BUILDING UTILITIES REVIEWER

Plumbarius refers to an individual who worked in the sanitary field of ancient Rome. Plumbum means lead. A metal
used as plumbing material by the Romans, preferred for its twin properties of malleability and resistant to acid.

Plumber a title given to a person who is skilled in the field of sanitation.

1935 National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) registered with the Securities and Exchange
Commission.

PRINCIPLES
The basic principles of the 1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is an update of the tenets established in the
"Plumbing Law of the Philippines" approved on 18 June 1955 as amended on 28 November 1959. The basic goal of the
1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is to ensure the unqualified observance of the latest provisions of the
plumbing and environmental laws.

Principle No. CLEAN WATER Premises intended for
human habitation, occupancy or use shall be
provided with a supply of pure and wholesome
water, neither connected with unsafe water
supplies nor subject to hazards of backflow or
back-siphonage.
Principle No. 2 VOLUME AND PRESSURE Plumbing
fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be
supplied with water in sufficient volume and at
pressure adequate to enable them to function
satisfactorily and without undue noise under all
normal conditions of use.
Principle No.3 EFFICIENCY Plumbing shall be
designed and adjusted to use the minimum
quantity of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.
Principle No. 4 EXPLOSION Devices for heating and
storing water shall be so designed and installed as
to prevent dangers from explosion through
overheating.
Principle No. 5 SEWER Every building having
plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human
habitation, occupancy or use on premises abutting
on a street, alley or easement where there is a
public sewer, shall be connected to the sewer
system.
Principle No.6 PLUMBING UNIT Each family dwelling
unit on premises abutting on a sewer or with a
private sewage-disposal system shall have at least
one water closet and one kitchen-type sink.
Further, a lavatory and bathtub or shower shall be
installed to meet the basic requirements of
sanitation and personal hygiene .
Principle No.7 VENTILATION Plumbing fixtures shall
be made of smooth nonabsorbent material, free
from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be
located in ventilated enclosures.
Principle No. 8 CLEANOUTS The drainage system
shall be designed, constructed and maintained to
safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids,
clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged
that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
Principle No. 9 NAMPAP All piping of plumbing
systems shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED
materials, free form defective workmanship,
designed and constructed by Registered Master
Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.
Principle No. 10 TRAP Each fixture directly
connected to the drainage system shall be
equipped with a water-sealed trap
Principle No. 11 AIR CIRCULATION The drainage
piping system shall be designed to provide
adequate circulation of air free from siphonage,
aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary
use.
Principle No. 12 Vent terminals shall extend to the
outer air and installed to preempt clogging and the
return of foul air to the building.
Principle No. 13 Plumbing systems shall be
subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all
leaks and defects in the workmanship.
Principle No. 14 SEWAGE HARM No substance
which will clog the pipes, produce explosive
destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly
with the sewage-disposal process shall be allowed
to enter the building drainage system.
Principle No. 15 Proper protection shall be
provided to prevent contamination of food, water,
sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of
sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or
appliance shall be connected indirectly with the
building drainage system.
Principle No. 16 No water closet shall be in a room
or compartment which is not properly lighted and
ventilated.
Principle No. 17 SEPTIC TANK If water closets or
other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings
where there is no sewer within a reasonable
distance, suitable provision shall be made for
disposing of the building sewage by some accepted
method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as
a septic tank.
Principle No. 18 SEWAGE BACKFLOW Where a
plumbing drainage system may be subject to
backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be
made to prevent its overflow in the building.
Principle No. 19 Plumbing systems shall be
maintained in serviceable condition by Registered
Master Plumbers.
Principle No. 20 All plumbing fixtures shall be
installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their
intended use.
Principle No. 21 STRUCTURAL STABILITY Plumbing
shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers
with due regard to the preservation of the strength
of structural members and the prevention of
damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture
usage.
Principle No. 22 Sewage or other waste from a
plumbing system which may be deleterious to
surface or sub-surface waters shall not be
discharged into the ground or into any waterway,
unless first rendered innocuous through subjection
to some acceptable form of treatment.
