Electric drives

By,
Dr. Razia Sultana W.
Associate Professor Sr.,
Energy and Power Electronics Department
School of Electrical engineering,
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore

Module 2
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 Converter fed DC motors

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Introduction
IntroductIon
Introduction

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types of phase controlled rectIfIer

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Ideal full brIdge converter

29-01-2024
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1 pulse 2pulse 3 pulse 6 pulse converters

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12 pulse converter

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sIngle phase full controlled converter (2 pulse)

Circuit diagram Voltage Waveforms

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operatIon

Mode I& II

Mode III & IV

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analysIs wIth r load

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analysIs for rl load

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wave form for sIngle phase fully controlled
rectIfIer wIth rl load

(a) Just continuous operation

(b) continuous operation
(c) Discontinuous operation

Case: I (Just continuous) Slightly Larger Inductance L

Case II: (Continuous) High inductance L

Case III: (Discontinuous) High Inductance L

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average voltage for dIfferent alpha

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converter fed drIves
• - By changing the firing angle, variable DC output voltage can be obtained.

• – Single phase (low power) and three phase (high and very high power) supply can be used

• – The line current is unidirectional, but the output voltage can reverse polarity.

• Hence 2- quadrant operation is inherently possible.

• – 4-quadrant is also possible using “two sets” of controlled rectifiers.

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sIngle phase drIves

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phase controlled dc drIves

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converter fed drIves

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speed control methods for seperately
eXcIted dc motor

Three possible methods for speed control:

• Armature voltage Va
• Armature resistance Ra
• Field flux  (by changing field resistance Rf

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speed torque characterIstIcs of fully controlled dc drIves

Half controlled

Fully controlled
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Two-quadrant drive

Limited to applications up to 15 kW

Regeneration (Q4) only be achieved with loads that can drive the motor in
reverse (-ve )

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controlled rectIfIer fed – sIngle-phase dc drIves

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controlled rectIfIer fed – sIngle-phase dc drIves

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reversal
• DC motor in inherently bi-directional. Hence no problem to
• reverse the direction. It can be a motor or generator.
• But the rectifier is unidirectional, because the SCR are
unidirectional devices.
• However, if the rectifier is fully controlled, it can be operated to
• become negative DC voltage, by making firing angle greater than 90
• degrees,
• Reversal can be achieved by:
– armature reversal using contactors (2 quadrant)
– field reversal using contactors (2-quadrant)
– double converter (full 4-quadrants)
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reversal usIng armature or fIeld contactors

CONTACTOR AT THE ARMATURE SIDE

(SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM)

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dual converter fed sIngle-phase dc drIves
• Four-quadrant drive
• Converter 1 for operation in 1st and 4th quadrant
• Converter 2 for operation in 2nd and 3rd quadrant
• Limited to applications up to 15 kW

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dual converter fed sIngle-phase dc drIves
• Four-quadrant drive
• For continuous current:

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case II: (contInuous) hIgh Inductance l
If the load inductance is high, the behaviour of the bridge remains same as described above. The only difference is that
the load current becomes constant in magnitude but not alternating nature. If voltage increases, current increases but
large inductance maintains the current ripple free in the load circuit. The voltage and the current waveforms are shown
in Fig. 5.8 (b)

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three phase half wave controlled rectIfIer

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three phase full wave controlled rectIfIer

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multI quadrant operatIon of dc separately eXcIted
motor fed from fully controlled rectIfIer
Single / Three Phase Fully controlled rectifier with reversing switch

Single / Three Phase Dual Converter

Single / Three Phase Fully controlled rectifier in the armature with

field current reversal

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brakIng
• In variable-speed applications, a dc motor may be operating in one or more modes:
– motoring,
– regenerative braking,
– dynamic braking,
– plugging
Motoring:
• The arrangements for motoring are shown in Figure
• Back emf Eg is less than supply voltage Vy.
• Both armature and field currents are positive.
The motor develops torque to meet the load demand.

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operatIng modes- regeneratIve brakIng
• The arrangements for regenerative braking are shown in Figure b.
• The motor acts as a generator and develops an induced voltage Eg. Eg must be greater than supply voltag
Va.
• The armature current is negative, but the field current is positive.
• The kinetic energy of the motor is returned to the supply.

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operatIng modes- dynamIc brakIng

Dynamic braking:
• The arrangements shown in Figure c are similar to those of regenerative
braking, except the supply voltage Va is replaced by a braking resistance
Rb,.
• The kinetic energy of the motor is dissipated in Rb.

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operatIng modes- pluggIng

Plugging is a type of braking. The connections for plugging are shown in Figure d.
The armature terminals are reversed while running. The supply voltage Va and the induced voltage Eg act in
the same direction.
The armature current is reversed, thereby producing a braking torque. The field current is positive.

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operatIng modes- four quadrants

Four Quadrants: (Eg α Speed ; Ia α Torque)

• Figure shows the polarities of the supply voltage Va, back emf Eg,
and armature current Ia for a separately excited motor.

• In forward motoring (quadrant I), Va, Eg, and Ia are all positive.
The torque and speed are also positive in this quadrant.

• During forward braking (quadrant II),

• the motor runs in the forward direction and the induced emf Eg
continues to be positive. For the torque to be negative and the
direction of energy flow to reverse, the armature current must be
negative. The supply voltage Va should be kept less than Eg.

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 • In reverse motoring (quadrant III), Va, Eg, and Ia are all
negative. The torque and speed are also negative in this
quadrant. To keep the torque negative and the energy flow
from the source to the motor, the back emf Eg must satisfy the
condition | Va | > | Eg |. The polarity of Eg can be reversed by
changing the direction of field current or by reversing the
armature terminals.

• During reverse braking (quadrant IV), the motor runs in the

reverse direction. Va, and Eg continue to be negative. For the
torque to be positive and the energy to flow from the motor to
the source, the armature current must be positive. The induced
emf Eg must satisfy the condition | Va | < | Eg |.

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 conventIonal methods of dc motor speed control
𝑻 ∝ 𝑰𝒂 𝑷𝒎 ∝ 𝑰𝒂
Torque
Armature voltage control 𝑻 ∝ 𝑰𝒂

• Input voltage is variable - Flux is constant

• Constant Torque
• Variable power

Field Control 𝑷𝒎 ∝ 𝑰𝒂
• Field Flux is variable - Voltage is constant
• Variable Torque Power
• Constant Power
• Max. power, that the machine can deliver
has a constant value.

https://avsld.com.sg/3-types-of-loads/