Image Formation

• Pinhole Camera Model

• Digitization
• Sampling, Quantization
• Color Image/Color Models
• Camera
Image Formation
• Image: Projection of 3D scene onto 2D plane.

• It can be defined as a two-variable function f (x, y) where for each position

(x, y) in the projection plane, f (x, y) defines the light intensity at that point.
Perspective Imaging with Pinhole
Explain This?
Image Magnification
Relation between Image Size and Depth
Image Digitization
• Analog Image
An analog image can be mathematically represented as a continuous
range of values representing position and intensity.

• Digital Image
A digital image is composed of picture elements called pixels. Pixels are
the smallest sample of an image.
Digital image from analog image

• A digital image is composed of picture elements called pixels.

• Pixels are the smallest sample of an image.
• A pixel represents the brightness at one point.
• Conversion of an analog image into a digital image involves two
important operations, namely, sampling and quantisation.
Sampling and Quantization
SAMPLING
Sampling is the process of
measuring the brightness
information only at a discrete
spatial location.

A continuous
image function f (x, y) can be
sampled using a discrete grid of
sampling points in the plane.

QUANTISATION
Quantisation involves representing the intensity
value obtained at each pixel by a finite number of
levels
Review Question
• 1. Suppose an image of dimension 4 × 6 inches has details to the
frequency of 400 dots per inch in each direction. How many samples
are required to preserve the information in the image?
• 2. How many graylevels are there in an 4 bit image of dimension
32x32? If the same image is to be stored, how much space is
required?
Graylevels
Types of Images
• Types of images:
• Binary Image (B/W) – 1 bit – 2 levels
• Gray Scale Image (8 bit) – 256 levels
• Color Image
• A typical color image consists of 3 planes of information namely Red,
Green and Blue (RGB). Each plane is a represented as a 8-bit gray
scale. So a color image is typically a 24 bit image.
Color Models/Color Spaces
• Color Models: Colour models provide a standard way to specify a
particular colour by defining a 3D coordinate system, and a subspace
that contains all constructible colours within a particular model.
• RGB
RGB is a cubic color model with three dimensions – red, green, and
blue
Color Models
• Printers produce an image by reflective light, which is basically a
subtractive process. Printers commonly employ the CMY model.
Color Models
• HSV-HSV is a cylindrical color model that remaps the RGB primary
colors into dimensions that are easier for humans to understand and
interpret
Color Gamut of different devices
• CIE chromaticity is a method of
measuring colors that is based on
the human eye’s perception of
color.

• A color gamut is the range of

colors that can be accurately
represented in a given
circumstance, such as within a
given color space or by a certain
output device namely the color
monitors
Camera – Overview
• Photosensitive sensors most commonly found in cameras can be divided
into two groups:
• Sensors based on photo-emission principles exploit the photoelectric
effect.
• An external photon carried in incoming radiation brings enough energy to provoke
the emission of a free electron.

• Sensors based on photovoltaic principles became widely used with the

development of semiconductors.
• The energy of a photon causes an electron to leave its valence band and changes to a
conduction band.
• The excited electron is a source of electric voltage which manifests as electric
current; the current is directly proportional to the amount of incoming energy
(photons).
Cameras - MOS technology
• There are two types of semiconductor photoresistive sensors used
widely in cameras:
• CCDs (charge-coupled devices) and CMOS (complementary metal
oxide semiconductor)