 This philosophy contends that teachers teach

for learners to acquire basic knowledge, skills

and values.
 Why teach?
This philosophy contends that
Essentialism
teachers teach for learners to
acquire basic knowledge, skills,
and values.
 What to teach?
Basic skills or the fundamental R’s --
reading, ‘riting, ‘rithmetic, right
conduct-- as these are essential to
the acquisition of higher or more
complex skills needed in
preparation for adult life.
 How to teach?
Essentialist teachers emphasize
mastery of subject matter. They
Essentialism
are expected to be intellectual
and moral models of their
students.
 Teachers teach to develop learners into
becoming enlightened and intelligent citizens
of democratic society. This group of teachers
teaches learners do they may live life fully
NOW not to prepare them for adult life.
 Why teach?
Progressivist teachers teach to develop
Progressivism learners into becoming enlightened and
(Pragmatism or intelligent citizens of a democratic
Experimentalism) society. They teach learners so they may
live fully NOW not to prepare them for
adult life.
 What to teach?
Need-based and relevant curriculum. This is
a curriculum that “responds to students’
needs and that relates to students’ personal
lives and experiences.”
Progressivism
Natural and social sciences. Teachers expose
students to many new scientific,
technological, and social developments,
reflecting the progressivist notion that
progress and change are fundamental.
 How to teach?
Progressivists teachers employ experiential
methods. They believe that one learns by
doing. (John Dewey)
Problem-solving method makes use of the
Progressivism
scientific method.
“Hands-on-minds-on” teaching
methodology (e.g., field trips during which
students interact with nature or society).
Teachers also stimulate students through
thought-provoking games and puzzles.
 School, therefore, develop the students’
rational and moral powers.
 The perennialist classrooms are “centered
around teachers”. The teachers do not allow
the students’ interest or experiences to
substantially dictate what they teach.
 Why teach?
To develop the students’ rational and
Perennialism moral powers.
(Rational
Belief in the primacy of reason and in the
Humanism) human’s ability to make rational
judgments about the goodness of things
(Adler & Hutchins).
 What to teach?
The perennialist curriculum is a universal
one on the view that all human beings
possess the same essential nature.
Heavy on humanities and general
Perennialism
education.
Great Books.
 How to teach?
The perennialist classrooms are “centred
around teachers”. The teachers do not
allow the students’ interests or
experiences to substantially dictate what
Perennialism
they teach. They apply whatever creative
techniques and other tried and true
methods which are believed to be most
conducive to disciplining the students’
minds.
 “to help the students understand and
appreciate themselves as unique individuals
who accept complete responsibility for their
thoughts, feelings and actions”.
 Why teach?
To help students understand and
appreciate themselves as unique
individuals who accept complete
Existentialism responsibility for their thoughts, feelings,
and actions.
Existence precedes essence.
Education of the whole person, not just
the mind.
 What to teach?
Gives a wide variety of options from
which to choose.
Emphasis on the humanities.
Existentialism
Vocational education to teach children
about themselves and their potentials.
In the arts, students are encouraged to
practice individual creativity and
imagination.
 How to teach?
Focuses on the individual.
Learning is self-paced, self-directed.
Existentialism
Individual contact with the teacher.
Teachers remain non-judgmental and
take care not to impose their values on
the students; since values are personal.
 Concerned with the modification and shaping
of students’ behavior by providing for a
favorable environment, since they believe that
they are a product of their environment.
 Why teach?
Behaviorism Student’s behavior is a product of
his environment.
 What to teach?
Teach students to respond favorably
Behaviorism
to various stimuli in the
environment.
 How to teach?
Arranges environmental conditions
so that students can make the
Behaviorism
responses to stimuli.
e.g., well-managed classroom, use
of attention catchers and incentives.
 To develop communication skills of the
learner because the ability to articulate, to
voice out the meaning and values of things
that one obtains from his/her experience of
life and the world id the very essence of
man.
 To develop intrinsically motivated and
independent learners adequately equipped
with learning skills for them to be able to
construct knowledge and make meaning of
them.
Philosophy Why to Teach What to Teach How to Teach

Idealism

Realism
REALISM- How to Teach
Teaching in alignment with realism
philosophy involves fostering a sense of
curiosity, critical thinking, and a commitment
to understanding the external world through
empirical observation and evidence-based
reasoning. By incorporating these principles
into your teaching methods and classroom
discussions, you can help students develop a
realistic and well-rounded approach to
acquiring knowledge.
REALISM-Why Teach
can empower students with critical
thinking skills, a deeper
understanding of the world, and the
ability to make informed decisions. It
fosters a commitment to seeking
truth, encourages ethical
considerations, and prepares students
for success in various academic and
professional pursuits.
Idealism- How to Teach

Encourages students to explore abstract

ideas, values, and ethics, fostering
intellectual growth and self-awareness. It
emphasizes the role of the mind and
encourages critical thinking,
philosophical inquiry, and the pursuit of
higher ideals. Through these approaches,
educators can help students engage
deeply with the world of ideas and
concepts.
 IDEALISM –Why Teach
Offers educators the opportunity to engage
students in intellectual exploration, critical
thinking, and discussions about abstract
ideas and values. It fosters a deeper
understanding of the mind's power and its
role in shaping the world. Moreover, it
prepares students to think critically, act
ethically, and contribute positively to
society.
 The human person, the learner in particular
and educated person.
 What is true and good and therefore must be
taught.
 How a learner must be taught in order to
come close to the truth.
THANK YOU