > Fy = Fy > MAPH @ AADP Do dé /APH = /ADP = /AOP = /APH = /AOP Suy ra ZAPH = ZAPQ, do d6 P,Q, H thing hing, Vi dy 17. Cho tit tron (O). Goi P la giao diém cita hai dung thing AB,CD va Q la giao diém ciia hai dung thing AD, BC. Ching minh ring P, B, F thing hing loi ABCD, khong 6 hai canh who song song, ndi tiép dung (Chinese 1997} 3 Phugng phap bién hinh Vi dy 18. Cho hai dung tron (O,), (O2) tiép xe ngodi nhau tai A. Tir mot did M tren (O») nhumg khong nim trén dutng thing O,O, ké hai tiép tuyén MB, MO t6i (O;) (B,C € (O,)). Cae dung thing AB, AC cit lai duémg tron (O2) tai D, B. dung thing DE va va tiép tuyén tai M ciia (O.) cit nhan 6 N. Ching minh ring N ludn ludn chay trén mot dudng thang c6é dinh. (VMO 2003) Loi giai 1. (Vi ty) Bé dé. Cho tit side ABCD noi tiép trong, dung tron (0). Tiép tuyén tai A.C ctia CS (O) cat nhau tai E, Khi d6 B,D, E thing He hang khi va chi khi AB-CD = BC-DA ‘Tré lai bai toan. Dudng thing AM cat lai o* $ (O,) tai M!. Khi d6, tit giée ABM'C 06 tinh chit AB-CM'=BM'-CA (1) Dat k= 2 ta 06 Hinh 14 19Vf (01) — (02) Br+D Crk MM Suy ra MD = |k|M'B, ME = |k|M'C, AM = |k|AM', AD = |K|AB, AE = |KIAC. Két hgp véi (1), ta duge AD-ME= AF Mp Diéu nay tudng dutong véi giao hai tiép tuyén tai A, M cia (O2) nim trén DE hay N lun chay trén tiép tuyén chung cita (O,),(O2) tai A (truc ding phitong cia (1), (O2)) Léi gidi 2. (Cue va déi cue) Gia sit truc ding phuong cia hai dutng tron MN tai N' va AN eft BC tai N" Tac N” € BC la ditting déi cute cita M déi véi (O,) suy ra M nim ted déi cyte ciia N" d6i véi (O,). Ma qua phép vi ty Vf, dung thing BC bién thanh duimg thing DB, dvimg thing M’N” bién thinh dung thing MN, nén M'N" tiép tic véi (O,). Suy ra M' nam trén duting déi eye N" doi voi (O,). Vi vay xtic véi (O)). Suy ra NA tiép xtc vi (0). dong Léi giai 3. (Nghich dio) Xét phép nghich dio f ee A plutong tich 1 F:(Olr—o ds dy | dy Xi X* (MB) + (M*B*A) tiép xi voi dy (MC) —+ (M*C"A) tiép xtie véi dy tiép tuyén tai A cita (02) 9 duting tron w qua A tiép xite véi dp tai M* Neon Can ching minh AN* || dj hay AN* || B*D* Goi X la tam cia dung tron (D*E*A), AM* Nd) = I. Ta 66suy ra X,M*, tam w thing hang hay wX L dV AN*. Suy ra AN* || dp. DPCM € (w)N(AD*E*) nén wX 1 Vi dy 19. Dudng tron ndi tiép (/) cia tam giée ABC tiép xtc véi cée canh BC,CA,AB tai D,E,F twang img. Goi w. ngoai tiép cde tam gite ABC, AEF, BED, C trdn wy, wp, W theo thet ty tai A’, BY,C!. Chig minh ring jas td, We theo thit ty la dug tron . Diting tron w cit lai eée dung, 1, Cée duéng tron wa, wp, We dong quy. 2. Cac diting thing DA', BB’, FC’ ding quy. (Canada 2007) Lai giai. 1. Dé thay wp, ws,we cig di qua I. 2. Goi O, On, 0p, 0. theo thif ty 1 tam cita cée dung tron w, Wa, Wh, We Hinh 15 Tacb ZCAC' = ZCBC" (cig chin cung CC’ cia (0)) va ZCDC! = ZCEC" (cima chiin cung CC’ cia (0,)) suy ta ZBDC! = ZAEC!. Vay ABC! = ABDC. Suy AE = At = C’'F la phan gidc cca g6e ZAC'B. Do dé, C'F di qua d AB ciia (0), Twong tit, A'D, BYE theo thit ty di qua diém chinh gitta céc cung BC, CA cia (O) ma chinh gitta cung AB a”Goi A", B,C" lin Inet Ia diém chinh gta cic cung BC . CA, AB cia (0) Can ching minh A’ D, B"E,C"F dong quy. fring DE || ANB" ( g6c véi Al), FD || A"BY (ciing vndng g6c voi BI), ton tai mot phép vi tit bié side DEF thinh tam giée A’B"C". Suy ra ing vuong g6e wi IC), BF || BYC (cing vuong, tam. phai chitug minh Lai giai 2. Xét phép nghich dio eye J, plntong tich r*, bién X thanh X*, Chitng minh eae dung tron (A*D*1), (B"B*1),(C*F*1) cimg di qua mot diém JZ 1 (Jeol) Vi dy 20. Dudng tron ndi tiép (/) cia tam giée ABC tiép xtc véi cée canh BC,CA,AB tai D,E,F theo tht tu d6, Khi d6 OF 1a dung thing O-le ciia tam gide DEF (O la tam duting tron ngoai tiép tam giée ABC). Loi giai, Ie Ia Hinh 16 Goi Jats 1. theo thit tu a tam dudng tron bang tiép trong g6c A, B,C cia tam gite ABC. Dé dang ching minh dude Ile | EP, Lele || PD, luly || DE . Do 46, 2»66 phép vi tu f mi f(a) = D, f(b) = E, fe) = F. Suy ra f bién dung thing Gc-le ciia tam giée Inf, think ditdng thing O-le cita tam giée DEP. Nhung O/ la dung thing O-le cia tam giéc J,Jp[, va J nim trén dutng thing Gc-le cia tam giée DEP. Vay, O1 1a diing thing O-le cita tam gide DEF Vi du 21. Cho tam giée ABC véi trong tam G, true tam H. Céc dutng thing qua A,B va C theo thit tut vuong gée v6i GA,GB va GC tao thanh tam giée Ay ByCy Ching minh ring trong tam tam giéc