(공터) 2024학년도 E모든 변형문제 수능특강 영어 B컷 (362문항)

[공터] 2024학년도 E모든 변형문제 수능특강 영어 B컷 ( 362문항 )
< 01강 >

|01강 01번| |01강 03번|
1. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 3. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?3)
않은 것은?1)
Thank you for sending your work samples and ①
Dear Blue Light Theater, discussing your views about the editor’s position we have
Every year the Modern Art Association holds an opened. I have reviewed your work and reflected at
awards night to ①honor accomplished artists in our state. length on our last conversation, particularly your hesitancy
For this year’s program, we are featuring new and ② ②to demonstrate your editorial approach to analytical
conservative artistic groups like yours. topics. Since we talked I have interviewed several other
candidates with substantial editorial credentials and have
In a matter of one year, your vocal group has become
become ③convinced that analytical skills and technical
well known for its ③unique style and fantastic range. We
knowledge are an important prerequisite for the job. My
will be honored if you help us celebrate this year’s
conclusion is that your background is not appropriate for
accomplishments in modern art by performing two
the position ad, frankly, ④what you would not enjoy the
selections for us on the evening of October 6.
job during a necessary period of training. I regret that we
If you accept our invitation, your travel and lodging must ⑤make this decision. Again, thank you for your
expenses will be entirely ④covered. We must finalize our interest in the job.
schedule by August 18, so we would appreciate it if you
*credentials: 자격, 자격 증명서
could let us know as early as possible if you are able to
**prerequisite: 필수 조건
accept our ⑤invitation.
Best regards,
Christian Rickerts
|01강 04번|
4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?4)
|01강 02번|
Dear Mr. White,
2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?2)
I feel sincerely honored and ①privileged that you have
Dear Mr. Carter invited me to be the guest speaker at the upcoming
Thank you for the interest you ①have shown in the regional conference of the Personnel Management
FC Rainbow City 50 Year Anniversary products. The Association. I am fully aware that this will be a ②
reason I’m writing this email is ②to provide you with an unknown event, considering that you have invited a few
update on your recent order. We regret to inform you that senators to this gathering.
due to unprecedented levels of demand in an ③extreme Regrettably, as much as I would like to speak at the
short space of time we’re unable to fulfil your order the conference, I will not be able to do so because I will be
FC Rainbow City 50 Year Anniversary Shirt 2XL. We ④ out of the country on that day due to a family event.
are processing a refund for your original purchase. You
With that, I would like to suggest Ms. Julia Spencer
will receive a refund back to the original form of
to ③take my place as guest speaker. Ms. Spencer has
payment within 2 – 7 business days. If you have any
been working in the field of human resources for 30
further questions, please feel free ⑤to write to me and I
years, she is an expert in human and social organization,
will be happy to assist you. We always appreciate your
and she has done many speaking ④engagements
support and love as a loyal FC Rainbow City fan. Once
throughout her career. Please let me know if you decide
again, we apologize for this inconvenience.
to invite her as my ⑤alternate so that I can give her
Sincerely, advanced notice.
Chad Adams Once again, thank you for your invitation. I hope your
FC Rainbow City Online Store Manager event is a great success.
*unprecedented: 전례가 없는 Sincerely,

Chris Kershaw
*senator: 상원 의원
B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 1 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

|01강 01번| |01강 03번|

5. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가작 적절한 7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?7)
곳을 고르시오.5)
Thank you for sending your work samples and
For this year’s program, we are featuring new and discussing your views about the editor’s position we ①
progressive artistic groups like yours. have opened. I have reviewed your work and ②reflect at
length on our last conversation, particularly your hesitancy
Every year the Modern Art Association holds an to demonstrate your editorial approach to analytical topics.
awards night to honor accomplished artists in our state. ( Since we talked I have interviewed several other
① ) In a matter of one year, your vocal group has candidates with substantial editorial credentials and ③have
become well known for its unique style and fantastic become convinced that analytical skills and technical
range. ( ② ) We will be honored if you help us celebrate knowledge are an important prerequisite for the job. My
this year’s accomplishments in modern art by performing conclusion is ④that your background is not appropriate
two selections for us on the evening of October 6. ( ③ ) for the position ad, frankly, that you would not enjoy the
If you accept our invitation, your travel and lodging job during a necessary period of training. I regret ⑤that
expenses will be entirely covered. ( ④ ) We must finalize we must make this decision. Again, thank you for your
our schedule by August 18, so we would appreciate it if interest in the job.
you could let us know as early as possible if you are *credentials: 자격, 자격 증명서
able to accept our invitation. ( ⑤ ) **prerequisite: 필수 조건
|01강 04번|
8. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르
|01강 02번|
시오.8)
I feel sincerely honored and privileged that you have
않은 것은?6)
invited me to be the guest speaker at the upcoming
Dear Mr. Carter regional conference of the Personnel Management
Thank you for the ①interest you have shown in the Association.
FC Rainbow City 50 Year Anniversary products. The
reason I’m writing this email is to provide you with an (A) Please let me know if you decide to invite her as my
update on your recent order. We regret to inform you that alternate so that I can give her advanced notice. Once
due to ②unprecedented levels of demand in an extremely again, thank you for your invitation. I hope your
short space of time we’re unable to fulfil your order the event is a great success.
FC Rainbow City 50 Year Anniversary Shirt 2XL. We
(B) I am fully aware that this will be a prestigious event,
are processing a refund for your ③original purchase. You
considering that you have invited a few senators to
will receive a refund back to the original form of
this gathering. Regrettably, as much as I would like
payment within 2 – 7 business days. If you have any
to speak at the conference, I will not be able to do
further questions, please feel free to write to me and I
so because I will be out of the country on that day
will be ④happy to assist you. We always appreciate your
due to a family event.
support and love as a loyal FC Rainbow City fan. Once
again, we apologize for this ⑤convenience. (C) With that, I would like to suggest Ms. Julia Spencer
to take my place as guest speaker. Ms. Spencer has
Sincerely,
been working in the field of human resources for 30
Chad Adams years, she is an expert in human and social
FC Rainbow City Online Store Manager organization, and she has done many speaking
engagements throughout her career.
*unprecedented: 전례가 없는
*senator: 상원 의원
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

< 02강 >

|02강 01번| |02강 03번|
않은 것은?9)
Spring is in bloom and the park wears a new green
The phone rang late at night, and Sam sat up with a coat. There are the tennis courts, a garden, and a small
jolt. It felt to him as though his life was going to ① hill with an old house ①where used to be a manor and
change after he picked up the flashing piece of metal that is now used for events and a food stand selling ice cream
was vibrating on the end table. He couldn’t shake the and snacks to sticky-fingered children. Two sets of train
feeling that whatever he was about to learn would have tracks loop around the park: the real one and the
an ②impact on the rest of his life. Sam’s hand shook miniature ②one that is only for the summer and very
slightly as he answered the phone. It was from a number small children. The sun is just starting to set, and while
he didn’t ③recognize. “Hey, Sam speaking.” His voice ③listening to the calming songs of the birds, Rosemary
was gruff and hesitant. “Hey there, friend, long time no can see people enjoying the lengthening days. Runners
see! It’s John Havisham here. Hope that the last party Joe make their way up the hill and down again. And on the
had over at the cottage wasn’t too boring?” Sam felt ④ edge of the park closest to her balcony a low redbrick
anxiety flood over him. John would call occasionally to building wraps ④its arms around a perfect blue rectangle
catch up on local news, ask whether Patty’s art gallery of water. A place to spend the day without disturbance,
had any ⑤exceptional pieces of art for sale, and order a the pool is striped with ropes that ⑤split the lanes and
few kegs of beer to be shipped to his home in Halifax. she can see bright towels on the deckchairs. Swimmers
*jolt: 놀람 **gruff: 걸걸한 float in the water like petals. It is a place she knows
***keg: (맥주 저장용의 작은) 통 well. It is the lido, her lido.
*lido: 야외 풀장
|02강 02번|
|02강 04번|
않은 것은?10)
12. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한
One day we were asked to write a whole composition
about some birds in Gaelic. I knew I could do it easily in
English so it shouldn’t be too ①difficult in Gaelic. The Upon hearing that news, I was overwhelmed with anxiety
words came very easily and although I wasn’t sure I’d about my own chances of getting accepted.
got all the past, present and future tenses perfectly ②
correct, overall I decided I’d made a really good job of At my high school, two students were accepted to
it. Sister Cecilia then came towards me, and said, “Now, Tufts University. ( ① ) However, the editor of our
Kathleen O’Malley, let me see what you’ve done.” She newspaper, who had worked his whole high-school career
read my essay. I sat there patiently waiting for the ③ for a Tufts admission, was rejected. ( ② ) That morning,
criticism I felt sure would be forthcoming. I did notice all I could think about was Tufts University. At about
that her colour was getting more and more ruddy, and 10:30, an assistant from the front office came to get me
suddenly she said, “Kathleen O’Malley, do you expect to out of math class and handed me a note to call home. I
pass?” Without ④hesitation, I replied, “Yes, sister.” She knew this was it. ( ③ ) My heart pounded. My hands
then continued, “I’ve never read anything like this shook. I was short of breath. I had no right to expect a
before.” I realized she had been anything other than “yes,” but I wanted it more than anything in my life. I
blown away by my Gaelic masterpiece. As a horrible dialed our number. It rang twice. My mom picked up. (
sense of ⑤self-pity started slowly to descend on me, she ④ ) Laughing with happiness, she said, “You got in!
went over to one of the girls and said, “Now I’m sure You got into Tufts!!” I jumped up and yelled, “Yes!”
you’ve got a better composition.” She read that girl’s attracting the attention of everyone in the front office. (
work and a big smile spread across her face. ⑤ ) A thrill ran through me. It was a moment that I will
*Gaelic: 게일어 never, ever forget.

|02강 01번| |02강 03번|

13. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?13) 15. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?15)
The phone rang late at night, and Sam sat up with a Spring is in bloom and the park wears a new green
jolt. It felt to him as though his life was going to change coat. There are the tennis courts, a garden, and a small
after he picked up the ①flashing piece of metal that was hill with an old house that used to be a manor and is
vibrating on the end table. He couldn’t shake the feeling now used for events and a food stand ①selling ice cream
that ②whatever he was about to learn would have an and snacks to sticky-fingered children. Two sets of train
impact on the rest of his life. Sam’s hand shook slightly tracks loop around the park: the real one and the
as he answered the phone. It was from a number he miniature one ②that is only for the summer and very
didn’t recognize. “Hey, Sam speaking.” His voice was small children. The sun is just starting to set, and while
gruff and hesitant. “Hey there, friend, long time no see! listening to the calming songs of the birds, Rosemary can
It’s John Havisham here. Hope ③that the last party Joe see people ③to enjoy the lengthening days. Runners make
had over at the cottage wasn’t too boring?” Sam felt their way up the hill and down again. And on the edge
relief ④flood over him. John would call occasionally to of the park ④closest to her balcony a low redbrick
catch up on local news, ask whether Patty’s art gallery building wraps its arms around a perfect blue rectangle of
had any exceptional pieces of art for sale, and order a water. A place to spend the day ⑤without disturbance,
few kegs of beer ⑤to ship to his home in Halifax. the pool is striped with ropes that split the lanes and she
*jolt: 놀람 **gruff: 걸걸한 can see bright towels on the deckchairs. Swimmers float
***keg: (맥주 저장용의 작은) 통 in the water like petals. It is a place she knows well. It
is the lido, her lido.
*lido: 야외 풀장
|02강 02번|
|02강 04번|
One day we ①asked to write a whole composition
about some birds in Gaelic. I knew I could do it easily in
English so it shouldn’t be too difficult in Gaelic. The At my high school, two students ①were accepted to
words came very easily and ②although I wasn’t sure I’d Tufts University. However, the editor of our newspaper,
got all the past, present and future tenses perfectly who had worked his whole high-school career for a Tufts
correct, overall I decided I’d made a really good job of admission, was rejected. Upon hearing that news, I was
it. Sister Cecilia then came towards me, and said, “Now, overwhelmed with anxiety about my own chances of
Kathleen O’Malley, let me see what you’ve done.” She getting accepted. That morning, all I could think about ②
read my essay. I sat there patiently waiting for the praise eing Tufts University. At about 10:30, an assistant from
I felt sure ③would be forthcoming. I did notice that her the front office came to get me out of math class and
colour was getting more and more ruddy, and suddenly handed me a note to call home. I knew this was it. My
she said, “Kathleen O’Malley, do you expect to pass?” heart pounded. My hands shook. I was short of breath. I
Without hesitation, I replied, “Yes, sister.” She then had no right ③to expect a “yes,” but I wanted it more
continued, “I’ve never read anything like this before.” I than anything in my life. I dialed our number. It rang
realized she had been anything ④other than blown away twice. My mom picked up. ④Laughing with happiness,
by my Gaelic masterpiece. As a horrible sense of self-pity she said, “You got in! You got into Tufts!!” I jumped up
started slowly to descend on me, she went over to one of and ⑤yelled, “Yes!” attracting the attention of everyone
the girls and said, “Now I’m sure you’ve got a better in the front office. A thrill ran through me. It was a
composition.” She read ⑤that girl’s work and a big smile moment that I will never, ever forget.
spread across her face.
*Gaelic: 게일어

< 03강 >

|03강 01번|
(B) Thus, for example, the well-known musical
17. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 psychologist Jane Davidson and her colleagues state that
않은 것은? 17) all the parents of children who later become successful
musicians were, in fact, their charges’ great friends and
In the past there was little genetic pressure to ①keep
allies from earliest childhood. If the great jazz musician
people from becoming obese. Genetic mutations that
Sidney Bechet were to hear of such a conclusion he
drove people to consume ②more calories were much less
would be surprised indeed. His altogether respectable
likely to be passed on, because in an environment where
parents, who dreamed of something rather more
food was scarcer and its hunting or gathering required
substantial and reliable than a career in music for their
considerable energy outlay, an individual with that
son, actually hid his clarinet from him.
mutation would probably die before they had a chance to
③reproduce. Mutations that in our environment of (C) Robert Schumann’s mother, the widow of a
abundant food now drive us towards obesity, on the other publisher and literary translator, reconciled herself only
hand, were ④incorporated into the population. Things are with difficulty to her son’s choice of music as a
of course very different now but the problem is that profession; while Christoph W. Gluck, the great reformer
evolutionary timescales are long. It’s only in the last of opera, was forced to roam about Italy and Bohemia
century or so, approximately 0.00004 percent of after being expelled from home by his father.
mammalian evolutionary time, that we ⑤managed to
tweak our environment to such a degree that we can
*charge: 보살펴야 하는 사람
pretty much eat whatever we want, whenever we want it.
**switch: 회초리
Evolution has another couple of thousand years to go
before it can catch up with the current reality of online
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
food shopping and delivery. ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
*mutation: 돌연변이 **outlay: (에너지 등의) 소비
***tweak: 변경하다, 수정하다
|03강 03번|
A key feature particular to stories is that they have the

ability to transport the reader. While experiencing stories,
one can feel emotionally involved and as if being swept
away as a participant. There is some evident that being
transported into a story requires a suspension of disbelief;
enjoying Jurassic Park or a Harry Potter tale may involve
putting aside what one knows about the world ①that
contradicts the story. A story that suggests an unexpected
outcome (“George Wasington declined the nomination to
|03강 02번|
become the first president of the United States”) ②results
18. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고 in readers being slower to verify well-known facts
르시오.18) (“George Washington was elected first president of the
United States”). This suspension of disbelief may make
The idea of family support, suggested as one of the
one less likely ③spot problems in a narrative, as
preconditions of any child’s success, is far from being
illustrated by a study ④in which participants read a story
faultless.
and circled any “false notes” or parts that did not make
sense. Green and Brock refer to this method as
(A) Even some of the great musical geniuses, it is
“Pinocchio circling”: just as the puppet’s nose signaled
clear, were given switches and coal by an unkind Fate
when he told a falsehood, authors also leave clues when
instead of the presents other youngsters received. The
they are being untruthful. But readers who were more
‘universal support’ given by parents to beginning
transported by the story ⑤spotted fewer “Pinocchios”
musicians turns out, upon closer examination, to be a
myth. *verify: 확인하다

|03강 04번|
In the past there was little genetic pressure to stop
20. 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?20)
people from becoming obese. ( ① ) Genetic mutations
Marketing is based on notions that are 20 years out of that drove people to consume fewer calories were much
date. The notion that if you put enough messages out less likely to be passed on, because in an environment
there some of them will be heard. The notion that where food was scarcer and its hunting or gathering
‘building the brand’ is money well spent. The notion that required considerable energy outlay, an individual with
people believe what they see and read. Recent initiatives that mutation would probably die before they had a
to take advantage of Web 2.0 technologies are merely chance to reproduce. ( ② ) Mutations that in our
reactions that apply old techniques to new media. environment of abundant food now drive us towards
Marketing needs to rethink the messages it is obesity, on the other hand, were incorporated into the
communicating, to whom it’s communicated and the population. ( ③ ) Things are of course very different
methods being used. Many companies are disappointed at now but the problem is that evolutionary timescales are
the lack of tangible return on their multi-million pounds long. ( ④ ) Evolution has another couple of thousand
marketing activities. Advertising remains the largest years to go before it can catch up with the current reality
budget item on most firms’ marketing plans. Advertising of online food shopping and delivery. ( ⑤ )
may be a fixture in a company’s annual spend, but *mutation: 돌연변이 **outlay: (에너지 등의) 소비
management boards are increasingly questioning why this ***tweak: 변경하다, 수정하다
is. The most recent Brandchannel survey illustrates this
point well. Four of the world’s five largest brands have
never conducted any advertising, and the same is true for
seven out of the 10 fastest-growing brands. There is no
proven between advertising and financial
performance. And advertising is just the tip of the melting |03강 02번|
marketing iceberg. 22. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
*tangible return: 유형 수익 않은 것은?22)
The idea of family support, suggested as one of the

① sensible strategy ② numerical differences preconditions of any child’s success, is far from being ①
③ causal relationship ④ accidential link faultless. Thus, for example, the well-known musical
⑤ chance factor
psychologist Jane Davidson and her colleagues state that
all the parents of children who later become successful
musicians were, in fact, their charges’ great friends and
allies from earliest childhood. If the great jazz musician
Sidney Bechet were to hear of such a conclusion he
would be ②surprised indeed. His altogether respectable
parents, who dreamed of something rather more
substantial and reliable than a career in music for their
son, actually ③hid his clarinet from him. Robert
Schumann’s mother, the widow of a publisher and literary
translator, reconciled herself only with difficulty to her
son’s choice of music as a profession; while Christoph
W. Gluck, the great reformer of opera, was forced to
roam about Italy and Bohemia after being ④expelled
|03강 01번|
from home by his father. Even some of the great musical
21. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
geniuses, it is clear, were given switches and coal by an
한 곳은?21) unkind Fate instead of the presents other youngsters
It’s only in the last century or so, approximately received. The ‘universal support’ given by parents to
0.00004 percent of mammalian evolutionary time, that we beginning musicians turns out, upon closer examination, to
managed to tweak our environment to such a degree that be ⑤the truth.
we can pretty much eat whatever we want, whenever we *charge: 보살펴야 하는 사람
want it. **reconcile oneself to: ~을 감수하다 ***switch: 회초리

|03강 03번| |03강 04번|

23. 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?23) 24. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?24)
A key feature particular to stories is that they have the
ability to transport the reader. While experiencing stories, Marketing is based on notions that are 20 years out of
one can feel emotionally involved and as if being swept date. The notion that if you put enough messages out
away as a participant. There is some evident that being there some of them will be heard. The notion that
transported into a story requires a suspension of disbelief; ‘building the brand’ is money ①inappropriately spent.
enjoying Jurassic Park or a Harry Potter tale may involve The notion that people believe what they see and read.
putting aside what one knows about the world that Recent initiatives to take advantage of Web 2.0
contradicts the story. A story that suggests an unexpected technologies are merely reactions that apply old
outcome (“George Wasington declined the nomination to techniques to new media. Marketing needs to rethink the
become the first president of the United States”) results in messages it is communicating, to whom it’s
readers being slower to verify well-known facts (“George communicated and the methods being used. Many
Washington was elected first president of the United companies are disappointed at the lack of ②tangible
States”). This suspension of disbelief may make one less return on their multi-million pounds marketing activities.
likely to spot problems in a narrative, as illustrated by a Advertising remains the ③largest budget item on most
study in which participants read a story and circled any firms’ marketing plans. Advertising may be a fixture in a
“false notes” or parts that did not make sense. Green and company’s annual spend, but management boards are
Brock refer to this method as “Pinocchio circling”: just as increasingly questioning why this is. The most recent
the puppet’s nose signaled when he told a falsehood, Brandchannel survey illustrates this point well. Four of
authors also leave clues when they are being untruthful. the world’s five largest brands have never ④conducted
But readers who were more transported by the story any advertising, and the same is true for seven out of the
spotted “Pinocchios” 10 fastest-growing brands. There is no proven ⑤causal
*verify: 확인하다 relationship between advertising and financial performance.
And advertising is just the tip of the melting marketing
① evident ② fewer ③ faked iceberg.
④ imagined ⑤ famous

< 04강 >

|04강 01번| |04강 02번|
25. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 (A)와 (B) 부분의 알맞은 연결사는?25) 26. 글의 흐름으로 보아 문맥상 잘못 된 어휘를 고르시오.26)
A key assumption in consumer societies has been the We are ①wired more for the struggle for survival on
idea that “money buys happiness.” Historically, there is a the savannah than we are for urban life. As a result,
good reason for this assumption — until the last few “Situations are constantly evaluated as good or bad,
generations, a majority of people have lived close to requiring escape or permitting approach.” In everyday life,
subsistence, so an increase in income brought genuine this means that our aversion to losses is naturally ②
increases in material well-being (e.g., food, shelter, health smaller than our attraction to gain (by a factor of two).
care) and this has produced more happiness (A) We have an inbuilt mechanism to give ③priority to bad
__________, in a number of developed nations, levels of news. Our brains are set up to detect a predator in a
material well-being have moved beyond subsistence to fraction of a second, much ④quicker than they
unprecedented abundance. Developed nations have had acknowledge one has been seen. That is why we can act
several generations of unparalleled material prosperity, and before we even “know” we are acting. “Threats are
a clear understanding is emerging: More money does privileged above opportunities,” Kahneman says. This
bring more happiness when we are living on a very low natural tendency means that we “overweight” ⑤unlikely
income. (B) ___________, as a global average, when per events, such as being caught in a terrorist attack. It also
capita income reaches the range of $13,000 per year, leads to us overestimating our chances of winning the
additional income adds relatively little to our happiness, lottery.
while other factors such as personal freedom, meaningful *savannah: 초원, 사바나 **aversion: 혐오
work, and social tolerance add much more. Often, a
doubling or tripling of income in developed nations has
not led to an increase in perceived well-being.
*subsistence: 최저 생활 |04강 03번|
27. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것의 개수는?27)
(A) (B)
① For example In other words It is not only through our actions ⒜ which we can
give life meaning — insofar as we can answer life’s
② However However
specific questions ⒝ responsibly — we can fulfill the
③ For example However demands of existence not only as active agents but also
④ However In other words as loving human beings: in our ⒞ loving dedication to
⑤ For example Similarly the beautiful, the great, the good. Should I perhaps try to
explain for you with some hackneyed phrase how and
why experiencing beauty can make life ⒟ meaningfully?
I prefer to confine myself to the following thought
experiment: imagine ⒠ that you are sitting in a concert
hall and listening to your favorite symphony, and your
favorite bars of the symphony resound in your ears, and
you are so moved by the music ⒡ what it sends shivers
down your spine; and now imagine that it would be
possible for someone to ask you in this moment whether
your life has meaning. I believe you would agree with me
if I ⒢ declare that in this case you would only be able
to give one answer, and it would go something like: “It
would have been worth it to have lived for this moment
alone!”
*hackneyed: 진부한
① 2개 ② 3개 ③ 4개 ④ 5개 ⑤ 6개

|04강 04번|
(B) Historically, there is a good reason for this
28. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?28) assumption — until the last few generations, a
The process of research is often not entirely rational. In majority of people have lived close to subsistence, so
the classical application of the ‘scientific method’, the an increase in income brought genuine increases in
researcher is ⒜supposed to develop a hypothesis, then material well-being (e.g., food, shelter, health care)
design a crucial experiment to test it. If the hypothesis and this has produced more happiness.
withstands this test a generalization is then argued for, (C) However, in a number of developed nations, levels of
and an advance in understanding ⒝has made. But where material well-being have moved beyond subsistence to
did the hypothesis come from in the first place? I have a unprecedented abundance. Developed nations have had
colleague whose favourite question is ‘Why is this so?’, several generations of unparalleled material prosperity,
and I’ve seen this innocent question ⒞to spawn brilliant and a clear understanding is emerging: More money
research projects on quite a few occasions. Research is a does bring more happiness when we are living on a
mixture of inspiration (hypothesis generation, musing over very low income.
the odd and surprising, ⒟finding lines of attack on *subsistence: 최저 생활
difficult problems) and rational thinking (design and
execution of crucial experiments, analysis of results in ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
terms of existing theory). Most of the books on research ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
methods and design of experiments — there are hundreds
of them — are concerned with the rational part, and fail
to deal with the creative part, yet without the creative
part no real research ⒠would be done, no new insights
would be gained, and no new theories ⒡would formulate.
*withstand: 잘 견디다 **spawn: 탄생시키다, 낳다
***muse over: ~에 대해 숙고하다
|04강 02번|
① 2개 ② 3개 ③ 4개 ④ 5개 ⑤ 6개 30. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고
르시오30)
We are wired more for the struggle for survival on the

savannah than we are for urban life.
(A) Our brains are set up to detect a predator in a

fraction of a second, much quicker than they
acknowledge one has been seen. That is why we can
act before we even “know” we are acting. “Threats
|04강 01번| are privileged above opportunities,” Kahneman says.
29. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고 (B) This natural tendency means that we “overweight”
르시오.29) unlikely events, such as being caught in a terrorist
attack. It also leads to us overestimating our chances
A key assumption in consumer societies has been the
of winning the lottery.
idea that “money buys happiness.”
(C) As a result, “Situations are constantly evaluated as
good or bad, requiring escape or permitting
(A) However, as a global average, when per capita
approach.” In everyday life, this means that our
income reaches the range of $13,000 per year,
aversion to losses is naturally greater than our
additional income adds relatively little to our
attraction to gain (by a factor of two). We have an
happiness, while other factors such as personal
inbuilt mechanism to give priority to bad news.
freedom, meaningful work, and social tolerance add
much more. Often, a doubling or tripling of income *savannah: 초원, 사바나 **aversion: 혐오
in developed nations has not led to an increase in
perceived well-being. ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

|04강 03번| |04강 04번|

31. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 32. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고
않은 것은?31) 르시오32)
It is not only through our actions that we can give life The process of research is often not entirely rational. In
meaning — insofar as we can answer life’s specific the classical application of the ‘scientific method’, the
questions responsibly — we can ①fulfill the demands of researcher is supposed to develop a hypothesis, then
existence not only as active agents but also as loving design a crucial experiment to test it. If the hypothesis
human beings: in our loving ②indifference to the withstands this test a generalization is then argued for,
beautiful, the great, the good. Should I perhaps try to and an advance in understanding has been made.
explain for you with some hackneyed phrase how and
why experiencing beauty can make life ③meaningful? I (A) Research is a mixture of inspiration (hypothesis
prefer to ④confine myself to the following thought generation, musing over the odd and surprising,
experiment: imagine that you are sitting in a concert hall finding lines of attack on difficult problems) and
and listening to your favorite symphony, and your favorite rational thinking (design and execution of crucial
bars of the symphony resound in your ears, and you are experiments, analysis of results in terms of existing
so moved by the music that it sends shivers down your theory).
spine; and now imagine that it would be ⑤possible for
(B) Most of the books on research methods and design of
someone to ask you in this moment whether your life has
experiments — there are hundreds of them — are
meaning. I believe you would agree with me if I declared
concerned with the rational part, and fail to deal with
that in this case you would only be able to give one
the creative part, yet without the creative part no real
answer, and it would go something like: “It would have
research would be done, no new insights would be
been worth it to have lived for this moment alone!”
gained, and no new theories would be formulated.
*hackneyed: 진부
(C) But where did the hypothesis come from in the first
place? I have a colleague whose favourite question is
‘Why is this so?’, and I’ve seen this innocent
question spawn brilliant research projects on quite a
few occasions.
*withstand: 잘 견디다 **spawn: 탄생시키다, 낳다
***muse over: ~에 대해 숙고하다
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