We shall not defeat any of the infectious diseases that
plague the developing world until we have also won the
battle for safe drinking water, sanitation, and basic
health care.”- Kofi Annan
Classification of the uses of water
• Domestic demand
• Industrial demand
• Fire fighting demand
• Demand for public use
• Institution and commercial demand
• Losses and wastes
DRAINAGE
Soil Drainage System - The piping that conveys the
discharge of water closets or fixtures having similar
functions (containing fecal matter), with or without the
discharges from other fixtures.
Waste Drainage System - The piping that receives the
liquid discharge, from plumbing fixtures other than
those fixtures (water closets) receiving fecal matter.
This piping is free of fecal flow
Vent System - The piping system that receives a flow or
air to or from a drainage system or to provide a
circulation of air within such system to protect trap
seals from siphonage or back pressure.
Storm Drainage System - The piping system that
receives clear water drainage from leaders,
downspouts, surface run‐off, ground water, subsurface
water, condensate water, cooling water or other similar
discharges and conveys them to the point of disposal.
All sanitary wastes must be excluded.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Each plumbing fixture trap shall be provided with vent
pipes. This is to protect the drainage system against
siphonage and back pressure and to assure air
circulation throughout the drainage system.
A cleanout , easily accessible , shall be provided for
inspection or cleaning of the pipe run. The location of
the cleanout shall be: • At the upper end of every
horizontal waste or soil pipe. • At every change of
horizontal direction of not more than 22.5 degrees •
Within 1.5 m (5’) inside the property line before the
house sewer connection • At every 15m (50’) to a
horizontal run of a soil or waste pipe.
All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment
and at a uniform grade of not less than 2% or 2 cm per
meter toward the point of disposal.
Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps,
shall be separately trapped by an approved type water
seal trap. This is to prevent odor‐laden and germ‐laden
to rise out of the drainage system and contaminate the
surrounding air in the room.
Pipe Material for Drainage System
Cast Iron / Ductile Iron / Galvanized Steel
Copper Pipe *storm / Brass Pipe
Galvanized Iron *storm / PVC *storm
ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) *storm
Soil Branch Grade
All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment
and at a uniform grade of not less than two (2%)
percent or 20mm rise per meter length, and shall be
supported or anchored at intervals not exceeding 3.0m
(10feet). All stacks shall be properly supported at their
bases and all pipes shall be rigidly secured . Two inches
(2 ) ” rise per every one hundred (100”) length. A soil
branch having a pitch of more than 2% has the
tendency of waste separation. The water flow faster
and heavy suspended materials are left and deposited
at the bottom of the pipe.
Changes in Direction
All changes in direction shall be made by the
appropriate forty‐five degree (45⁰) wyes, half wyes, long
sweep quarter bends, except that single sanitary tees
may be used on vertical stacks, and short quarter bends
may be used in soil and waste lines where the change in
direction of flow is from the horizontal to the vertical.
Tees and crosses may be used in vent pipes.
Prohibited Fittings
No double hub, double T branch shall be used on
horizontal soil or waste line. The drilling and tapping of
house drains, soil waste or vent pipes and the use of
saddle hubs and bends are prohibited.3
Traps
Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps,
shall be separately trapped with an approved‐type
water seal trap.
TRAPS
Common P-Trap - Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks,
laundry tubs, & urinals.
Deep Seal P-Trap - Water seal is about twice the size of
The common P‐trap. Used for extreme conditions
because resealing quality is greater.
Stand Trap - Used for fixtures such as slop sinks that are
usually built low in the ground, leaving leaving very little
space for a foundation foundation & a trap.
Drum Trap - Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m). Used
for fixtures that discharge large amount of water
(bathtubs (bathtubs, shower or floor drains).
VENTILATION SYSTEM
Vent Pipe ‐ A pipe or opening used for ensuring the
circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving
the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Stack Vent or (soil stack vent) - Connected to the Main
Soil & Waste Stack • The portion where waste does not
travel through • Continues to the roof; the portion
penetrating the roof is called the Vent Stack Through
Roof (VSTR).