A, B\C; nim trén dudng thang MH. (Russia 2008 - Grade 9} Loi giai, Hinh 17 Cac duting thang di qua A, B,C theo thit tur vudng g6c véi cde dung thing AG, BG.CG tao thanh tam giée A,B,C, (Hinh vé). Goi G, Ia trong tam tam gide A,BiCh, 201 Ha, Hy, He theo thit tu 1a try tam ede tam giée BCA),CABy, ABC, Do GA 1 AC),GB 1 BC, nén tit giée AC\BG ndi tiép dung tron dusng kinh CG (va do 46 H.De, (G) (v6i Cy la trung diém AB)). Khi dé CyH, va C\G di Ang GI diém Lemoine xttng v6i nhau qua phan gide ciia goe ZAC'B. Tit d6, dé § cia tam gid A’B'C! nén Cy, He, Gy thing hing, Tuong tut, A1,G1, H, thing hang va By, G), Hy thing hang. Do Dai AH Ha BO Hy. CH He nen De : H+ Gy, diéu phai chig minh, 23Vi du 22. Cho diém P nim trén canh AB cia tit giée loi ABCD va dutng tron w trong tam gide CDP. Gia sit rang w tiép xtc vai dudng tron noi tiéy AKOBL =F. tam I, ndi ti ciia céc tam giée APD, BPC tai K, L theo thit tydé, ACNBD Ching minh ring B,J, F thing hang (Shortlisted 2007} Lai gidi. Hinh 18 Goi (J;R) la duting tron tiép xtie voi AB, AD, BC va (4:74), (Iesre) 1 dung tron n iép cdc tam giée ADP, BCP. Ta 06 Vi" OVE : (Ler) (JER) Suy ra tam vi ty cita (/), (J) la giao diém eta AK, LJ io Mat khéc Vj oVi® : (sr) + (J: R) Suy ra tam vi te eta (1), (J) la giao diém tia BL, Ed 2) Tir (1),(2) suy ra Fe LJ (3) (Néu P= J thi F J) Tit side APCD c6 ditong tron n0i APD, PCD tiép xtc véi duting chéo PD tai cing mot diém, nén APCD ngoai tiép dude mot dutting tron. Tuong ty, tit giée BCDP ngoai tiép duge mot dudng tron. Goi (Ja; pa). (Jes eB) ‘ia hai tam gis 24theo thif tur la dudng tron ngi tiép cae tit gide DAPC, BCDP. ‘Ta cé i VE oVat (hr) (GR Suy ra tam vi ty ngodi cia (1), (J) Ia giao diém cia AC, Ld (4) Vi" oVEP ser) (JR) Suy ra tam vi ty ngodi cia (J), (J) Ia giao diém cia BD, 1 5) Tit (4),(5) suy ra E€ LJ (6) Tit (5),(6) suy ra diéu phai ching minh. Nhan xét. 1. Nhan thay ring AB, KL, I4ly dong quy. Do 46, 4p dung dinh ly’ Desargues cho hai tam giée Al4K, BlyL, ta duge J = Al, 0 Bly. = 14K OIph, B= KAN LB thing hang 2. Ciing vay, JaJn, AB,CD dong quy. Do d6, ap dung dinh I¥ Desargues che cac tam gidc J4AC, JgBD cing dude I = J4C 0 JgD, J = AJ BJg. B= ACN BD thang hang Vidy 23. Trong mat phing cho tam giée ABC va mot duding tron (C).Goi wa, we la duting tron tiép xtc trong véi (C) tai A’, B',C' va theo thit tit tiép x céc cAp tia AB va AC,BC va BACA va CB. Clitug minh ring cée dutng thing AA’, BBI,CC' dong quy. Li giai. Goi O, 1a tam duéng tron w, va J 1A tam dudng tron ndi tiép cia tam gide. Khi dé v (ante V (Aug. (0) 22, (0, “8, Suy ra V(S:£) = V(As gE) VA Me) = (0) 4 (1). Do dé, duéng thing AA’ di qua S$ 1a tam vi ty ngoai ctia (O) va (J). Hoan toan tuang tif, cing dude BB’,CC’ cing di qua S. Vay, AA, BB! vi CC’ déng quy tai S$ la tam vi tur ngoai cita (0) va (I). (1) 25Hinh 19 Nhan xét. Néu w,,wp,we tiép xtic ngoai véi (O) thi diém dong quy la tam vi ty trong ciia (O), (J). Vidu 24. Cho tam giée ABC. Mot duting thing A cat cdc duing thing BC,CA, AB tai D,E,F theo thit tu d6. Goi O, 0,0}, Or lin higt 1a tam dudng tron ngoai tiép tam giac ABC, AEF, BFD,CDE va H, Ha, Hy, H, la true tam céc tam gide nay theo thit ti d6, Chitng mink ring ci 1. 40,00. - SABC 2, Trung true cic doan thing OH, O,Ho.O;H», 0-H, ding auy. fi-ken, céc dudng tron (O,), (Or), (O.),(O) ddng quy tai mot diém M. Ta eé (OgOv; OOo} (O.O0y; MF) + (MF; ME) + (ME;0,0,) (mod =) 5 + (AP:AE) +5 (mod 7) =(AB:AC) (mod 7} 26Tutong tut (040.; 040.) = (BC; BA) (mod 7) Vay 40,0:0. SABC C2. Dé thfy cée tam giée MAO,, MBO, MCO, déng dang (cing hung). De d6 c6 phép dong dang Z(M; Ye; (MB; MO;)) ma qua d6 Og +4 A, O59 B, OH Cc 2. Goi O',H' ttheo thit tu li tam dudng tron ngoai tiép, true tam cia tam Bide O,O}0c. ‘La 66 ow on Liy KOR = OH Khi OK _O'N' _ MO, on. M0. , on OF 7 ME va (OR; OH) = (OH OH) = (Oy: MB) (mod 2n) Suy ra AKOH = AOQ,MB ma tam giée OpMB can (tai O,) nen KO = KH hay K €t|OH], Hoan toan twang tit K € t|Oq He). tOpHs|. 