< 05강 >

|05강 01번| ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
33. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?33) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
Consumers usually attempt to ①spend as little as

possible. However, it is often the case that people become
too ②concerned with spending as little as possible in the |05강 03번|
short term, while ignoring the long-term cost of their 35. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?35)
expenditures. Homebuilders are keenly aware ③that most
What urgent tasks are you facing this week? Make a
homebuyers are trying to buy a home for the lowest price
list. Then ①compare that list of urgent tasks to your list
possible. However, in the case of the new home, this is
of critical and enabling goals. Do you see anything ②
not the most important issue for a wise consumer. Most
resembling a match? Don’t be surprised if most of the
homes are ④purchased through a mortgage, and a wise
“urgent” issues on your list have nothing to do with your
homebuyer should be interested not just in the price of
critical and enabling goals. In the absence of serious time
the mortgage, but also in the total price of owning and
management, it’s easy for your days to fill up with urgent
maintaining a home. Besides maintenance and insurance
but unimportant activities. The same applies to ③much of
costs, this would include the mortgage and utility
the commitments we all make to others in the spirit of
payments. It is usually the case that a more
helpfulness. “Yes, I’ll help you with that report,” you tell
energy-efficient home costs more to build, and therefore
a colleague. “Yes, I’ll volunteer to sell raffle tickets for
has a higher mortgage payment. However, a more
the school fund-raiser.” Commitments like these keep us
energy-efficient home also will ⑤be resulted in smaller
④busy without necessarily bringing us closer to our
utility payments.
higher goals. To be an effective time manager, you must
*mortgage: 주택 융자(금)
discipline ⑤yourself to differentiate between what is
urgent and important and what is simply urgent. When
you recognize the difference, you’ll know best how to
|05강 02번|
allocate your time.
34. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?34)
*raffle ticket: 경품 응모권
It is obvious that organized party spirit is one of the
greatest dangers of our time. In the form of nationalism it
leads to wars between nations, and in other forms it leads |05강 04번|
to civil war. 36. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?36)
We can safely argue that nearly all aspects of modern

(A) If there are people to whom the results of his human life owe ①its existence to science. Electric light,
investigation are inconvenient, he should be protected mass food production, transport, air conditioning,
against their resentment, unless it can be shown that medicine, heating, clothing manufacture, etc. ②are all the
he has lent himself to dishonest propaganda by the products of scientific research. If we therefore convinced
dissemination of demonstrable untruths. ③ ourselves that our scientific endeavours were merely of
(B) The teacher should not be expected to flatter the interest to other scientists, then we would not only be
prejudices either of the mob or of officials. His incorrect, we would be selfish, short-sighted, and
professional virtue should consist in a readiness to do historically ignorant. Even the most theoretical and ‘blue
justice to all sides, and in an endeavour to rise above skies’ research can be useful and interesting to
controversy into a region of dispassionate scientific non-scientists. We are therefore ④compelled to extend
investigation. our science results and their implications to as many
people as possible. As if we needed more jobs to do and
(C) It should be the business of teachers to stand outside
the strife of parties and endeavour to instill into the expertise to acquire! Unfortunately, effective public
young the habit of impartial inquiry, leading them to engagement is something that most scientists ⑤have done
judge issues on their merits and to be on their guard poorly since the advent of modern communication
technologies, so mastering a good communication strategy
against accepting one-sided statements at their face
should be something every developing scientist should try
value.
to improve.
*dispassionate: 공정한 **propaganda: 선전
***dissemination: 유포 *blue skies: 비현실적인

|05강 01번| |05강 03번|

37. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 39. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
않은 것은?37) 지 않은 것은?39)
Consumers usually attempt to spend as ①little as What ①urgent tasks are you facing this week? Make a
possible. However, it is often the case that people become list. Then compare that list of urgent tasks to your list of
too concerned with spending as little as possible in the critical and enabling goals. Do you see anything resembling
short term, while ignoring the long-term cost of their a match? Don’t be surprised if most of the “urgent” issues
expenditures. Homebuilders are keenly aware that most on your list have nothing to do with your critical and
homebuyers are trying to buy a home for the ②lowest enabling goals. In the ②absence of serious time
price possible. However, in the case of the new home, management, it’s easy for your days to fill up with urgent
this is not the ③most important issue for a wise but ③important activities. The same applies to many of the
consumer. Most homes are purchased through a mortgage, commitments we all make to others in the spirit of
and a wise homebuyer should be interested not just in the helpfulness. “Yes, I’ll help you with that report,” you tell a
price of the mortgage, but also in the total price of colleague. “Yes, I’ll volunteer to sell raffle tickets for the
owning and maintaining a home. Besides maintenance and school fund-raiser.” Commitments like these keep us busy
insurance costs, this would include the mortgage and without necessarily bringing us closer to our higher goals.
utility payments. It is usually the case that a more To be an effective time manager, you must discipline
energy-efficient home costs ④more to build, and therefore yourself to ④differentiate between what is urgent and
has a higher mortgage payment. However, a more important and what is simply urgent. When you recognize
energy-efficient home also will result in ⑤larger utility the difference, you’ll know best how to ⑤allocate your time.
payments. *raffle ticket: 경품 응모권
*mortgage: 주택 융자(금)
|05강 04번|
40. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?40)
|05강 02번| We can safely argue that nearly all aspects of modern
38. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 human life owe their existence to science. Electric light,
mass food production, transport, air conditioning, medicine,
지 않은 것은?38)
heating, clothing manufacture, etc. are all the products of
It is obvious that organized party spirit is one of the scientific research. If we therefore convinced ourselves that
greatest ①dangers of our time. In the form of nationalism our scientific endeavours were merely of interest to other
it leads to wars between nations, and in other forms it scientists, then we would not only be incorrect, we would
leads to civil war. It should be the business of teachers to be selfish, short-sighted, and historically ignorant. Even the
stand outside the strife of parties and endeavour to instill most theoretical and ‘blue skies’ research can be useful
into the young the habit of ②impartial inquiry, leading and interesting to non-scientists. We are therefore
them to judge issues on their merits and to be on their compelled to extend our science results and their
guard against ③denying one-sided statements at their face implications to as many people as possible. As if we
value. The teacher should not be expected to flatter the needed more jobs to do and expertise to acquire!
④prejudices either of the mob or of officials. His Unfortunately, effective public engagement is something
professional virtue should consist in a readiness to do that most scientists have done poorly since the advent of
justice to all sides, and in an endeavour to rise ⑤above modern communication technologies, so mastering a good
controversy into a region of dispassionate scientific communication strategy should be something every
investigation. If there are people to whom the results of developing scientist should try to improve.
his investigation are inconvenient, he should be protected
*blue skies: 비현실적인
against their resentment, unless it can be shown that he
has lent himself to dishonest propaganda by the
① The Vision of Future Scientific Development
dissemination of demonstrable untruths. ② The Virtue Scientists Should Consider to Have
*dispassionate: 공정한 **propaganda: 선전 ③ Public Participation Causing Scientific Development
***dissemination: 유포 ④ The Dilemma of Modern Communications Technology
⑤ The Relationship Between Scientific Development and
Modern Life

< 06강 >

|06강 01번| |06강 02번|
41. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고 42. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
르시오.41) 지 않은 것은?42)
Nobody has to teach a child to demand fair treatment; In a recent presidential election, one of our local
children protest unfairness vigorously and as soon as they comedians compiled a list of all the recommendations
can communicate. Nobody has to teach us to admire a being made by both the Democratic and Republican
person who sacrifices for a group; the admiration for duty candidates for the presidency. He then ①switched them,
is universal. and asked committed Democratic and Republican
supporters about them. Democratic voters were told their
(A) Just as we have a natural suite of emotions to help candidate thought the American military needed to be
us love and be loved, so, too, we have a natural strengthened, the national borders more tightly ②
suite of moral emotions to make us disapprove of controlled, and voter identification efforts strengthened. As
people who violate social commitments, and approve for those committed to the Republican candidate, he
of people who reinforce them. questioned them about their support of their candidate’s
(supposed) statements ③underscoring the need to expand
(B) Nobody has to teach us to disdain someone who
national health care, create a more equitable tax system,
betrays a friend or is disloyal to a family or tribe.
and increase the minimum wage. In every case, the
Nobody has to teach a child the difference between
supporters did not ④trust the veracity of the list. Instead,
rules that are moral — “Don’t hit” — and rules that
they began justifying their candidate’s positions. It was as
are not — “Don’t chew gum in school.” These
if it did not matter what the facts were; once they had ⑤
preferences also emerge from somewhere deep inside
made up their minds who they were voting for, their job
us.
was to support him, not question him.
(C) There is no society on earth where people are praised
*equitable: 공정한 **veracity: 진실성
for running away in battle.
*vigorously: 격렬하게 **disdain: 경멸하다
|06강 03번|
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) 43. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
For example, if a close friend has died and you are

extremely sad because you miss your close relationship,
crying, grieving, and sadness will allow you to work
through the difficult situation and incorporate it into your
experience so that you can move on with your life.
You may believe that all forms of negative thinking are

unnecessary, extreme, and irrational. ( ① ) Nothing could
be further from the truth. ( ② ) Quite often, you might
experience unpleasant, tragic, and upsetting events in your
life that you believe to be negative. ( ③ ) As a result of
these beliefs, you experience unpleasant emotions. ( ④ )
If you are perceiving a situation accurately, your
distressing emotions will serve a useful function for you.
( ⑤ ) Only when the thoughts take on an unrealistically
negative and distorted quality (e.g., “my life is over
because my friend is gone; the same fate will soon befall
me; I have nothing left to look forward to in my life”) is
it likely that you will experience emotions and behavioral
reactions that are dysfunctional and self-defeating.
*befall: (안 좋은 일이) 닥치다 **dysfunctional: 역기능적인

|06강 04번| |06강 02번|

Evolution theory ①is being challenged. Darwin saw In a recent presidential election, one of our local
evolution as a gradual process of natural selection and comedians compiled a list of all the recommendations ①
survival of the fittest as the most likely phenomenon. being made by both the Democratic and Republican
Now evolutionists such as paleontologists Niles Eldredge candidates for the presidency. He then switched them, and
and Stephen Jay Gould argue ②that evolution is asked committed Democratic and Republican supporters
characterized by long periods of relative stability that are about ②them. Democratic voters were told their candidate
punctuated by sudden changes, followed by more stability, thought the American military needed to be strengthened,
followed by more changes, and so on. One hypothesis on the national borders more tightly controlled, and voter
why this occurs is that changes in environment cause identification efforts strengthened. As for those ③
species ③to diversify and specialize into several new committed to the Republican candidate, he questioned
niches, creating new lineages. In Gould’s theory, a species them about their support of their candidate’s (supposed)
will be unchanged for thousands or hundreds of thousands statements underscoring the need to expand national health
of years and then suddenly something will ④happen that care, create a more equitable tax system, and increase the
will change it (perhaps gene-splicing?) or even wipe it minimum wage. In every case, the supporters did not
out. Gould’s theory can ⑤be thought of macroevolution question the veracity of the list. Instead, they began ④
— periodic sudden large changes, and the normal concept justifying their candidate’s positions. It was as if it did
of gradual evolution can be thought of as microevolution not matter ⑤that the facts were; once they had made up
— a continuous, almost unnoticeable succession of small their minds who they were voting for, their job was to
changes. support him, not question him.
*paleontologist: 고생물학자 **niche: (특정 종류의 생물이 *equitable: 공정한 **veracity: 진실성
살기에) 적합한 환경
|06강 03번|
|06강 01번|
않은 것은?47)
You may believe that all forms of negative thinking are
않은 것은?45)
unnecessary, extreme, and irrational. Nothing could be ①
Nobody has to teach a child to demand fair treatment; further from the truth. Quite often, you might experience
children ①protest unfairness vigorously and as soon as unpleasant, tragic, and upsetting events in your life that
they can communicate. Nobody has to teach us to admire you believe to be ②negative. As a result of these beliefs,
a person who sacrifices for a group; the admiration for you experience unpleasant emotions. If you are perceiving
duty is ②universal. Nobody has to teach us to disdain a situation accurately, your distressing emotions will serve
someone who betrays a friend or is ③disloyal to a family a ③useful function for you. For example, if a close
or tribe. Nobody has to teach a child the difference friend has died and you are extremely sad because you
between rules that are moral — “Don’t hit” — and rules miss your close relationship, crying, grieving, and sadness
that are not — “Don’t chew gum in school.” These ④ will allow you to ④hide the difficult situation and
preferences also emerge from somewhere deep inside us. incorporate it into your experience so that you can move
Just as we have a natural suite of emotions to help us on with your life. Only when the thoughts take on an
love and be loved, so, too, we have a natural suite of unrealistically negative and distorted quality (e.g., “my life
moral emotions to make us disapprove of people who is over because my friend is gone; the same fate will
violate social commitments, and approve of people who soon befall me; I have nothing left to look forward to in
reinforce them. There is no society on earth where people my life”) is it likely that you will experience emotions
are ⑤blamed for running away in battle. and behavioral reactions that are dysfunctional and ⑤
*vigorously: 격렬하게 **disdain: 경멸하다 self-defeating.
*befall: (안 좋은 일이) 닥치다 **dysfunctional: 역기능적인

< 07강 >

|06강 04번| |07강 01번|
48. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 49. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
지 않은 것은?48) 않은 것은?49)
Evolution theory is being challenged. Darwin saw If you’re stuck developing an idea or even thinking of
evolution as a ①gradual process of natural selection and one, get ①unstuck by literally getting away from your
survival of the fittest as the most likely phenomenon. desk. Go for a walk. Exercise. Bring your work
Now evolutionists such as paleontologists Niles Eldredge somewhere else. Physical movement has been shown to
and Stephen Jay Gould argue that evolution is have a ②negative effect on creative thinking. The
characterized by long periods of relative ②stability that philosopher and author Henry Thoreau claimed that his
are punctuated by sudden changes, followed by more thoughts began to flow “the moment my legs began to
stability, followed by more changes, and so on. One move.” Now scientists have discovered that taking part in
hypothesis on why this occurs is that changes in regular exercise such as going for a walk or riding a bike
environment cause species to diversify and specialize into really does ③improve creative thought. Professor Lorenza
several new niches, ③creating new lineages. In Gould’s Colzato, a cognitive psychologist at Leiden University in
theory, a species will be ④unchanged for thousands or the Netherlands, found in her 2013 study that people who
hundreds of thousands of years and then suddenly exercised four times a week were able to think more ④
something will happen that will change it (perhaps creatively than those with a more sedentary lifestyle. One
gene-splicing?) or even wipe it out. Gould’s theory can of my course sessions, an observation lab, is held
be thought of as macroevolution — periodic sudden large outdoors, and the students love the walk and change in
changes, and the normal concept of gradual evolution can environment as they brainstorm ⑤possible solutions while
be thought of as microevolution — a continuous, almost moving across our campus.
⑤noticeable succession of small changes. *sedentary: 주로 앉아서 지내는
*paleontologist: 고생물학자 **niche: (특정 종류의 생물이
살기에) 적합한 환경
|07강 02번|
Cosmology would not exist as a subject unless there

were such a thing as “the universe” to explain. Instead of
①finding that space is filled with a dog’s breakfast of
unrelated bric-a-brac, astronomers see an orchestrated and
coherent unity. On the largest scale of size there is order
and uniformity. Stars and galaxies billions of light-years
away ②closely resemble those in our astronomical
backyard and are distributed in much the same way
everywhere. Their compositions and motions are similar.
The laws of physics ③appear to be identical as far out in
space as our instruments can penetrate. In short, there is
cosmos rather than chaos. This basic fact is crucial for
our existence: life could not emerge, still less evolve to
the point of intelligence, in chaos. It is also — or at least
it was until recently — deeply ④mysterious. Why should
the totality of things be organized so systematically? To
find the answer to this intriguing question, we need to
understand ⑤what the universe began and work out how
it evolved over billions of years to attain its present
orderly and life-encouraging form.
*cosmology: 우주론 **bric-a-brac: 장식품 ***penetrate:
침투하다

|07강 03번| |07강 01번|

51. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 53. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?53)
곳은?51)
If you’re stuck developing an idea or even thinking of
Nevertheless, the businessman will still need to keep one, get unstuck by literally getting away from your desk.
himself informed of general legal changes which will Go for a walk. Exercise.
affect his day-to-day running of the business.
(A) One of my course sessions, an observation lab, is
Ideally, business requires a stable environment within held outdoors, and the students love the walk and
which to operate. ( ① ) Yet, the framework of law which change in environment as they brainstorm possible
governs business activities is subject to constant change. ( solutions while moving across our campus.
② ) The burden of keeping up to date may be eased (B) Bring your work somewhere else. Physical movement
slightly by making use of professional people such as an has been shown to have a positive effect on creative
accountant or solicitor to advise on the latest thinking. The philosopher and author Henry Thoreau
developments in such areas as tax or company law. ( ③ claimed that his thoughts began to flow “the moment
) If he employs others in his business, he will need to my legs began to move.”
keep up to date on such matters as health and safety at
(C) Now scientists have discovered that taking part in
work, the rights of his employees and his duties as an
regular exercise such as going for a walk or riding a
employer. ( ④ ) If he sells goods direct to the consumer,
bike really does improve creative thought. Professor
he must be aware of changes in consumer protection law.
Lorenza Colzato, a cognitive psychologist at Leiden
( ⑤ ) Almost every aspect of his business will be subject
University in the Netherlands, found in her 2013
to legal regulation and the law could always change.
study that people who exercised four times a week
*solicitor: 사무 변호사 were able to think more creatively than those with a
more sedentary lifestyle.
|07강 04번|
*sedentary: 주로 앉아서 지내는
52. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?52)
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
In absolute terms, the overall demand for doctors and ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
teachers is much larger than that for professional athletes.
Education and health care ①make up huge chunks of the
US economy — health care, measured as a percentage of
GDP, is in the double digits and growing. By contrast,
despite the attention paid to it, professional sports is ②
nowhere near as big. In relation to the number of
practitioners in each field, however, the demand for
athletes’ services is much larger than in either health care
or education. The source of that demand is that hundreds
of millions of people enjoy watching these sports, whether
in person or on television. Fans will ③pay as much as
hundreds of dollars per ticket to attend, while advertisers
will pay literally billions of dollars to broadcasters that
can deliver mass audiences for sports. The world might
well be a better place if people paid ④less attention to
spectator sports and more to reading, hiking, declaiming
poetry, or practising Zen meditation, but the fact is that at
the current stage of human development large numbers of
people do enjoy pro sports and that ⑤prevents significant
income for the industry.
*chunk: 부분, 상당한 양 **declaim: 낭독하다 ***Zen
meditation: 참선

|07강 02번| |07강 03번|

54. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 55. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?55)
곳은?54)
Ideally, business requires a stable environment within
Why should the totality of things be organized so which to operate. Yet, the framework of law which
systematically? governs business activities ①is subject to constant change.
The burden of keeping up to date may be eased slightly
by making use of professional people such as an
Cosmology would not exist as a subject unless there
accountant or solicitor ②to advise on the latest
were such a thing as “the universe” to explain. Instead of
developments in such areas as tax or company law.
finding that space is filled with a dog’s breakfast of
Nevertheless, the businessman will still need to keep
unrelated bric-a-brac, astronomers see an orchestrated and
himself ③informing of general legal changes which will
coherent unity. ( ① ) On the largest scale of size there is
affect his day-to-day running of the business. If he
order and uniformity. Stars and galaxies billions of
employs others in his business, he will need to keep up
light-years away closely resemble those in our
to date on such matters ④as health and safety at work,
astronomical backyard and are distributed in much the
the rights of his employees and his duties as an employer.
same way everywhere. ( ② ) Their compositions and
If he sells goods direct to the consumer, he must be
motions are similar. The laws of physics appear to be
aware of changes in consumer protection law. Almost
identical as far out in space as our instruments can
every ⑤aspect of his business will be subject to legal
penetrate. ( ③ ) In short, there is cosmos rather than
regulation and the law could always change.
chaos. This basic fact is crucial for our existence: life
could not emerge, still less evolve to the point of *solicitor: 사무 변호사
intelligence, in chaos. ( ④ ) It is also — or at least it
was until recently — deeply mysterious. ( ⑤ ) To find
the answer to this intriguing question, we need to |07강 04번|
understand how the universe began and work out how it 56. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한
evolved over billions of years to attain its present orderly 곳은?56)
and life-encouraging form.
In relation to the number of practitioners in each field,
*cosmology: 우주론 **bric-a-brac: 장식품 ***penetrate: however, the demand for athletes’ services is much larger
침투하다 than in either health care or education.
In absolute terms, the overall demand for doctors and

teachers is much larger than that for professional athletes.
( ① ) Education and health care make up huge chunks of
the US economy — health care, measured as a percentage
of GDP, is in the double digits and growing. ( ② ) By
contrast, despite the attention paid to it, professional
sports is nowhere near as big. ( ③ ) The source of that
demand is that hundreds of millions of people enjoy
watching these sports, whether in person or on television.
( ④ ) Fans will pay as much as hundreds of dollars per
ticket to attend, while advertisers will pay literally billions
of dollars to broadcasters that can deliver mass audiences
for sports. ( ⑤ ) The world might well be a better place
if people paid less attention to spectator sports and more
to reading, hiking, declaiming poetry, or practising Zen
meditation, but the fact is that at the current stage of
human development large numbers of people do enjoy pro
sports and that creates significant income for the industry.
*chunk: 부분, 상당한 양 **declaim: 낭독하다 ***Zen
meditation: 참선

< 09강 >

|09강 01번|
William Black was born in Glasgow, Scotland. His
57. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?57) father, a successful merchant, sent him to the School of
Art at Glasgow, but Black pursued journalism instead of
Southern sea lions are seals with small, clearly visible
painting. As a teenager he began writing essays for the
external ears. They are much more mobile on land than
local Glasgow newspapers. ( ① ) Some of Black’s early
true seals, ①being able to rotate their rear flippers
articles were on well-known 19th-century English writers
sideways to propel their bodies forward. Sea lions can
and thinkers such as Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin. (
move quite fast in this manner. A fully grown southern
② ) His early novel James Merle (1864) made little
sea lion bull is much larger and more impressive than his
impression. Black eventually left Glasgow for London,
northern cousin, the California sea lion. This massive
where he began to write for another paper, the Morning
animal measures well over 2m long and ②weighs up to
Star. ( ③ ) In 1865, he married Augusta Wenzel, who
half a tonne. His enormous neck is decorated with a
died in childbirth the following year. ( ④ ) Black then
shaggy mane; hence the name ‘sea lion’, ③which also
went to Europe as a foreign correspondent to cover the
refers to his roar. The elegant, nearly yellowish females
so-called Seven Weeks’ War, a conflict between Austria
that make up his harem ④weighs roughly half the
and Prussia. ( ⑤ ) Black set his novels in the Scottish
average weight of an adult male, but then they expend
countryside and used a great deal of local color,
less energy. From the time he comes ashore in December
traditions, and dialect, often setting up a dramatic tension
to when he leaves in March, the bull sea lion neither eats
between his rural and his city-bred characters.
nor ⑤sleeps for more than a few minutes at a time:
guarding his harem is a full-time job.
*shaggy 텁수룩한 **mane 갈기 ***harem 하렘(번식을
위해 한 마리의 수컷을 공유하는 암컷의 무리
|09강 02번|
58. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
|09강 04번|
60. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?60)
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet was born in Philadelphia on
December 10, 1787. His family moved to Hartford, Pi Day has been celebrated annually on 14 March since
Connecticut, where he attended the Hartford Grammar 1988. The brainchild of Larry Shaw, a physicist at the
School. He entered Yale College in 1802 and graduated San Francisco Exploratorium, the date 14 March was
the youngest in his class. Gallaudet became ①interested chosen because the American pattern of writing dates is
in the education of deaf people after meeting Alice to put the month before the day, so that 14 March is
Cogswell, the deaf daughter of a neighbor. With ② written as 3/14, corresponding to the pattern of the first
funding from Cogswell’s father and others, Gallaudet went three digits of π, 3.14 (three point one four). In 2009, the
to Europe in 1815 to learn how to teach deaf children. ③ US House of Representatives passed a resolution
Satisfied by what he saw in British schools for deaf recognising 14 March as National Pi Day. The date has
people, Gallaudet visited a school in Paris. There, he attracted increasing worldwide publicity and is celebrated
received training from deaf teachers Jean Massieu and in a vast variety of ways, particularly in schools and
Laurent Clerc. Gallaudet accompanied Laurent Clerc back colleges, and involves the inevitable consumption of all
to Hartford in 1816 and ④established the first school for kinds of pies as well as competitions to memorise and
the deaf in the United States in 1817, now known as the recite as many of the digits of π as possible.
American School for the Deaf. Gallaudet ⑤served as the _________________________________ because the date
institution’s principal until 1830. He married one of his corresponded to the first five digits of π, 3.1415.
former students, Sofia Fowler, and had eight children. *brainchild: 아이디어, 두뇌의 소산 **US Houses of
Representatives: 미국 하원 ***recite: 암송하다
|09강 03번|
59. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가작 적절한 ① There were 15 events held on Pi Day
곳을 고르시오.59) ② On Pi Day, people had to eat 15 pies
③ Pi Day in 2015 was particularly significant
After returning to London, he continued to work as a ④ Fifteen people gathered to celebrate Pi Day
journalist but also began to have success as a novelist. ⑤ The 15th Pi Day was celebrated in more countries.