Vent Stack or Main Vent - the principal artery of the
venting system to which vent branches are connected.
Individual Vent - a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap,
that connects with the vent system above the fixture
served or terminates in the open air.
Unit, Common or Dual Vent – An arrangement of
venting so installed that one vent pipe serve two (2)
traps.
Relief Vent - a vertical vent line that provides additional
circulation of air between the drainage and vent
systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a specially
designed system such as a “yoke vent” connection
between the soil and vent stacks.
Yoke Vent - A pipe connecting upward from a soil or
waste stack below the floor and below horizontal
horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a
point above the floor and higher than the highest spill
level of fixtures for preventing pressure changes in the
stacks.
Circuit Vent - a group vent pipe which starts in front of
the extreme (highest) fixture connection on a horizontal
horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack. •
Serves a battery of fixtures.
Loop Vent - a group vent pipe which starts in front of
the extreme (highest) fixture connection on a horizontal
horizontal branch and connects to the stack vent. •
Serves a battery of fixtures.
Looped Vent - underground vent used usually on an
island table that have a sink.
Wet Vent - That portion of a vent pipe through which
wastewater also flows through. That portion of a vent
pipe through which wastewater also flows through.
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
Septic Tank
A watertight receptacle which receives the discharge of
a sanitary plumbing syste, or part thereof, designed and
constructed to retain solids, digest organic matter
through a period of detention and to allow the liquids
unto the soil outside of the tank through a system of
open-jointed sub-surface pipings or a seepage pit
meeting the requirements of the NPCP
Sewage that was discharged into the tank is retained,
about 60% - 70% of the suspended solid of the sewage
is removed largely by sedimentation to form a semi-
liquid substance called sludge. Parts of the solids are
formed into floating scum. Both the scum and sludge
are processed by anaerobic bacteria, transforming them
into liquid and gasses, this process is called Digestion.
The septic tank combines both Digestion and
Sedimentation.
Septic Tank Sizing
Septic tanks shall have a minimum of two (2)
compartments.
The inlet compartment of any septic tank shall be not
less than two thirds (2/3) of the total capacity of the
tank, nor less than 2 cum liquid capacity, and shall be at
least 0.9 m in width and 1.5 m in length.
Liquid depth shall be not less than 0.6 m nor more than
1.8m the secondary compartment of any septic tank
shall have a minimum capacity of 1 cum and a
maximum capacity of one-third (1/3) of the total
capacity of such tank.
ln septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the
secondary compartment may be not less than 1.5 min
length.
Digestive Chamber
Width Minimum: 0.9 meters
Length Minimum: 1.5 meters
Depth Minimum: 0.6 meters Maximum: 1.8 meters
Shall be 2/3 of the whole septic tank.
Leeching Chamber
Width Minimum: 0.9 meters
Length Minimum: 1.5 meters
Depth Minimum: 0.6 meters Maximum: 1.8 meters
Shall be 1/3 of the whole septic tank.
Water Table If the water table is high on the excavated
location of the proposed septic tank, the depth of the
septic tank shall be reduced.
PIPES, JOINTS, AND FITTINGS
Pipe – a cylindrical conduit or conductor conforming to
the particular dimensions commonly known as “pipe
size” and is denoted by its interior diameter or “I.D.
Tube – a cylindrical conduit / conductor denoted by its
outside diameter (O.D.).
Fitting – used to join two or more pipes together or to
change their directions.
Joints - connections at pipe ends that ensure that two
pipe sections can be joined to each other to install a
pipeline of any length.
Metal Pipes
Cast Iron Soil Pipe (CISP)
Made from alloy of iron, carbon and silicon, with the
controlled amounts of manganese, sulfur and
phosphorous Limited to up to 25 storeys only due to
vibration, which caused the caulking to be loose Used
for: Sanitary Drain, Waste and Storm Systems.
Class A / Extra Heavy Duty (XV)
▪ For underground installations
Class B / Service Weight (SV)
▪ For general building installations
Single Hub - Constructed with one hub and one spigot
end and used in the installation of plumbing in its full
length
Double Hub - Constructed with a hub on each end so it
may be cut into two pieces when a short piece of pipe is
needed.