10H va (OH: Off) = (110; 7B) (mod 2n) 4 Bai tap tong hgp Vi du 25. ‘Trong mat phiingg cho ba duting tron (O,), (O2),(O) ma (O,), (O2) tiép tai J va tiép xtic trong véi (O) tai My, Mp. Tié (01), (O2) cat (0) tai A, A’. tuyén chung trong cia it 1. Dutng thing AM, cét lai dung tron (O,) tai Nj. Chimg minh ring OA Nob 2. Ding duting kinh PQ cita (0) vung géc voi IA. Chiing minh ring PO,,QO2,1A déng quy Lai gia. 1. Tit gid thiét suy ra Visi : (Ox) —+ (O) suy ra OLN; || OA > ZAOM, = ZMOM ra My MyN2Nj noi tiép. Tit ZAOM, = ; -ZNOM,Hinh 20, Vay ZAN, No + ZM,NiO) = 90°, suy ra OA L Ni No 2. Gia sit PJ, QI c&t lai (O) tai J, K. Khi dé ZPJO = ZOPJ = 20,1 = ZO,J1 = 202JP => O, Oo, J thing hang. Do dé J = ide PQU, c6 IL, PM), QM2 Vo. Tuong tut, cing duge K = Ny ‘Trong tam ba dung cao, nén ching déng quy. ‘Vheo din I Seva LP MQ Mol _ LQ) MI MP Suy ra EP MI MPR ROBB _h ay 1Q° MQ MI RR Re LP TQ it PO), QO> cit IA tai $1, So. Khi do Ry B® val Ae (3) Tit (1),(2),(3) suy ra S$) = S; = S. Suy ra diéu phai ching minh Vi dy 26. Trong mat phing cho ba diting tron (O;), (Oz), (O) ma (O;), (Os) tiép xtic ngoai tai [va tiép xe trong véi (O) (tai My, Mz). Tiép tuyén chung trong cita (01), (O.) cat (0) tai Ding thing AM, cat lai dig tron (O}) tai diém Nj duting thing M).M cit lai dutmg tron (O;) tai P;. 1. Cée duting thing NiP; va AA’ dong quy 282. Dutting thing Vp tip xtie vai (04) (Balkan 1997) Vi du 27. Cho tam gide ABC nhon, Chimg mink ring f,,hy va trung true AB déng quy khi va chi khi ZBA (JBMO) Lai gi Goi AD, BE la phan giée trong géc ZBAC, ditong, cao ké tit B. Goi F 1a trung diém cia AB (hinh vé). Diéu kién cin. Gia sit AD,BE,MF dong quy tai C. Khi dé GA = GB. Hon nita Hinh 21 /GBA = /GAR = /GAC = 0 Suy ra 3a = 90° diéu nay tutong dung voi a = 30° hay ZBAC = 60° Din kign di, Nén /BAC = GOP thi /ABE = 90? — /RAC = 20°. Goi GIA giao diém cia AD, BE, ta c6 ZGAB = 30° = ZGBA suy ra AGAB can, va do dé GA=GB. Vay Ge t{AB Vi dy 28. Cho tam giée ABC ndi tiép trong dudng tron (O). Xst P € ABQ € AC. Ching mink ring P.O, Q thang hang iff PB sin24 = sin Pal +sin2B + Lai gidi. Tr PA- PB + PB-PA= 7 suy ra (Fae) oP PB oh+OB PA PA Tuong tit (26 +1).08-%.otsa0 qat! QA 29vay O, P,Q thing hing @ OPAOO ott Tins. ThnTAs TATE 0 oy) PB. ac eain2A = 57 in 2B + G7] -8in 2c Vi dy 29. Cho tam gise ABC nhon noi tiép trong dudng tron (O), ngoai tip dung tron (1) véi cée duting cao AD, BE, cde duting phin gide trong AP, BQ (D,P € BC.E,Q € CA). Ching minh ring D, I, thing hang iff P,Q,O thing hang. Lai giai. Theo két qua bai ton tren, ta 06 PB, QA PE B+ GG AB. BA Fo 2B + BG ecosC =cosA+cosB a P,O,Q thing hang + sin2C in 2A 2 sin2C sin2A Hinh 2 Mat khée, ADEC » AABC, nen fae home ae Lh & ; D.B.T thing bing #4 = CF = cos oe cose e es sind +sin B sin A+ sin B+ sin C © cos A + 00s B= cos (2) = cosC 30Tit (1) va (2) suy ra digu phai ching minh. Vi du 30. Cho tam gide ABC noi tiép trong duting tron (0), ngoai tiép diting tron (1). Dittng tron noi tiép tiép xtic voi canh BC tai D, cde dutimg thing AI, AO cit lai dung tron (0) tai BF. Goi S = FIN ED, M = SCO BE,N = ACN BF. 1. Chiing minh ring S € (0) 2. Chitng minh ring M,N./ thing hang. Hinh 23 Lai gidi, Goi 4’ = AEN BC. Ta 66 icaa'o= 3 (at AC +80 #2) = (sa AC 40 £0) =sdZAFE Suy ra ZDIE = ZEAF app th 12 Rr = AF-ID = = ZAFI = ZIED = ZAES > S$ € (0) Mat khae [A+ TE = OF — Suy ra AAIF « AIDE > ZAFS Ap dung dinh ly Pascal cho luc giée ASCEFB noi tiép, duge M,N, I thing hang, Vi du 31. Cho tit sige ABCD khong 6 hai canh nio bing uhau, ngoai tiép dudng tron (O) 06 hai duting chéo cit nhau tai 2. Goi M,N, P va Q theo thit ty Ia ti 3Ldiém cia AB, BC,CD va DA voi (0), goi X.Y.Z va T lin higt 1A gino diém ctia tia phan gidc céc g6e ZAKB, ZBEC,ZCED va ZDEA Véi cic canh AB, BC,CD va DA theo thit tut d6. Chitug minh ring eée dung thing AC, MN, PQ.XY, ZT va tip tuyén ciia (0) tai cfc gino diém cita (O) voi BD cing di qua mot diém, Lai giai 1. PQ v6i AC. Ap dung dinh ly Ménélaiis ADC véi cat tuyén PQS" ta 06 Goi S.$' theo thit tut la giao diém cita cho AABC véi cat tuyén MNS va tam git () (2) fing BM = BN,DP = DQ, 44 vay S'=S hay AC, MN, PQ dong quy. Gia sit XY, ZT cit AC tai $",$”. Ta can chitag minh S” Ap dung dinh lf Ménélatis cho AABC véi cit tuyén XY'S" va tam gide ADC vdi cat tuyén ZTS" ta 06 XA_S"C_YB 327D 3A TA Theo tinh chat dung phan giac, ta o¢ 2D ra Tit dé va tit (3),(4) suy ra SE = SA = 2A didu dé 06 nghia la | vi ttt gidc ABCD ngoai tiép due, nén EA: EC = MA: , hay cae dudng thing AC, MN, PQ,.XY. ZT dong auy. Ngoai ra, s” 6 suy 1 Vi du 32. Cho tit gife ABCD noi tiép trong diting tron (0). Goi E,F,G theo thit tut gido diém cia cée cap citing thing AB va CD, BC va DA, AC va BD. Céc ding tron (DAE), (DCF) iia aoe ZAHB cit AB tai I, phin giée eda s6e ZDHC eft CD tai J. Chitg minh Aang 1.6, théing