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Production Micro 5
Production Micro 5
CLASS 11
MICRO ECONOMICS
NOTES
PRODUCTION
Production means the creation of utility but in economics it
means the transformation of input into output.
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PRODUCTION
1) Fixed factor
The factors which remains fixed in short run even when there is
change in quantity of output is known as fixed factor.
Example land , Building etc..
2) Variable factor
The factors which can be changed due to the change in quantity
of output is known as variable factor.
Example Labour, Raw material, Fuel etc.
Types of products
I. Total product
It is the sum of total quantity of output produced by all the units
of variable factor along with some units of fixed factor used in
the process of production.
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PRODUCTION
III. Marginal product
It refers to an additional product which can be derived by
employing one more unit of variable factor.
In other words, it refers to the change in total product with
respect to the change in variable inputs (labour).
MP = TPN- TPN - 1
TPn = Total product at current unit of production
TPn-1 = Total product at previous unit of production.
MP = ∆TP/∆Q
Where, ∆TP= Change in TP
∆Q = Change in per unit of variable factor.
1 0 20 20 20
1 2 50 25 30
1 3 90 30 40
1 4 116 29 26
1 5 130 26 14
1 6 130 21.6 0
1 7 125 17.8 -5
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PRODUCTION
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PRODUCTION
Assumptions
• This theory is related to short run production function.
• There are 2 factors of production (both fixed and variable).
• Technology remains constant.
• This law applies of field only.
Schedule
Land Labour TP AP MP
1 4 420 105 90
1 5 490 98 70
1 6 490 81.6 0
1 7 488 69.7 -2
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PRODUCTION
1. Increasing return
This is the first stage of production in which both Average and
Marginal Product increases, so that the Total Product also
increases. Point ‘F’ is known as inflexion which means that the
Marginal product increases steadily till this point.
When average and marginal product both are equal then this stage
gets completed.
2. Diminishing return
It is the second stage of production in which both Average product
and marginal product declines and when total product reaches to
maximum (MP=0) the second stage of production is completed.
3. Negative return
It is the last stage of production in which the total product
declines due to negative Marginal product of the labour (but the
Average product always remains positive)
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PRODUCTION
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THE GAURAV JAIN
BEGINNER ADVANCED
PRODUCTION CLASS 11
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