|09강 01번| |09강 03번|

않은 것은?61)
William Black was born in Glasgow, Scotland. His
Southern sea lions are seals with small, clearly visible father, a successful merchant, sent him to the School of
external ears. They are much more ①mobile on land than Art at Glasgow, but Black pursued journalism instead of
true seals, being able to rotate their rear flippers sideways painting. As a teenager he began writing essays for the
to propel their bodies forward. Sea lions can move quite ② local Glasgow newspapers. Some of Black’s early articles
fast in this manner. A fully grown southern sea lion bull is ①were on well-known 19th-century English writers and
much larger and more impressive than his northern cousin, thinkers such as Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin. His
the California sea lion. This ③diminutive animal measures early novel James Merle (1864) made little impression.
well over 2 m long and weighs up to half a tonne. His Black eventually left Glasgow for London, ②where he
enormous neck is decorated with a shaggy mane; hence the began to write for another paper, the Morning Star. In
name ‘sea lion’, which also refers to his roar. The elegant, 1865, he married Augusta Wenzel, ③who died in
nearly yellowish females that make up his harem weigh childbirth the following year. Black then went to Europe
roughly half the average weight of an adult male, but then as a foreign correspondent to cover the so-called Seven
they expend ④less energy. From the time he comes ashore Weeks’ War, a conflict between Austria and Prussia.
in December to when he leaves in March, the bull sea lion After ④returning to London, he continued to work as a
neither eats nor sleeps for more than a few minutes at a journalist but also began to have success as a novelist.
time: guarding his harem is a ⑤full-time job. Black set his novels in the Scottish countryside and used
*shaggy 텁수룩한 **mane 갈기 ***harem 하렘(번식을 a great deal of local color, traditions, and dialect, often
위해 한 마리의 수컷을 공유하는 암컷의 무리 ⑤set up a dramatic tension between his rural and his
city-bred characters.
|09강 02번|
62. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?62)
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet was born in Philadelphia on

December 10, 1787. His family moved to Hartford,
Connecticut, where he attended the Hartford Grammar
|09강 04번|
School. He entered Yale College in 1802 and graduated
the youngest in his class. Gallaudet became interested in 64. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
the education of deaf people after meeting Alice 지 않은 것은?64)
Cogswell, the deaf daughter of a neighbor. With funding
Pi Day has been ①celebrated annually on 14 March
from Cogswell’s father and others, Gallaudet went to
since 1988. The brainchild of Larry Shaw, a physicist at
Europe in 1815 ___________________________________.
the San Francisco Exploratorium, the date 14 March was
Dissatisfied by what he saw in British schools for deaf
chosen because the American pattern of writing dates is
people, Gallaudet visited a school in Paris. There, he
to put the month before the day, so that 14 March is
received training from deaf teachers Jean Massieu and
written as 3/14, ②corresponding to the pattern of the first
Laurent Clerc. Gallaudet accompanied Laurent Clerc back
three digits of π, 3.14 (three point one four). In 2009, the
to Hartford in 1816 and established the first school for
US House of Representatives ③passed a resolution
the deaf in the United States in 1817, now known as the
recognising 14 March as National Pi Day. The date has
American School for the Deaf. Gallaudet served as the
attracted increasing worldwide publicity and is celebrated
institution’s principal until 1830. He married one of his
in a vast variety of ways, particularly in schools and
former students, Sofia Fowler, and had eight children.
colleges, and involves the inevitable ④consumption of all
kinds of pies as well as competitions to memorise and
recite as many of the digits of π as possible. Pi Day in
① to learn how to teach deaf children 2015 was particularly ⑤pointless because the date
② to meet and interview more deaf people corresponded to the first five digits of π, 3.1415.
③ to determine the underlying cause of hearing impairment
④ to develop a device that can help with hearing impairment *brainchild: 아이디어, 두뇌의 소산 **US Houses of
⑤ to study the difference between hearing impairment and Representatives: 미국 하원 ***recite: 암송하다
other disorders

< 11강 >

|11강 01번| |11강 03번|
65. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 67. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?65) 않은 것은?67)
Sometimes it’s important to ①disagree. All the great With the rise of modern science new habits of mind ①
social reforms which took place in the eighteenth century, developed. The method of the sciences and the image of
for instance, began with the dedicated campaigns of a scientific narratives became unquestioned and ②postponed
handful of people who saw something wrong, and did not the new habits of mind, becoming an accomplice to those
let it ②rest. Slavery was widely accepted in Europe in that would best accommodate the new image. These
the eighteenth century, but as a result of consistent habits of mind became a ③duplication in the classroom
campaigning, the slave trade was made ③illegal near the of what the sciences were supposed to be doing in the
beginning of the nineteenth century, and the owning of laboratory. They developed clear and distinct ideas
slaves became illegal a few years later. Social imitating mathematical models that are hypothetical,
psychologists Moscovici and Nemeth showed that if just a abstract, ahistorical, and humanly disembodied. Descartes,
few people stick to a particular view, which they are Newton, Galileo, Locke, and Rousseau are the best
convinced is right, then over time they can have ④little examples. The mind was trained to ④repeat certain
influence on a larger group. The important thing, though, logical operations until a habit was developed of reading
is that those people who are in the minority and trying to the world according to those skills. Even if the reading
influence the majority should be seen to be genuine, was supposed to be disembodied and therefore ⑤
consistent and ⑤resisting social pressure. If we see objective, the result was that the viewpoints and skills
people acting like that, over time we become curious became embodied in those using them. For the older
about why they are doing it and so are likely to think habits of mind, external cosmologies (now considered
more seriously about what they are saying. outdated) were substituted in all classrooms.
*accomplice: 공범 **duplication: 복제, 복제품
***cosmology: 우주론
|11강 02번|
|11강 04번|
Attention is selective. We cannot focus on everything, 지 않은 것은?68)
and the knowledge we bring to a given situation allows
Commodities do not go to market all ①on their own.
us ①to direct our attention to the most important
Someone has to take them there. Goods must be moved,
elements and to ignore the rest. The extent ②to which
prices agreed, and only after a long and complicated
our schemas and expectations guide our attention was
process will the commodity in question be there for the
powerfully demonstrated by an experiment in which
end-user to enjoy. This applies to films and videos as ②
participants watched a videotape of two “teams” of three
much as it does to any other commodity, and it applies
people, each ③passing a basketball back and forth. The
even in that sector of the film and video business that
members of one team wore white shirts, and the members
likes to think of itself as remote from and even
of the other team wore black shirts. Each participant ④
antagonistic to the regular processes of commodity
was asked to count the number of passes made by the
exchange. But perhaps because of this aversion, the
members of one of the teams. Forty-five seconds into the
process by which commodities get to market — generally
action, a person wearing a gorilla costume strolled into
referred to in the film trade as distribution — is the ③
the middle of the action. Although a large black gorilla
most studied of all the aspects of cinema and other forms
might seem hard to miss, only half the participants
of moving image. A lot is written about film and video
noticed it! The participants’ schemas about what is likely
production, about the films and videos produced and
to happen in a game of catch directed their attention so
about how they are perceived/received by the spectator,
intently to some parts of the videotape ⑤which they
but very ④little about the intermediate stages between
failed to see a rather dramatic stimulus they did not
production and consumption. Sometimes it seems as if, in
expect to see.
the world of cinema and the moving image, commodities
do indeed ⑤mysteriously get to market all on their own.
*antagonistic: 상반되는 **aversion: 반감

|11강 01번| |11강 03번|

69. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?69) 71. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한
Sometimes it’s important to _________. All the great
social reforms which took place in the eighteenth century, These habits of mind became a duplication in the
for instance, began with the dedicated campaigns of a classroom of what the sciences were supposed to be
handful of people who saw something wrong, and did not doing in the laboratory.
let it rest. Slavery was widely accepted in Europe in the
eighteenth century, but as a result of consistent With the rise of modern science new habits of mind
campaigning, the slave trade was made illegal near the developed. The method of the sciences and the image of
beginning of the nineteenth century, and the owning of scientific narratives became unquestioned and reinforced the
slaves became illegal a few years later. Social new habits of mind, becoming an accomplice to those that
psychologists Moscovici and Nemeth showed that if just a would best accommodate the new image. ( ① ) They
few people stick to a particular view, which they are developed clear and distinct ideas imitating mathematical
convinced is right, then over time they can have a great models that are hypothetical, abstract, ahistorical, and
deal of influence on a larger group. The important thing, humanly disembodied. ( ② ) Descartes, Newton, Galileo,
though, is that those people who are in the minority and Locke, and Rousseau are the best examples. ( ③ ) The
trying to influence the majority should be seen to be mind was trained to repeat certain logical operations until a
genuine, consistent and resisting social pressure. If we see habit was developed of reading the world according to those
people acting like that, over time we become curious skills. ( ④ ) Even if the reading was supposed to be
about why they are doing it and so are likely to think disembodied and therefore objective, the result was that the
more seriously about what they are saying. viewpoints and skills became embodied in those using them.
( ⑤ ) For the older habits of mind, external cosmologies
① adapt ② disagree ③ conform (now considered outdated) were substituted in all classrooms.
④ withdraw ⑤ collaborate
*accomplice: 공범 **duplication: 복제, 복제품
***cosmology: 우주론
|11강 02번|
|11강 04번|
곳을 고르시오.70) 72. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?72)
Although a large black gorilla might seem hard to Commodities do not go to market all on their own.
miss, only half the participants noticed it! Someone has to take them there. Goods must be moved,
prices agreed, and only after a long and complicated
process ①will the commodity in question be there for the
Attention is selective. We cannot focus on everything,
end-user to enjoy. This applies to films and videos as
and the knowledge we bring to a given situation allows
much as it ②does to any other commodity, and it applies
us to direct our attention to the most important elements
even in that sector of the film and video business that
and to ignore the rest. ( ① ) The extent to which our
likes to think of itself as remote from and even
schemas and expectations guide our attention was
antagonistic to the regular processes of commodity
powerfully demonstrated by an experiment in which
exchange. But perhaps because of this aversion, the
participants watched a videotape of two “teams” of three
process by which commodities get to market — generally
people, each passing a basketball back and forth. ( ② )
referred to in the film trade as distribution — ③are the
The members of one team wore white shirts, and the
least studied of all the aspects of cinema and other forms
members of the other team wore black shirts. ( ③ ) Each
of moving image. A lot is written about film and video
participant was asked to count the number of passes made
production, about the films and videos ④produced and
by the members of one of the teams. ( ④ ) Forty-five
about how they are perceived/received by the spectator,
seconds into the action, a person wearing a gorilla
but very little about the intermediate stages between
costume strolled into the middle of the action. ( ⑤ ) The
production and consumption. Sometimes it seems as if, in
participants’ schemas about what is likely to happen in a
the world of cinema and the moving image, commodities
game of catch directed their attention so intently to some
⑤do indeed mysteriously get to market all on their own.
parts of the videotape that they failed to see a rather
dramatic stimulus they did not expect to see. *antagonistic: 상반되는 **aversion: 반감

< 12강 >

|12강 01번| |12강 03번|
73. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?73) 75. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 75)
On April 12, 1955, the day that the US government Translating theory into something that can be assessed
announced that the new polio vaccine was safe and in the physical environment means that phenomena are
effective, its inventor, Jonas Salk, ①was asked on made measurable. It is often assumed that the
television who owned the vaccine. He famously replied, phenomenon being measured is the same no matter how it
“Well, the people, I would say. There is no patent. Could is measured. Translations of theory into practice may
you patent the sun?” The vaccine was common property; differ, but these do not alter the nature of the
it belonged to the people ②who had donated money for phenomenon being measured. Without this assumption,
the public interest. Salk was later pitied for his decision. measurement between different individuals made in
He could have earned $7 billion if his vaccine had been different places or at different times could not be
patented. His attitude to patenting, however, is not unique. compared. The assumption does not, however, mean that
Even in the era of excessive property protection, there ③ this viewpoint is correct. Within quantum physics there is
is a new interest in open sources and access, global a view that the observer and the phenomenon cannot be
goods, and the notion of the commons. Elon Musk, CEO separated. The observer and phenomenon make up a
of Tesla Motors, decided in June 2014 ④released all of single system, a measurement system. In this context it is
his patents. Technological leadership is not defined by not possible to separate the measurement made from the
patents. The future of sustainable transport will be better measurement system within which it was made. The
served by openly ⑤sharing information and knowledge. measurement and the phenomenon become combined in
“All our patents belong to you.” an unbreakable link in the measurement system. It is
*polio: 소아마비 impossible to talk of a separate existence for the
phenomenon and so also, therefore, to talk of an
|12강 02번| measurement of that phenomenon. This
means that within the supposedly objective, hard science
of physics, it is accepted that reality and how it is
By the early 1990s, the decline of the southwestern measured form an inseparable whole.
willow flycatcher was clear. In 1993, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (FWS) formally proposed listing the ① objective ② separable ③ subjective
flycatcher as a federal endangered species and ① ④ reasonable ⑤ independent
designating critical habitat, an important step under the
Endangered Species Act that prevents damage to specific
areas. The task of writing the rule that listed the bird as
endangered under the act fell to Rob Marshall. Marshall, a
Yale-trained biologist with FWS in Arizona, was becoming
disillusioned by the overall implementation of the
Endangered Species Act. The FWS was highly politicized
by powerful, moneyed interests ②that saw species listings
and particularly habitat designations as a threat to business:
if a species is listed but no critical habitat is designated, a
now-common pattern, then restrictions on business ③are
far fewer. This created an atmosphere in which it was
extremely difficult for technical biological staff ④to
maintain their integrity, says Marshall. For example, the
process to list the flycatcher as endangered began in 1992,
the proposed rule didn’t come out until 1995, and it took
until 1997 to produce the final ruling to list ⑤them. The
FWS only completed the listing because the watchdog
organization Center for Biological Diversity sued them.
*willow flycatcher: 버드나무 딱새
**implementation: 시행, 이행
***integrity: 변함없는 원칙 고수, 무결함

|12강 04번|
(B) He famously replied, “Well, the people, I would say.
76. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?76) There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?” The
vaccine was common property; it belonged to the
Why are certain languages mistakenly thought to be
people who had donated money for the public
primitive? There are several reasons. Some people
interest.
consider other languages ugly or “primitive sounding” if
those languages make use of sounds or sound (C) Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla Motors, decided in June
combinations they find inarticulate because the sounds are 2014 to release all of his patents. Technological
greatly different from ①those of the languages they leadership is not defined by patents. The future of
themselves speak. Such a view is based on the sustainable transport will be better served by openly
ethnocentric attitude ②that the characteristics of one’s sharing information and knowledge. “All our patents
own language are obviously superior. But words that belong to you.”
seem unpronounceable to speakers of one language — *polio: 소아마비
and are therefore considered obscure or even grotesque —
③is easily acquired by even the youngest native speakers ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
of the language in which they occur. To a native speaker ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
of English, the Czech word scvrnkls “you flicked off
(something) with your finger” looks quite strange, and its
pronunciation may sound odd and even ④impossible
because there is no vowel among the eight consonants;
for native speakers of Czech, of course, scvrnkls is just
|12강 02번|
another word. Which speech sounds are used and how
they are combined ⑤to form words and utterances vary
78. Endangered Species Act에 관한 다음글의 내용과 일치하
from one language to the next, and speakers of no 지 않는 것은? 78)
language can claim that their language has done the By the early 1990s, the decline of the southwestern
selecting and combining better than another. willow flycatcher was clear. In 1993, the U.S. Fish and
*obscure: 불분명한, 이해하기 어려운 **grotesque: 괴상한 Wildlife Service (FWS) formally proposed listing the
***flick: (손가락 등으로) 튀기다 flycatcher as a federal endangered species and designating
critical habitat, an important step under the Endangered
Species Act that prevents damage to specific areas. The
task of writing the rule that listed the bird as endangered
under the act fell to Rob Marshall. Marshall, a
Yale-trained biologist with FWS in Arizona, was
becoming disillusioned by the overall implementation of
the Endangered Species Act. The FWS was highly
politicized by powerful, moneyed interests that saw
species listings and particularly habitat designations as a
|12강 01번|
threat to business: if a species is listed but no critical
77. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
habitat is designated, a now-common pattern, then
77)
restrictions on business are far fewer. This created an
On April 12, 1955, the day that the US government atmosphere in which it was extremely difficult for
announced that the new polio vaccine was safe and technical biological staff to maintain their integrity, says
effective, its inventor, Jonas Salk, was asked on television Marshall. For example, the process to list the flycatcher
who owned the vaccine. as endangered began in 1992, the proposed rule didn’t
come out until 1995, and it took until 1997 to produce
the final ruling to list it. The FWS only completed the
(A) Salk was later pitied for his decision. He could have
listing because the watchdog organization Center for
earned $7 billion if his vaccine had been patented.
Biological Diversity sued them.
His attitude to patenting, however, is not unique.
Even in the era of excessive property protection, *willow flycatcher: 버드나무 딱새
there is a new interest in open sources and access, **implementation: 시행, 이행
global goods, and the notion of the commons. ***integrity: 변함없는 원칙 고수, 무결함

① 멸종 위기종으로 등재하는 규칙은 Rob Marshall이 맡아서 |12강 04번|

했다. 80. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
② 강력하고 돈 많은 이해관계자들에 의해 매우 정치화되어 있
한 곳은? 80)
었다.
③ 기술 생물학 직운들이 변함없는 원칙고수를 유지할 분위기 But words that seem unpronounceable to speakers of
가 만들어졌다. one language — and are therefore considered obscure or
④ 딱새를 멸종 위기종으로 등재하는 과정의 최종 판결은 even grotesque — are easily acquired by even the
1997년이 되어서야 나왔다.
youngest native speakers of the language in which they
⑤ 생물학적 다양성 센터의 고소 덕분에 딱새의 멸종 위기종
occur.
등록이 마쳐질 수 있었다.
Why are certain languages mistakenly thought to be

primitive? ( ① ) There are several reasons. ( ② ) Some
people consider other languages ugly or “primitive
sounding” if those languages make use of sounds or
sound combinations they find inarticulate because the
sounds are greatly different from those of the languages
|12강 03번|
they themselves speak. ( ③ ) Such a view is based on
the ethnocentric attitude that the characteristics of one’s
곳은? 79) own language are obviously superior. ( ④ ) To a native
Without this assumption, measurement between different speaker of English, the Czech word scvrnkls “you flicked
individuals made in different places or at different times off (something) with your finger” looks quite strange, and
could not be compared. its pronunciation may sound odd and even impossible
because there is no vowel among the eight consonants;
for native speakers of Czech, of course, scvrnkls is just
Translating theory into something that can be assessed
another word. ( ⑤ ) Which speech sounds are used and
in the physical environment means that phenomena are
how they are combined to form words and utterances
made measurable. It is often assumed that the
vary from one language to the next, and speakers of no
phenomenon being measured is the same no matter how it
language can claim that their language has done the
is measured. ( ① ) Translations of theory into practice
selecting and combining better than another.
may differ, but these do not alter the nature of the
phenomenon being measured. ( ② ) The assumption does *obscure: 불분명한, 이해하기 어려운 **grotesque: 괴상한
not, however, mean that this viewpoint is correct. ( ③ ) ***flick: (손가락 등으로) 튀기다
Within quantum physics there is a view that the observer
and the phenomenon cannot be separated. ( ④ ) The
observer and phenomenon make up a single system, a
measurement system. ( ⑤ ) In this context it is not
possible to separate the measurement made from the
measurement system within which it was made. The
measurement and the phenomenon become combined in
an unbreakable link in the measurement system. It is
impossible to talk of a separate existence for the
phenomenon and so also, therefore, to talk of an
independent measurement of that phenomenon. This means
that within the supposedly objective, hard science of
physics, it is accepted that reality and how it is measured
form an inseparable whole.

< 13강 >

|13강 01번| |13강 03번|
81. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?81) 83. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?83)
When we bemoan the lack of originality in the world, The fact that a majority of the global population has at
we blame ①it on the absence of creativity. If only people least some level of multilingual competence surely
②could generate more novel ideas, we’d all be better off. indicates that adding a second language is not a
But in reality, the biggest barrier to originality is not idea particularly remarkable feat. And yet, especially within
generation — it’s idea selection. In one analysis, when powerful linguistic groups, it is common to find
over two hundred people dreamed up more than a references to the difficulties involved or to the peculiar
thousand ideas for new ventures and products, 87 percent lack of language talents supposedly possessed. In the
③were completely unique. Our companies, communities, modern world, for example, English and American
and countries don’t ④necessarily suffer from a shortage monolinguals often complain that they have no aptitude
of novel ideas. They’re constrained by a shortage of for foreign-language learning. This is usually accompanied
people who excel at choosing the right novel ideas. The by expressions of envy for those multilingual Europeans,
Segway, a two-wheeled, self-balancing personal and sometimes (more subtly) by a linguistic smugness
transporter, was a false positive: it was forecast as a hit reflecting a deeply held conviction that, after all, those
but turned out to be a miss. Seinfeld, an American sitcom clever “others” who don’t already know English will have
television series, ⑤was a false negative: it was expected to accommodate in a world made increasingly safe for
to fail but ultimately flourished. anglophones. All such attitudes, of course, reveal
*bemoan: 한탄하다 ___________________________________________.
*feat: 재주 **smugness: 우쭐거림
***anglophone: 영어 사용자
① little about the importance of early English education

② less about their economic background than their social
|13강 02번| one
82. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?82) ③ not so much about their superiority as about their
aptitude
A striking experiment was performed accidentally by ④ more about social dominance and convention than they
Japanese anthropologists ①attempting to relieve an do about aptitude
overpopulation and hunger problem in a community of ⑤ little about conflicts between Anglo-American and
monkeys on an island in south Japan. The anthropologists European cultures
threw grains of wheat on a sandy beach. Now it is very
difficult ②to separate wheat grains one by one from sand
grains; such an effort might even expend more energy ③
than eating the collected wheat would provide. But one
brilliant monkey, Imo, perhaps by accident or out of
pique, threw handfuls of the mixture into the water.
Wheat floats; sand sinks, a fact that Imo clearly noted.
Through the sifting process she was able to eat well.
While older monkeys, set in their ways, ignored her, the
younger monkeys appeared to grasp the importance of her
discovery, and imitated ④them. In the next generation,
the practice was more widespread; today all monkeys on
the island ⑤are competent at water sifting, an example of
a cultural tradition among the monkeys.
*expend: (에너지, 시간등을) 쓰다(들이다)
**out of pique: 욱해서

|13강 04번| |13강 06번|

84. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?84) 86. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가작 적절
한 곳을 고르시오.86)
A gentleman came into my stress-management office
and said, ‘I’m mad at my boss. I don’t like my job. I One of them is easy to get hold of; it is quite different
don’t like the people that work with me. No one from the final film.
appreciates my work. I’m really angry.’ When I began
teaching him about ①how his own thinking creates his How are films made and produced? A news item, an
angry feelings he said, ‘With all due respect, Dr. Carlson, event, a novel or the biography of an important person
I’m angry almost all the time, but I almost never think might suggest suitable themes. The film director’s first
angry thoughts.’ Do you see where he ②was being job is to write a short account of the subject and to
fooled? Until that moment, he believed that ‘thinking’ present it for a producer. ( ① ) This simple, untechnical
meant the same thing as ‘pondering.’ Even though he plan is called a treatment. ( ② ) Movie director Jean
may not have dwelled on his misery for hours at a time, Renoir and his scriptwriter wrote several unused
he was nevertheless continually thinking ③negatively, a treatments for La Grande Illusion. ( ③ ) If a producer
moment here and a moment there. He spent nearly all of and a group of actors are interested in the scheme, the
his time thinking about the little things that irritated and director or the scriptwriter rewrites the text in order to
annoyed him. It was almost as if the unstated goal of his give a full list of shots, described in their order, with
life was to analyse it and ④to give his opinions on how stage directions and technical terms clearly marked; this is
various things affected him. His negative thoughts were the scenario. ( ④ ) There is a good scenario of October
creating his negative feelings and emotions and he didn’t (Ten Days That Shook the World) written by Eisenstein
even know he was thinking ⑤it. He was a victim of his himself but, once again, it is far removed from the three
own thinking. finished versions of the film we can see today. ( ⑤ ) It
*ponder: 심사숙고하다 is difficult to put into practice what was decided
beforehand, and important alterations occur in the course
of production.
|13강 05번|
85. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?85) |13강 07번|
Caregivers for the old ①do much more than simply
perform tasks. They provide intellectual engagement, Our present-day thinking is based on a succession of
social interaction, and emotional support, key factors in historically evolved mentalities; on mental edifices ①
long-term health and longevity. As society has grown which previous generations have constructed, pulled down,
more urban and as family homes have become less ② renovated and extended. Past events ②are compressed in
multigenerational, greater numbers of the elderly now live images and metaphors which determine our present
alone. This shift brings with it diminished opportunities thinking even if we are not always aware of them.
for social interaction. In the United States, a 2010 Common sense is the thickly viscous form of the past,
American Association of Retired Persons study found that the reflex of history which, like the story about a puppet
over a third of respondents age forty-five and older ③ and a chess-playing machine, always ③to triumph. The
were lonely as measured on the UCLA loneliness scale. puppet dressed in Turkish garb was sitting in front of a
Interactions with robots offer an opportunity ④to chessboard on a large table. A cunning arrangement of
counteract, if not entirely remedy, the effects of such mirrors created the impression of being able to see
social isolation. Brain scan studies using fMRI have underneath the table. In actual fact, there was a dwarf
shown people have a measurable emotional response to sitting underneath ④who was a chess master, and
robots similar to ⑤those measured when interacting with controlled the puppet. We can imagine the continuous
other people, at least in certain situations. While robots effect of historical experience ⑤acting like an ugly,
and technology can’t entirely fill our need for social unloved and happily forgotten dwarf, moving the pieces
interaction, they may be able to provide some level of in the chess game of our everyday life.
engagement. *edifice: (사고의) 체계 **viscous: 끈적이는
***garb: 복장

|13강 08번| |13강 09|

88. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 할 때, 빈칸 89. 다음 (A), (B), (C)에 문맥상 적절한 것으로 이루어진 것을
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 알맞은 것은?88) 고르시오. 89)
The word “entertainment” derives from the Latin tenere, Ritual is a set of catalytic messages, effecting (A)
which means “to hold or keep steady, busy, or amused.” [transformation/ transportation of state from one season of
The notion of making money by keeping an audience the year or one stage of the life cycle to another. State
steady, busy, or amused remains central to those in the refers either to a social and biological stage in life —
business of entertainment. Media practitioners, then, define adolescence or adulthood, for example — or to social
entertainment as material that grabs the audience’s status, such as graduate student or doctor of philosophy.
attention and leaves agreeable feelings, as opposed to Many vertebrate species — especially birds but fish and
challenging their views of themselves and the world. mammals, too — have ritual. In these animals ritual is
However, this doesn’t mean that people who work in the (B) [prohibited/ triggered] by certain messages or symbols
entertainment business always stay away from informing in response to chemical messages from the genes. For
or persuading. Many movies that are categorized under example, among the three-spined stickleback fish, the
“entertainment” by their production firms have been male’s zigzag courtship dance, whereby he entices a
written and produced with the intention of making a prospective mate to his nest, is triggered by the sight of
political point (think of The Day After Tomorrow, her red belly, which is the signal that she is biologically
Syriana, or Blood Diamond) or an educational point (like ready to lay eggs. We assume, further, that the form of
Schindler’s List, Crash, or Letters from Iwo Jima). When the zigzag dance itself is (C) [culturally/ genetically]
media practitioners label a product as “entertainment,” programmed in the male’s nervous system. In any case,
though, they are signaling to their audiences that their the ritual effects his transformation into a parent that
primary concern should be with enjoyment, not with any tends the eggs in his nest.
other messages that may be included. *catalytic: 촉매(작용)의 **vertebrate: 척추동물(의)
*practitioner: (전문직) 종사자 ***entice: 유인하다
⇩
(A) (B) (C)
Although the purpose of entertainment business is not
always to ___(A)___ people, the main concern of what ① transformation prohibited culturally
media workers call entertainment is usually ___(B)___ . ② transformation triggered genetically
③ transportation prohibited culturally
(A) (B)
④ transportation triggered genetically
① enlighten persuasion
② entertain education ⑤ transportation prohibited genetically
③ train enjoyment
④ entertain pleasure
⑤ enlighten information

|13강 10번| |13강 12번|

90. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 92. 다음 어법상 맞지 않는 것을 고르시오.92)
There is a saying ①made famous by the Nobel
After being exposed to a terrifying event, at least 80 memorial prize-winning economist Milton Friedman that
percent of people do not experience post-traumatic stress ‘There’s no such thing as a free lunch’ — that we can’t
syndrome. magic wealth out of nothing (say, by printing money) or
shift costs into the ether. Friedman’s view was that if we
legislate to reduce a burden on some citizens, or to
Post-traumatic stress syndrome became common
increase the advantages they may enjoy, there will be
knowledge but not the concept of post-traumatic growth,
repercussions somewhere down the line ②that will
which is actually far more widespread. ( ① ) Most
involve a cost for others and might even ultimately mean
people who undergo trauma ultimately feel that the
the measure is counterproductive. So even if a meal is
experience has made them stronger, wiser, more mature,
priced at zero, someone, somewhere ③is paying for it.
more tolerant and understanding, or in some other way
Modern economics may disparage the concept of free
better people. ( ② ) The influential psychologist Martin
lunches, yet, today, one often gets a sense from key
Seligman has often lamented that so much attention is
economists and policy-makers that a free lunch isn’t that
lavished on post-traumatic stress syndrome rather than
far away. Economics aims to show how we can generate
post-traumatic growth because it causes people to
growth by identifying more efficient ways of organising
mistakenly expect that bad events will have mainly
society, thereby ④made us richer and, hopefully, happier,
negative effects. ( ③ ) Even though a single bad event is
with the least amount of sacrifice on our part. Such a
more powerful than a good event, over time people
utopia is achievable, economists believe, ⑤because they
respond in so many constructive ways that they typically
understand the mechanisms that drive everything from
emerge more capable than ever of confronting life’s
business investment and production decisions to consumer
challenges. ( ④ ) Bad can make us stronger in the end. (
purchase choices, to individual attitudes to saving.
⑤ )
*ether: 하늘, 창공 **repercussion: 반향
*post-traumatic: (정신적) 외상 후의 **lament: 한탄하다
***disparage: 폄하하다
***lavish: 낭비하다
|13강 01번|
|13강 11번| 93. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
91. 다음 어법상 맞지 않는 것을 고르시오.91) 지 않은 것은?93)
When we bemoan the lack of originality in the world,