Hubless - Cast Iron Pipes with plain ends. Connected
together with bolted stainless steel bands and neoprene
gaskets
Caulking / Calking - Lead and Oakum
“Oakum” hemp or jute fiber treated with tar to make it
moisture proof and resistant to the elements contained
in the waste.
“Calking” is plugging an opening with oakum, lead or
other materials that are pounded into the annular
opening.
Neoprene Compression Gasket - A gasket is an
elastomeric component that covers the intersection
between two surfaces.
Stainless Steel Coupling - No-Hub PVC Coupling
Lead Pipe
Highly resistant to acid and is suitable for underground
installation. It is never used to convey water for human
consumption.
Galvanized Steel Pipe
Made out from mild steel, drawn through a die and
welded, cast into 6m long.
Easily corroded by alkaline and acid water. The carbonic
acid in water attacks the zinc coating and ultimately the
steel itself. It is subject to deposit of salt and lime that
gradually accumulate and finally choke the flow of
water.
Deteriorates faster when used as hot water supply line.
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
Better quality than the galvanized steel pipe for
plumbing installation. More resistant to acid waste than
the steel pipe
Copper Pipe
Durable and extremely corrosive resistant material.
Easy to install compared with other types of pipes.
Classified into three types:
Type K, L, and M
Type K (Heaviest) - Suitable for underground
installation.
Type L (Medium) - Available in both rigid and flexible
form. Commonly used in residential water supply line
and for radiant heating installations.
Type M (Light) - Only in rigid form. Specially designed
for small water supply lines and for radiant heating
installations.
Brass Pipe
Made of an alloy of zinc (15%) and copper (85%).
Because of its smooth interior surface and high
resistance to acid, brass pipe become superior material
for waste and water supply installation.
Brass & Copper Pipe Joints
Solder – below 840°F (450°C)
Brazing - above 840°F (450°C)
Compression Gasket (O-rings)
Coupling / Threading
PLASTIC PIPES
Available in compositions designed for various
applications including drain, waste and vent.
Thermoset
Has the property of being permanently rigid.
▪ Contains polymer that cross-link together during the
curing process to form an irreversible chemical bond.
▪ The cross-linking process eliminated the risk of the
product remelting when heat applied, making
thermosets ideal for high heat application
Thermoplastic
▪ A material having the property of softening when
heated and hardening when cooled
▪ Thermoplastics pellets soften when heated and
become more fluid as additional heat is applied. The
curing process is completely reversible as no chemical
bonding takes place.
▪ Thermoplastics can be remodeled and recycled
without negatively affecting the material’s physical
properties.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - Composed of molecules of
polymers. Each molecule is a long chain made of
carbon, hydrogen and other atoms which are melted
down and molded.
Types of PVC Pipes
Cpvc (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride)
▪ Due to the chlorination, it acquires some unique
properties like flexibility and the ability to withstand
extreme temperatures. It is due to its chlorine content
that it has excellent chemical resistance, primarily to
acids, alkalis and salts, and is therefore ideal for the
chemical process industry.
uPVC (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride)
▪ No plasticizer is included and thus making it rigid. It is
also resistant to a wide range of chemical damage.
UPVC is a tough, sinewy, transparent and hard-wearing
material, and is resistant to the influence of the
atmosphere, moisture and various chemicals. It also has
excellent electrical properties and low flammability.
Polypropylene (PP)
PP pipes and fittings are ductile at ambient temperature
and demonstrate good impact strength. It also has good
thermal stability.
Polypropylene (PP) is the lightest weight piping
material with very good chemical resistance, even to
many organic solvents. It is used extensively for HVAC
(Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning) applications.
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
A rigid pressure piping system renowned for its high
impact strength and durability which combine to give
exceptional toughness.
Polyethylene (PE) or High Density
Used for drainage and sewer pipe for housing complex,
playground, golf course, industrial farms, and stock
farms. Sufficiently flexible to follow ground contours.
