Question and Answer- Migration

Q1.

Internal migration is generally smoother as the legal process is smoother, their national
identity is preserved and despite work ethics and culture having slight variations they are
often the same. While issues such as building social networks and psychological stress that
comes with moving to new place, it is often easier to navigate and helps you build on existing
knowledge. It is like navigating through a familiar terrain with hazy memory. Whereas in
International migration one has to deal with language barriers, understanding local customs
and visa issues. The feeling of homesickness is more prevalent in international migration.
However, it also provides more opportunities for personal growth with more diverse
perspectives and a broader skill set (such as learning new language, accustoming to some of
their practices etc).

Q2

One specific situation is of a disabled student looking for better higher education. A lack of
opportunities in the student's desired field, the stagnant progress in academic teaching,
limited only to traditional teaching and prejudices, and limited diversity or discrimination are
all push factors whereas prestigious universities abroad. inclusion and more opportunities for
long term are pull factors. Here, the student is influenced by both push and pull factors.

Q3. Refugees face a lack of basic necessities such as water, food during journey and legal
troubles, due to lack of documents. They are also in danger from human trafficking and
unsafe transportation methods. Families may also get separated from each other. Upon
arriving the refugees may face discrimination and social exclusion. They may also endure

 Employment troubles
 Housing issues
 Lack of basic necessities
 Adapting to culture

Q4. Emigration is influenced by many factors such as economic disparity political instability
and increasing crime rates, the limited access to healthcare and education facilities,
environmental issues such as increased pollution rates. Immigration, on the other hand is
influenced by Job opportunities with higher wage, political security and stability, access to
healthcare and education and technological advances.

Q5. The primary difference is the lack of choice in forced migration compared to other forms
of migration. They are both influenced by different factors too, with forced migration rooting
from violence whereas voluntary migration involves seeking out better opportunities. Forced
migration are also subject to higher risks of exploitation. Their unique consequences include

1. Legal issues- they face more chances of being deported due to their legal vulnerability

2)Trauma and emotional recovery- Recovering often requires specialized treatment.

 3. Displacement- While voluntary migrants have a good plan, forced migrants don’t and
so face longer displacement.

Q6. Historical migration has impacted the cultural landscape of modern society through
cultural exchange of ideologies, beliefs etc. They have also led to language evolution, such as
in The Atlantic slave trade, the African dialects and language has impacted the American
language. Social Attitudes and Norms have also been impacted, in the case of Atlantic slave
trade this was through raising awareness to issues such as inequality and social justice.
Historical migrations have influenced social structures, contributing to the formation of
communities, like the Maroons (Jamaicans).

Q7. There is a population decline in rural areas which can lead to reduced labour specifically
agricultural labour. This impacts their ability to sustain economy. Traditional practices also
get impacted due to young people leaving. Meanwhile Urban Areas have a more diverse
labour force, which leads to increased productivity which directly benefits the economy.
However, the threat of overpopulation increases. There is a strain on infrastructure and basic
necessities. Income inequality becomes an even bigger issue for many parts of population.

Q8. The cause of their migration is different. IDP’s are displaced due to conflict or violence
and while the same can be said for international migration, they may do so seeking better
employment opportunities, better standard of living etc. Legal issues is something they both
face, however their experiences vary. IDP’s are within their own borders and yet, they may
still face issues in getting legal protection and assistances. International migrants, however,
face visa issues and trigger international laws. Another example is cultural ties. IDP’s often
maintain a closer tie to their own culture but international migrants have to adapt to new
cultures, leading to a more blended cultural identity.

Q9. Remittances refer to money sent by migrants working abroad to their home country.

(1) They offer a steady and dependable source of income through which they can
stabilize the economy.
(2) Remittances also serve as foreign exchange reserves, which further strengthen
the country’s economy.
(3) Remittances are also used to invest in education and healthcare services,
benefiting the country
(4) Remittance consumers frequently spend more money on products and
services, which raises consumption levels. This supports the growth of the
domestic economy.
(5) Some remittance recipients use the funds to start or expand small businesses.
This entrepreneurial activity can lead to job creation, economic diversification,
and increased resilience at the community level.