hang, Tit gid thiét suy ra (HD;HB) = (AD; AE) = (AD; AB) = (CD;CB) = (CD; CF) = (HD; HF) (mod =) do a6 H, D, F thing hang. Ap dung bé dé Mi-ken cho tam giée BEC, ta ditge céc duténg tron (BAF), (CFD) va (DEA) cing di qua mt diém (khie D). Do d6 bén dung tron (BAF), (CFD). (DBA), (BAB) cimg di qua H. Vay (HA; HD) = (BA; ED) = (EB; EC) = (HB; HC) (mod x) va (CB:CH) = (CB:CD) +(CD;CH) (mod =) = (AB;AD)+(FD;FH) (mod z) =(BA;EH) (mod x) =(DA;DH) (mod x) Suy ra AHCB = AHDA. Vi viy HS = #4 = 4G IC HG _ ID D IB _GB TA” GA Suy ra GI, GJ la phan giac cia g6¢ ZAGB, ZCGD theo thit tu dé va vi vay. IG, J thang, hang, 33,Hinh 25 Lai giai 2. Tit gid thiét, suy ra (HD; HE) = (AD; AE) = (AD; AB) = (CD;CB) = (CD; CF) = (HD; HP) (mod r). Suy ra E, H, F thang hang, Ap dung bé dé Mi-ken cho tam giée BEC ta duge cdc duttng tron (BAF), (CFD) va (EDA) cing di qua mot diém (hic D) va do d6, bén dwting tron (EDA), (FCD) (PAB), (EBC) cing di qua H ‘Mat khae ED JD _HD-sin(HE;HD) HDsin(HJ;HD) . Hsin HE; HC) © HBsin( HT, 1B) _sin(AD; AB) ~ sn(BC; BA) va tuong ty (B, A,B, 1) = Staeeee bao toan ty s6 kép, suy ra GJ, J thang hang, (D.C, B,J) Tit d6, va do phép chiéu xuyén tam (tam G) Vi du 33. Tit gide ABCD n6i tiép trong duing tron, ¢6 hai dutng chéo cat nhaw tai P. Gi sit ring phan gide ciia cée g6c tao béi hai dutng chéo eft cée canh AB, BC,CD, DA tutong, ting tai cée cap diém Par. Qari Phos Qtes Pats Qats Pans Qa Ching minh ring trung diém cic doan thing PrQui, Ph: Qher PatQuis Pin Qda thing, hang. 34Hinh 26 Dé dang uhan thy phan giée cita cic g6c tao bdi hai dudug chéo ciia tit side 1a hai dudng thing vung g6c. Goi wan wie Wat Win a dung tron dudng kinh Par Quin PreQtes Prior PinQin theo thit tu d6. Goi X,Y, Z.7 theo thit tut la trung diém cia ParQun; PheQtes PoiQets PinQan- Khi d6, cin ching minh X,Y,Z,T hay Wabs Woes Weds Win Ct nhau tai mot diém U # P. Do PP,y, PQuy la phan gidc trong va ngoai cita tam giée PAB nén (ABPyaQan) = =1. Do dé, theo he thit A.XB=NXPy =XQu° () Newton, ta e¢ Xét phuiong tich ctia X d6i véi duting tron (0), ta thy Pxyo) = XO? — R? = XA-XB = XP%, (do (1)). Tit d6 wp L (0), VAY Pojiny = RE (2 Po fisea = POfatun = FP 6 Tuong try, cling ¢6 Pojo,, ‘Tit (2) va (3) suy ra O nam trén truc ding phutong cita wap, Whe, Wor Waa VAY céc diting trdn Wap, Whe, Won Wm Ct nhan tai diém thi hai hai U (hon nita U, P.O thing hang). DPCM Nhan xé6t. Néu goi E = (AB)(CD), F = (AD)N(BC) thi cing 6 FU, F thing hang va EF || XZ. Vi du 34, Cho tam gidc ABC véi truc tam H. Hai dutng thing Ay, Ay vudng g6e vdi nhau tai H va A; cat céc duéng thing BC,CA, AB theo thit tt tai Ay, Bi, Ch 3562 cit BC.CA, AB tai Ao, By, C2 theo thit tu dé. 1. Ching minh ring trung diém céc doan thing Ay Ap, By, Bz, C1,Cy cing nim trén mot dutng thing A va diém déi xtmg véi H qua A nim trén dudng tron ngoai tiép cia tam giée ABC (Dinh ly Droz-Farny) ~ HB, AC 2. Ching minh ring HC, AB Lai giai. Hinh 27 1. Goi O Ia tam dung tron ngoai tiép cia tam gise ABC va Og, Op,O, theo thit tu Ih trung diém Ay Ag, By Bo, CC. Goi Ha, Hh, He Ia cée diém déi xing voi qua ese dutmg thing BC,CA, AB. Khi d6 Hp, Hs, He € (O) va cée duimg thing A\Ha, Bi Hy, C\He dong quy tai N € (O) (hinh ve), Ap dung bé dé Miquel cho tam giée NA\By véi Ha € NA), H € Ay By, Hy € BLN ta ditge céc dung tron (O,),(O). (Op) ding quy tai M (khéc Hy, Hy). Hoan toin tifong tit, cing ditge (O,),(O).(O.) dng quy tai M' (khdc H,,H.). Tit dé. 36do hai dung tron phan biét cit nhau tai nhiéu nat hai diém, nen M! = M hay (On). (Os). (Oc). (O) déng quy tai M. Di trung trie cia HM (DPCM) 2. Ta cé ZB\AH = ZHBA;, ZB\HA = ZHAB (g6c c6 canh tuong ting vung ny c6 nghia la O,, Op, O¢ cing niim trén g6c). Suy ra cée tam giée By HA, HA,B ddng dang. Vay #a = 424 (1) A Ay "€ Hin 28 Tutong ty, cling duge cae tam gide C\ HA, HA,C dong dang. Vay 45 (2) Nhan (1) va (2), vé déi vé, ta duge et = 424- Tir dé suy ra diéu phai ching minh, Vi du 35. Goi a,b,c IA céc dudng thing song song theo thit tit di qua céc dinh A,B,C cia tam gide ABC. Goi a! = Dgo(a),b! = Dealb).