Polyethylene Pipe Classification
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) - Best practice PE.
Used mainly for drainage applications where it can
withstand higher temperature discharges than PVC
Medium Density Polyethylene (MDPE) – More flexible
than HDPE. Slightly thinner wall thickness and is capable
of withstanding higher internal pressure. Preferred
material for long distance drinking water piping.
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) – Suitable for
irrigation industry, where operating pressures are very
low and a high degree of flexibility and low cost is
required. Not acceptable for use for connection to the
water mains due to low pressure rating of the material
and high leakage rate.
Polybutylene (PB)
The pipes are made of a flexible plastic material that
breaks down easily with water chlorination and can
flake chemical residue into the water supply.
Plastic Pipe Joints
Socket Fusion – the process of using heat and gentle
force to join thermoplastic pipe materials together.
Used for: PP, PB, PVDF, PPR, PE
Electrofusion - a method of joining plastic pipes using
special fittings that have built-in electric heating
elements which are used to weld the joint together
Used for: PP, PB, PVDF, PPR, PE
Compression Gasket
Solvent Cement
CONCRETE PIPES
Asbestos Cement Pipe - Made of fibrous carcinogenic
silicate mineral combined with Portland Cement. It is
remarkably superior for embedment in concrete
structure for having the same material properties. Used
for: Soil pipe, waste pipe, vent and downspout.
Types of Asbestos Pipe :
Pressure A.C. Pipe
▪ Used for sewer mains, industrial effluent and process
piping
Non-pressure A.C. Pipe
▪ Used for sewer castings for electric cables and as
storm drains
Asbestos Concrete Pipe Joints :
Rubber Gasket
Cement Joint
Types of Concrete Pipes
Non-Reinforced
▪ Used for drainage, sewer lines, and for gravity-flow
water supply lines of the joints are carefully made.
Reinforced
▪ Is made by the addition of steel wire or steel bars and
is primarily used for usage and storm drainage.
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
Recommended for house sewer and for septic tank
installation due to being the cheapest. Lightweight,
slightly flexible which could take slight soil movement
without danger of cracking or pulling out from its joint.
Excessive hot water or chemical flow may soften or
damage the pipe.
Earthenware Pipes
Vitrified Clay Pipe - Extruded from a suitable grade of
shale or clay and fired in kilns producing an extremely
hard and dense corrosion resistant materials. Generally
used for underground public sewers, house sewers,
drainage systems, and for industrial wastes Not
intended for pressure service, it is brittle and cracks
when laid on unstable ground.
Glazed Stoneware Pipe - Stoneware pipes are produced
from the raw materials i.e. High temperature plastic
clay quartz, dolomite and metallic oxides. These
materials are compacted in auger machines and air is
sucked out in the vacuum chamber. Stoneware pipes
are used for underground drainage such as to drain the
waste from toilet, bathroom and kitchen etc. These are
generally used outside the covered building area.The
stoneware pipes and fittings should be free from any
visible defects, such as fire cracks, hair cracks etc.
Terracotta Pipe - Low-fired pottery that can be
fashioned into many different shapes. Due to how it’s
manufactured, terracotta has a high porosity which
makes it an ideal material for sewer pipelines. In its raw
form, terracotta is formed into cylinders that are then
dried. After the drying process, the sewer pipes are
fired in a kiln at over 900 degrees Celsius which requires
several days to complete. By firing the terracotta at this
high temperature, the clay becomes extremely hard and
durable.
Earthenware Pipe Joints
Cement Joint
Pre-fabricated compression seals
FITTINGS
Nipple - A short piece of pipe, threaded on the outside
(male threads) at both ends, used to join coupling or
other fittings.
Couple - Short internally threaded (female thread) at
both ends and used to connect two pipes in a straight
line.
Bend - A pipe bend is the generic term for what is called
in piping as an “offset” – a change in direction of the
piping. A bend is usually meant to mean nothing more
than that there is a “bend”– a change in direction of the
piping.
Elbow - A pipe fitting having a bend and makes an angle
or 90 or 45 degrees between adjacent pipes for a
change in direction. It is also know al “ell” or straight
elbow.