Q10. Migration plays a crucial role in shaping cultural diversity of country by fostering
cultural exchange by bringing people with diverse backgrounds together. It also encourages
language diversity, as it leads to many languages coexisting in the country. It also leads to
diversity in fields of art, music, culinary, fashion and more as different ideas and beliefs
collide. Migration also leads to many religions coexisting in the same nation.

Q11. Environmental changes can affect migration patterns. For example, rising sea levels due
to climate change may lead to migration in islands, coastal regions etc. Environmental
changes, especially resource scarcity, can contribute to conflicts over essential resources like
water. This, in turn, may lead to migration as people are seeking to escape. Aside from threat,
people may also move in seek of resources as Environmental changes can lead to resource
scarcity, particularly in regions facing water and food shortages. Environmental disasters,
such as hurricanes, can also result in humanitarian crises, forcing large populations to migrate
urgently. This may overwhelm existing migration systems. Due to rising number of causes
for migration because of environmental issues we may see nations building upon existing
migration systems or accommodating immigrants better

Q12. Government policies can either facilitate migration or restrict flow of migration. They
could make Visa and entry policies stricter, making it difficult for immigrants to pass
through. They can also improve border control to restrict flow of illegal migration. Access to
services such as education, healthcare, public services may be restricted to immigrants to
discourage migration. Government policies can also facilitate the flow of them by introducing
better asylum and refugee policies, and policies aiming to get undocumented migrants
pathways to legal protection etc. On the other hand, strict government policies, especially
ones aimed to isolate a specific group, may lead to emigration and serve as a push factor.

Q13. The flow of migration is influenced by both push and pull factors. geographic location
plays a role in higher flows of migration as regions that are close make migrator much easier,
especially if one region has significantly better opportunities in terms of job, educations etc.
Government policies might also lead to higher rate of migration, with lenient visa
applications and immigration polices facilitating easy flow of migration, however when
they’re stringent or targets people, that may lead to fleeing of people. Political instability
pushes people away whereas countries with security attracts people, contributing to migration
flows. Access to services like education and healthcare also attracts more people to migrate.
Technological advance, flourishing cultural landscape and more opportunities in unique
fields will attract younger people and students, further increasing the rate of migration.

Q14. Countries can focus on reducing issues like xenophobia through many initiatives. First
and foremost, more media representation and removing stereotypes. Not only does this
encourage people to migrate but it gives them job opportunities and provides representation.
It also raises awareness on issues such as this. Establishing NGO’s and other inclusion hubs
can also help ease the shift into a new country. The host country could also focus on
facilitating policies that aim to bring legal protection to undocumented migrants and better
immigration laws. Involvement in community organizations and local governance can also be
helpful. Lastly, language support services to ease up language barrier issues.

Q15. Brain drains i.e the emigration of skilled individuals can hinder a country’s
development in many ways such as

1)Impact on innovation: The migration of researchers can lead to reduced research and
development in multiple fields. This can hinder sectors such as educations, healthcare and
limit the ability to make technological advances.

(2) Age demographic: The nation loses out on many of its youth which affects the
demographic, leading to ageing population in the nation.

(3) Economic impact: As highly skilled individuals leave, the productivity decreases, this
leads to country’s economy suffering. It may also cause an overdependence on remittances.
(4) Healthcare: Brain drain can lead to loss of doctors , nurses and it compromises the quality
of healthcare in the country. The lack of staff can cost lives.

(5) Impact on startups: Entrepreneurs leaving the country can result in a loss of talent,
hindering the growth of startups and the development of new business ventures. This in turn
affects the country’s economy.

Brain drain can become a cycle as emigration of highly skilled individuals means hindering
or collapse of many sectors which serve as push factors to the next generation repeating the
cycle.