¢ = Dagle) . Ching minh ring cée dudng thing a’,',c’ déng quy khi va chi khi a,b,c song song véi dung thing O-le ciia tam giée ABC. Khi ching ddng quy, diém dong quy déi xitug di tam O cia digg tron (ABC) qua F (E la diém ding quy cia céc dutng thing déi xtmg véi dutmg thing O-le qua cc dutng thing chia canh ciia tam gide) ( inh ly Parry) Lai gi Xét VB:X 4X, VN. Khi dé H; nim tren dung thing O-le ciia tam gic ABC. Goi (e) la dung thing di qua H va song song véi a,b,c. A’ = Dpc( A) 37Hinh 29 Khi dé HA! = AA’ — AH = (AX ~ MO} = (AH + HX -—OM; = HX +OM) = AHX + XX) = 2HX, Do d6 A! = Dp,c,(H). Vay € Do dé, a’, We dong qui tai P khi va chi khi eq, ¢,,¢- dong qui tai P khi va chi khi e di qua M, (tite e la dung thing O-le ciia tam giée ABC). DPCM a’, tuong tt e Vi du 36. Cho tit giéc léi ABCD ndi tiép trong diting tron (O) c6 hai diting chéa ct nhaw tai K, Goi Mi,Mi, My, My Van higt 1 diém chinh gita ede eung uhé AB BC, CD va DA. Goi 1, fa, Jy. 1) theo tht ti la tam dutmg tron ndi tiép cdc tam gide KAB,K BC. KCD va KDA, Chg minh Hing ede dvtmg thing Mi, Malo, Mgl, Mala déng quy tai mot diém tren dudng thing OK. (Kvant) Lai gia. 38Hinh 30 Tir gia thiét suy ra IJ 1 Joly vi Sd / Mh +8¢ CMa= Sd BM +8d DV nén duing thing MM; tao véi cic dudng thing AC, BD cae g6c bing nhau. De 6 M\My || Til howe My My = Iyly. Tuong ty, cing duge MyM, || lal hodc MoM = Iola. ‘Vit 46 suy ra My My L MoM Goi Ja, Jo, Lo v8 Jo lin lugt 1A tam duting tron ndi tiép cde tam giée BCD, CDA, DAB va ABC theo thit ty'd6. Khi d6 I, f)f-1y a hinh chit nhat (ching minh) va [a.a, fol, Mi Ms doi mot song song; cing vay Joly, Lola, MaMy doi mot song song. July = MMs thi AB || CD, tit gic ABCD la hinh thang can; O, K, Ih, Is, Ma, My cing nim tren trung true chung cia AB, CD dong thii la true d6i xing cia hink. Khi d6, do Mob, déi xitug voi Mal, qua truc déi xing nay, nén Myf, OK dong any. ‘Luong ty voi trutmg hop My My = oly Xét trudng hyp M\Ms || Lis, MoM, || Ialy. Do cach dymg, ta 06 Mo, Iu, thang hang; Mp, Jn, J; thing hang; Jo, Ja, Mh thing hang; Jy, Iq, Ms thing hang. Goi im cia Myhy, Mglg, dat k = Ms ¢ = ste. Ta 06 PI giao hh Mh fils) MMy “Tale Suy ra V (Ip) 0V (Pk): Lily Tale 39Tit dé; do Mo, Ja, thang hang, Mo, Ia, /; thang hang: nén Mo la tam cia phép vi ty tich nay. Suy ra P € Mpls. ‘Luong tut, cing duge PE Mala. Vi du 37. Goi Iq, fyJe tong ing 1 tam dung trdn bang tiép trong eée gc ZCAB, ZABC, ZBCA cita tam giée ABC. Goi Aj, Ao tutong img 1a cée diém d6i xting voi A qua Indy, gle; Bo, Bs Ia cée diém d6i xing voi B qua céc dudng thing I,J-, lola va Cs, C; la cdc diém déi xing v6i C qua cic dutng thang Iely, Iolo. Ching minh ring cic dutng thang lan ligt qua Iq, J, J, theo thit tu vudng géc vdi BCs, Cy Ay, AoBy dong auy. Hint. Dy doan: Diém déng quy la tam O cia duéng tron ngoai tiép tam gide. Sit dung tiéu chuan Carnot. ‘Vi du 38. Diing tron néi tiép (/) cita tam gide khong cin ABC tiép xtc voi cdc canh BC,CA va AB tai Ay, By va C). Goi Ao la diém déi xttng vai Ay qua Ao Ay va Ag Ia giao diém cita cic dudng thing AA,, BC. Cac diém Bo, Bs, Co,C3 dude xac dink mot céch tuong ty. Ching minh ring Aa, Bs, Ca thing hang, Ldi giai. Ching ta cin chtmg minh Ay, By, Cy € (O1). Goi H la tryc tam cia tam side A) BC), AIN BC Theo tinh chat difdng phan gidc, ta cé {4 = fA = ausae — mmssme (1) BO = sin Mat khée, dé thay Aj Ap, By) B,C\C2 déng quy tai H. Ngoai ra B+e _C+A A+B LOM By =~ ZABiC, = = ZBCiAL = 40Khi da HAz _ AiAg— Ail _ Aida- BC HA, AH HA BC, 4r?sin #48 sin CA sin “TA BG HA BC _ (sin A +sin B + sinC) sin B+ sin @) resin A sin A Tit (1) va (2) suy ra 42 => Ay € (JH) Tutong ty, eting c6 Bs, Cy € (TH) (DPCM) Vi du 39. Cho tit giée ABCD ndi tiép trong duttng tron (O). Goi P,Q, R theo tht ty 1a hinh chiéu cita D trén cée ding thing BC, CA, AB. Ching minh ring QP = QR khi va chi khi phan gide ciia cfc g6e ZABC,ZADC ct uhau tai mot diém nian tren AC (Shortlisted 2003 - G1) Loi giai 1. Hinh 32 Theo dinh Iy vé ding thang Simson, P,Q, R thing hang, Ngodi ra, do cic bo bén diém (P,Q, D.C), (D.Q, R.A) dong vien, nén (CD; CA) = (CD;CQ PD;PR) (mod x) (PD; PQ (AD: AC) = (AD; AQ) = (RD; RQ) = (RD; RP) (mod =) 41Suy ra ADCA » ADPR (g.8) Mot cach tuong tut, cing 6 ADAB ~ ADQP,ADBU + ADRQ Vay DA _ DR _ Db. $8 DC ~ DP DB. TS DA BA Do d6 QP = QR = 55 = Fe = phan gide eta ZABC va ZADC eat nhaw tai M € AC. Digu phai eltng minh. Lai gidi 2. Gia sit phan gise cita ede g6e ZABC, ZADC eat AC tai L,.M theo thit _MA_ DA MC DC. i, digu nay tuong duang véi hay DA- BC = AB-CD. Vay cin ching minh DC BC AB-CD = DA- BC = QP =QR Titgid thiét (DP; DQ) = (CB:CA) = 7 (mod x) va (DQ: DR) = a (mod z) Do dé, theo dinh ly sin, ta c6 PQ = CD-siny va QR = ADsina. Vay QP = DA siny BC in = <=> AB-CD = DA- BC (DPCM) sing BA Nhan xét. AC; AB) = QR 1. Lai gidi 2 khong sit dung dén dinh ly Simson. 