There is a common misconception that the reason we
we blame it on the absence of creativity. If only people
have hunger ①is because the earth is straining to feed an
could generate ①more novel ideas, we’d all be better off.
ever-growing population. This is not the case. The world
But in reality, the biggest barrier to originality is not idea
uses only about a third of its arable land for crop
generation — it’s idea ②selection. In one analysis, when
production. And even that third we use inefficiently.
over two hundred people dreamed up more than a
China, for instance, ②has dramatically higher crop yields
thousand ideas for new ventures and products, 87 percent
per acre than the United States, primarily because, even
were completely ③unique. Our companies, communities,
though the two countries ③are comparable in size, China
and countries don’t necessarily suffer from a ④shortage
has three times the population of the United States and
of novel ideas. They’re constrained by a shortage of
only one-sixth the arable land, so its population has to
people who are ⑤inept/poor at choosing the right novel
grow crops more efficiently. Planet earth is in fact ④so a
ideas. The Segway, a two-wheeled, self-balancing personal
prodigious producer of food that in the United States,
transporter, was a false positive: it was forecast as a hit
enough food ⑤is thrown away to keep all of the hungry
but turned out to be a miss. Seinfeld, an American sitcom
people in the world fed.
television series, was a false negative: it was expected to
*arable: 경작할 수 있는 **prodigious: 거대한
fail but ultimately flourished.
*bemoan: 한탄하다

|13강 02번| |13강 04번|

94. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 96. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
한 곳을 고르시오.94) (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?96)
But one brilliant monkey, Imo, perhaps by accident or A gentleman came into my stress-management office
out of pique, threw handfuls of the mixture into the and said, ‘I’m mad at my boss. I don’t like my job. I
water. don’t like the people that work with me. No one
appreciates my work. I’m really angry.’ When I began
A striking experiment was performed accidentally by teaching him about how his own thinking creates his
Japanese anthropologists attempting to relieve an angry feelings he said, ‘With all due respect, Dr. Carlson,
overpopulation and hunger problem in a community of I’m angry almost all the time, but I almost never think
monkeys on an island in south Japan. ( ① ) The angry thoughts.’ Do you see where he was being fooled?
anthropologists threw grains of wheat on a sandy beach. ( Until that moment, he believed that ‘thinking’ meant the
② ) Now it is very difficult to separate wheat grains one same thing as ‘pondering.’ Even though he may not have
by one from sand grains; such an effort might even dwelled on his misery for hours at a time, he was
expend more energy than eating the collected wheat nevertheless continually thinking negatively, a moment
would provide. ( ③ ) Wheat floats; sand sinks, a fact here and a moment there. He spent nearly all of his time
that Imo clearly noted. Through the sifting process she thinking about the little things that irritated and annoyed
was able to eat well. ( ④ ) While older monkeys, set in him. It was almost as if the unstated goal of his life was
their ways, ignored her, the younger monkeys appeared to to analyse it and to give his opinions on how various
grasp the importance of her discovery, and imitated it. ( things affected him. His negative thoughts were creating
⑤ ) In the next generation, the practice was more his negative feelings and emotions and he didn’t even
widespread; today all monkeys on the island are know he was thinking them. He was a victim of his own
competent at water sifting, an example of a cultural thinking.
tradition among the monkeys. *ponder: 심사숙고하다
*expend: (에너지, 시간등을) 쓰다(들이다)
**out of pique: 욱해서 The man didn't realize that his negative ___(A)___ led
to negative emotions and he was a ___(B)____ of his
|13강 03번| thinking.
않은 것은?95) (A) (B)
① thoughts target
The fact that a majority of the global population has at ② surroundings target
least some level of multilingual competence surely indicates ③ boss ruler
that adding a second language is not a particularly ① ④ thoughts ruler
remarkable feat. And yet, especially within powerful ⑤ surroundings ruler
linguistic groups, it is common to find references to the
difficulties involved or to the peculiar ②lack of language
talents supposedly possessed. In the modern world, for
example, English and American monolinguals often
complain that they have ③no aptitude for foreign-language
learning. This is usually accompanied by expressions of ④
envy for those multilingual Europeans, and sometimes
(more subtly) by a linguistic smugness reflecting a deeply
held conviction that, after all, those clever “others” who
don’t already know English will have to accommodate in a
world made increasingly safe for anglophones. All such
attitudes, of course, reveal ⑤less about social dominance
and convention than they do about aptitude.
*feat: 재주 **smugness: 우쭐거림
***anglophone: 영어 사용자

|13강 05번| |13강 06번|

97. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 할 때, 빈칸 (A), 98. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
(B)에 들어갈 말로 알맞은 것은?97) 지 않은 것은?98)
Caregivers for the old do much more than simply How are films made and produced? A news item, an
perform tasks. They provide intellectual engagement, event, a novel or the biography of an important person
social interaction, and emotional support, key factors in might suggest suitable themes. The film director’s first
long-term health and longevity. As society has grown job is to write a short account of the subject and to
more urban and as family homes have become less present it for a producer. This ①simple, untechnical plan
multigenerational, greater numbers of the elderly now live is called a treatment. Movie director Jean Renoir and his
alone. This shift brings with it diminished opportunities scriptwriter wrote several ②unused treatments for La
for social interaction. In the United States, a 2010 Grande Illusion. One of them is easy to get hold of; it is
American Association of Retired Persons study found that quite ③similar from the final film. If a producer and a
over a third of respondents age forty-five and older were group of actors are interested in the scheme, the director
lonely as measured on the UCLA loneliness scale. or the scriptwriter rewrites the text in order to give a full
Interactions with robots offer an opportunity to counteract, list of shots, described in their order, with stage directions
if not entirely remedy, the effects of such social isolation. and technical terms clearly marked; this is the scenario.
Brain scan studies using fMRI have shown people have a There is a good scenario of October (Ten Days That
measurable emotional response to robots similar to that Shook the World) written by Eisenstein himself but, once
measured when interacting with other people, at least in again, it is far ④removed from the three finished versions
certain situations. While robots and technology can’t of the film we can see today. It is difficult to put into
entirely fill our need for social interaction, they may be practice what was decided beforehand, and important ⑤
able to provide some level of engagement. alterations occur in the course of production.
⇩
In an urban environment, many elderly people are
socially ___(A)___ isolated, and ___(B)___ technology
|13강 07번|
can solve these problems to some extent.
(A) (B) 지 않은 것은?99)

① isolated sympathy
Our present-day thinking is based on a succession of
② isolated technology
historically evolved mentalities; on mental edifices which
③ connected sympathy
④ connected technology previous generations have constructed, pulled down,
⑤ employed technology renovated and extended. Past events are ①compressed in
images and metaphors which determine our present
thinking even if we are not always aware of them.
Common sense is the thickly viscous form of the past,
the ②disregard of history which, like the story about a
puppet and a chess-playing machine, always triumphs. The
puppet dressed in Turkish garb was sitting in front of a
chessboard on a large table. A cunning arrangement of
mirrors ③created the impression of being able to see
underneath the table. In actual fact, there was a dwarf
sitting underneath who was a chess master, and ④
controlled the puppet. We can imagine the continuous
effect of historical experience acting like an ugly, unloved
and happily forgotten dwarf, ⑤moving the pieces in the
chess game of our everyday life.
*edifice: (사고의) 체계 **viscous: 끈적이는
***garb: 복장

|13강 08번| |13강 10번|

100. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 102. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을
지 않은 것은?100) 고르시오. 102)
The word “entertainment” derives from the Latin tenere, Post-traumatic stress syndrome became common
which means “to hold or keep steady, busy, or amused.” knowledge but not the concept of post-traumatic growth,
The notion of making money by keeping an audience which is actually far more widespread.
steady, busy, or amused remains ①central to those in the
business of entertainment. Media practitioners, then, define (A) Most people who undergo trauma ultimately feel that
entertainment as material that grabs the audience’s the experience has made them stronger, wiser, more
attention and leaves ②agreeable feelings, as opposed to mature, more tolerant and understanding, or in some
challenging their views of themselves and the world. other way better people.
However, this doesn’t mean that people who work in the
(B) Even though a single bad event is more powerful
entertainment business always stay ③close to informing
than a good event, over time people respond in so
or persuading. Many movies that are categorized under
many constructive ways that they typically emerge
“entertainment” by their production firms have been
more capable than ever of confronting life’s
written and produced with the ④intention of making a
challenges. Bad can make us stronger in the end.
political point (think of The Day After Tomorrow,
Syriana, or Blood Diamond) or an educational point (like (C) The influential psychologist Martin Seligman has
Schindler’s List, Crash, or Letters from Iwo Jima). When often lamented that so much attention is lavished on
media practitioners label a product as “entertainment,” post-traumatic stress syndrome rather than
though, they are signaling to their audiences that their post-traumatic growth because it causes people to
primary concern should be with ⑤enjoyment, not with mistakenly expect that bad events will have mainly
any other messages that may be included. negative effects. After being exposed to a terrifying
event, at least 80 percent of people do not experience
*practitioner: (전문직) 종사자
post-traumatic stress syndrome.
|13강 09| *post-traumatic: (정신적) 외상 후의 **lament: 한탄하다

101. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 ***lavish: 낭비하다
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
In these animals ritual is triggered by certain messages or ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
symbols in response to chemical messages from the genes.
|13강 11|
Ritual is a set of catalytic messages, effecting
transformation of state from one season of the year or one
stage of the life cycle to another. ( ① ) State refers either The world uses only about a third of its arable land for
to a social and biological stage in life — adolescence or crop production.
adulthood, for example — or to social status, such as
graduate student or doctor of philosophy. ( ② ) Many There is a common misconception that the reason we
vertebrate species — especially birds but fish and have hunger is because the earth is straining to feed an
mammals, too — have ritual. ( ③ ) For example, among ever-growing population. ( ① ) This is not the case. ( ② )
the three-spined stickleback fish, the male’s zigzag And even that third we use inefficiently. ( ③ ) China, for
courtship dance, whereby he entices a prospective mate to instance, has dramatically higher crop yields per acre than
his nest, is triggered by the sight of her red belly, which the United States, primarily because, even though the two
is the signal that she is biologically ready to lay eggs. ( countries are comparable in size, China has three times the
④ ) We assume, further, that the form of the zigzag dance population of the United States and only one-sixth the arable
itself is genetically programmed in the male’s nervous land, so its population has to grow crops more efficiently. (
system. ( ⑤ ) In any case, the ritual effects his ④ ) Planet earth is in fact such a prodigious producer of
transformation into a parent that tends the eggs in his nest. food that in the United States, enough food is thrown away
*catalytic: 촉매(작용)의 **vertebrate: 척추동물(의) to keep all of the hungry people in the world fed. ( ⑤ )
***entice: 유인하다 *arable: 경작할 수 있는 **prodigious: 거대한

< 14강 >

|13강 12번| |14강 01번|
104. 다음 어법상 맞지 않는 것을 고르시오.104) 105. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?105)
So even if a meal is priced at zero, someone, Random sampling doesn’t mean just ①choosing the
somewhere is paying for it. people to participate in the study haphazardly — there’s a
difference between the meaning of the word ‘random’ in
everyday use and its meaning in statistics and research
There is a saying made famous by the Nobel memorial
methods. A random sample is a sample ②in which every
prize-winning economist Milton Friedman that ‘There’s no
member of the population has an equally likely chance of
such thing as a free lunch’ — that we can’t magic wealth
being selected for the study — and that isn’t as easy as it
out of nothing (say, by printing money) or shift costs into
sounds. Most sampling methods will unconsciously ③
the ether. ( ① ) Friedman’s view was that if we legislate
favour some people, and not others. ④Pick names at
to reduce a burden on some citizens, or to increase the
random out of a telephone directory means that people
advantages they may enjoy, there will be repercussions
who are ex-directory or who don’t use landlines are not
somewhere down the line that will involve a cost for
going to be included. In a psychological study, that could
others and might even ultimately mean the measure is
⑤introduce a bias, because those people may be different
counterproductive. ( ② ) Modern economics may
from others in some important way — for example, by
disparage the concept of free lunches, yet, today, one
being younger, or more suspicious of strangers.
often gets a sense from key economists and policy-makers
that a free lunch isn’t that far away. ( ③ ) Economics *haphazardly: 되는 대로
aims to show how we can generate growth by identifying
more efficient ways of organising society, thereby making
us richer and, hopefully, happier, with the least amount of
sacrifice on our part. ( ④ ) Such a utopia is achievable,
economists believe, because they understand the
mechanisms that drive everything from business
investment and production decisions to consumer purchase
choices, to individual attitudes to saving. ( ⑤ ) |14강 02번|
*ether: 하늘, 창공 **repercussion: 반향 106. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
***disparage: 폄하하다 지 않은 것은?106)
①Spatial position can be indicative of social status.

Historical analyses of hundreds of paintings indicate that
when two people appear in the same picture the ②more
dominant, powerful person is usually facing to the right.
For example, relative to men, women are more often
displayed showing the left cheek, ③consistent with gender
roles that consider them as less agentic. In other words,
traditionally weak and submissive characters have been
assigned to their respective place by where they are
situated in ④time. From the 15th century to the 20th
century, however, this gender bias in paintings has
become ⑤less pronounced, therefore paralleling
increasingly modern views of women’s role in society.
*agentic: 주도적인 **submissive: 복종하는

|14강 03번| |14강 01번|

107. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 109. 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?109)
않은 것은?107)
Random sampling doesn’t mean just choosing the
Within travel destinations, it is not ①uncommon to see people to participate in the study haphazardly — there’s a
higher sticker prices in areas most frequented by tourists; difference between the meaning of the word ‘random’ in
prices are much lower elsewhere where locals shop. A everyday use and its meaning in statistics and research
few smart tourists soon learn to get away from these methods. A random sample is a sample in which every
“tourist traps” to find ②better deals where there are not member of the population has an equally likely chance of
as many tourists. Most tourists will not, because it doesn’t being selected for the study — and that isn’t as easy as it
③pay to spend their scarce vacation time attempting to sounds. Most sampling methods will unconsciously favour
find cheaper restaurants, souvenirs, and so on outside the some people, and not others. Picking names at random
tourist areas. If the time spent in searching and shopping out of a telephone directory means that people who are
for the best deals is included as part of the prices of the ex-directory or who don’t use landlines are not going to
purchases, “prices” are actually ④more expensive in the be included. In a psychological study, that could introduce
tourist areas for most tourists. In sum, locational price a bias, because those people may be _____________ from
differences are generally not considered price ⑤ others in some important way — for example, by being
discrimination. younger, or more suspicious of strangers.
*haphazardly: 되는 대로
① different ② safe
③ not far from ④ randomly selected
⑤ suspected
|14강 02번|
|14강 04번|
110. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을
고르시오.110)
Spatial position can be indicative of social status.
The desire for esteem can be used effectively by
society to influence how people ①perceived. Systems of
(A) For example, relative to men, women are more often
prestige are found in all cultures, and in general prestige
displayed showing the left cheek, consistent with
is used to recognize and reward people who do what is
gender roles that consider them as less agentic. In
most useful to the culture. People will labor for years,
other words, traditionally weak and submissive
even decades, in the hope of ②securing the esteem of
characters have been assigned to their respective place
their fellows and the ③accompanying right to think well
by where they are situated in space.
of themselves. By linking prestige and esteem to
particular activities or accomplishments, a culture can (B) From the 15th century to the 20th century, however,
direct many people to devote their energies in those this gender bias in paintings has become less
directions. It is no ④accident that in small societies pronounced, therefore paralleling increasingly modern
struggling for survival, prestige comes with bringing in views of women’s role in society.
large amounts of protein (hunting) or defeating the most (C) Historical analyses of hundreds of paintings indicate
dangerous enemies (fighting). By the same token, the that when two people appear in the same picture the
prestige of motherhood probably rises and falls with the more dominant, powerful person is usually facing to
society’s need to increase population, and the prestige of the right.
entertainers rises and falls with how much time and
*agentic: 주도적인 **submissive: 복종하는
money the population can ⑤devote to leisure activities.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

< 15강 >

|14강 03번| |15강 01번|
111. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 113. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?113)
한 곳은?111)
What do we want to hear when asking the question
Most tourists will not, because it doesn’t pay to spend why John slammed the door? Probably not that John put
their scarce vacation time attempting to find cheaper more than average energy into his act, giving the door
restaurants, souvenirs, and so on outside the tourist areas. more speed (which resulted in a heavy collision of the
door with the doorpost, a loud noise and the lamp
rocking back and forth). We normally are not interested
( ① ) Within travel destinations, it is not uncommon to
in a report of the chain of causes and effects leading up
see higher sticker prices in areas most frequented by
to the slamming. ①Neither do we expect to hear a report
tourists; prices are much lower elsewhere where locals
about micro-processes in John’s body causing his
shop. ( ② ) A few smart tourists soon learn to get away
movements. ②Therefore, we need a more accurate
from these “tourist traps” to find better deals where there
physical understanding to accurately analyze his
are not as many tourists. ( ③ ) If the time spent in
movements and their results. ③The why-question asks for
searching and shopping for the best deals is included as
reasons — ‘He felt offended’, for instance. ④Even when
part of the prices of the purchases, “prices” are actually
we think in a materialistic frame of mind that the state of
lower in the tourist areas for most tourists. ( ④ ) In sum,
being offended can be traced in John’s brain, we usually
locational price differences are generally not considered
will not be interested in an answer in neurological terms.
price discrimination. ( ⑤ )
⑤So, normally, in our day-to-day why-questions about
people’s actions we expect to hear about their reasons.
|14강 04번|
|15강 02번|
한 곳은?112)
It is no accident that in small societies struggling for 지 않은 것은?114)
survival, prestige comes with bringing in large amounts of
We can presume that the components of love proposed
protein (hunting) or defeating the most dangerous enemies
by Sternberg can be found in all cultures. Intimacy,
(fighting).
passion, and commitment are most ①likely cultural
universals. Evidence of this comes from many sources,
The desire for esteem can be used effectively by including cultural anthropology, psychological research,
society to influence how people act. ( ① ) Systems of and love poetry from across the world. What does appear
prestige are found in all cultures, and in general prestige to vary across cultures, however, is the emphasis placed
is used to recognize and reward people who do what is on the ②different components of love and on different
most useful to the culture. ( ② ) People will labor for types of relationships. In collectivist cultures like those
years, even decades, in the hope of securing the esteem found in Asia and Africa, relationships with family may
of their fellows and the accompanying right to think well take ③priority over relationships with lovers and friends.
of themselves. ( ③ ) By linking prestige and esteem to In individualistic cultures, like those of Northern Europe
particular activities or accomplishments, a culture can and North America, friendships and romantic relationships
direct many people to devote their energies in those ④harmonize with family for priority (and often win).
directions. ( ④ ) By the same token, the prestige of Likewise, the concept of duty (similar to Sternberg’s
motherhood probably rises and falls with the society’s concept of commitment) is absolutely ⑤central to Chinese
need to increase population, and the prestige of Confucianism. In contrast, judging by the mountains of
entertainers rises and falls with how much time and romance novels, love songs, and beauty products found in
money the population can devote to leisure activities. ( ⑤ North America, it is the passionate side of love that is
) prized in this culture.

|15강 03번|
Some countries grow cash crops. These are crops that
are in high demand and can be grown in large quantities
지 않은 것은?115) in specific areas of the world. For example, sugar needs a
It could be argued that the ‘processual’ nature of hot, damp climate; coffee needs a hot climate, rainfall,
personhood means that one becomes a person as one and higher mountain elevations. ( ① ) Tea needs to grow
‘goes along’ in society. Indeed, the African philosopher on hillsides in rainy areas. ( ② ) Bananas grow well in
Ifeanyi Menkiti takes this position. He maintains that tropical environments. ( ③ ) Because there is a
children are not ①fully human. Following Kwame worldwide demand for specific items such as these, the
Gyekye, a Ghanaian philosopher, however, I would argue farmers in tropical countries grow as much of these
that the fact that personhood must be earned is not a ② commodities as they can. ( ④ ) If these farmers grow too
denial of personhood to children. It is an affirmation of much of a particular cash crop, that creates more supply
the view that personhood is an ongoing process attained than demand, which drops the price of the commodity. (
through interactions with others and one’s community. It ⑤ ) If the climate is bad, and the cash crop does not
requires one to ③affirm ideals and standards thought to grow well one year, that hurts the country selling it
be constitutive of the life of a community. These are because that crop may be the only one the country
standards such as generosity, benevolence and respect. A provides in large enough quantities to make a living from.
number of sayings in some African societies refer to *cash crop: 환금 작물(시장에 내다 팔기 위하여 재배하는
people who have ④failed to meet standards expected of a 농작물)
fully human person. These are sayings such as ga e se
motho (Tswana) or a ku si muntu (Nguni), literally
meaning ‘he or she is not a person’. Because one can fall
short of these standards at any stage in the life cycle,
personhood could be regarded as a becoming. It is an ⑤ |15강 05번|
predictable, open-ended process during which personhood 117. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?117)
may be achieved, lost, and regained, depending on a
Some might have had the impression that early
person’s circumstances.
scientists like Newton and Galileo belonged to a small
*benevolence: 자비심 **affirmation: 지지, 확인 sect that conjured science out of the blue as a result of
mystical investigation. This wasn’t so. Their work did not
take place in a cultural vacuum: it was the product of
many ancient traditions. One of these was Greek
philosophy, ①which encouraged the belief that the world
could be explained by logic, reasoning, and mathematics.
Another was agriculture, from which people learned about
order and chaos by observing the cycles and rhythms of
nature, ②interrupting periodically by sudden and
unpredictable disasters. And then there were religions
which encouraged belief in a ③created world order. The
founding assumption of science is that the physical
universe is neither random nor absurd; it is not just a
meaningless jumble of objects and phenomena randomly
placed side by side. Rather, there is a coherent scheme of
things. This is often expressed by the simple saying ④
that there is order in nature. But scientists have gone
beyond this vague notion ⑤to formulate a system of
|15강 04번|
well-defined laws.
*sect: 종파 **conjure: (마법으로) 불러내다
***jumble: 뒤범벅
These cash crops are sold all around the world and
bring in a lot of money, but there are risks to specializing
in just one commodity for trade.

