Abstract

This report includes the most suitable solution for overcoming the dependency on Natural gas in
Qatar as an economic booster. Relying on natural gas as an income and energy source is not ideal
and can cause economic devastation when exporting countries transition to a more sustainable
energy source. The procedure of extracting and processing natural gas is a sustainability issue
(QatarEnergy LNG - Operations, n.d.). It increases carbon dioxide and methane emissions which
significantly impacts the Greenhouse Effect.

Three possible alternatives to natural gas were researched and analyzed using a criteria matrix to
find the best solution to use in Qatar. Effectiveness, Cost, Sustainability and Feasibility were taken
into account. Waste to Energy was chosen as the ideal solution for Qatar to reduce its carbon
emissions and maintain its economic status. The transition to a more sustainable source will
contribute to Qatar’s 2030 vision for “A comprehensive urban development plan for Qatar that
adopts a sustainable policy with regard to urban expansion and population distribution.” (General
Secretariat For Development Planning, 2008b).

Introduction

Non-renewable energy is a vital contributor to Qatar’s economy and carbon emissions. However,
this reliance on natural gas as a single source of revenue is risky as new policies are put in place in
trading countries. Resulting in an overall awareness around global warming that non-renewable
energy sources will decline in demand as they transition to more sustainable sources. Since the
use of natural gas releases large amounts of greenhouse gasses, being a major contributor to
global warming. The natural gas industry brings a sizable amount of income for Qatar and has been
estimated to be around 70% of its total government revenue in 2018 (Economy of Qatar n.d.).
75% of Qatar’s energy consumption comes from natural gas while the rest comes from petroleum
(EIA, 2016). Natural gas is used domestically for generating electricity.

Figure 1: Qatar’s total primary energy consumption in 2021 (EIA, 2016)

In 2021, the US Energy Information Administration has estimated that around 34% of the total
CO2 emissions emitted in the USA are caused by the combustion of natural gas alone (eia, 2021).
The most important uses of natural gas are electrical generation, heating, transportation, industry
and other daily activities (MET, 2020). Our world has been at high reliance on gas and countries in
ownership of gas fields withhold high demand for exportation.

Qatargas, a local gas company has constructed 14 liquified natural gas (LNG) trains which started
an immense production of 79 million m.t. This, recorded in 2015, was a third of the world’s global
LNG trade, making Qatar the largest supplier then. Oil and gas exportation became 98% of Qatar’s
total exports which valued $78 billion that year. This indicates that world’s demands are very high
as well as Qatar has high reliance on this exportation.

To begin with, by the year 2026, it is expected to raise its LNG output to 142 million metric tons,
giving the consideration of an 85% increase. Moreover, Qatar also dedicates its time and effort to
increase its LNG production capacity by 2027. QatarEnergy and other companies under them
such as QatarEnergy LNG, Shell, Qafco, Qapco aim to spend billions to produce more natural gas,
with an approximate 64% increase. This aims to show how critical the natural gas industry is in
Qatar, as it aids 2.5 million people during the year 2022.

Qatar’s agreement with India’s Petronet and Bangladesh will lead to an increase in the world’s
natural gas supply by over 14%, which introduces that those factors are initially aligned with the
North Field Project that will rank Qatar the second biggest natural gas producer globally (Verma
N, 2024).

This substantial growth demonstrates Qatar’s heavy dependance on the natural gas industry,
which is essential to the country’s economy and export revenue; nearly 85% of export revenue
represents 40% of the country’s GDP. This reliance shows not only how crucial this industry is to
maintaining high living standards and economic stability, but also shows the environmental issues,
especially regarding CO2 emissions (IMF elibrary, 2024).

Methodology
1.1. Research
The TAMUQ library database will first be used to do a preliminary search of new
uptodate sources, It has an effective boolean search box. Many full text peer
reviewed articles, newspapers and scholarly journals can be reduced by narrowing
down the year of publication.

Articles…
Newspapers…
Scholarly journals…

After the preliminary search, further articles can be accessed from the citations
found from the previous searches. Government and company websites can then be
reviewed to check the accuracy of the information recorded. This is a way to verify
the credibility of the articles, newspapers and scholarly journals so it can be
analyzed.
 1.2. Criteria Matrix
The chosen solution must be suitable and ideal for Qatar. Four criteria categories
were selected to narrow down the options from the three possible solutions to the
optimal one.
Effectiveness: Is how much energy is being generated per day. It needs to have
around the same energy production as natural gas to maintain its function in the
needed quantity.
Cost: Is the chosen solution inexpensive enough that it won’t affect the economic
stability of Qatar if the solution is permanently implemented. Qatar’s economic
status needs to be maintained to preserve the same quality of life for its citizens
and residents.
Sustainability: what is the percentage of carbon emissions produced per year. The
solution shouldn’t contribute to the greenhouse effect by increasing the country's
overall emissions.
Feasibility: Is to assess if the solution is relevant to Qatar and can be effectively
executed. The solution can’t be implemented if not accessible in real life situations.
The lower scale starting from 1 represents the worst outcome, going up to 5
representing the best possible outcome for each solution based on each criteria.