2. Tit loi gii 2, ta thy, QP = QR khi va chi khi tt gide ABCD digu hoa khi va chi khi AC Ia phan gide cia goe ZBMD (trong d6 M Ia trung diém AC) khi va chi khi BD la phan giée goe ZANC (trong d6 N la trung diém BD) khi va chi khi (AA) (CC) € (BD) khi va chi khi (BB) (DD) € (AC) Vi dy 40. Cho tam giée ABC c6 ZBCA > % va CA ¢ CB ndi tiép trong digng tron (0). Tiép tuyén tai A,B cia ding tron (O) eft nhan tai P. Céc dutng thing AC, PB cat nhau tai D, cic dudng thing BC, AP cat nhau tai E. Ching minh ring tam cita céc duing tron (ACE), (BCD), (PCO) cing nim trén mot dudng thing. (Russia 2010 - Grade 9} Lai gidi 1. Goi 01,02, 1, J theo thit ty la tam cita cae dung tron (ACE), (BCD) (PAOB),(PCO). 49,Hinh 33 Do tam giée PAO vudng tai O va J li trung diém PO nén tam gidc PIA can hay ZPAI = ZAPO Mat khic ZPAO, = ZEAO, = $ — ZACE pt »_7 = ZACB— 3 a — ZAOP 3 = ZAPO = ZPAI Titdé, do O,, 1 nim vé cing mot phia efia PA nén A, I,0, thing hang. Suy ra (O;) va (1) tié ‘éi nhau. Tung tf, cling c6 (O.) va (/) tiép xtc véi nhau. Suy ra tiép tuyén chung cita (O,), (I) va tiép tuyén chung cia (2), (I) B. Xét phutong tich cia $ déi xt cit nhau tai diém § nim trén PO. Do tinh déi xtmg, nén SA v6i céc dufting tron trén ta 6 Pso,) = SA? = SB? = Psyo. Psy(oy) = SA* = Psy = 80 - SP = Pays, Suy ra SC la tryc ding phutong chung cita (O;), (Oz), (J) suy ra diéu phai ching minh. Lai gidi 2. Goi 01,02, 1, J theo thit ty la tam cita cae dung tron (ACE), (BCD). (PAOB), (PCO). Goi L la giao diém tht hai cita (O;), (Oo), ta cin chttmg minh tit side PCLO udi tiép. Ta 6 ZLAE = ZLCB = ZLDB. Suy ra tt giée ALDP noi tiép. Twang ty, cing ¢6 tt gide BLEP ndi tiép. 43‘Ta ce (PL; PO) = (PL; PB) + (PB: PO) = (EL; EB) + (PB; PO) (mod =) (CL;CO) = (CL; CB) + (CB;CO) = (AL; AE) + (BO; BC) (mod =) Ta chi can chitng minh (EL; EB) + (BC; BO) = (AL; AE) + (PO: PB) (mod 7) That vs VI = (AL; AC) +5 +(AC:AB) (mod x) = 5+ (AL; AB) (mod x} VP =(DL;DP)+(PO;PB) (mod x} = (AL; AP) + (OP;OB) + : (mod =) = (AL; AO) + (OA OP)+5 (nod 7) = (AL;AP) +(AP;AB)+* (mod =) = (AL; AB) +5 (mod x) Suy ra diéu phai chtmg minh. Vi du 41. Trong mat phing cho hai duting thing d).d, cit nhaw tai O va diém A ¢ didy, Mot dung tronw di qua A,O, cit lai di,ds tai Mi, Mz theo thit tyt 6, Ching minh ring trung diém efia doan thing My Mo lun nim tren mot dudng thing c6 dinh khi w thay déi nhumg luon di qua A va O. Léi giai Goi (AC) 1a dung tron di qua A, A, tiép xiie véi dy tai O. Diting tron (KX) clit lai dy tai B, dung tron (J) cat lai dy tai C, suy ra B,C 6 dinh. Goi D,E theo thit tit lA trung diém cia OC, OB. De B.C.O 6 dinh, nén D, E e6 dink. Ta sé chitug mink dung thing DE di qua trung diém doan thing Mj Mp (Hinh ve). iép xtc véi d) tai O va (J) la dung tron di qua Ky hieu («; y) dé chi g6c dinh huéng tao béi duéng thing « vai dutng thang y. Do OM, tiép xite vai (K) OM) = (BO; BA) = (BMp; BA) (mod 7) () Do bén diém My, Mp,O, A cing nim trén duténg tron @ nén (MA; MO) = (Mp4; Mz0) = ;MpB) (mod 7) (2) adTit (1) va (2) suy ra AOM,A % ABABA . Do a6 MA CM, Tuong t, efing 66 AOM,A = ACMA. Do d6 575 came OM CM, OM (3) 84) sw OFT = Bin, Oa Bile Tit d6, theo tinh chat cita ty 1¢ thrte, thu duge cM, CD _ OB nO _ FO co ~ Oi Di Gia sit dudng thing DE cat dung thing MyM, tai P. Khi d6, p dung dinh ly Menelaos cho tam giée OM, My véi cat tuyén PDE, ta dutge DO PM: BM, |, Pi DM, PM, EO — PM, suy ra P la trung diém My Mb. Is =1 sit dung géc dinh hudng trong 16i giai trén 1A cin thiét. Diéu dé lam cho Idi gidi gon hon, khong bi phu thude vao hinh vé. Néu khong sit dung cong cu g6c dinh huéng, cin phai xét hai vi tri ciia diém A nhut trong hinh 34 va hinh 35. 5 Bai tap tu luyén Bai tap 42. Hai dung tron (0)), (Oz) tiép xtc nhau tai A. Tiép tuyén tai M tay §elia (O.) ct (O,) tai B,C. Chimg minh ring dung thing AM di qua diém chinh gifta cung BC. 45Bai tap 43. Cho tam giée ABC. Goi A, By, C; theo thit tu la trung diém BC, CA, AB. Lay By la diém chinh gitta doan gp khtie ABC, cic diém Cy, Ay dutge xéc dinh mot Aj Ao, Bi, Bo, céch tuong tu. Chitug minh ring 1.Co dng quy. (Hungarian 2000} Bai tap 44. Tam giée A\AyAg khong a trung diém canh Aj.1Ais2 (phép cong lay theo modul 3). Trén tia (OB,) ly diém C; sao cho AOA;B; » AOC;A;. Chitng minh ring ede duting thing A,C; déng quy An, khong vudng ndi tiép trong (0). Goi B, quy. Bai tap 45. Trong mat phing, cho trude ba tam gide A)B\C;,i = 1,2.3. Goi O;,G;H; lan lugt 1a tam dudng tron ngoai tiép, trong tam, tryc tam cia tam gide ABC; theo thit tut d6. 