|15강 06번| |15강 02번|

In English, many spelling errors could be avoided if we We can presume ①that the components of love
systematically ①transcribed each sound with a fixed proposed by Sternberg can be found in all cultures.
letter. For instance, if we were to avoid writing the sound Intimacy, passion, and commitment are most likely
f with both the letter “f ” and with “ph,” life would be cultural universals. Evidence of this comes from many
much simpler. There is little doubt that we could easily sources, ②including cultural anthropology, psychological
get rid of this and many other useless redundancies ② research, and love poetry from across the world. What
whose acquisition eats up many years of childhood. In does appear to vary across cultures, however, ③is the
fact, this is the timid direction ③that American spelling emphasis placed on the different components of love and
reform took when it simplified the irregular British on different types of relationships. In collectivist cultures
spellings of “behaviour” or “analyse” into “behavior” and like those found in Asia and Africa, relationships with
“analyze.” Many more steps could have been taken along family may take priority over relationships with lovers
the same lines. As expert readers, we cease ④to be and friends. In individualistic cultures, like ④that of
aware of the absurdity of our spelling. Even a letter as Northern Europe and North America, friendships and
simple as “x” is unnecessary, as it stands for two romantic relationships compete with family for priority
phonemes ks that already have their own spelling. In (and often win). Likewise, the concept of duty (similar to
Türkiye, one takes a “taksi.” That country, which in the Sternberg’s concept of commitment) is absolutely central
space of one year adopted the Roman alphabet, drastically to Chinese Confucianism. In contrast, judging by the
simplified its spelling, and taught three million people mountains of romance novels, love songs, and beauty
how to read, ⑤setting a beautiful example of the products ⑤found in North America, it is the passionate
feasibility of spelling reform. side of love that is prized in this culture.
*phoneme: 음소 **feasibility: 실현 가능성
***redundancy: 군더더기
|15강 01번|
What do we want to hear when ①asking the question

why John slammed the door? Probably not that John put
more than average energy into his act, giving the door
more speed (which ②resulted in a heavy collision of the
door with the doorpost, a loud noise and the lamp
rocking back and forth). We normally are not interested
in a report of the chain of causes and effects ③leading
up to the slamming. Neither ④we expect to hear a report
about micro-processes in John’s body causing his
movements. The why-question asks for reasons — ‘He
felt offended’, for instance. Even when we think in a
materialistic frame of mind that the state of being
offended can be ⑤traced in John’s brain, we usually will
not be interested in an answer in neurological terms. So,
normally, in our day-to-day why-questions about people’s
actions we expect to hear about their reasons.

|15강 03번| |15강 04번|

121. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 122. Cash Crop에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것
한 곳을 고르시오.121) 은?122)
These are standards such as generosity, benevolence Some countries grow cash crops. These are crops that
and respect. are in high demand and can be grown in large quantities
in specific areas of the world. For example, sugar needs a
It could be argued that the ‘processual’ nature of hot, damp climate; coffee needs a hot climate, rainfall,
personhood means that one becomes a person as one and higher mountain elevations. Tea needs to grow on
‘goes along’ in society. Indeed, the African philosopher hillsides in rainy areas. Bananas grow well in tropical
Ifeanyi Menkiti takes this position. He maintains that environments. Because there is a worldwide demand for
children are not fully human. Following Kwame Gyekye, specific items such as these, the farmers in tropical
a Ghanaian philosopher, however, I would argue that the countries grow as much of these commodities as they can.
fact that personhood must be earned is not a denial of These cash crops are sold all around the world and bring
personhood to children. ( ① ) It is an affirmation of the in a lot of money, but there are risks to specializing in
view that personhood is an ongoing process attained just one commodity for trade. If these farmers grow too
through interactions with others and one’s community. It much of a particular cash crop, that creates more supply
requires one to affirm ideals and standards thought to be than demand, which drops the price of the commodity. If
constitutive of the life of a community. ( ② ) A number the climate is bad, and the cash crop does not grow well
of sayings in some African societies refer to people who one year, that hurts the country selling it because that
have failed to meet standards expected of a fully human crop may be the only one the country provides in large
person. ( ③ )These are sayings such as ga e se motho enough quantities to make a living from.
(Tswana) or a ku si muntu (Nguni), literally meaning ‘he *cash crop: 환금 작물(시장에 내다 팔기 위하여 재배하는
or she is not a person’. ( ④ ) Because one can fall short 농작물)
of these standards at any stage in the life cycle,
personhood could be regarded as a becoming. ( ⑤ ) It is ① 수요가 많고 특정 지역에서 대량으로 재배된다.
an unpredictable, open-ended process during which ② 열대지역에서만 수요가 많은 편이다.
personhood may be achieved, lost, and regained, ③ 전 세계적으로 팔려 많은 돈을 벌어들인다.
depending on a person’s circumstances. ④ 너무 많이 재배하면 특정 상품의 가격이 떨어질 수 있다.
⑤ 잘 자라지 않으면 판매하는 나라에 해를 끼치기도 한다.
*benevolence: 자비심 **affirmation: 지지, 확인

|15강 05번| |15강 06번|

123. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 124. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
지 않은 것은?123) 지 않은 것은?124)
Some might have had the impression that early In English, many spelling errors could be avoided if we
scientists like Newton and Galileo belonged to a small systematically transcribed each sound with a fixed letter.
sect that conjured science out of the blue as a result of For instance, if we were to avoid writing the sound f
①mystical investigation. This wasn’t so. Their work did with both the letter “f ” and with “ph,” life would be
not take place in a cultural vacuum: it was the product of much ①simpler. There is little doubt that we could easily
many ancient traditions. One of these was Greek get rid of this and many other ②useless redundancies
philosophy, which ②encouraged the belief that the world whose acquisition eats up many years of childhood. In
could be explained by logic, reasoning, and mathematics. fact, this is the timid direction that American spelling
Another was agriculture, from which people learned about reform took when it simplified the irregular British
order and chaos by observing the cycles and rhythms of spellings of “behaviour” or “analyse” into “behavior” and
nature, interrupted periodically by sudden and ③ “analyze.” Many more steps could have been taken along
unpredictable disasters. And then there were religions the same lines. As expert readers, we cease to be aware
which encouraged belief in a created world order. The of the ③justification of our spelling. Even a letter as
founding assumption of science is that the physical simple as “x” is unnecessary, as it ④stands for two
universe is neither random nor absurd; it is not just a phonemes ks that already have their own spelling. In
meaningless jumble of objects and phenomena randomly Türkiye, one takes a “taksi.” That country, which in the
placed side by side. Rather, there is a ④coherent scheme space of one year adopted the Roman alphabet, ⑤
of things. This is often expressed by the simple saying drastically simplified its spelling, and taught three million
that there is order in nature. But scientists have gone people how to read, sets a beautiful example of the
beyond this ⑤definite notion to formulate a system of feasibility of spelling reform.
well-defined laws. *phoneme: 음소 **feasibility: 실현 가능성
*sect: 종파 **conjure: (마법으로) 불러내다 ***redundancy: 군더더기
***jumble: 뒤범벅

< 16강 >

|16강 01번| |16강 03번|
125. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것 127. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
은?125) 한 곳은?127)
When we are in groups, we tend to feel that we, It is even considered a fact that certain events did not
personally, aren’t as responsible as we would be if we occur; it is a fact, for instance, that Darwin did not have
were acting on our own. So the decisions that the group a copy of Mendel’s 1866 article in his collection.
makes can easily become extreme.
Some people think that facts are the same as events,

(A) But if someone advocates more cautious approaches which they regard as the “objective,” “hard core”
at an early stage, this too can influence the direction elements of this universe. The main reason for thinking
of the discussion, resulting in a more cautious this is that events seem the best candidates to offer us a
decision than the group members might have made rock-solid foundation for our facts. ( ① ) True, events do
individually. happen or do not happen; you can neglect them but not
(B) It’s known as group polarization: a tendency towards deny them. ( ② ) So by replacing facts with events, we
extremes. A lot depends on how the discussions in might think we have found the strong objective
the group develop. If one person is advocating a foundation that we strive for. ( ③ ) However, facts and
risky strategy early on, others may begin to think of events are concepts very different from each other. ( ④ )
even more challenging examples, and that leads the Unlike facts, events are dated, tied to space and time,
discussion towards reaching a riskier decision. whereas facts are detached from space and time. ( ⑤ )
Apparently, a fact is not the same as an event; the best
(C) Occasionally, groups reach more risky decisions —
we can say is that a fact is a description of an event, but
they decide to take actions which are more
not the event itself.
challenging or unsafe than they should be.
Sometimes, though, they make choices that are too
cautious.
|16강 04번|
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) 128. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?128)
The extent to which decision making is shared with

|16강 02번|
subordinates or ①concentrated at the top of the hierarchy
differs across organizations. Thus, organizations can vary
Advertising in the United States is a relatively large and from strongly centralized decision-making practices to
stable marketplace with a dollar volume of activity closely highly participatory decision-making practices. In
①tied to the overall health of the economy. The same is participatory decision making, subordinates have much
true of other mature industrialized nations, especially ② more input into ②how decisions are made. Research
those of Western Europe. One significant difference, shows that greater participation in decision making
however, is the way commercial media evolved. In the improves employees’ satisfaction with the decisions, but
United States, radio and television systems began as does not necessarily translate into better group
commercial ventures; in many other countries media were performance. Therefore, research ③has investigated when
largely or completely government supported for years. participatory decision making is most useful, and when it
Different models of commercial support ③are still is less important. When the workers are highly educated,
evolving and the precise configurations vary by country. intelligent, and have considerable expertise in their areas,
This evolution does not mean, however, ④that participatory decision making is more ④effective.
governments are uninvolved in steering the development of Additionally, when the task at hand is highly complex
media. As Joseph Straubhaar observes, television systems and knowledge about local conditions ⑤are important to
are often “stubbornly national,” which ⑤mean advertisers the decision, participatory decision making is important.
must tailor “global” media plans to the regulatory policies Finally, in times of crisis, when the decisions have very
and cultural expectations of individual countries. strong impact, participatory decision making is useful.
*configuration: 형태, 구조 *subordinate: 하급자 **hierarchy: 위계, 계층

**stubbornly: 완강하게, 고집스럽게

|16강 05번|
(B) In order to discover whether a logical statement (i.e.
129. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?129) the logical language) was really true (i.e. agreed with
Insects attract collectors’ attention because they are reality), the statement should be tested against
extremely diverse and often bear spectacular colors. To empirical reality in an experiment. The emphasis on
biologists, however, bright coloration has been a the physical experiment is characteristic of modern
constantly renewed puzzle because it makes an insect a science.
①highly visible prey to prospective predators. Charles (C) Since such a statement happened to be true, it did not
Darwin understood that bright colors or exaggerated forms need to be subjected to experimental testing.
could evolve via sexual selection, the process ②by which However, in modern times it was realized for the
individuals compete for access to mates and fertilization first time that trust in the accord between reality and
opportunities. However, he felt sexual selection could not thinking was based on a grossly exaggerated notion
account for the striking color pattern of nonreproductive of the scope of human reason.
larvae in, for example, Pseudosphinx hawk moth *Weltanschauung: 세계관 **empirical: 경험적인
caterpillars. In a reply to Darwin about this puzzle, Alfred
R. Wallace proposed that bright colors could advertise the ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
distastefulness of the caterpillars to ③experienced ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
predators. Indeed, prey that are not edible to predators are
predicted to gain by exhibiting very recognizable colors;
experienced predators can then correctly identify and ④
subsequently avoid attacking such prey. E. B. Poulton
later developed this idea, expanded ⑤them to other
warning signals (i.e., sounds or smells), and coined the
term aposematism to describe this phenomenon (from the
Greek “away” and “sign”). |16강 01번|
*caterpillar: 애벌레 **larva: 유충, 애벌레 (pl. larvae) 131. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
***Pseudosphinx hawk moth: Pseudosphinx 속(屬)
박각시나방
When we are in groups, we tend to feel that we,
personally, aren’t as ①responsible as we would be if we
were acting on our own. So the decisions that the group
makes can easily become extreme. Occasionally, groups
reach more ②risky decisions — they decide to take
actions which are more challenging or unsafe than they
|16강 06번| should be. Sometimes, though, they make choices that are
130. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? too cautious. It’s known as group polarization: a tendency
130) towards extremes. A lot depends on how the discussions
in the group ③develop. If one person is advocating a
In ancient and medieval times considerable respect was
risky strategy early on, others may begin to think of even
accorded to language by those working in the scientific
more ④satisfied examples, and that leads the discussion
field. According to the ancient metaphysical
towards reaching a riskier decision. But if someone
Weltanschauung, it was believed that the structure of
advocates more cautious approaches at an early stage, this
reality and of thought were so closely allied that they
too can ⑤influence the direction of the discussion,
were interchangeable. A logical statement — not only a
resulting in a more cautious decision than the group
matter of thinking but also of linguistics — was
members might have made individually.
automatically a true statement of reality.
(A) Later again it was realized that even this approach

overrated the importance of thinking: from the outset
research should be directed by experiments, although
that experimental action — like any action —
required the support of logical thought.

|16강 02번| |16강 04번|

132. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 134. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
한 곳은?132) 지 않은 것은? 134)
Different models of commercial support are still The extent to which decision making is shared with
evolving and the precise configurations vary by country. subordinates or concentrated at the top of the hierarchy
differs across organizations. Thus, organizations can ①
Advertising in the United States is a relatively large vary from strongly centralized decision-making practices
and stable marketplace with a dollar volume of activity to highly participatory decision-making practices. In
closely tied to the overall health of the economy. ( ① ) participatory decision making, subordinates have much ②
The same is true of other mature industrialized nations, more input into how decisions are made. Research shows
especially those of Western Europe. ( ② ) One significant that greater participation in decision making ③worsen
difference, however, is the way commercial media employees’ satisfaction with the decisions, but does not
evolved. ( ③ ) In the United States, radio and television necessarily translate into better group performance.
systems began as commercial ventures; in many other Therefore, research has investigated when participatory
countries media were largely or completely government decision making is most useful, and when it is less
supported for years. ( ④ ) This evolution does not mean, important. When the workers are highly educated,
however, that governments are uninvolved in steering the intelligent, and have considerable expertise in their areas,
development of media. ( ⑤ ) As Joseph Straubhaar participatory decision making is more effective.
observes, television systems are often “stubbornly Additionally, when the task at hand is highly ④complex
national,” which means advertisers must tailor “global” and knowledge about local conditions is important to the
media plans to the regulatory policies and cultural decision, participatory decision making is important.
expectations of individual countries. Finally, in times of crisis, when the decisions have very
strong impact, participatory decision making is ⑤useful.
*configuration: 형태, 구조
**stubbornly: 완강하게, 고집스럽게 *subordinate: 하급자 **hierarchy: 위계, 계층
|16강 03번|
Some people think that facts are the same as events,

which they regard as the “objective,” “hard core”
elements of this universe. The main reason for thinking
this is that events seem the best candidates ①to offer us
a rock-solid foundation for our facts. True, events do
happen or do not happen; you can neglect them but not
deny them. So by ②replacing facts with events, we might
think we have found the strong objective foundation ③
where we strive for. However, facts and events are
concepts very different from each other. Unlike facts,
events are dated, tied to space and time, whereas facts are
detached from space and time. It is even ④considered a
fact that certain events did not occur; it is a fact, for
instance, that Darwin did not have a copy of Mendel’s
1866 article in his collection. Apparently, a fact is not the
same as an event; the best we can say ⑤is that a fact is
a description of an event, but not the event itself.

|16강 05번| |16강 06번|

135. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 136. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 136)
한 곳은? 135)
In ancient and medieval times considerable respect was
However, he felt sexual selection could not account for accorded to language by those ①working in the scientific
the striking color pattern of nonreproductive larvae in, for field. According to the ancient metaphysical
example, Pseudosphinx hawk moth caterpillars. Weltanschauung, it was believed that the structure of
reality and of thought were so closely allied ②that they
Insects attract collectors’ attention because they are were interchangeable. A logical statement — not only a
extremely diverse and often bear spectacular colors. To matter of thinking but also of linguistics — ③was
biologists, however, bright coloration has been a automatically a true statement of reality. Since such a
constantly renewed puzzle because it makes an insect a statement happened to be true, it did not need to be
highly visible prey to prospective predators. ( ① ) subjected to experimental testing. However, in modern
Charles Darwin understood that bright colors or times it was realized for the first time that trust in the
exaggerated forms could evolve via sexual selection, the accord between reality and thinking was based on a
process by which individuals compete for access to mates grossly ④exaggerating notion of the scope of human
and fertilization opportunities. ( ② ) In a reply to Darwin reason. In order to discover whether a logical statement
about this puzzle, Alfred R. Wallace proposed that bright (i.e. the logical language) was really true (i.e. agreed with
colors could advertise the distastefulness of the caterpillars reality), the statement should be tested against empirical
to experienced predators. ( ③ ) Indeed, prey that are not reality in an experiment. The emphasis on the physical
edible to predators are predicted to gain by exhibiting experiment is characteristic of modern science. Later again
very recognizable colors; experienced predators can then ⑤it was realized that even this approach overrated the
correctly identify and subsequently avoid attacking such importance of thinking: from the outset research should be
prey. ( ④ ) E. B. Poulton later developed this idea, directed by experiments, although that experimental action
expanded it to other warning signals (i.e., sounds or — like any action — required the support of logical
smells), and coined the term aposematism to describe this thought.
phenomenon (from the Greek “away” and “sign”). ( ⑤ ) *Weltanschauung: 세계관 **empirical: 경험적인
*caterpillar: 애벌레 **larva: 유충, 애벌레 (pl. larvae)
***Pseudosphinx hawk moth: Pseudosphinx 속(屬)
박각시나방

< 17강 >

|17강 01번| |17강 03번|
There are several theories about why older people In Ancient Greece, many private individuals believed in
experience “long-term” time compression so much more the powers of magic, such as farmers who were always
①acute than young people. It has been observed, for dependent on the weather. Even though the use of magic
example, ②that for a twenty-year-old, ten years is half a was widespread in Ancient Greece, there remained an
lifetime, but for a fifty-year-old, the same span represents official caution over its use. We know that the Greek
just 20 percent of one’s life. As we age, a decade authorities believed ①that magic was an activity capable
becomes an ever-smaller proportion of our life experience. of results, but they grew concerned about those who
Others have emphasized the fact ③that, in a ten-year practiced harmful magic. So it was established that those
span, younger people encounter more “turning points” who practiced harmful magic could be punished by civic
than older people. In just ten years, a younger person is action. This may be the reason why magic in the classical
likely to graduate from college, woo and win a mate, world was held in low esteem and ②condemn by
start a family, and buy a house. Older people, in contrast, speakers and writers. Likewise, we find certain
can easily pass a decade ④doing the same job and living intellectuals ③realizing that the power of magic could be
in the same house with the same spouse. The absence of abused. For example, Plato believed that those who sold
frequent life-changing events may partly explain ⑤why spells and curse tablets should ④be punished. Epicurean
older people feel that the later decades seem to pass so and Stoic philosophers also believed that magic ⑤be
quickly. eliminated. This mistrust of magic, along with religion
*compression: 압축 **woo: 구애하다 and a separation of humans from the divine world,
created a need to develop new methods of understanding
the world. It is thus understandable that the Ancient
Greeks created the foundations for philosophy.
*civic: 시민의 **curse tablet: 저주 서판
|17강 02번|
138. 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?138)
|17강 04번|
Social mobility is upward or downward movement in
social position over time in a society. That movement can
be specific to individuals who change social positions or The development psychologist Jerome Kagan ①
to categories of people, such as racial or ethnic groups. measured changes in children’s temperament between the
Social mobility between generations is referred to as ages of 4 months and 7 years. He classified several
intergenerational mobility. The self-made myth suggests healthy 4-month-old infants as high reactors (easily
that social position in the United States is largely up to excited or fearful) or low reactors (relaxed and unafraid),
the individual, implying that mobility is quite common ②depending upon their responses to an unfamiliar
and easy to achieve for those who apply themselves. stimulus. Kagan waved colorful mobiles in front of a
However, what people believe and what is fact are often baby, played a tape saying, “Hello baby, how are you
not the same. A recent experimental study found that doing today?” and ③popping a balloon behind the baby’s
Americans substantially and consistently _______________ head. High reactors moved around violently and cried,
the amount of income mobility and educational access in while low reactors rested or even laughed during the tests.
society. The higher one’s social class, the more likely By the time these infants were 4 years old, some of the
they are to overestimate social mobility. In other words, high reactors were quite shy, subdued, and quiet, while
wealthy Americans tend to subscribe to the belief that others had moved toward the center of Kagan’s
pulling oneself out of poverty is easier than it actually is “shy-bold” continuum. By the age of 7, only 15 percent
and that one’s wealth is a result of hard work and of the initially low reactors ④were enthusiastic, fearless,
initiative, rather than luck or birth. and highly sociable kids, and the rest had moved closer
to the center. None of the high reactors became fearless,
① overestimate ② increase ③ minimize and none of the low reactors became fearful; in other
④ decrease ⑤ underestimate words, environment only moderately ⑤affected the final
outcome.
*temperament: 기질 **subdued: 차분해진

|17강 01번| |17강 03번|

141. 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?141) 143. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 연결사로 가장 적절
한 것은?143)
There are several theories about why older people
experience “long-term” time compression so much more In Ancient Greece, many private individuals believed in
acutely than young people. It has been observed, for the powers of magic, such as farmers who were always
example, that for a twenty-year-old, ten years is half a dependent on the weather. Even though the use of magic
lifetime, but for a fifty-year-old, the same span represents was widespread in Ancient Greece, there remained an
just 20 percent of one’s life. As we age, a decade official caution over its use. We know that the Greek
becomes an ever-smaller proportion of our life experience. authorities believed that magic was an activity capable of
Others have emphasized the fact that, in a ten-year span, results, but they grew concerned about those who
younger people encounter more “turning points” than practiced harmful magic. So it was established that those
older people. In just ten years, a younger person is likely who practiced harmful magic could be punished by civic
to graduate from college, woo and win a mate, start a action. This may be the reason why magic in the classical
family, and buy a house. Older people, in contrast, can world was held in low esteem and condemned by
easily pass a decade doing the same job and living in the speakers and writers. (A) , we find certain
same house with the same spouse. The of intellectuals realizing that the power of magic could be
frequent life-changing events may partly explain why abused. (B) , Plato believed that those who sold
older people feel that the later decades seem to pass so spells and curse tablets should be punished. Epicurean and
quickly. Stoic philosophers also believed that magic should be
*compression: 압축 **woo: 구애하다 eliminated. This mistrust of magic, along with religion
and a separation of humans from the divine world,
① outbreak ② cause ③ number created a need to develop new methods of understanding
④ density ⑤ absence the world. It is thus understandable that the Ancient
Greeks created the foundations for philosophy.
*civic: 시민의 **curse tablet: 저주 서판
(A) (B)
|17강 02번|
① Likewise On the contrary
142. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?142) ② Likewise For example
③ Likewise However
Social mobility is upward or downward movement in
④ However On the contrary
social position over time in a society. That movement can ⑤ However For example
be specific to individuals who change social positions or
to categories of people, such as racial or ethnic groups.
Social mobility between generations ①is referred to as
intergenerational mobility. The self-made myth suggests
that social position in the United States is largely up to
the individual, implying ②that mobility is quite common
and easy to achieve for those who apply themselves.
However, what people believe and what is fact are often
not the same. A recent experimental study found that
Americans substantially and consistently ③overestimate
the amount of income mobility and educational access in
society. The higher one’s social class, the more likely
they are to overestimate social mobility. In other words,
wealthy Americans tend to subscribe to the belief that
pulling oneself out of poverty is easier than it actually ④
does and ⑤that one’s wealth is a result of hard work and
initiative, rather than luck or birth.