Table 1: Criteria Matrix Rubric

Effectiveness Cost Sustainability Feasibility
Generates up to Expensive Produces % Can be
1 # kilowatt hour Between $ and carbon emissions implemented in
of energy per day $ per year “x” years
Generates up to Produces % Can be
Between $ and
2 # kilowatt hour carbon emissions implemented in
$
of energy per day per year “x” years
Generates up to Produces % Can be
Between $ and
3 # kilowatt hour carbon emissions implemented in
$
of energy per day per year “x” years
Generates up to Produces % Can be
Between $ and
4 # kilowatt hour carbon emissions implemented in
$
of energy per day per year “x” years
Generates up to Produces % Can be
Between $ and
5 # kilowatt hour carbon emissions implemented in
$
of energy per day per year “x” years

Results
In this section, three possible solutions will be presented on how they work and how they can be
implemented. This information will then be analyzed in the next section to choose the ideal
solution to be used in Qatar as a way to reduce carbon emissions while maintaining current
economic status.
1. Solar Power:
Solar power is a process where solar radiation is converted into usable electricity using
photovoltaic conversion which occurs within solar panels (remote energy). Solar energy is a major
sustainable energy source, and has become an ideal alternative to non-renewable energy. The
efficiency of solar power will depend on factors that determine the output of energy produced.

The first factor is the size of the panels, there is a wide range of sizes depending on the users
needs, in this case, for industrial large scale use, the three commonly used sizes are 60-cell (39in x
66in), 72-cell (39in x 77in) and 96-cell (41.5in x 62.6in) (airisenergy). Sun radiation plays an
important role in the energy output where, in order for the panel to reach full efficiency, 1000
W/m2 of sunlight is required and this is only achieved by the exposure to direct sunlight
(SolarReviews, 2024). This indicates that the solar power output will have high dependency on the
number of hours the solar panels are under direct sunlight. Qatar has an average of 3440 hours of
sunlight per year (weather-and-climate, 2023) in comparison to Europe with an average yearly
number of sunhours of 2335 (climate.copernicus, 2019 ). High number of sunhours is one of the
main advantages that Qatar holds regarding the usage of solar power. Climate is another crucial
factor, the ideal temperature for solar panels to work at full efficiency is 25°C, and the maximum
temperatures it can withstand is 65°C (newdaysolar, 2021). However, for every degree above
25°C, the efficiency of the panel decreases by 0.3-0.5%, suggesting that the energy output is
slightly less (ecoflow, 2023). This results in the requirement of a cooling system when using solar
power in climates with high temperatures such as Qatar. Qatar’s weather can range from around
15°C to 49°C (visitqatar), with the majority of the months being higher than 25°C, solar panel
cooling systems will be required to enable efficient energy production. Solar panels can function
normally up til a maximum of 140 mph of wind (newdaysolar, 2021), Qatar’s wind ranges at about
3-19 mph throughout the year (urbanizedadaptation), proving to have no concerns with Qatar’s
wind climate.

Photovoltaic (PV) power plants are farms of solar panels which can contain up to thousands or
even millions of solar panels, utilized for large scale use (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2015). To
enable high energy output and possible replacement of natural gas in Qatar, the implementation
of solar power would need to be executed at a very large scale meaning that a large amount of land
space will be needed. This is the final factor to be assessed which will also determine the
approximate cost and feasibility of the application. A standard 96-cell solar panel generates 500
watts of power (sistinesolar). This size produces around 2 kWh of electricity daily and around 731
kWh annually (energyamtters). A typical 1 megawatt (1 million watts) solar farm requires around
6-8 acres of land space. The revenue generated from 1 MW solar farm through the selling of the
produced electricity is approximately $40,000 per year (solarreviews, 2024).