1. Chiing minh ring trong tam cae tam gite HyHyHs,G,GGs, 0020, thing hang 2. Chitng minh ring tam dudng tron ngoai tiép cia céc tam giée Hy HyH, GiG2G, va 010,03 thang hang. Bai tp 46. Cho tam giée AjAyAs ngoai tiép dung trdn (1). Goi M; la trung d canh déi dién dinh A; va goi Nj, Bi lan luot 1a tiép diém cia dudng tron ndi tiép, bang tiép voi can Aisa Asso. 1. Chitng minh ring AjB; || 1M; 2. Chiing minh ring cfc ditng thing A\Nj, Mj, BG dong quy (Gla trong tam tam gite ABC). Bai tap 47. Cho tam gidc ABC noi tiép duting tron (O) va ngoai tiép dudng tron (/). Céc duting thing AI, BI cit lai (O) tai D, F theo thit ty d6. Cae day eung DE theo thi tit c&t AC va BC tai F va G. Ditdng thing qua F song song voi AD ct dung thing qua G song song voi BE tai P. Gid sit ring tiép tuyén cia (O) tao Ava B cit uhau tai S. Ching minh ring ede ding thing AE, BD vi hoac song song. SP déng quy (Shortlisted 2011 - G5) 46Bai tap 48. Cho tam giéc nhon ABC noi tiép duttng tron (O). Goi By, Co theo thit tu trung diém CA, AB. Goi D 1a chan dudng cao ké tit A va GIA trong tam cita tam gic, Dudng tron w di qua Bo, Cy va Ching mink ring D.G, M thing hing xc trong voi (0) tai diém M A, (Shortlisted 2011 - G4} Bai tap 49. Cho tit gide loi ABCD, véi AD | BC. Gidi si dving kinh AB va CD cit nhau tai B va F nim trong tit gide, Goi w, Ib dudng tron di qua chan cic dudmg vudng goc ké tit E ti AB, BC va CD; wy 1a ding trdn di qua chan cée dutng vudng géc ké tit F t6i CD, DA va AB. Goi M,N IA giao m EP. Ching minh ring (Shortlisted 2011 - G3) dung tron véi diém cita w, va wy, goi P 1a trng P thang hang, Bai tap 50. Cho tam giée ABC noi noi tiép trong dittng tron (O). Ditdng tron wy tiép xtic véi ce tia AB, AC tai Ap, Ac va tip xtc trong véi dung tron (0) tai A’ Cée didn By, Bo, BY.Ca. Ch, C! duge xée dink mot eéch tutang tit 1, Chitg minh ring cée dudng thing ApA,, B-Ba,CaCs dong quy tai J— tam tam dudng tron ndi tiép cita tam giée. Hon nifa, J 1A trung diém chung cita cée doan thing Aye, BeBasCaCh 2. Chiing minh ring cdc dutng thing Ad’, BB'.CC" dong quy tai tam vi turngoai cia (0), (I). 3. Goi Ao, Ai theo theo thif tir lA diém chinh gitta cung BC’ (khong chifa A) cita (0), tiép diém efia (J) voi BC, va goi My 1a trung diém 1A). Chitng minh ring dung thing AM, Ia Ia truc ding phutong ctia wp va we (3") Goi Ao, A; theo theo thit tit IA diém chinh giita cung BC (khong chita A) ctia (0), tiép diém cita (1) voi BC, va goi M, IA trung diém JA). Mot efich tutang tif, cling 06 cfc diém Bp, By. Ca. C1, Mp, Mp. Chitng minh ring cée dung, thing AgMy. By My, CoMe dong aay. tf hinh hoe cita diém dng auy. fay chi ro 4, Diting tron (k) tiép xtc trong vdi w, wp, We theo thet ty tai minh ring A'A", B’B",C'C” dong quy. ", B,C", Ching Baj tap 51. Xét diém M tren doan AB, khong tring véi A,B. Vé cing mot phia ciia dudng thing, dug cdc hinh vuong AMCD, BMF E, Duting tron ngoai tiép cita hai hinh vuéng cit nhau tai diém thi hai aT1, Ching minh ring F, A, N thang hang va B,C, N thing hang. 2. Chitng minh ring MN luén lun di qua mét diém cé din. 3. Tim quy tich trung diém PQ, trong d6 P,Q theo tht ty la tam eta hai hinb vudng AMCD, BMF E Bai tap 52. Cho duttng trdn (O) va dudng thing A khong c6 diém chung, va AB 1a dung kinh cita (O) vuong g6c véi A (B gin A hon. C la diém tity ¢ tren dung trom tron khée A, B. Dutng thing AC cit A tai D, ki i (0) (FE (0) va cing phia wéi B déi véi AC). Dutng thing BE cat A tai P, dung thing AF ct lai (0) tai G # A. Chitug minh ring Dias (G) € (CF) p tuyén DE (Shortlisted 2004 - G2) Bai tap 53. Cho tam gic nhon ABC véi dung phan giée BB). Ding thing qua B, vudng g6e véi BC cat cung nhé BC cia diing tron ngoai tiép tai K. Duong, thing qua B vung géc vi AK cit dung thing AC tai L. Diving thing BB, cit Iai dung tron (ABC) tai T. Ching minh ring KL, 7 thing hang. (Russia 2007 - Grade 9} Bai tap 54. Goi F lA diém Toricelli-Fermat cita tam gie ABC. Ching minh Hing difing thing O-le cae tam gite FBC, FCA, FAB dong quy. HD. Bo dé: Vé phia ngoai cita tam gide ABC lay céc diém A’, B'.C" sao cho ZBIAC = ZC'AB,ZCU'BA = ZA'BC,ZA'CB = ZB'CA. Khi dé AA’, BB',CC’ dong quy. Bai tap 55. Tam gic ABC