Molecular epidemiology and characterization of Mycobacterium avium and

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in HIV-1 among human

population in and around West Uttar Pradesh
Ankita Soni1,2 and Alok Bharadwaj1
1
Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura (U.P.)
2
Department of Microbiology, S.N. Medical College, Agra (U.P.)

*Presenting Author: ankitasoni30@yahoo.co.in

**Corresponding Author: ankitasoni30@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT
Many of the clinical features of HIV/AIDS can be ascribed to the profound immune deficiency which
develops in infected patients. The destruction of the immune system by the virus result in
opportunistic infection as well as increased risk of autoimmune disease and malignancy. OIs are
common in HIV infected patients especially those who progress to acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome. In individuals with chronic HIV infection not on treatment with antiretroviral agents, as
the CD4+ count drops they are vulnerable to a multitude of infections which rarely occur in an
immunocompetent host, hence the term opportunistic infections (OIs) HIV infected individuals, even
with high CD4+ cell counts, are at a higher risk of developing both common and OIs than the general
population. These individuals are prone to a wide variety of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal
infections which include Toxoplasma gondii, Pneumocystis jirovecii (previously Pneumocystis
carinii), Cryptococcus neoformans, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex viruses, Histoplasma capsulatum. Some diseases are hidden and
not commonly known which need attention. Zoonotic diseases are this type of diseases. Zoonotic
diseases is an infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animals to humans.
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and Mycobacterium bovis are most
common diseases in animal. Infected animals have been considered the major source of infection and
human get exposed to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and
Mycobacterium bovis through close contact with infected animal, consumption of contaminated milk,
unpasteurized dairy products and improperly cooked contaminated meat.
The endemic nature of the disease in domestic stock or wildlife and the likely contact with humans,
particularly those infected with HIV, poses a serious health problem, since humans could begin to
actively transmit the infection within populations. The possible gastrointestinal portal of entry and
commonly observed clinical feature of abdominal disease are similar to HIV-associated disseminated
Mycobacterium avium complex Disease M. avium subspecies avium can cause a potentially fatal
pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, and is one of the more intractable opportunistic pathogens
of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals. MAP has been detected in tissues
outside the gastrointestinal tract, in a patient with HIV, in lymph tissue, and in breast milk from a
lactating mother. There have been no studies of Molecular epidemiology and characterization of
Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in HIV-1. This
review study focus on the status of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and
Mycobacterium bovis infection in HIV infected human beings and highlights the key challenges and
prospects of effective management and control of diseases in HIV infected human beings. This study
could help the hospital to set priorities related to the management of HIV infected patients infected
with these diseases.
Key words: Molecular characterization, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium avium subspecies
paratuberculosis, HIV-1.

1. Name: Ankita Soni

2. Designation & Affiliation: Research Scholar, Dept. of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura.
3. Mobile Number: +91- 9027977562
4. Email ID: ankitasoni30@yahoo.co.in
5. Session Applied for (please the website; www.gla.ac.in/ohi2023): Microbiomes and One Health

6. Choice of Presentation (please tick√): POSTER

7. Have you applied for Young Science Award: No
8. Have you applied for Mid-Career Award: No