< 18강 >

|17강 04번| |18강 01-02번|
144. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 145. 다음 글을 읽고, 어법상 틀린 것을 고르시오. 145)
We do know that the ability to question, whether
The development psychologist Jerome Kagan measured verbally or through other means, is one of the things that
changes in children’s temperament between the ages of 4 separates us from lower primates. Paul Harris, an
months and 7 years. He classified several healthy education professor at Harvard University ①who has
4-month-old infants as high reactors (easily excited or studied questioning in children, observes, “Unlike other
fearful) or low reactors (relaxed and unafraid), depending primates, we humans are designed so that the young look
upon their responses to an ①unfamiliar stimulus. Kagan to the old for cultural information.” He sees this as an
waved ②colorful mobiles in front of a baby, played a important “evolutionary divide” — that from an early age,
tape saying, “Hello baby, how are you doing today?” and even before speech, ②humans will use some form of
popped a balloon behind the baby’s head. High reactors questioning to try to gain information. A child may pick
moved around violently and cried, while low reactors up a kiwi fruit and indicate, through a look or gesture
rested or even ③laughed during the tests. By the time directed at a nearby adult, a desire to know more.
these infants were 4 years old, some of the high reactors Chimpanzees don’t do this; they may “ask” for a treat
were quite shy, subdued, and quiet, while others had through signaling, but it’s a simple request for food, as
moved toward the center of Kagan’s “shy-bold” opposed to an information-seeking question. So then, ③
continuum. By the age of 7, only 15 percent of the one of the primary drivers of questioning are an
initially low reactors were enthusiastic, fearless, and awareness of what we don’t know — which is a form of
highly sociable kids, and the rest had moved ④closer to higher awareness that separates not only man from
the center. None of the high reactors became fearless, and monkey but also the smart and curious person from the
none of the low reactors became fearful; in other words, dullard who doesn’t know or care. ④Good questioners
environment only moderately ⑤effected the final outcome. tend to be aware of, and quite comfortable with, their
*temperament: 기질 **subdued: 차분해진 own ignorance (Richard Saul Wurman, the founder of the
TED Conferences, has been known to brag, “I know more
about my ignorance than you know about yours”). But ⑤
they constantly examine that vast ignorance using the
question flashlight — or, if you prefer, they attack it with
the question spade.
*primate: 영장류 **brag: 호언장담하다 ***spade: 삽

|18강 03-04번| |18강 05-06번|

146. 다음 글을 읽고, (A), (B)에 알맞은 연결사를 고르시 147. 다음 글을 읽고 문맥상 맞지 않는 어휘를 고르시오.147)
오.146)
Humans are motivated, at least in part, by empathy and
You attract whatever you spend time pondering, concern for the welfare of others. We donate blood for
including whatever you love and whatever you fear. Your strangers, contribute to charity, and punish violators of
soul will rise to achieve your highest hope and will also social norms. Chimpanzees are, together with bonobos,
fall to the depths of your basest appetite and your life our closest relatives, and they ①similarly engage in
will be a direct reflection of all your desires. This holds cooperative hunting, comfort victims of aggression, and
true for both your conscious and unconscious thoughts, perform other collective activities. Would they show
which may seem a bit confusing at first. (A) , concern for the welfare of unrelated, familiar chimps if
you may want prosperity and believe that you’re working the benefits were at no cost to themselves?
toward bringing more of it into your life. Your savings Researcher Joan Silk and her collaborators conducted
account, however, remains empty. This is because an experiment with chimps that had lived together for
unconsciously you’re thinking, I’m afraid of poverty, and fifteen years or more. Eighteen chimps were studied, from
I don’t think I’ll ever be rich. Even though you’ve made two different populations with different life histories and
an effort to increase your wealth, your pessimistic exposures to experiments. Pairs of chimps faced each
thinking with respect to money is so ingrained that it other in ②opposing enclosures or sat side by side, and
actually cancels out your positive steps. (B)_________ could see and hear each other. One chimp, the actor, was
with continued effort and vigilance against negative given the choice to pull one of two handles: if the actor
self-talk, you can turn around and create a prosperous pulled the “nice” handle, both the actor and the other
life. The outer world of your circumstances is shaped by chimp got food, and exactly the same portion. If the actor
the inner world of your thoughts. Every seed of thought pulled the “nasty” handle, only the actor received food,
that you allow to fall into your mind and take root and the other chimp got ③nothing. In a control test, only
eventually blossoms into action. And once again, good the actor was present. Which handle did the chimps pull?
thoughts bear sweet fruit, while bad ones bear rotten fruit.
When no other chimp was present, the actors chose
A person doesn’t end up homeless or in jail by the
both options about equally frequently. The chimps didn’t
tyranny of fate or by chance, but as the direct result of
care, and why should they? Yet even when a second
cynical thinking and corrupt desires. Similarly, a model
chimp arrived, the chimps didn’t choose the “nice” option
citizen doesn’t suddenly commit a crime due to a chance
more often. Although they could clearly see the other one
occurrence, but because he or she secretly fostered the
displaying desperate begging gestures, or happily eating
criminal thought for a long time.
the food when it was dispensed, the chimps showed no
*pessimistic: 비관적인, 회의적인 sign of ④empathy. It should be noted that they showed
**vigilance: 경계, 조심 ***tyranny: 횡포, 폭정 no spitefulness either. What mattered to the actors more
than the other chimp was whether the handle for the nice
(A) (B)
option was placed on their right or left side. They had a
① For example However
much stronger preference for the right side than for the
② For example For example happiness of their partner. Chimps simply did not seem to
③ In contrast However care about the welfare of ⑤related group members.
④ Therefore For example
*enclosure: 울타리 안, 담장 안
⑤ Therefore However **dispense: 제공하다, 나눠 주다 ***spitefulness: 악의

|18강 07-08번| |18강 01-02번|

148. 다음 글을 읽고 어법상 맞지 않는 것을 고르시오.148) 149. 다음 글을 읽고 문맥상 맞지 않는 어휘를 고르시오. 149)
The main message from studies of change blindness is We do know that the ability to question, whether
that people can miss obvious changes in what they see verbally or through other means, is one of the things that
and hear. ①Despite this possibility, most people believe separates us from lower primates. Paul Harris, an
they will always notice large changes, that important education professor at Harvard University who has studied
events automatically draw their attention. This erroneous questioning in children, observes, “Unlike other primates,
belief persists because people often do not find out about we humans are designed so that the young look to the
the things they fail to perceive. In addition, the old for cultural information.” He sees this as an ①
phenomenon of change blindness is so counterintuitive ② important “evolutionary divide” — that from an early age,
which few people believe how much they do not see. even before speech, humans will use some form of
Change blindness blindness is people’s unawareness that questioning to try to gain information. A child may pick
they often do not notice apparently obvious changes in up a kiwi fruit and indicate, through a look or gesture ②
their environments. Imagine you are driving up a hill. At directed at a nearby adult, a desire to know more.
the top of the hill, there is an intersection. When you Chimpanzees don’t do this; they may “ask” for a treat
reach the top, ③you see another car heading straight into through signaling, but it’s a simple request for food, as
your lane, and in a flash you swerve to avoid a collision. ③opposed to an information-seeking question. So then,
The other car hits yours, but your last-minute swerve one of the primary drivers of questioning is an awareness
convinces eyewitnesses that you caused the accident by of what we don’t know — which is a form of higher
driving wildly. Change blindness blindness could be a awareness that separates not only man from monkey but
factor in their reports: Perhaps out of a desire to help, the also the smart and curious person from the dullard who
eyewitnesses believe they saw the whole accident, but ④ doesn’t know or care. Good questioners tend to be ④
they may have missed the critical moments because they unaware of, and quite comfortable with, their own
were attending to their own activities. Being aware of ignorance (Richard Saul Wurman, the founder of the TED
change blindness blindness is a critical thinking skill. Conferences, has been known to brag, “I know more
Thinking that we always notice large changes in our about my ignorance than you know about yours”). But
visual field may lead us to perceive things incorrectly, they constantly examine that vast ⑤ignorance using the
such as in erroneously believing something did or did not question flashlight — or, if you prefer, they attack it with
happen. Recognizing the limitations of attention may help the question spade.
prevent us from misleading ourselves about our *primate: 영장류 **brag: 호언장담하다 ***spade: 삽
perceptions. ⑤Knowledge about change blindness should
make us more humble about what we really see and what
we remember.
*counterintuitive: 직관에 반하는
**swerve: 방향을 바꾸다; 방향 전환 **collision: 충돌

|18강 03-04번| |18강 05-06|번

150. 다음 글을 읽고 어법상 틀린 것을 고르시오. 150) 151. 다음 글을 읽고 문법상 맞지 않는 것을 고르시오.151)
You attract whatever you spend time pondering, Humans are motivated, at least in part, by empathy and
including whatever you love and whatever you fear. ①our concern for the welfare of others. We donate blood for
soul will rise to achieve your highest hope and will also strangers, contribute to charity, and punish violators of
fall to the depths of your basest appetite and your life social norms. Chimpanzees are, together with bonobos,
will be a direct reflection of all your desires. This holds our closest relatives, and they similarly engage in
true for both your conscious and unconscious thoughts, ② cooperative hunting, comfort victims of aggression, and ①
which may seem a bit confusing at first. For example, performing other collective activities. Would they show
you may want prosperity and believe that you’re working concern for the welfare of unrelated, familiar chimps if
toward bringing more of it into your life. Your savings the benefits were at no cost to themselves?
account, however, remains empty. This is because Researcher Joan Silk and her collaborators ②conducted
unconsciously you’re thinking, I’m afraid of poverty, and an experiment with chimps that had lived together for
I don’t think I’ll ever be rich. ③Even though you’ve fifteen years or more. Eighteen chimps were studied, from
made an effort to increase your wealth, your pessimistic two different populations with different life histories and
thinking with respect to money is so ingrained that it exposures to experiments. Pairs of chimps faced each
actually cancels out your positive steps. Yet with other in opposing enclosures or sat side by side, and
continued effort and vigilance against negative self-talk, could see and hear each other. One chimp, the actor, ③
you can turn around and create a prosperous life. The was given the choice to pull one of two handles: if the
outer world of your circumstances is shaped by the inner actor pulled the “nice” handle, both the actor and the
world of your thoughts. ④Every seed of thought that you other chimp got food, and exactly the same portion. If the
allow to fall into your mind and take root eventually actor pulled the “nasty” handle, only the actor received
blossom into action. And once again, good thoughts bear food, and the other chimp got nothing. In a control test,
sweet fruit, while bad ones bear rotten fruit. A person only the actor was present. Which handle did the chimps
doesn’t end up homeless or in jail by the tyranny of fate pull?
or by chance, but as the direct result of cynical thinking
When no other chimp was present, the actors chose
and corrupt desires. Similarly, ⑤a model citizen doesn’t
both options about equally frequently. The chimps didn’t
suddenly commit a crime due to a chance occurrence, but
care, and why should they? Yet even when a second
because he or she secretly fostered the criminal thought
chimp arrived, the chimps didn’t choose the “nice” option
for a long time.
more often. Although they could clearly see the other one
*pessimistic: 비관적인, 회의적인 displaying desperate begging gestures, or happily eating
**vigilance: 경계, 조심 ***tyranny: 횡포, 폭정 the food when it was dispensed, the chimps showed no
sign of empathy. It should be noted that they showed no
spitefulness ④either. What mattered to the actors more
than the other chimp ⑤was whether the handle for the
nice option was placed on their right or left side. They
had a much stronger preference for the right side than for
the happiness of their partner. Chimps simply did not
seem to care about the welfare of unrelated group
members.
*enclosure: 울타리 안, 담장 안
**dispense: 제공하다, 나눠 주다 ***spitefulness: 악의

< 19강 >

|18강 07-08번| |19강 01-03번|
152. 다음 빈칸에 적절한 것을 고르시오.152)
153. 다음 글에 드러난 ‘Mum’의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것
The main message from studies of change blindness is
은?153)
that people can miss obvious changes in what they see
and hear. Despite this possibility, most people believe On the day of her arrival, Sally was given a big bone
they will always notice large changes, that important and let into the garden with it, where she soon settled
events automatically draw their attention. This erroneous down and started chewing contentedly. A few minutes
belief persists because people often do not find out about later Mum was distracted by the arrival of a neighbour,
the things they fail to perceive. In addition, the and when she came back into the kitchen and looked out
phenomenon of change blindness is so counterintuitive of the window, she saw, to her horror, her two-year-old
that few people believe how much they do not see. (me) tottering across the grass to the dog and bending
Change blindness blindness is people’s unawareness that down to grab the bone from her jaws. Not having time to
they often do not notice apparently obvious changes in do anything more than yell out of the window, which
their environments. might have triggered a bad reaction from the dog, my
mother could only watch in fear at what might happen
Imagine you are driving up a hill. At the top of the
next. Apparently, after I’d casually reached down and
hill, there is an intersection. When you reach the top, you
grabbed the bone, I walked off with it, with poor Sally
see another car heading straight into your lane, and in a
following along behind me. That moment was the start of
flash you swerve to avoid a collision. The other car hits
a lifelong friendship.
yours, but your last-minute swerve convinces eyewitnesses
that you caused the accident by driving wildly. Change *totter: 아장아장 걷다
blindness blindness could be a factor in their reports:
Perhaps out of a desire to help, the eyewitnesses believe ① excited → satisfied ② delighted → fearful
they saw the whole accident, but they may have missed ③ worried → regretful ④ curious → sorrowful
⑤ frightened → relieved
the critical moments because they were attending to their
own activities.
|19강 04-06번|
Being aware of change blindness blindness is a critical 154. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
thinking skill. Thinking that we always notice large
changes in our visual field may lead us to perceive things
incorrectly, such as in erroneously believing something Mr. Johnson’s three sons worked together in a local
did or did not happen. Recognizing the of trading company. One Monday, Mr. Johnson went down
attention may help prevent us from misleading ourselves to the company to speak to his sons’ manager. The
about our perceptions. Knowledge about change blindness manager came out of his office and introduced himself.
should make us more humble about what we really see “Please come into my office,” he said, and he motioned
and what we remember. for Mr. Johnson to go first. As they walked into the
office, the manager invited him to ①take a seat in the
*counterintuitive: 직관에 반하는
chair in front of the desk. Mr. Johnson sat down, but he
**swerve: 방향을 바꾸다; 방향 전환 **collision: 충돌
seemed to be somewhat ②displeased. The manager asked
① improvements him what he could help him with. “Well, all three of my
② concentrations boys got hired here the same day. All of them have been
③ limitations here the same amount of time, work the same number of
④ simplification hours and even have the ③same position,” Mr. Johnson
⑤ blindness began. “That’s a problem for you?” asked the manager.
“No, it’s not that,” Mr. Johnson continued to explain.
“What I don’t understand is, if they all have the same
position and do the same amount of work, why do they
all make ④identical amounts of money?” The manager
listened to him quietly and fully understood his concerns.
He wanted to ⑤explain everything to Mr. Johnson, but
then decided that it would be easier to show him why
there was a significant difference in the salaries.

|19강 07-09번|
(A) Rob started the project by looking at a lot of data.
155. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 He wanted to see what events were associated with
고르시오.155) boating accidents and he used his knowledge of
statistics to calculate correlations. Other governmental
Through the corner of his eye, Dhira saw two
agencies and departments were generous in sharing
policemen approaching.
data with Rob, and he found many interesting
correlations.
(A) ‘Funny!’ Dhira said to himself. ‘A moment ago he
was in no hurry, but now he is in a great hurry.’ As (B) The boss asked him to help determine some ways to
Dhira was about to shine it with a cloth, he found reduce the number of boating accidents in the state.
something sticking out of it at the back. ‘What can it Rob was excited about this assignment. This was a
be?’ Dhira wondered. He bent his head to take a chance for him to impress his boss by solving a
closer look. ‘My goodness!’ “That’ll do, boy. It’s serious problem.
time,” the man said taking his foot off the stand. (C) The most fascinating thing, though, was that there
Dhira quickly tied the ends of the laces of the two was a very high correlation, in the state of Michigan,
shoes and got up without taking the coin the man between ice-cream consumption and boating accidents.
held out. Rob was quite excited about finding this correlation.
(B) He rushed to the policemen. The man fell flat on his
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
face when he tried to walk. While he was struggling
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
to get up, Dhira was back with the two policemen.
They caught hold of him. Yes, he was the jewel
thief! The gold necklace was found in his shoe and
his ‘beard’ in his pocket. He was taken to the police |19강 01-03번|
station. Dhira was rewarded by the police and by the 157. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
jeweller. His school, too, honoured him with a medal
for his bravery.
Although my family weren’t really all that excited
(C) He was eager to ask them about the theft, but the
about having animals in the house, they’d been ①
customer seemed to have lost his temper. “You, silly
persuaded to take on a two-year-old dog called Sally, a
boy! You’re not doing your job well,” he cried
Bull Terrier-Boxer cross. On the day of her arrival, Sally
glancing quickly at the policemen. So Dhira
was given a big bone and let into the garden with it,
concentrated his attention on polishing the shoe. He
where she soon settled down and started chewing ②
said, “The other shoe, sir.” The man said, “Hurry up,
contentedly. A few minutes later Mum was distracted by
there are only two minutes for the show to begin.”
the arrival of a neighbour, and when she came back into
*accost: 다가와 말을 걸다 the kitchen and looked out of the window, she saw, to
her ③satisfaction, her two-year-old (me) tottering across
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
the grass to the dog and bending down to grab the bone
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
from her jaws. Not having time to do anything more than
yell out of the window, which might have triggered a ④
bad reaction from the dog, my mother could only watch
in fear at what might happen next. Apparently, after I’d
casually reached down and grabbed the bone, I walked
off with it, with poor Sally following along behind me.
|19강 10-12번| That moment was the start of a lifelong ⑤friendship.
156. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 Because Sally was two and I was two when she came to
고르시오.156) the family, we grew up together. She was my constant
escort and guardian.
While working for the state parks management
*totter: 아장아장 걷다
department in Michigan, Rob was told from his boss that
the state had been very concerned recently with the large
number of boating accidents that occur on state lakes and
wished to reduce this number.

saying the passerby went on his way. Dhira was about to

|19강 04-06번| go towards the jewellery shop to find out more details
158. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?158) when a customer accosted him. “Boy, polish my shoes
nicely. There’s no hurry,” he said looking at his
Mr. Johnson’s three sons worked together in a local
wristwatch. The customer was wearing a blue suit and a
trading company. One Monday, Mr. Johnson went down
red tie. He looked like a rich man. Dhira sat down
to the company ①to speak to his sons’ manager. The
immediately to polish his shoes, though his mind was still
manager came out of his office and introduced himself.
on the theft. Through the corner of his eye, Dhira saw
“Please come into my office,” he said, and he motioned
two policemen approaching. He was eager to ask them
for Mr. Johnson to go first. As they walked into the
about the theft, but the customer seemed to have lost his
office, the manager invited him to take a seat in the chair
temper. “You, silly boy! You’re not doing your job well,”
in front of the desk. Mr. Johnson sat down, but he
he cried glancing quickly at the policemen. So Dhira
seemed to be somewhat ②displeased. The manager asked
concentrated his attention on polishing the shoe. He said,
him ③that he could help him with. “Well, all three of
“The other shoe, sir.” The man said, “Hurry up, there are
my boys got hired here the same day. All of them have
only two minutes for the show to begin.” ‘Funny!’ Dhira
been here the same amount of time, work the same
said to himself. ‘A moment ago he was in no hurry, but
number of hours and even ④have the same position,” Mr.
now he is in a great hurry.’ As Dhira was about to shine
Johnson began. “That’s a problem for you?” asked the
it with a cloth, he found something sticking out of it at
manager. “No, it’s not that,” Mr. Johnson continued to
the back. ‘What can it be?’ Dhira wondered. He bent his
explain. “What I don’t understand is, if they all have the
head to take a closer look. ‘My goodness!’ “That’ll do,
same position and do the same amount of work, why do
boy. It’s time,” the man said taking his foot off the stand.
they all make different amounts of money?” The manager
Dhira quickly tied the ends of the laces of the two shoes
listened to him quietly and fully understood his concerns.
and got up without taking the coin the man held out. He
He wanted to explain everything to Mr. Johnson, but then
rushed to the policemen. The man fell flat on his face
decided ⑤that it would be easier to show him why there
when he tried to walk. While he was struggling to get
was a significant difference in the salaries.
up, Dhira was back with the two policemen. They caught
hold of him. Yes, he was the jewel thief! The gold
necklace was found in his shoe and his ‘beard’ in his
pocket. He was taken to the police station. Dhira was
rewarded by the police and by the jeweller. His school,
too, honoured him with a medal for his bravery.
*accost: 다가와 말을 걸다
① Stolen goods were in the thief's pocket.

② A thief's beard became evidence for genetic
identification.
③ It wasn't just the gold necklace that the thief stole from
the jewelry store.
|19강 07-09번| ④ The beard of the thief that people were talking about
159. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 his ‘beard’ in his pocket이 다음 글 was for camouflage.
⑤ The thief almost got caught when he ran away after
에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?159)
stealing accessories.
Dhira was a shoeshine boy. He lost his father when he
was very young and now lived with his mother and
sister. He was a hard working boy. After school, he
would sit near a cinema hall and polish shoes for a
living. One day it was very hot. Dhira sat under a tree
counting his day’s earnings when he overheard a
passerby. “A thief has just escaped from the jewellery
shop.” Dhira stopped counting. He quickly put his money
back in his pocket and asked the passerby, “When?
Where?” “Just now. He stole a gold necklace and
managed to run away. They say he has a beard.” So

< 20강 >

|19강 10-12번| |20강 01번|
While working for the state parks management Leo Lionni, an ①internationally known designer,
department in Michigan, Rob was told from his boss that illustrator, and graphic artist, was born in Holland and
the state had been very ①concerned recently with the lived in Italy until he came to the United States in 1939.
large number of boating accidents that occur on state As a little boy, he would go into the museums in
lakes and wished to reduce this number. The boss asked Amsterdam, and that’s how he taught himself how to
him to help determine some ways to ②reduce the number draw. He got into writing and illustrating children’s books
of boating accidents in the state. Rob was excited about almost ②on purpose. Lionni tore out bits of paper from a
this assignment. This was a chance for him to impress his magazine and used them as characters and made up a
boss by ③solving a serious problem. Rob started the story to ③entertain his grandchildren on a train ride. This
project by looking at a lot of data. He wanted to see story became what we now know as the children’s book
what events were associated with boating accidents and he titled Little Blue and Little Yellow. He became the ④first
used his knowledge of statistics to calculate correlations. children’s author/illustrator to use collage as the main
Other governmental agencies and departments were medium for his illustrations. Lionni wrote and illustrated
generous in sharing data with Rob, and he found many more than 40 children’s books. In 1982, Lionni was ⑤
interesting correlations. The most fascinating thing, diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, but he kept working
though, was that there was a very ④weak correlation, in in drawing, illustrating and teaching. He passed away in
the state of Michigan, between ice-cream consumption and October 1999 in Italy.
boating accidents. Rob was quite excited about finding
this correlation. First, it was a strong correlation. Second,
it seemed like an event the state might be able to do
something about. There were other ⑤strong correlations
with boating accidents, such as the correlation between
boating accidents and temperature, but most of these were
|20강 02번|
things the state had no control over. Rob realized the
state might have some control over ice-cream 162. Thomas Jefferson에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않
consumption. 는 것은?162)
Thomas Jefferson’s knowledge of and passion for all

things agricultural were truly extraordinary. Driven by a
desire to see the South freed from its reliance on cotton,
he was always on the lookout for crops that could replace
it. While touring the south of France in 1787, Jefferson
discovered that Italian rice was preferred to the American
import grown in the Carolinas. Intent on discovering why
this might be so, he took a detour into the Italian region
of Lombardy on a mission of rice reconnaissance (a
journey that, because it required crossing the Alps, was
extremely dangerous at the time). There he discovered
that the good folks of Lombardy were growing a superior
strain of crop — whose export for planting outside of
Italy was a crime punishable by death. Undaunted,
Jefferson sent a small packet of the rice grain to his good
friend James Madison and members of the South Carolina
delegation. Later, he stuffed his pockets with some of the
rice grains, and “walked it” out of the country. The rice
is grown in parts of the United States to this day.
*reconnaissance: 정찰 **strain: 품종
***undaunted: 굴하지 않는

① Jefferson은 남부의 목화를 대체할 작물을 찾고 있었다.

(A) This story became what we now know as the
② 프랑스 남부를 여행하던 중 이탈리아 쌀이 선호되는 것을
발견했다. children’s book titled Little Blue and Little Yellow.
③ 그 이유가 궁금해 쌀 정찰 임무를 띠고 우회해서 이탈리아 He became the first children’s author/illustrator to use
로 갔다. collage as the main medium for his illustrations.
④ Jefferson은 이탈리아에서 벼 낟알을 미국으로 보낸 것이 Lionni wrote and illustrated more than 40 children’s
발각되어 처벌을 받았다. books.
⑤ Jefferson은 약간의 벼 낟알을 가지고 미국으로 돌아왔고
(B) In 1982, Lionni was diagnosed with Parkinson’s
그 벼는 오늘날에도 미국에서 재배된다.
disease, but he kept working in drawing, illustrating
and teaching. He passed away in October 1999 in
Italy.
(C) As a little boy, he would go into the museums in
Amsterdam, and that’s how he taught himself how to
draw. He got into writing and illustrating children’s
|20강 03번|
books almost by accident.
It’s the late 1800s. Anesthesia has just ①been ① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
introduced. Surgeries are on the rise, but a disturbing
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
number of patients are dying due to infection. Joseph
Lister ②is determined to figure out why and what can be
done about it. After much research and thought, he
concludes that Pasteur’s controversial germ theory holds
the key to the mystery. Killing germs in wounds with |20강 02번|
heat ③isn’t an option, however — a completely new 165. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
method is required. Lister guesses that there may be a 지 않은 것은?165)
chemical solution, and later that year, he reads in a
newspaper that the treatment of sewage with a chemical Thomas Jefferson’s knowledge of and passion for all
④called carbolic acid reduced the incidence of disease things agricultural were truly ①extraordinary. Driven by a
among the people and cattle of a nearby small English desire to see the South freed from its reliance on cotton,
town. Lister follows the lead and, in 1865, develops a he was always on the lookout for crops that could ②
successful method of applying carbolic acid to wounds to replace it. While touring the south of France in 1787,
prevent infection. He continues to work along this line Jefferson discovered that Italian rice was preferred to the
and establishes antisepsis as a basic principle of surgery. American ③export grown in the Carolinas. Intent on
Thanks to his discoveries and innovations, amputations discovering why this might be so, he took a detour into
become less frequent, deaths due to infection drop the Italian region of Lombardy on a mission of rice
sharply, and new surgeries previously ⑤are considered reconnaissance (a journey that, because it required
impossible are being routinely planned and executed. crossing the Alps, was extremely dangerous at the time).
There he discovered that the good folks of Lombardy
*anesthesia: 마취(법) **antisepsis: 소독(법)
were growing a superior strain of crop — whose export
***amputation: 절단 (수술)
for planting ④outside of Italy was a crime punishable by
death. Undaunted, Jefferson sent a ⑤small packet of the
rice grain to his good friend James Madison and members
of the South Carolina delegation. Later, he stuffed his
pockets with some of the rice grains, and “walked it” out
of the country. The rice is grown in parts of the United
|20강 01번| States to this day.
164. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 *reconnaissance: 정찰 **strain: 품종
고르시오.164) ***undaunted: 굴하지 않는
Leo Lionni, an internationally known designer,

illustrator, and graphic artist, was born in Holland and
lived in Italy until he came to the United States in 1939.

< 21강 >

|20강 03번| |21강 01번|
166. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 167. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
지 않은 것은?166) 한 곳을 고르시오.167)
It’s the late 1800s. Anesthesia has just been introduced. Under these circumstances, Norway’s national
Surgeries are on the rise, but a disturbing number of awakening was fostered by teaching about the glorious
patients are dying due to ①infection. Joseph Lister is history of Viking times and about the precious liberal
determined to figure out why and what can be done about constitution of 1814.
it. After much research and thought, he concludes that
Pasteur’s controversial germ theory holds the ②key to the
While both history and geography could serve to
mystery. Killing germs in wounds with heat isn’t an
develop nationalistic sentiments, the relative position of
option, however — a completely ③new method is
these two subjects in the educational system largely came
required. Lister guesses that there may be a chemical
to depend on the degree to which either seemed more
solution, and later that year, he reads in a newspaper that
useful in building up the idea of a national identity. ( ①
the treatment of sewage with a chemical called carbolic
) In Germany, with its long history of shifting borders
acid ④reduced the incidence of disease among the people
and divisions into small states, geographical patterns
and cattle of a nearby small English town. Lister follows
associated with the German-speaking lands seemed very
the lead and, in 1865, develops a successful method of
significant, and so geography was seen as very important.
applying carbolic acid to wounds to prevent infection. He
( ② ) Norway, on the other hand, had developed its
continues to work along this line and establishes
educational system during the union of the crowns with
antisepsis as a basic principle of surgery. Thanks to his
Sweden (1814 –1905) and it had no disputed borders. (
discoveries and innovations, amputations become less
③ ) Hence, history predominated over geography. ( ④ )
frequent, deaths due to infection drop sharply, and new
Finland, however, which had also experienced a union of
surgeries previously considered ⑤possible are being
crowns (in this case with Tsarist Russia), lacked a clearly
routinely planned and executed.
discernible glorious past and so geography developed as a
*anesthesia: 마취(법) **antisepsis: 소독(법) relatively more important subject. ( ⑤ ) A pioneering
***amputation: 절단 (수술) research work of great political importance in the Finnish
liberation process, the Atlas of Finland, stressed the
uniqueness of the Finnish lands.
*Tsarist Russia: 제정 러시아 **discernible: 뚜렷한,
분간할 만한

|21강 02번| |21강 01번|

168. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 170. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?170)
While both history and geography could serve to develop
One dimension of ethical theory that needs mentioning nationalistic sentiments, the relative position of these two
is the issue of autonomy of ethics in relation to religion. subjects in the educational system largely came to depend
Many ethical works are written from a religious point of on the degree ①which either seemed more useful in
view, and many concrete moral judgments are influenced building up the idea of a national identity. In Germany,
by religion. A question in ethical theory is whether ethics with its long history of shifting borders and divisions into
has some kind of evidential ①dependence on religion. small states, geographical patterns ②associated with the
Consider the question whether moral knowledge — say, German-speaking lands seemed very significant, and so
that lying is (with certain exceptions) wrong — ②requires geography was seen as very important. Norway, on the
knowing any religious truth. This does not seem so. To other hand, had developed its educational system ③during
say this is not to claim (as some would) that we can the union of the crowns with Sweden (1814 –1905) and it
know moral ③truths even if there are no theological or had no disputed borders. Under these circumstances,
religious truths. The point is theologically ④leaning on Norway’s national awakening ④was fostered by teaching
this matter. It is that knowledge of moral truths does not about the glorious history of Viking times and about the
depend on knowledge of God or of religious truths. This precious liberal constitution of 1814. Hence, history
view that moral knowledge is possible independently of predominated over geography. Finland, however, which had
religion is not ⑤antireligious, and indeed it has often also experienced a union of crowns (in this case with
been held by religiously committed philosophers and by Tsarist Russia), lacked a ⑤clearly discernible glorious past
theologians. and so geography developed as a relatively more important
*theological: 신학적인 subject. A pioneering research work of great political
importance in the Finnish liberation process, the Atlas of
|21강 03번| Finland, stressed the uniqueness of the Finnish lands.
169. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?169) *Tsarist Russia: 제정 러시아 **discernible: 뚜렷한,
분간할 만한
Several factors have been identified as influences on
the development of moral identity, some individual and |21강 02번|
some contextual. At the individual level, things such as
personality, cognitive development, attitudes and values,
and broader self and identity development can impact
moral identity development. For example, those more The point is theologically neutral on this matter.
advanced in cognitive and identity development have
greater capacities for moral identity development. ①Also, One dimension of ethical theory that needs mentioning is
greater appreciation for moral values might facilitate their the issue of autonomy of ethics in relation to religion. Many
subsequent integration into identity. ②At the contextual ethical works are written from a religious point of view, and
level, one important factor is the person’s social structure, many concrete moral judgments are influenced by religion. A
including neighborhood, school, family, and institutions question in ethical theory is whether ethics has some kind of
such as religious, youth, or community organizations. ③ evidential dependence on religion. ( ① ) Consider the
Especially, the social facilities operated by religious question whether moral knowledge — say, that lying is (with
people should focus on the core values of their society in certain exceptions) wrong — requires knowing any religious
forming people who live virtuous lives that would fill the truth. ( ② ) This does not seem so. ( ③ ) To say this is
moral emptiness at the heart of ordinary people. ④For not to claim (as some would) that we can know moral truths
example, a caring and supportive family environment can even if there are no theological or religious truths. ( ④ ) It
facilitate the development of morality and identity, as well is that knowledge of moral truths does not depend on
as the integration of the two into moral identity. ⑤ knowledge of God or of religious truths. ( ⑤ ) This view
Additionally, involvement in religious and youth that moral knowledge is possible independently of religion is
organizations can provide not only moral beliefs systems not antireligious, and indeed it has often been held by
but also opportunities to act on those beliefs (e.g., religiously committed philosophers and by theologians.
through community involvement), which can aid their
*theological: 신학적인
integration into identity.