In 2019, it was recorded that 89.68% (ciecdata) of the total 11,571 km2 (britannica) Qatari land is
bare land, equalling about 10,376 km2. This means that around 2563965 acres of land is unused
and a large amount can be used for solar farms. If around 256000 acres of land is dedicated to
solar farms, about 32000 megawatt solar can be set up and will generate a revenue of $1.28 billion
per year. This value can even be maximized more with the usage of bifacial solar panels, which are
panels that absorb from both sides to increase the efficiency of the sun radiation conversion.
 Figure 2: Qatar’s sunhours distribution in 2023

2. Wind Power:
Wind power in the simplest terms consists of using the kinetic energy of the wind in order to
generate power or work. It has been used throughout human history from applications such as sails
or windmills or modern applications such as wind turbines to generate electricity(1). Wind turbines
have blades on them which are spun by the wind and in turn spin a generator inside the turbine
which converts the kinetic energy into electricity(2). This makes wind turbines an infinitely
renewable source of energy since the wind is not exhausted or used up in the generation of
electricity(3) and they have an extremely small carbon footprint of just 11 grams of CO2 per KWh
which is 90 times smaller than the carbon footprint of natural gas(15). The amount of power that is
generated can be calculated using the formula P = 0.5*Cp* ρ*π*R^2*V^3(4) where Cp is the
coefficient of performance which is defined as how much power is captured in the motor in relation
to the power in the wind, ρ is the air density, R is blade length and V is the wind speed. The wind
speed and air density are the only factors that depend on the climate and are unable to be changed
through the design of the turbine so the wind speed and air density in Qatar were first examined.
Firstly the air density was examined since data on air densities in different countries and regions
around the world wasn’t found. We modeled the air density as a function of temperature, pressure
and humidity where air density is inversely related to temperature and humidity and it increased
with pressure(5). Firstly the atmospheric pressure in Qatar was examined which was found to be on
average 1019.93 hPa according to the latest government data(6) which is close to the standard
pressure at sea level at 1013.25 hPa(7). Next the humidity and temperature in Qatar was
examined.Qatar was found to have the third highest average temperature in the world (8) and the
annual mean humidity of Qatar was 42.5%(9) which is close to global averages (10). Therefore it is
safe to assume that the air density in Qatar is lower than the global average due to the high
temperatures. The wind speed in Qatar was then examined which is arguably the most important
factor due to the fact that power is proportional to the cube of wind speed. Wind speed in Qatar was
6.56 knots in 2018 (6) which is around 3.37 meters per second. This is extremely low as evident by
the fact that the cut in speed( minimum wind speed required to produce energy) is usually around 2.
68 meters per second to 4 meters per second (11). If we look at a typical model for wind turbines
such as the Siemens 2.3 MW, the power produced at 3 m/s is a mere 66 kW. If we look at wind
turbines with a lower cut in speed such as the W2E-215/9.0 the power is still just 147 kW which
only utilizes 1.6% of the W2E-215/9.0’s 9,000 kW capacity, while models such as the General
Electric 1.5 MW cannot even produce power at 3 m/s(12). Assuming a peak efficiency of 147 kWh
the turbine will produce 3528 kWh everyday and 1,287,720 kWh every year. Considering Qatar’s
energy consumption of 44.12 billion kWh of electrical energy(13) you would need 34,262 W2E-
215/9.0 turbines running at an impossibly high perfect efficiency to meet Qatar’s demands. This
hypothetical demonstrates that it is an extremely unrealistic alternative to Qatar’s dependency on
natural gas. The wind speeds in Qatar are simply too slow. If Qatar were to move towards wind
power then it would have to invest in commercial turbines which operate at low speeds which is
risky and costly. Assuming all these issues are resolved, wind turbines are still costly to maintain. At
best they cost between 10-15 cents in maintenance and operating costs for every kWh on
average(14) produced meaning they will cost approximately at least 2.2 billion dollars to maintain if
they were producing only half of Qatar’s electrical energy needs.

1)https://www.britannica.com/science/wind-power
2)https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work
2)https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/advantages-and-challenges-wind-energy
4)https://thundersaidenergy.com/downloads/wind-power-impacts-of-larger-turbines/
5)https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1103.2198
6)https://www.data.gov.qa/explore/dataset/msl-pressure-and-scalar-wind-speed/information/
7)https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/atmosphere/air-pressure
8)https://www.worldeconomics.com/Indicator-Data/ESG/Environment/Temperatures/
9)https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/7/4059
10)https://sage.nelson.wisc.edu/data-and-models/atlas-of-the-biosphere/mapping-the-
biosphere/ecosystems/average-annual-relative-humidity/
11)https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/how-do-wind-turbines-survive-severe-storms
12)https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/powercurves
13)https://www.worlddata.info/asia/qatar/energy-consumption.php
14)https://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/operation-and-maintenance-costs-of-wind-
generated-power.html
15)https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/articles/how-wind-can-help-us-breathe-easier

