Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data

between fixed and mobile devices over short distances and building personal area
networks (PANs).
It can connect up to “eight devices” simultaneously and each device offers a unique 48-
bit address from the IEEE 802 standard with the connections being made a point to point
or multipoint.
Bluetooth Working Principle

Bluetooth Network consists of a Personal Area Network or a piconet which contains a

minimum of 2 to a maximum of 8 BlueTooth peer devices- Usually a single master and
upto 7 slaves. A master is a device that initiates communication with other devices. The
master device governs the communications link and traffic between itself and the slave
devices associated with it. A slave device is a device that responds to the master device.
Slave devices are required to synchronize they’re transmit/receive timing with that of the
masters.

Bluetooth Architecture

The Bluetooth architecture uses two networks like Piconet and Scatternet

Piconet Network

Piconet is one kind of wireless network that includes one main node namely the master
node as well as seven energetic secondary nodes are known as slave nodes. So, we can
declare that there are eight active nodes totally which are arranged at a10 meters distance.
The message between these two nodes can be done one-to-one otherwise one-to-many.

Communication can be possible only among the master and slave but the communication
like Slave-slave cannot be possible. It also includes 255 parked nodes which are known
as secondary nodes. These cannot communicate until it gets altered to the active
condition.

Scatternet Network

The formation of the Scatternet Network can be done through various piconets. On one
piconet, a slave is present which acts as a master otherwise it can be called primary
within other piconets. So, this type of node gets a message from the master within one
piconet & transmits the message toward its slave in another piconet wherever it works
like a slave. So, this kind of node is called a bridge-node. In two piconets, a station
cannot be master.
 Bluetooth 5 layers

 Radio: Radio specifies the requirements for radio transmission – including frequency,
modulation, and power characteristics – for a Bluetooth transceiver.
 Baseband Layer: It defines physical and logical channels and link types (voice or
data); specifies various packet formats, transmit and receive timing, channel control,
and the mechanism for frequency hopping (hop selection) and device addressing.It
specifies point to point or point to multipoint links. The length of a packet can range
from 68 bits (shortened access code) to a maximum of 3071 bits.
 LMP- Link Manager Protocol (LMP): It defines the procedures for link setup and
ongoing link management.
 Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP): It is responsible for
adapting upper-layer protocols to the baseband layer.
 Service Discovery Protocol (SDP): – Allows a Bluetooth device to query other
Bluetooth devices for device information, services provided, and the characteristics of
those services.
The 1st three layers comprise the Bluetooth module whereas the last two layers make up
the host. The interfacing between these two logical groups is called Host Controller
Interface.

Bluetooth Versions & Its Specifications

The different versions as well as their specifications of Bluetooth mainly include the
following.

 For v1.0 to v1.08 Version: Compulsory Bluetooth hardware device & address
 For v1.1 Version: IEEE standard 802.15.1-2002
 For v1.2 Version: Quicker connection
 For v2.0+EDR Version: Enhanced data rate
 For v2.1 Version: Safe simple pairing
 For v3.0 Version: High-speed data transfer
 For v4.0 Version: Low energy utilization used in apple I – phone 4s
Applications

The applications of Bluetooth include the following.

Bluetooth Technology
Cordless Desktop: All (or most) of the peripheral devices (e.g., mouse, keyboard,
printer, speakers, etc.) are connected to the PC cordlessly.
Ultimate headset: It can be used to allow one headset to be used with myriad devices,
including telephones, portable computers, stereos, etc.
Automatic Synchronization: This usage model makes use of the hidden computing
paradigm, which focuses on applications in which devices automatically carry out certain
tasks on behalf of the user without user intervention or awareness.
Multimedia Transfer:- Exchanging multimedia data like songs, videos, pictures can be

transferred among devices using Bluetooth.