< 22강 >

|21강 03번| |22강 01번|
172. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?172) 173. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?173)
Several factors ①have been identified as influences on Today we are using some 400 million plus tonnes of
the development of moral identity, some individual and paper per annum in a global population of about seven
some contextual. At the individual level, things such as billion, but if we look at the anticipated population figure
personality, cognitive development, attitudes and values, in 2045 of nine billion, just on that basis alone paper
and broader self and identity development can ②impact production will need to increase by 30 per cent. On top
moral identity development. For example, those ③more of that within our current population not everybody is
advanced in cognitive and identity development have able to get a newspaper or has a book to read, or has
greater capacities for moral identity development. Also, enough exercise books to write on at school. As their
greater appreciation for moral values might facilitate their percentage increases the demand for paper will also
subsequent integration into identity. At the contextual increase. We have limited land and a limited number of
level, one important factor is the person’s social structure, trees, and if we don’t recycle we will not be able to
②including neighborhood, school, family, and institutions supply the 400 million tonnes we need today or meet the
such as religious, youth, or community organizations. For demands of an increasing population. Remember of course
example, a caring and supportive family environment can that within the 400 million tonnes we use today about
facilitate the development of morality and identity, as 200 million tonnes of waste paper is used in its
well as the integration of the two into moral identity. manufacturing; 200 million tonnes of waste paper
Additionally, involvement in religious and youth generates roughly 160 million tonnes of recycled paper.
organizations can provide not only moral beliefs systems Therefore if we didn’t recycle we would only have 240
but also opportunities to act on those beliefs (e.g., million tonnes of paper so there would be a shortfall or
through community involvement), ⑤it can aid their we would have to use more pulp.
integration into identity. *per annum: 1년에
① 종이의 수요와 공급을 예측하는 정책이 필요하다.

② 인구 증가에 따른 다양한 종류의 종이 생산이 필요하다.
③ 종이 재활용 기술을 개발하는데 집중할 시점에 도달했다.
④ 인구 증가와 종이 사용 증가에 따른 종이 재활용이 필요하
다.
⑤ 재활용 종이 생산 시 손실되는 부분을 최소화할 필요가 있
다.

|22강 02번|
(B) Tropical Latin America will see damage to forests
174. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?174) and agricultural areas due to drier climate, while in
South America changes in precipitation patterns and
For years, companies and countries took their rare
the disappearance of glaciers will significantly affect
metal supply lines for granted, unaware of the material
water availability.
makeup of their products. In fact, in 2011, Congress
forced the U.S. military ①to research its supply chains (C) While the richer countries may have the economic
because the Pentagon was having difficulty determining resources to adapt to many of the effects of climate
which ②advanced metals it needed. As the materials that change, without significant aid poorer countries will
make up product components have become more varied be unable to implement preventive measures,
and complex, those who ③rely on sophisticated hardware especially those that rely on the newest technologies.
can no longer afford to remain in the dark. Now, This raises fundamental issues of environmental
corporate and government leaders are realizing how ④ justice in relation to the impact of economic and
importance rare metals are. Indeed, efforts to secure rare political power on environmental policy on a global
metals have sparked a war over the periodic table. In scale.
offices from Tokyo to Washington, D.C., in research and *precipitation: 강우 **equitable: 공평한
development labs from Cambridge, Massachusetts, to
Baotou, China, and in strategic command centers the ① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
world over, new policies and the launching of research ③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
programs are ensuring that nations have access. The ⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
struggle for minor metals ⑤isn’t imminent; it’s already
here and is shaping the relationship between countries as
conflicts over other resources did in the past.
*the Pentagon: 펜타곤(미국의 국방부로, 국방부 건물이
5각형 모양인 데서 유래)
**imminent: 임박한
|22강 01번|
Today we are using some 400 million plus tonnes of

paper per annum in a global population of about seven
billion, but if we look at the ①anticipated population
figure in 2045 of nine billion, just on that basis alone
paper production will need to increase by 30 per cent. On
|22강 03번| top of that within our current population not everybody
175. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 ②is able to get a newspaper or has a book to read, or
한 곳은?175) has enough exercise books to write on at school. As their
percentage increases the demand for paper will also
The effects of climate change will fall most heavily
increase. We have limited land and a limited number of
upon the poor of the world. Regions such as Africa could
trees, and if we don’t recycle we will not be able to
face severely compromised food production and water
supply the 400 million tonnes we need today or meet the
shortages, while coastal areas in South, East, and
demands of an ③increasing population. Remember of
Southeast Asia will be at great risk of flooding.
course that within the 400 million tonnes we use today
about 200 million tonnes of waste paper ④uses in its
(A) The concept of climate justice is a term used for
manufacturing; 200 million tonnes of waste paper
framing global warming as an ethical and political
generates roughly 160 million tonnes of ⑤recycled paper.
issue, rather than one that is purely environmental or
Therefore if we didn’t recycle we would only have 240
physical in nature. The principles of climate justice
million tonnes of paper so there would be a shortfall or
imply an equitable sharing both of the burdens of
we would have to use more pulp.
climate change and the costs of developing policy
*per annum: 1년에
responses.

|22강 02번| |22강 03번|

177. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?177) 178. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?178)
For years, companies and countries took their rare The effects of climate change will fall most heavily
metal supply lines for granted, unaware of the material upon the poor of the world. Regions such as Africa could
makeup of their products. In fact, in 2011, Congress face severely ①compromised food production and water
forced the U.S. military to research its supply chains shortages, while coastal areas in South, East, and
because the Pentagon was having difficulty determining Southeast Asia will be at great risk of flooding. Tropical
which advanced metals it needed. As the materials that Latin America will see damage to forests and agricultural
make up product components have become more varied areas due to drier climate, while in South America
and complex, those who rely on sophisticated hardware changes in precipitation patterns and the disappearance of
can no longer afford to remain in the dark. Now, glaciers will ②significantly affect water availability.
corporate and government leaders are realizing how While the richer countries may have the economic
important rare metals are. Indeed, efforts to secure rare resources to adapt to many of the effects of climate
metals have sparked a war over the periodic table. In change, without significant aid poorer countries will be
offices from Tokyo to Washington, D.C., in research and unable to implement preventive measures, especially ③
development labs from Cambridge, Massachusetts, to those that rely on the newest technologies. This raises
Baotou, China, and in strategic command centers the fundamental issues of environmental justice in relation to
world over, new policies and the launching of research the impact of economic and political power on
programs are ensuring that nations have access. The environmental policy on a global scale. The concept of
struggle for minor metals isn’t imminent; it’s already here climate justice is a term ④to use for framing global
and is shaping the relationship between countries as warming as an ethical and political issue, rather than one
conflicts over other resources did in the past. that is purely environmental or physical in nature. The
*the Pentagon: 펜타곤(미국의 국방부로, 국방부 건물이 principles of climate justice imply an equitable sharing
5각형 모양인 데서 유래) both of the burdens of climate change and the costs of ⑤
**imminent: 임박한 developing policy responses.
*precipitation: 강우 **equitable: 공평한
① 미국방부는 희금속 연구에 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다.
② 희금속 연구 및 개발은 정부보다는 기업이 더 잘 것이다.
③ 희금속 확보를 위해서 국경을 초월하는 노력이 필요하다.
④ 국가와 기업이 희금속 확보를 위해 많은 노력을 하고 있다.
⑤ 희금속 만큼이나 비주류 금속 확보에도 신경을 써야 할 시
대이다.

< 23강 >

|23강 01번| |23강 02번|
179. Organic chemistry에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않 180. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
는 것은?179) 지 않은 것은?180)
Organic chemistry is the part of chemistry that is Humans have used borax for more than four thousand
concerned with the compounds of carbon. That one years. Since the 1800s, it has been mined near Death
element can command a whole division is evidence of Valley, California. Dirt cheap, borax has many ①
carbon’s pregnant mediocrity. Carbon lies at the midpoint industrial uses, but in the home it is used as a natural
of the Periodic Table, the chemist’s map of chemical laundry-cleaning booster, multipurpose cleaner, fungicide,
properties of the elements, and is largely indifferent to the herbicide, and disinfectant. Off-white, odorless, and
relationships it enters into. In particular, it is content to alkaline, borax crystals can be mixed with other cleaning
bond to itself. As a result of its mild and unaggressive agents for added power. Although you certainly wouldn’t
character, it is able to form chains and rings of startling want to eat it, borax is relatively ②safe and is quite
complexity. Startling complexity is exactly what organisms effective without being toxic. It is ③useful in a lot of the
need if they are to be regarded as being alive, and thus ways that baking soda is, but it’s stronger and disinfects
the compounds of carbon are the structural and reactive more, so it’s good for mold, mildew, and deeper dirt. In
infrastructure of life. So extensive are the compounds of general, use baking soda first and use borax only in
carbon, currently numbering in the millions, that it is not situations where something ④milder is needed. It will ⑤
surprising that a whole branch of chemistry has evolved nable you to get even stubborn stains clean without
for their study and has developed special techniques, resorting to toxic chemicals. Borax should not be used
systems of nomenclature, and attitudes. where it might get into food, and it should be safely
*mediocrity: 범용성 **nomenclature: (학술적) 명명법 stored out of the reach of children and pets.
*disinfectant: 소독제 **mildew: 흰곰팡이
① 유기화학은 탄소 화합물과 관련이 있다.
② 탄소는 주기율표의 가장자리에 있다. |23강 03번|
③ 탄소는 복잡한 사슬과 고리를 형성할 수 있다.
181. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
④ 탄소 화합물은 생명체의 구조적이고 반응 적인 하부 구조이
은?181)
다.
⑤ 탄소 화합물은 수백만 개에 달한다. There would be much less to say were it not for space
probes that have visited the giant planets and their moons.
(A) The size of the slight deflection to a probe’s

trajectory as it passes close to a moon enables the
moon’s mass to be determined. Knowing the moon’s
size, it is then easy to work out its density.
(B) Close fly-bys of moons enable detailed imaging, and
usually take the probe close enough to see how the
moon affects the strong magnetic field surrounding
the planet and to detect whether the moon also has
its own magnetic field.
(C) Exploration began with fly-bys (missions that flew
past the planet) but has moved on to the stage of
orbital tours in the case of Jupiter and Saturn, which
have each had a mission that orbited the planet for
several years and that was able to make repeated
close fly-bys of at least the regular satellites.
*probe: 무인 우주 탐사선 **deflection: 편차, 굴절
***trajectory: 궤적
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

|23강 01번| |23강 03번|

182. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?182) 184. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
Organic chemistry is the part of chemistry that is
concerned with the compounds of carbon. ①That one There would be much ①less to say were it not for
element can command a whole division is evidence of space probes that have visited the giant planets and their
carbon’s pregnant mediocrity. Carbon ②lies at the moons. ②Exploration began with fly-bys (missions that
midpoint of the Periodic Table, the chemist’s map of flew past the planet) but has moved on to the stage of
chemical properties of the elements, and is largely orbital tours in the case of Jupiter and Saturn, which have
indifferent to the relationships it enters into. In particular, each had a mission that orbited the planet for several
it is content to bond to ③itself. As a result of its mild years and that was able to make repeated close fly-bys of
and unaggressive character, it is able to form chains and at least the regular satellites. Close fly-bys of moons
rings of startling complexity. Startling complexity is enable ③detailed imaging, and usually take the probe
exactly what organisms need if they are to ④be regarded close enough to see how the moon affects the strong
as being alive, and thus the compounds of carbon are the magnetic field surrounding the planet and to detect
structural and reactive infrastructure of life. So extensive whether the moon also has its own magnetic field. The
are the compounds of carbon, currently numbering in the size of the slight deflection to a probe’s trajectory as it
millions, ⑤which it is not surprising that a whole branch passes close to a moon ④enables the moon’s mass to be
of chemistry has evolved for their study and has determined. Knowing the moon’s size, it is then ⑤hard to
developed special techniques, systems of nomenclature, work out its density.
and attitudes. *probe: 무인 우주 탐사선 **deflection: 편차, 굴절
*mediocrity: 범용성 **nomenclature: (학술적) 명명법 ***trajectory: 궤적
|23강 02번|
183. borax에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?183)
Humans have used borax for more than four thousand

years. Since the 1800s, it has been mined near Death
Valley, California. Dirt cheap, borax has many industrial
uses, but in the home it is used as a natural
laundry-cleaning booster, multipurpose cleaner, fungicide,
herbicide, and disinfectant. Off-white, odorless, and
alkaline, borax crystals can be mixed with other cleaning
agents for added power. Although you certainly wouldn’t
want to eat it, borax is relatively safe and is quite
effective without being toxic. It is useful in a lot of the
ways that baking soda is, but it’s stronger and disinfects
more, so it’s good for mold, mildew, and deeper dirt. In
general, use baking soda first and use borax only in
situations where something stronger is needed. It will
enable you to get even stubborn stains clean without
resorting to toxic chemicals. Borax should not be used
where it might get into food, and it should be safely
stored out of the reach of children and pets.
*disinfectant: 소독제 **mildew: 흰곰팡이
① 1800년대 이후로 Death Valley 인근에서 채굴되었다.

② 공업용으로뿐만 아니라 가정에서도 사용된다.
③ 효능을 더하기 위해 다른 세정제와 혼합될 수 있다.
④ 비교적 안전하고 독성이 없이 꽤 효과적이다.
⑤ 아이와 식물에 닿지 않는 곳에 안전하게 보관되어야 한다.

< 24강 >

|24강 01번| |24강 02번|
185. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? 186. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
185) 지 않은 것은? 186)
The term common pool resources refers to resources If part of the attraction of the community to outsiders
that are available to all, but owned by no one. is its cultural heritage and traditions, that will likely
Nature-based examples include forests, oceans, and vistas, change over time and frequently not for the ①better.
whereas common pool cultural resources can include a Symbols of a historic culture may be ②pervasive, but
community’s song, dance, and traditions. Many tourism only in a make-believe form. Tourist shops on small
products and experiences rely on common pool resources. Pacific islands may sell replicas of native art — all
turned out in huge quantities by manufacturers in other
parts of the world. Plastic Black Forest clocks and Swiss
(A) Hardin asserted that the ignorance of individuals
music boxes are offered to tourists that are mass-produced
using common pool resources will lead to eventual
in Taiwan or China. A commitment to craftsmanship and
depletion of the resource. The potential combined
true local heritage ③vanishes. These false symbols of
impact of individual use of common pool resources is
earlier times contribute to an overly commercial feeling at
an important element of tourism’s sustainable
destinations and a sense that nothing seems real now, and
development.
perhaps never was. A danger lies in the ④loss of a sense
(B) The extent and accessibility of these resources has led of personal identity by residents and a feeling of being
McKean to suggest that common pool resources, in disconnected from their past. Their heritage and culture
addition to being available to anyone, are difficult to now seem ⑤more significant or important. It serves
protect and easy to deplete. Hardin presented the primarily as a commercial front for visitors who buy
initial illustration of this concept in his influential cheap trinkets and watch professionally staged shows that
article titled “The Tragedy of the Commons.” attempt to recreate cultural practices or historic events.
(C) In this article, he described a community that thrives *pervasive: 넘치는 **replica: 복제품
on the growth of its cattle, which graze on communal ***trinket: (값싼) 장신구
pastureland. As demand grows, residents are inclined
to maximize their benefits by ignoring the cumulative
effect of each person grazing an additional head of
cattle on the communal lands.
*deplete: 고갈시키다 **cumulative: 누적하는
***communal: 공동의
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

|24강 03번| |24강 01번|

187. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? 188. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?188)
187)
The term common pool resources refers to resources ①
Physical contests and games in Greek culture influenced that are available to all, but owned by no one.
art, philosophy and the everyday lives of people wealthy Nature-based examples include forests, oceans, and vistas,
enough to train, hire professionals and travel to events. whereas common pool cultural resources can include a
community’s song, dance, and traditions. Many tourism
(A) However, there is one major similarity: they often products and experiences rely on common pool resources.
reproduced dominant patterns of social relations in The extent and accessibility of these resources has led
society as a whole. The power and advantages that McKean to suggest that common pool resources, in
went with being wealthy, male, young and addition to being available to anyone, ②is difficult to
able-bodied in Greek society shaped the games and protect and easy to deplete. Hardin presented the initial
contests in ways that limited the participation of most illustration of this concept in his influential article titled
people. Even the definitions of excellence used to “The Tragedy of the Commons.” In this article, he
evaluate performance reflected the abilities of young described a community that thrives on the growth of its
males. cattle, ③which graze on communal pastureland. As
demand grows, residents are inclined to maximize their
(B) This meant that the abilities of others were
benefits by ignoring the cumulative effect of each person
substandard by definition — if you could not do it as
grazing an additional head of cattle on the communal
a young, able-bodied Greek man did it, you were
lands. Hardin asserted that the ignorance of individuals ④
doing it the wrong way. This legitimized and
using common pool resources will lead to eventual
preserved the privilege enjoyed by a select group of
depletion of the resource. The potential combined impact
men in Greek society.
of individual use of common pool resources ⑤is an
(C) However, Greek contests and games were different important element of tourism’s sustainable development.
from the organized competitive sports of today. First,
*deplete: 고갈시키다 **cumulative: 누적하는
they were grounded in religion; second, they lacked
***communal: 공동의
complex administrative structures; third, they did not
involve measurements and record keeping from event
to event.
*legitimize: 정당화하다
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

|24강 02번| |24강 03번|

189. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 190. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?190)
한 곳은? 189)
Physical contests and games in Greek culture influenced
These false symbols of earlier times contribute to an art, philosophy and the everyday lives of people ①
overly commercial feeling at destinations and a sense that wealthy enough to train, hire professionals and travel to
nothing seems real now, and perhaps never was. events. However, Greek contests and games were different
from the organized competitive sports of today. First, ②
they were grounded in religion; second, they lacked
If part of the attraction of the community to outsiders
complex administrative structures; third, they did not
is its cultural heritage and traditions, that will likely
involve measurements and record keeping from event to
change over time and frequently not for the better.
event. However, there is one major similarity: they often
Symbols of a historic culture may be pervasive, but only
reproduced dominant patterns of social relations in society
in a make-believe form. Tourist shops on small Pacific
as a whole. The power and advantages that went with
islands may sell replicas of native art — all turned out in
being wealthy, male, young and able-bodied in Greek
huge quantities by manufacturers in other parts of the
society ③shaping the games and contests in ways that
world. ( ① ) Plastic Black Forest clocks and Swiss music
limited the participation of most people. Even the
boxes are offered to tourists that are mass-produced in
definitions of excellence used ④to evaluate performance
Taiwan or China. ( ② ) A commitment to craftsmanship
reflected the abilities of young males. This meant that the
and true local heritage vanishes. ( ③ ) A danger lies in
abilities of others were substandard by definition — if
the loss of a sense of personal identity by residents and a
you could not do it as a young, able-bodied Greek man
feeling of being disconnected from their past. ( ④ ) Their
did it, you were doing it the wrong way. This legitimized
heritage and culture now seem less significant or
and preserved the privilege ⑤enjoyed by a select group
important. ( ⑤ ) It serves primarily as a commercial front
of men in Greek society.
for visitors who buy cheap trinkets and watch
professionally staged shows that attempt to recreate *legitimize: 정당화하다
cultural practices or historic events.
*pervasive: 넘치는 **replica: 복제품
***trinket: (값싼) 장신구

< 25강 >

|25강 01번| |25강 02번|
191. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 192. 다음 (A), (B), (C)에서 어법상 올바른 것끼리 짝지어진
고르시오.191) 것은?192)
In the field of musical expertise, there is a dichotomy For a long time photographs were understood to be
of thinking. visible traces, as irrefutable evidence of the existence of
the presented, its “it has been.” Therefore, photographs
(A) Music aptitude tests popular in the early to were initially classified as documents, whether used in the
mid-twentieth century, such as the Seashore Tests of media, in the family album, in books, archives or
Musical Talent and the Music Aptitude Profile, collections. As digitization began to feed into the realm of
attempted to find children who had this musical photography, and the end of the photographic era was
talent. On the other hand, there is a very real feeling proclaimed, it was (A)[its / those] documentary qualities,
that ability in music comes from a disciplined work its “ontology” as a chemical – physical symbol, that
ethic. suddenly lost its persuasive powers. But even if the sting
of digital doubt seems deeply ingrained within the
(B) It would be unacceptable, even for those considered
photographic authenticity and evidence, (B)[many / which]
talented, not to practice. In fact, those who are
of its tasks and uses have hardly changed. When we look
considered talented are expected to practice all the
at a family album created with digital images, closely
more.
inspect the X-rays of a broken foot together with the
(C) On the one hand, there is a widespread perception in doctor, or view the image of the finish of the 100-meter
the general population that expert musicians have finals at the Olympic Games, our trust in photography
innate talent, or giftedness, beyond ordinary abilities. remains. If we trust the use of the images, or more
Talent, as part of the vernacular in the field of precisely, if we assign them persuasive powers via their
music, is usually assumed to be a stable trait — one use, it does not matter (C)[that / whether] they are analog
is either born with musical talent or not. or digital. In other words: We doubt photography, but still
use certain photographs to dispel doubt and produce
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) evidence.
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
*irrefutable: 반박할 수 없는 **ontology: 존재론
***dispel: 떨쳐 버리다
(A) (B) (C)

① its many that
② its which that
③ its many whether
④ those which whether
⑤ those many that

|25강 03번| |25강 02번|

193. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가작 적절 195. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?195)
For a long time photographs were understood to be
In the end, nothing breeds success like success. visible traces, as irrefutable evidence of the existence of
the presented, its “it has been.” Therefore, photographs
were initially classified as documents, whether used in the
Predicting whether a movie will be a success is perhaps
media, in the family album, in books, archives or
the “Holy Grail” of most film-makers and especially the
collections. As digitization began ①to feed into the realm
big movie studios. ( ① ) While critical acclaim is always
of photography, and the end of the photographic era was
welcome, in the end it is important that a movie makes
proclaimed, it was its documentary qualities, its
money. For the big studios — now increasingly owned by
“ontology” as a chemical – physical symbol, that suddenly
massive global corporations — making movies that deliver
②lost its persuasive powers. But even if the sting of
wide profit margins is the ultimate metric of performance.
digital doubt seems deeply ingrained within the
( ② ) Movies increasingly depend on non-theatrical
photographic authenticity and evidence, many of its tasks
sources for revenues. This fact does not diminish the
and uses have ③hardly changed. When we look at a
continuing significance of solid box office performance. (
family album created with digital images, closely inspect
③ ) When a movie hits top spot at the box office, not
the X-rays of a broken foot together with the doctor, or
only does this deliver direct revenue yield, it can further
view the image of the finish of the 100-meter finals at
promote other income sources over time. ( ④ ) A high
the Olympic Games, our trust in photography ④is
public profile means not only that its potential as an
remained. If we trust the use of the images, or more
attractive choice for repeat viewing on other platforms
precisely, if we assign ⑤them persuasive powers via their
increases but that its potential to yield sequels might
use, it does not matter whether they are analog or digital.
increase, too. ( ⑤ ) This maxim is probably the main
In other words: We doubt photography, but still use
reason why the major movie studios really like making
certain photographs to dispel doubt and produce evidence.
sequels to highly successful movies and really like to hire
star actors with a track record of appearing in blockbuster *irrefutable: 반박할 수 없는 **ontology: 존재론
films that generally do well at the box office. ***dispel: 떨쳐 버리다
*Holy Grail: 성배(간절히 원하는 것)

**acclaim: 찬사, 호평 ***metric: 측정 기준
|25강 01번|
194. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분의 어휘의 쓰임이 어색한 것
은?194)
In the field of musical expertise, there is a dichotomy

of thinking. On the one hand, there is a widespread
perception in the general population that expert musicians
have ①inborn talent, or giftedness, beyond ordinary
abilities. Talent, as part of the vernacular in the field of
music, is usually assumed to be a ②stable trait — one is
either born with musical talent or not. Music aptitude tests
popular in the early to mid-twentieth century, such as the
Seashore Tests of Musical Talent and the Music Aptitude
Profile, attempted to ③underestimate children who had
this musical talent. On the other hand, there is a very real
feeling that ability in music comes from a ④well-trained
work ethic. It would be ⑤intolerable, even for those
considered talented, not to practice. In fact, those who are
considered talented are expected to practice all the more.
*dichotomy: (의견 따위의) 양분, 이분
**vernacular: (특정 지역·집단이 쓰는) 말