Reducing Elbow - Joins two pipes of different diameters
at right angle of each other.
Street Elbow - An elbow fitting (45 or 90 degrees) with
an inside thread on one end and outside thread on the
other.
Tee - T-shaped pipe fitting that joins 3 or 4 pipes at
perpendicular direction.
Sanitary Tee - Has a curved center section to allow
smoother, more efficient liquid flow. In drainage
systems, it is primarily used to connect horizontal drains
to vertical drains.
Wye - Pipe wyes are used to to allow one pipe to join
another pipe at some degree or angle. As the name
suggests, the pipe wyes are Y-shaped pipe fitting
devices. The only difference is in that the branch line is
angled to reduce friction which could hamper the flow.
The pipe connection is typically at a 45-degree angle
rather than a usual 90-degree angle.
Combination Tee-Wye - The combo tee has a longer
sweep. Long sweeps are easier to run a snake through
and drain better as the water path is gradually changed.
Sweep - Sweeps are gradual bends and usually
described as anything less than 45deg of bend.
Reducer - A pipe coupling with inside threads, having
one end with a smaller diameter than the other and
used for connecting pipes of different size. Both
openings have the same center line.
Bushing - Threaded on both the inside and outside and
used to reduce the size of the opening to receive a pipe
fitting of a diameter size.
Plug - Used to close an opening in a fitting / pipe with
an inside thread.
Cap - Used to close an opening in a fitting / pipe with an
outside thread.
Union - A three piece pipe fitting used to connect the
ends of two pipes, neither of which can be turned. It is
also used on pipes that are to be taken down
occasionally.
Flange - A ring shaped plate screwed on the end of a
pipe and provide with holes for bolts, to allow joining
the pipe to a similarly equipped adjoining pipe. The
resulting joint is a flanged joint.
PUMPS
▪ A device used to move fluids, such as liquids or
slurries.
▪ A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical
action.
Reciprocating Pump - are those of which cause the fluid
to move using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers
or membranes (diaphragms). A pump which operates
with a to-and fro motion.
Lift Pump - The simplest of the reciprocating pumps and
consists of a piston moving up and down in a cylinder or
barrel.
Piston or Plunger Pump - A positive displacement
reciprocating pump in which a plunger is driven
backwards and forwards, or up and down by a
mechanical working head.
Deep Well Piston Pump - When water is more than 7.5
m below ground, it is visually necessary to place the
pump in or near the water in the well and pump and
from there, water is forced up and the drop ipe and out
into the delivery pipe.
Hydraulic Ram or Ram Pump - A pump in which the
power generated from flowing in an enclosed pipe is
used to raise part of the water to a height above that
from which the flow began.
Centrifugal Pump - A rotodynamic pump that uses a
rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid.
Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids
through piping.
Submersible Pump - Is basically a centrifugal pump
complete with electric motors which are positioned
underwater in a suitable bored hole that delivers the
water to the surface.
Turbine Pump - A turbine pump has a vertical turbine
located below ground water levels and a driving motor
located at ground.
Jet Ejector Pump - In the jet ejector pump, fluid passes
through a venturi nozzle (see venturi tube) and
develops a suction that causes a second stream of fluid
to be entrained.
Sump Pump - Are used in applications where excess
water must be pumped away from a particular area. A
pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a
water collecting sump pit.
Deep Well Jet Pump - A pump consisting of a revolving
impeller in the pump housing which forces water down
a pressure line to an ejector assembly below the water
level.
Transfer Pump - A transfer pump is a device that makes
it easy to move fluids and other materials. Transfer
pumps create suction, which carries the liquid from one
point to another. Transfer pumps transfer fluids (water
and oil) and gases (gasoline, butane gas, oxygen, and
nitrogen).
VALVES AND CONTROL
DEVICES
Valve
▪ Used to control the flow of water throughout the
supply system.
▪ The proper location of valves simplifies repairs to the
system, fixtures, or equipment being served.
Gate Valve
A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of
a circular disc fitted against machine-smoothed faces, at
right angles to the direction of the flow.