3. Waste to Energy:
The key to converting several types of waste materials into usable energy in fact contributes to
renewable energy that plays a role when it comes to overcoming natural gas in Qatar. For
instance, a carbon capture and storage facility, which is a part of the North Field project that
reduces gas emissions in the long run could open solutions to controlling waste and converting
into energy(Offshore Technology, 2022). In addition, Qatar’s dependency on the economic
perspective plays a role, since when talking about landfill maintenance, waste to energy is cost
effective since it changes waste materials to energy and by doing so, it reduces the management
cost.
As years pass by, Qatar has demonstrated that the level of work ethic has risen up on managing
waste better. By 2030, Qatar wants to recycle 95% of their waste, which is remarkable
considering they are currently around 54%. These innovations were held at a conference called
the 3rd Recycling Towards Sustainability Conference & Exhibition. As this desire is substantial for
the government, they are aiding by granting 153 pieces of land to private companies focusing on
recycling waste. This shows Qatar is committed to taking waste materials to energy, in order to
enhance the environmental aspect and manage waste. (Agnaztaa G, 2023)

By maintaining waste to energy projects, this act serves an example not only to showcase their
development, but also sets an example globally in sustainable development. Furthermore, Qatar
has revealed that they want to work with American companies related to managing waste. They
are initiating to build a facility to process 2300 tonnes of waste, converting it into energy.
However, only 5% of the waste leads to landfill, as mentioned before within the carbon and
storage facility, their aim is to decrease landfill maintenance. In terms of tuition, it will cost
approximately $1.07 billion and will be held by a company located in Singapore called Keppel
Segheres for 20 years. (WEKA Industrie Medien GmbH, 2022)

Analysis

Table 2: Criteria Matrix

Tota
Solution Effectiveness Cost Sustainability Feasibility
l

A 1 MW solar Installing a 1 40-100 grams An average of

Solar Power farm produces a MW solar farm of CO2 per 3440 of sun 13
revenue of cost between kWh hours annually,
 $40,000 per year $890000- (3) “x” of available
(3) $1.01million land space
(3) (4)

147 kWh per

High
wind turbine 11 grams of Qatar has low
maintenance
Wind Power assuming ideal CO2 per kWh wind current 9
cost
conditions (5) (1)
(2)
(3)

Several projects
550 kWH per have been Between 1 Dependance on
Waste to hour for every ton estimated and 1.7 ton of infrastructure
12
Energy of waste starting $1.07 CO2 of waste and regulations
(4) billion (2) (4)
(2)

1. Solar Power:
1.1. Effectiveness
An industrial size 96-cell solar panel with a power generation of 500 watts, will
produce around 731 kWh of energy annually. The revenue from 1 megawatt solar
farm produces about $40,000 per year.

1.2. Cost
The installation of 1 megawatt solar farm which is around 6-8 acres of land space
would cost about between $890000-$1.01 million

1.3. Sustainability
Around 40-100 grams of CO2 per kWh is produced by solar power which is
significantly less than fossil fuels

1.4. Feasibility
With Qatar’s highly ideal characteristics for solar power, including high number of
sunhours, overall suitable climate conditions, and around 89.68% of Qatar’s land
being unused, the usage of solar energy as a possible alternative to natural gas is
quite realistic.
2. Wind Power:
2.1. Effectiveness:
Wind speeds in Qatar are extremely low and are at best only able to reach the cut
in speed of commercial wind turbines which gives them a very low efficiency for
instance the W2E-215/9.0 only makes 147 kWh at Qatar’s average wind speeds
out of its capacity of 9,000 kWh.

2.2. Cost:
The maintenance and operation cost is 10-15 cents per kWh which comes out to
2.2 billion dollars per year if wind power produces 50% of Qatar’s energy needs
and 4.4 billion dollars per year if it was producing all of Qatar’s energy needs.
 2.3. Sustainability:
It is infinitely renewable and has a carbon footprint of just 11 grams of CO2 per
kWh.

2.4. Feasibility:
Extremely unlikely due to Qatar’s extremely low wind speed which makes it
unsuitable for current wind turbines and requires large investment in low speed
commercial wind turbines.

3. Waste to Energy:
3.1. Effectiveness:
As Qatar has merged multiple companies such as Shell, it shows waste on energy
is effective as it produces 550 kilowatt per hour for every ton of waste. This value
determines a good amount of waste is converted into a huge amount of energy.