ngoai tiép dutimg tron (/). Ching minh ring duéng thing Buler etia céc tam gide IAB, IBC, ICA dong quy tai diém J nim tren ding thing Buler cia tam giée ABC. Bai tap 56. Cho tam gite ABC véi try tam H. Ching minh ring dung thing Euler cita cic tam gite HAB, HBC, HCA déng quy tai mot diém nim tren dung thing Buler cia tam giée ABC. Bai tap 57. Mot dudng thing d di qua tam cia dudng tron ngoai tiép tam gid déu ABC cat céc dutng thing BC,CA,AB tai D.E, F. Chitug minh ring ding thing Buler cia céc tam giée AEF, BFD,CDE gidi han néu mot tam gise déu. 48Bai tap 58. Cho tam gic ABC ngi tiép trong diting tron (0). Xét diém D thay déi tren(O), nhimg khong tring véi céc dinh ciia tam gide. Ky hieu s.,8).8,,s¢ theo thit tut dung thing Simson efia A, B,C, D déi véi céc tam gic BCD, CDA, DAB. ABC. 1. Chitng minh ring sq, sp, $., ¢ dng quy tai mot diém P. 2. Tim au¥ tich P khi D thay déi. Bai tap 59. Cho luc gid l6i ABCDEF ni tiép dung tron (0). Ky higu s(X;Y ZT) Ja dudng thing Simson cia diém X déi véi tam giée YZT. Ching minh ring cdc dung thing s(A; BDF), s(B; ACE), s(D; ABP), (BE; ABC) dong quy khi va chi khi CDEP 1a mot hinh chit nhat. Bai tap 60. Cho tit gide ABCD noi tiép trong dudug trdn (O; R). Goi G la d théa min GA + GB + GC + GD = 0 (trong tam cita tit gic) va H Ia diém théa min OA + OB + OC + OB = OF (H dutge goi la tric tam ciia tit gide noi tiép) 1. Ching minh ring OG, H cimg nim trén mot dung thing, va Off = 4.0G (dong thing Euler eta tif gide ndi tiép) 2. Goi Ma, Hs, Hey Ha theo thittyt fa trye tam tam giée BUD, CDA, DAB, ABC. Chitag minh ring cde dung tron (Hx; R), voi X = a,b,c,d di qua H 3. Ching minh ring dudug trdn Buler cita cde tam gide BCD,CDA, DAB, ABC cing di qua mot diém, xé¢ dinh vi tri hinh hoe diém d6. Chitng minh ring tam dudng tron Eule am gide nay cing nim trén mot ditdng tron (ding, tron Euler cita tit giée ndi tiép). 4. Ching minh ring cdc dutng thang di qua trung diém méi canh, vudng g6c v6i canh d6i dign, déng quy. Chi rd vi trf hinh hoe dié quy 6 day dutge goi 8 diém Monge) déng quy. (Diém déng 5. Chiing minh ring S(A : BCD), S( uy tai diém Monge 1A), $(C; DAB), S(D; ABC) déng 6. Xét P tiy ¥ trén duBng tron, Goi sa, 5,8, 84 theo tht ty IA dung thing simpson cita P déi véi cée tam giée BCD,CDA, DAB, ABC. Chitng minh ring hinh chiéu cia P trén céc dung thing nay cing nim trén mot dudng, thing (dong thing Simson cia P déi voi ttt gide (ndi tiép) ABCD? 49Bai tap 61. Cho tam gite ABC khong can véi ba dudng cao AA), BB,,CC, nhau tai H. Dutng thing By\C; va dudng thing BC cit nhau tai Ay. Cac diém Bo.Co dutge xée dink tutong tit. Ching minh ring cde diém Ay, Bo, C2 cing nim trén mot duting thang vudng géc voi OH, trong dé O 1a tam diting tron ngoai tiép cia tam giée ABC. Bai tap 62. Goi O, F theo thit ty la tam duting tron ngoai tiép va tam duéng tron tron O-le cia tam giée ABC. Lay diém E' sao cho ZE'BA = ZEBC va ZE'AB = ZEAC. Trung trite cita OA cat BC tai A’, cdc diém B',C’ dude xée din tuong tt. Ching minh ring cée diém A’, B’,C" cing nim trén mot dudng thing vuong g6¢ voi OB" Bai tap 63. Diting tron tam O tiép xtc trong véi hai duting trom nim trong né tai S,7, Gia sit hai dung tron dé cat nhau tai M,N (N gin ST hon). Ching minh ring OM L MN & S,N,T thing hang, Bai tap 64. Cho tam gidc ABC nhon ngoai tiép ditémg tron (J). Goi (wa) la diing, a trén difing cao ké tit A, di qua A va tiép xtc trong véi (1) taiju A). Cac diém B,,C; dude xéc dinh mot cach tuong tu. tron 6 tam 1. Chiing minh ring céc diftng thing AA), BB).CC, déng quy tai mot diém P nao dé. 2. Goi (Ja) 1A dudng tron déi xing véi dung tron bang tiép (Iq) qua trung diém canh BC, (Jh) la dudng tron déi xing voi duding tron bing tiép (1p) qua trung, diém canh CA va (J,) 1a duting tron d6i xitng voi dudng tron bang tiép (I.) qua trung diém canh AB. Chitmg minh ring P 1 tam dang phutong cita (J), (J) va (Je). (Vietnam TST 2007 - Prob. 2} 2 Goi (Jp) 1a dittng tron d6i xitng vai dung tron bang tiép (Ip) qua trung diém canh CA va (J,) la dittng tron déi xing vdi dittng tron bang tiép (Ie) qua trung diém canh AB. Chitng minh ring truc ding phuong cita (J) va (Je) chia doi chu vi tam giée ABC. Bai tap 65. Ly cae canh AB, BC,CA cia tam gise ABC lam day, dimg ra phia ngodi cdc tam giée can BCD, CAR, ABF. Chitng minh ring cdc dung thing thee thet tdi qua A, B,C twang ting vudng g6e voi EF, FD, DE dong quy 50