The disk is raised or lowered by means of a threaded
stem connected to the handle of the valve.
“Full flow” valves, wedge shaped brass gate.
Types of Gate Valve
Rising Stem ( have screw on the middle that helps for it
to rise)
Non-Rising Stem
Globe Valve
A valve in which the flow of fluid is cut off by means of a
circular disc that fits over and against the horizontal
valve seat.
The movement of the plane disc is parallel to the
normal direction of the flow of water through the
orifice resulting to a tortuous passage which offers a
high-pressure loss.
Resistance to flow, for throttling
Conventional Disc Globe Valve
• Suitable for low temperatures and low pressures.
Ideal for start and stop operations. Ill-suited for flow
regulation.
• Recommended for cold water supply and temperature
service.
Plug Type Disc Globe Valve
▪ Plug discs have a long and tapered shape.
▪ Good resistance to the cutting effects of scale, dirt,
and other kinds of foreign matter.
▪ The shape of the plug disc makes it much more
suitable to throttling than the composite and ball disc
type designs.
Composition Disc Globe Valve
The disc is almost always manufactured from metal
whilst a non- metallic ring is mounted onto the disc to
form the seating area.
▪ The non-metallic ring material is chosen to have good
corrosion and erosion characteristics and may be
custom made to ensure it is fit for purpose.
▪ If the non-metallic ring is chosen correctly, it should
allow for better sealing.
▪ Composite discs are often employed for steam system
applications.
Check Valve
A valve that automatically closes to prevent the flow of
liquid or gas in a reverse direction.
Types of Check Valve :
Swing Type
Lift Type
Ball Valve
A valve with a rotating sphere when in an open position,
the hole in the sphere is in line with the pipe, when
close, the hole in the sphere is perpendicular to the
pipe.
The handle also serves an indicator for whether the
valve is open or closed.
Butterfly Valve
Has a disc equal in size to the inside diameter of the
pipe. The disc is attached to a lever handle that rotates
the disc, which adjusts the flow of the water.
The control disc is always present within the flow of
water, even when fully opened, so there will always be
a pressure drop when using these valves.
Relies heavily on a gasket to provide a full seat, which
can become a maintenance issue.
Diaphragm Valve
A wheel or knob moves an element in the valve fitting,
which limits the flow of the water.
The diaphragm settles down over a saddle, thus
stopping the flow of water.
Angle Valve
Operates in a same manner as a globe valve. It is
available in similar range of disc and seat design.
Used in making 90 degrees turn in a line to reduce the
number of joints.
Faucet / Bibb
A valve located at the end of a water pipe through
which water can be drawn from or held within the pipe.
Safety Valve / Pressure Relief Valve
Used on cold water systems, heating systems,
compressed airlines, and other pipelines with excessive
pressure.
Float Valve
can be used to prevent overfilling or overflow of tanks
when the liquid needs to be diverted rather than
dumped in a drain. Suitable valves can be mounted on
the base of the tank with the outlet piped through the
tank wall. The valve communicates with the float
arrangement by suitable links.
Pressure Balanced Valve
Used to maintain a constant temperature of water in
domestic showers or bathtubs. A diaphragm within the
valve allows the operator to set mixing of hot and cold
water. In the event of a pressure drop of cold water (for
instance, if a toilet nearby is flushed), the diaphragm
will shift to limit an excessive flow of hot water.
Flushometer Valve
A device which discharges a predetermined quantity of
water into fixtures for flushing purposes and is actuated
by direct water pressure.
Foot Valve
Located at the lower end of the pump used to prevent
loss of the priming the pump. Sometimes referred to as
retention valve.
Corporation Stop
Inserted into the water main. It serves as a control of
the water service. Also serves as a shut off valve, when
the service is disconnected.
Curb Stop
Installed between the curb and the sidewalk line,
accessible to cast iron stop box, equipped with
removable cover.

It serves as a control top o the service between the curb

and building.

Meter Stop
A valve placed at the street side of the water meter and
serves as a controlling device for the building
installation.