3.2. Cost:
In terms of cost, Qatar’s yearly projects are estimated from $1.07 billion to $2
billion. Additionally, as Qatar also has maintained low cost in landfill, overall, it
appears that Qatar is benefiting according to the scale of income that is shown
over the years.

3.3. Sustainability:
However, when mentioning sustainability, waste to energy is not as efficient as
other factors. As shown in table 2, between 1 and 1.7 tonnes of CO2 of waste is
converted. The weight of this gas being emitted could cause burning fossil fuels,
especially knowing that Qatar has a bad reputation with environmental goals and
carbon emissions.

3.4. Feasibility:
The feasibility of waste to energy in Qatar is mainly dependent on their
infrastructure and regulations. This simply means that in order for waste to energy
to be successful, there has to be some kind of support that can handle the
conversation from waste to energy. If these orders are satisfied, waste to energy
could solve all Qatar energy needs and beat other energy solutions.

Discussion of Recommendation

After extensive research on each suggested solution and consideration of how each solution
contributes to the “Criteria Matrix Rubric” table in terms of effectiveness, cost, sustainability and
feasibility. It was ultimately decided that the most effective solution was “Solar power”.
There are many elements that should be considered to make solar power an efficient way of
generating power, either in the size and the strategic area of the land that will hold the solar
panels or the size of the solar panels themselves.
To start an area must be selected, as of now many of the power stations of Qatar are located and
the edges of the borders of the country whether in Ras Laffan, Al Arish, Ras Abu Fanos or many
others. All these areas have barren land and are fit to be the home for solar power stations, and
being close to existing power stations that currently run on natural gas, it will be easier to maintain
and work on sustaining the solar panels.

Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Qatar

To be as efficient as possible, the area must have the optimal size of the panels considering all the
different variables, such as the wattage needed to power each panel. It is not necessarily that
when the panel is large that it will generate the most power, in such a hot climate and with how
sensitive the solar panels are, a cooling system should present and a smaller size panel (either 60-
cell (39in x 66in), 72-cell (39in x 77in)) should be used. Having a large “power rating” and lower
wattage are the most important when deciding the size to be used.

Source:
https://formesolar.com/does-solar-panel-size-
matter/#:~:text=The%20size%20of%20solar%20panels,and%20a%20lower%20physical%20size.

The cost of such a project can be split into a total starting cost and maintenance cost of the panels.
Similar solar power projects can vary in cost but a close comparison can be made with “Noor Abu
Dhabi” solar power plant. The cost of the 5-year old project was around 870$ million for a single
farm that covers the area of 8 square kilometers.
“The installation of 1 megawatt solar farm which is around 6-8 acres of land space would cost
about between $890000-$1.01 million” and the maintenance cost of such systems can cost
around 15$ per kilowatt.

Sources:
https://www.ewec.ae/en/power-plants/noor-abu-
dhabi#:~:text=Located%20at%20Sweihan%2C%20Abu%20Dhabi,features%203.2%20million%2
0solar%20panels.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor_Abu_Dhabi#:~:text=The%20Noor%20Abu%20Dhabi%20is,n
ear%20Abu%20Dhabi%20in%20Sweihan.

https://www.marketwatch.com/guides/solar/solar-farm-
cost/#:~:text=According%20to%20NREL%2C%20solar%20energy,maintenance%20costs%20of
%20around%20%24150%2C000.

Our suggested implementation and its design make mid-sized solar panel farms scattered around
the country. In home use solar panels it has been shown that smaller scale solar designs are better
than the other larger designs and moving that idea into a larger scale can help with costs,
efficiency and maintenance. The current area in Qatar that is reserved for power stations shown
in the figure above can help shape the outline of how this idea might come to life, each of the
stations can attribute neighboring land to the use of solar panels to create power generating farms
that can expand in the future.

https://theconversation.com/small-scale-solar-has-key-benefits-and-one-critical-weakness-over-
large-solar-farms-
218297#:~:text=A%20new%20study%20shows%20size,and%20most%20efficient%2C%20solar
%20farm.

There are some constraints when it comes to implementing solar panel farms in Qatar. Being a
desert land can affect the efficiency of the solar panel. One of the biggest issues that face solar
panels in middle eastern countries is the dust that can cover the surface of the panels and lower
their efficiency with time, the design must consider the effects of weather on solar power farms.
Maintenance can be an issue when having a very large-scale design for solar panel farms, but that
can be avoided by having a strategic position of the farms and scaling down the size and separating
them into more stations.
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Appendices include any survey questions or interview questions, as well as additional visual data
not needed in the body of the report.