< 26강 >

|25강 03번| |26강 01번|
196. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 197. 다음 (A), (B), (C)에서 문맥상 올바른 것끼리 짝지어진
지 않은 것은?196) 것은?197)
Predicting whether a movie will be a success is perhaps Learners can improve the effectiveness of their
the “Holy Grail” of most film-makers and especially the attributions through training. In a pioneering study, Carol
big movie studios. While critical acclaim is always ① Susan Dweck, an American psychologist, provided
pleasing, in the end it is important that a movie makes students who demonstrated learned helplessness with both
money. For the big studios — now increasingly owned by successful and unsuccessful experiences. When the
massive global corporations — making movies that deliver students were unsuccessful, the experimenter specifically
wide profit margins is the ultimate metric of performance. stated that the failure was caused by lack of effort or
Movies increasingly ②rely on non-theatrical sources for ineffective strategies. Comparable students were given
revenues. This fact ③diminishes the continuing (A)[similar / dissimilar] experiences but no training. After
significance of solid box office performance. When a 25 sessions, the learners who were counseled about their
movie hits top spot at the box office, not only does this effort and strategies responded more appropriately to
deliver direct revenue yield, it can further ④lead to other failure by persisting longer and (B)[adjusting /
income sources over time. A high public profile means eliminating] their strategies more effectively. Additional
not only that its potential as an attractive choice for research has (C)[confirmed / contradicted] Dweck’s
repeat viewing on other platforms increases but that its findings. Strategy instruction was most effective for
potential to ⑤create sequels might increase, too. In the students who believed that they were already trying hard.
end, nothing breeds success like success. This maxim is This research suggests that teachers can increase students’
probably the main reason why the major movie studios motivation to learn by teaching them learning strategies
really like making sequels to highly successful movies and encouraging them to attribute successes to effort.
and really like to hire star actors with a track record of *attribution: 귀인(歸因, 성공이나 실패의 원인을 찾는
appearing in blockbuster films that generally do well at 행위)
the box office. **corroborate: 입증하다
*Holy Grail: 성배(간절히 원하는 것)
**acclaim: 찬사, 호평 ***metric: 측정 기준 (A) (B) (C)
① similar adjusting confirmed
② similar eliminating confirmed
③ dismilar adjusting confirmed
④ dismilar eliminating contradicted
⑤ similar eliminating contradicted

|26강 02번| |26강 01번|

198. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 200. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?200)
Learners can improve the effectiveness of their
A lot of research discusses what leads to relatively ① attributions through training. In a pioneering study, Carol
lasting acquisition of new knowledge or skills. You won’t Susan Dweck, an American psychologist, provided
be surprised to hear that active learning works far better students who demonstrated learned helplessness ①with
than passive learning. In other words, sitting still in a both successful and unsuccessful experiences. When the
classroom for more than a half hour at a time (no matter students were unsuccessful, the experimenter specifically
how interesting the material) isn’t nearly as potent as stated that the failure ②was caused by lack of effort or
having opportunities to engage ②enthusiastically with the ineffective strategies. Comparable students were given
concepts through discussion, group interaction, practice, similar experiences but no training. After 25 sessions, the
immersion, or some other form of ③first-hand experience. learners who were counseled about their effort and
Likewise, it is absolutely critical for retaining new strategies ③responded more appropriately to failure by
knowledge and skills that all your senses are engaged. It persisting longer and adapting their strategies more
is great to simulate your intellect, but even better if you effectively. Additional research has corroborated Dweck’s
can become involved emotionally, physically, and findings. Strategy instruction was most effective for
interpersonally. In other words, it is ④sufficient to merely students who believed ④that they were already trying
read this material in a book or hear an instructor talk hard. This research suggests that teachers can increase
about it in class. You must also have opportunities to ⑤ students’ motivation to learn by teaching ⑤themselves
exercise the skills and make the ideas your own. learning strategies and encouraging them to attribute
*immersion: 몰입 successes to effort.
***dispel: 떨쳐 버리다 *attribution: 귀인(歸因, 성공이나 실패의 원인을 찾는
행위)
**corroborate: 입증하다
|26강 03번|
고르시오.199)
According to Piaget, organizing, assimilating, and |26강 02번|

accommodating can be viewed as a kind of complex 201. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?201)
balancing act.
A lot of research discusses ①what leads to relatively
permanent acquisition of new knowledge or skills. You
(A) Of course, the level of disequilibrium must be just
won’t be surprised to hear that active learning works far
right or optimal — too little and we aren’t interested
better than passive learning. In other words, sitting still in
in changing, too much and we may be discouraged or
a classroom for more than a half hour at a time (no
anxious and not change.
matter how interesting the material) isn’t nearly as potent
(B) In his theory, the actual changes in thinking take as having opportunities ②to engage actively with the
place through the process of equilibration — the act concepts through discussion, group interaction, practice,
of searching for a balance. Piaget assumed that immersion, or some other form of direct experience.
people continually test the adequacy of their thinking Likewise, it is absolutely critical for retaining new
processes in order to achieve that balance. knowledge and skills ③that all your senses are engaged.
(C) Briefly, the process of equilibration works like this: If It is great to simulate your intellect, but even better if
we apply a particular scheme to an event or situation you can become ④involved emotionally, physically, and
and the scheme works, then equilibrium exists. This interpersonally. In other words, it isn’t enough to merely
motivates us to keep searching for a solution through read this material in a book or ⑤hears an instructor talk
assimilation and accommodation, and thus our about it in class. You must also have opportunities to
thinking changes and moves ahead. practice the skills and make the ideas your own.
*immersion: 몰입
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ***dispel: 떨쳐 버리다
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

< 27강 >

|26강 03번| |27강 01번|
202. 밑줄 친 어휘의 쓰임이 어색한 것을 고르시오202) 203. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
According to Piaget, organizing, assimilating, and
accommodating can be viewed as a kind of complex In many ways it’s difficult to imagine communicating
balancing act. In his theory, the actual changes in without any ①emotion whatsoever. What would
thinking ①break out through the process of equilibration communication stripped of its nonverbal components even
— the act of ②follow after a balance. Piaget assumed look like? Perhaps messaging technology can give us a
that people continually test the ③appropriateness of their clue. After all, who hasn’t experienced a misunderstanding
thinking processes in order to achieve that balance. with someone when exchanging text messages? While
Briefly, the process of equilibration works like this: If we there can be a number of reasons for this, many
apply a particular scheme to an event or situation and the misinterpretations are in fact due to the ②lack of
scheme works, then equilibrium exists. If the scheme nonverbal cues and tone of voice in these
produces a ④gratifying result, then disequilibrium exists, communications. Numerous studies of text messaging and
and we become uncomfortable. This motivates us to keep email support this. A 2005 paper, “Egocentrism Over
searching for a solution through assimilation and E-Mail: Can We Communicate as Well as We Think?”
accommodation, and thus our thinking changes and moves cites studies that showed participants had a 50 percent
ahead. Of course, the level of disequilibrium must be just chance of ③correctly distinguishing whether the tone in
right or ⑤most effective — too little and we aren’t an email was sarcastic or not. If our ability to correctly
interested in changing, too much and we may be ④deduce such information is no better than chance, it’s
discouraged or anxious and not change. ⑤amazing wonder texting often leads to
*assimilation: 동화 misunderstandings.
*egocentrism: 자기중심성 **sarcastic: 비꼬는
***deduce: 추론하다

|27강 02번| |27강 03번|

204. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 205. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
고르시오.204) 지 않은 것은?205)
Social validation means that certain beliefs and values Socio-cultural behaviors arise from the exchange of
are confirmed only by the shared social experience of a information between individuals and, therefore, they are
group. ①closely linked to how the information flows among the
population. In particular, the social ties built and
(A) Those who fail to accept such beliefs and values run maintained in the local neighborhood are useful for
the risk of “excommunication,” of being thrown out solving ②concrete local problems and affect the spread of
of the group. The test of whether they work or not is information and behaviors, playing a key role in
how comfortable and anxiety-free members are when integrating social groups at higher scales. Residential
they abide by them. In these realms, the group learns segregation directly impacts how these social ties of
that certain beliefs and values, as initially physical nearness are displayed, drawing ③a combination
promulgated by prophets, founders, and leaders, on the structure of information flows. We can think of
“work” in the sense of reducing uncertainty in critical the segregation process as a dynamical formation of
areas of the group’s functioning. echo-chambers: social fragmentation over the residential
space encourages individuals ④within a group to interact
(B) Moreover, as they continue to provide meaning and
only with their peers. In this case, the collective behaviors
comfort to group members, they also become
of the socio-cultural space that emerge could clash at
transformed into non-discussible assumptions even
higher scales, as ⑤polarized positions may arise.
though they may not be correlated with actual
performance. *segregation: 분리
**echo-chamber: 반향실(특정한 정보에 갇혀 새로운 정보를
(C) For example, any given culture cannot prove that its
받아들이지 못하는 상황)
religion and moral system are superior to another
***fragmentation: 균열
culture’s religion and moral system, but if the
members reinforce each other’s beliefs and values,
they come to be taken for granted.
*abide by: 준수하다 **promulgate: 전파하다
|27강 01번|
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) 206. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?206)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
In many ways it’s difficult to imagine communicating
without any emotion whatsoever. What would
communication stripped of its nonverbal components even
look like? Perhaps messaging technology can give us a
clue. After all, who hasn’t experienced a misunderstanding
with someone when ①exchanging text messages? While
there can be a number of reasons for this, many
misinterpretations are in fact ②due to the lack of
nonverbal cues and tone of voice in these
communications. Numerous studies of text messaging and
email support this. A 2005 paper, “Egocentrism Over
E-Mail: Can We Communicate as Well as We Think?”
cites studies that showed ③what participants had a 50
percent chance of correctly distinguishing whether the
tone in an email was sarcastic or not. If our ability to
correctly deduce such information ④is no better than
chance, it’s small wonder texting often ⑤leads to
misunderstandings.
*egocentrism: 자기중심성 **sarcastic: 비꼬는
***deduce: 추론하다

|27강 02번| |27강 03번|

207. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 연결사로 가장 적절 208. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?208)
한 것은?207)
Socio-cultural behaviors ①arise from the exchange of
Social validation means that certain beliefs and values information between individuals and, therefore, they are
are confirmed only by the shared social experience of a closely linked to how the information flows among the
group. (A) , any given culture cannot prove that its population. In particular, the social ties built and
religion and moral system are superior to another culture’s maintained in the local neighborhood are useful for
religion and moral system, but if the members reinforce solving concrete local problems and ②affect the spread of
each other’s beliefs and values, they come to be taken for information and behaviors, playing a key role in
granted. Those who fail to accept such beliefs and values integrating social groups at higher scales. Residential
run the risk of “excommunication,” of being thrown out segregation directly impacts how these social ties of
of the group. The test of whether they work or not is physical nearness ③is displayed, drawing boundaries on
how comfortable and anxiety-free members are when they the structure of information flows. We can think of the
abide by them. In these realms, the group learns that segregation process as a dynamical formation of
certain beliefs and values, as initially promulgated by echo-chambers: social fragmentation over the residential
prophets, founders, and leaders, “work” in the sense of space ④encourages individuals within a group to interact
reducing uncertainty in critical areas of the group’s only with their peers. In this case, the collective behaviors
functioning. (B) , as they continue to provide of the socio-cultural space ⑤that emerge could clash at
meaning and comfort to group members, they also higher scales, as polarized positions may arise.
become transformed into non-discussible assumptions even *segregation: 분리
though they may not be correlated with actual **echo-chamber: 반향실(특정한 정보에 갇혀 새로운 정보를
performance. 받아들이지 못하는 상황)
*abide by: 준수하다 **promulgate: 전파하다 ***fragmentation: 균열
(A) (B)
① Therefore Moreover
② Therefore On the contrary
③ However On the contrary
④ For example Moreover
⑤ For example On the contrary

< 28강 >

|28강 01번| |28강 01번|
209. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것 211. 다음 문장이 들어갈 적절한 곳을 찾으시오.211)
은? 209)
For example, a network of orbital satellites operated by
Connecting the current offline population will be a an American spacecraft manufacturer has launched 1,735
difficult undertaking. Many of the remaining unserved satellites into orbit since 2019.
areas are geographically challenging to reach due to rough
terrain or remote location, thus raising providers’ costs
Connecting the current offline population will be a
and pushing broadband services further out of reach of
difficult undertaking. ( ① ) Many of the remaining
low-income households. (A) , more affordable
unserved areas are geographically challenging to reach due
and accessible Internet is becoming a reality in parts of
the world, thanks to satellite technologies emerging as an to rough terrain or remote location, thus raising providers’
alternative to expanding access at lower costs to remote costs and pushing broadband services further out of reach
locations across the planet. (B) , a network of low-income households. ( ② ) However, more
of orbital satellites operated by an American spacecraft affordable and accessible Internet is becoming a reality in
manufacturer has launched 1,735 satellites into orbit since parts of the world, thanks to satellite technologies
2019. According to the company: “The satellite network emerging as an alternative to expanding access at lower
is ideally suited for areas of the globe where connectivity costs to remote locations across the planet. ( ③ )
has typically been a challenge. Unbounded by traditional According to the company: “The satellite network is
ground infrastructure, the network can deliver high-speed ideally suited for areas of the globe where connectivity
broadband Internet to locations where access has been has typically been a challenge. ( ④ ) Unbounded by
unreliable or completely unavailable.” traditional ground infrastructure, the network can deliver
*terrain: 지형, 지역 high-speed broadband Internet to locations where access
**broadband: 광대역, 고속 데이터 통신망 has been unreliable or completely unavailable.” ( ⑤ )
*terrain: 지형, 지역
(A) (B) **broadband: 광대역, 고속 데이터 통신망
① However For example
② Therefore For example
③ For example However
④ However However
⑤ Therefore However
|28강 02번|
Data ①will be generated from everywhere. Cars,

smartphones, bodies, minds, homes, and cities will be
sources of massive amounts of information that will grow
exponentially and flow at an unprecedented speed over
the internet. In the years ahead, the expression “less is
more” will have a greater level of importance as to how
you integrate ②the ocean of insights coming your way
and will aid you to understand the world around you. The
amount of information and media surrounding us will be
impracticable to process and retrieve; ③you can leave
that for the machines, which can process data faster and
more accurately than we can. ④Your job will be to focus
on what matters most to you. ⑤The key to an easy
digital future is not so much accessing a tsunami of data
and how you comprehend and translate it into new
contexts, scenarios, and ideas.
*exponentially: 기하급수적으로
**retrieve: 기억하다, 상기하다

< 29강 >

|28강 02번| |29강 01번|
212. 다음 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바는 무엇인가?212) 213. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 할 때, 빈칸
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 알맞은 것은?213)
Data will be generated from everywhere. Cars,
smartphones, bodies, minds, homes, and cities will be Unless you’re one of those lucky people who only
sources of massive amounts of information that will grow drive new cars, on at least one occasion you’ve probably
exponentially and flow at an unprecedented speed over experienced the painful realization that your car is too old
the internet. In the years ahead, the expression “less is and no longer worth repairing any more. As a car ages,
more” will have a greater level of importance as to how more and more things can go wrong and need fixing. At
you integrate the ocean of insights coming your way and some point, the owner needs to decide: is it worth getting
will aid you to understand the world around you. The this latest issue looked at or is it time to give up on this
amount of information and media surrounding us will be car and find another? The problem is that a lot of money
impracticable to process and retrieve; you can leave that has already been spent on the car, and scrapping it makes
for the machines, which can process data faster and more it seem as if that money has just been wasted, which
accurately than we can. Your job will be to focus on makes it very difficult to choose the best option. It’s a
what matters most to you. The key to an easy digital problem known as entrapment, when a person gets
future is not so much accessing a tsunami of data but trapped into making the wrong decision just because
how you comprehend and translate it into new contexts, they’ve previously invested so much.
scenarios, and ideas. *scrap: 폐기하다
*exponentially: 기하급수적으로
**retrieve: 기억하다, 상기하다 ⇩
Just as the money spent on repairing an old car feels
① Media have a strong influence on the youth. ___(A)___ and you can't get rid of it, you can make a
② It is important to acknowledge side effects of digital ___(B)___ decision if you're tied to an investment that's
media.
already been made.
③ A world is so crowded with digital data that we can’t
process information promptly.
(A) (B)
④ The machine that handles to process is unnecessary due
① wasteful desirable
to helpful websites.
② wasteful undesirable
⑤ The ocean surrounding us is about to have tsunami due
to environmental problem. ③ helpful correct
④ helpful wrong
⑤ useless right

|29강 02번| |29강 01번|

Teams and organizations also have a ‘mental life’. Unless you’re one of those lucky people who only
Most leaders work ①hard to get alignment — getting drive new cars, on at least one occasion you’ve probably
everybody on the same thinking wavelength. But to help experienced the painful realization ①that your car is too
organizations and teams to flourish, leaders must also old and no longer worth repairing any more. As a car
work ②equally hard on getting attunement — getting ages, more and more things can go wrong and ②need
people on the same feeling wavelength, getting the fixing. At some point, the owner needs to decide: is it
purpose of the organization and the meaning of the work worth getting this latest issue ③to look at or is it time to
to resonate with people in a felt way. ‘Felt’ is the give up on this car and find another? The problem is that
important word here. It is relatively easy ③to explain the a lot of money has already been spent on the car, and
purpose and goals of an organization in a cognitive way. scrapping it makes it seem as if that money has just been
But to function at our best, we have to feel the wasted, which makes it very difficult ④to choose the best
connection between what we are being asked ④to do and option. It’s a problem ⑤known as entrapment, when a
some larger purpose of the group. Leaders of flourishing person gets trapped into making the wrong decision just
organizations succeed in making strong feeling because they’ve previously invested so much.
connections between the personal goals and values of the *scrap: 폐기하다
people ⑤worked there and those of the organization, or
even the larger society. The tighter the links in the chain,
the happier the people and the better the results.
*alignment: 일치 **attunement: 동조, 감정 맞추기
***resonate with: ~에게 반향을 불러일으키다
|29강 02번|
|29강 03번|
Teams and organizations also have a ‘mental life’.
Most leaders work hard to get alignment — getting
In the door-in-the-face technique, a large, unreasonable everybody on the ①same thinking wavelength. But to
request is made, ①which is turned down; this is followed help organizations and teams to flourish, leaders must also
by a smaller more reasonable request. People are more work equally hard on getting attunement — getting people
likely to agree to this smaller second request when it is on the same feeling wavelength, getting the purpose of
placed in the context of the more unreasonable request the organization and the meaning of the work to resonate
than if it had been placed at the outset. The success of with people in a felt way. ‘Felt’ is the important word
this technique may be related to the reciprocity social here. It is relatively ②easy to explain the purpose and
norm, the rule that we should pay back in kind ②that we goals of an organization in a cognitive way. But to
receive from others. The person asking for our support or function at our best, we have to feel the ③connection
assistance, appears to ③have made a concession by between what we are being asked to do and some larger
giving up their initial request, for a much smaller one. As purpose of the group. Leaders of flourishing organizations
a result, we feel compelled to reciprocate and agree to the succeed in ④making strong feeling connections between
smaller request. A common application of door-in-the-face the personal goals and values of the people working there
is when teens ask their parents for a large request and those of the organization, or even the larger society.
(attending an out-of-town concert) and then when the The ⑤looser the links in the chain, the happier the
permission is denied, ④asking them for something smaller people and the better the results.
(attending a local concert). Having denied the larger *alignment: 일치 **attunement: 동조, 감정 맞추기
request ⑤increases the likelihood that parents will ***resonate with: ~에게 반향을 불러일으키다
acquiesce in the later, smaller request.
*reciprocate: 화답하다 **concession: 양보
***acquiesce: 묵인하다

< 30강 >

|29강 03번| |30강 01번|
218. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?218) 219. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
은?219)
In the door-in-the-face technique, a large, unreasonable
request is made, which is turned down; this is followed “Capitalism” is generally understood as a market-based,
by a smaller more reasonable request. People are more economic system governed by capital — that is, the
likely to agree to this smaller second request when it is wealth of an individual or an establishment accumulated
placed in the context of the more unreasonable request by or employed in its business activities.
than if it had been placed at the outset. The success of
this technique may be related to the reciprocity social (A) When society accepts capitalism, this view holds, it
norm, the rule that we should pay back in kind what we need not also accept the view that economic freedom
receive from others. The person asking for our support or always has priority over competing conceptions of the
assistance, appears to have made a concession by giving collection and distribution of social goods, or of other
up their initial request, for a much smaller one. As a responsibilities owed to employees, customers, society,
result, we feel compelled to reciprocate and agree to the and the environment.
smaller request. A common application of door-in-the-face
(B) Entrepreneurs and the institutions they create generate
is when teens ask their parents for a large request
the capital with which businesses provide goods,
(attending an out-of-town concert) and then when the
services, and payments to workers. Defenders of
permission is denied, asking them for something smaller
capitalism argue that this system maximally
(attending a local concert). Having denied the larger
distributes social freedoms and desirable resources,
request increases the likelihood that parents will acquiesce
resulting in the best economic outcomes for everyone
in the later, smaller request.
in society.
*reciprocate: 화답하다 **concession: 양보
(C) On this view, business’s only social responsibilities
***acquiesce: 묵인하다
are to maximize legally generated profits. However,
over the past several decades there has been a
① What Teens Ask Parents Most: Attending Local
Concerts significant reaction against this view. It is argued that
② The Main Cause of Conflict between Parents and businesses have responsibilities far beyond following
Children the law and profit making.
③ Which Is More Important to Persuade Others, Emotion *entrepreneur: 기업가
or Reason?
④ Human Social Characteristics: Sacrifice for the benefit
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
of the other person
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
⑤ The secret to a successful request: from a request to be
rejected to a reasonable request.

|30강 02번| |30강 01번|

The relationship between crisis and social change is a
bit like the relationship between a rainstorm and a “Capitalism” is generally understood as a market-based,
mudslide. The rain doesn’t give the mudslide its power economic system governed by capital — that is, the
— that comes from the weight of earth, ➀built up over wealth of an individual or an establishment accumulated
decades. What the rain can do is ➁loosen things up, by or employed in its business activities. Entrepreneurs
creating the conditions for change. Britain’s post-Second and the institutions they create ➀generate the capital with
World War settlement didn’t solve the problems of the which businesses provide goods, services, and payments to
war: ➂it addressed the pent-up problems of the 1930s, workers. ➁Defenders of capitalism argue that this system
and its intellectual ingredients dated back further, to the maximally distributes social freedoms and desirable
opening years of the 1900s. Likewise, America’s New resources, resulting in the best economic outcomes for
Deal of the 1930s ➃triggered by the Great Depression, everyone in society. On this view, business’s only social
but the issues it addressed and the approaches it applied responsibilities are to ➂minimize legally generated profits.
emerged decades before, in the progressive and populist However, over the past several decades there has been a
movements of the 1890s and 1900s. So, if the 2020 significant reaction ➃against this view. It is argued that
pandemic ➄does lead to a radical social renewal, then the businesses have responsibilities far beyond following the
main elements of that renewal will be visible already law and profit making. When society accepts capitalism,
today. this view holds, it need not also ➄accept the view that
*pent-up: 억눌려 있는 economic freedom always has priority over competing
conceptions of the collection and distribution of social
goods, or of other responsibilities owed to employees,
customers, society, and the environment.
*entrepreneur: 기업가
|30강 03번|
221. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?221) |30강 02번|
The characteristics of an agricultural society affected ➀

its long-run growth pattern prior to the Industrial 지 않은 것은?223)
Revolution, while self-sufficiency and land dependency The relationship between crisis and social change is a
limited the motivation to increase the yield. Even though bit ➀like the relationship between a rainstorm and a
some attempts were made ➁to reform agricultural mudslide. The rain doesn’t give the mudslide its power
production, the low level of technologies available could — that comes from the weight of earth, built up over
not capitalize on the effect of those attempts. Moreover, decades. What the rain can do is loosen things up, ➁
inelasticity in demand, instability in supply, and price creating the conditions for change. Britain’s post-Second
divergence prevented the capital accumulation ➂needed World War settlement didn’t solve the problems of the
for reinvestment in agricultural technologies. All of these war: it ➂addressed the pent-up problems of the 1930s,
factors created a vicious circle such ➃that agricultural and its intellectual ingredients dated back further, to the
production could not boom. As a result, the agricultural opening years of the 1900s. Likewise, America’s New
society ➄showed a long-term decelerating growth pattern Deal of the 1930s ➃was triggered by the Great
in history. Depression, but the issues it addressed and the approaches
*inelasticity: 비탄력성 **divergence: 격차, 차이 it applied emerged decades before, in the progressive and
***decelerate: 둔화하다 populist movements of the 1890s and 1900s. So, if the
2020 pandemic does lead to a radical social renewal, then
the main elements of that renewal will be ➄invisible
already today.
*pent-up: 억눌려 있는

< 31강 >

|30강 03번| |31강 01번|
지 않은 것은?224) 고르시오.225)
The characteristics of an agricultural society affected its It is evident that self-esteem has a significant effect on
long-run growth pattern prior to the Industrial Revolution, health — both directly and indirectly. For instance,
while self-sufficiency and land dependency ➀limited the self-esteem is typically considered a key feature of mental
motivation to increase the yield. Even though some health and therefore worth pursuing in its own right.
attempts were made to reform agricultural production, the
➁low level of technologies available could not capitalize (A) Those having low self-esteem are more likely to
on the effect of those attempts. Moreover, inelasticity in conform to interpersonal pressures than those enjoying
demand, instability in supply, and price divergence ➂ high self-esteem with unfortunate consequences when
prevented the capital accumulation needed for such social pressure results in ‘unhealthy behaviour’.
reinvestment in agricultural technologies. All of these In terms of empowerment, though, any unthinking
factors created a ➃vicious circle such that agricultural yielding to social pressure would be considered
production could not boom. As a result, the agricultural unhealthy!
society showed a long-term ➄accelerating growth pattern
(B) Less obviously perhaps, there is strong evidence that
in history.
people enjoying high self-esteem are less willing to
*inelasticity: 비탄력성 **divergence: 격차, 차이 tolerate dissonance and more likely to take rational
action to reduce that dissonance, by, for example,
rejecting unhealthy behaviour.
(C) It may also have an indirect influence through its
contribution to intentions to undertake healthy or
unhealthy actions. For instance, at a commonsense
level, individuals who respect and value themselves
will, other things being equal, seek to look after
themselves by adopting courses of action that prevent
disease.
*dissonance: 부조화 **empowerment: 자율권
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

|31강 02번| |31강 03번|

226. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 227. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
한 곳을 고르시오.226) 한 곳을 고르시오.227)
In addition, these studies provide an insight into the With more than 29,000 dietary supplements on the
biological basis for understanding adolescent thinking and market, consumers have broad access to and are using
behavior. these products.
In recent years, researchers have been trying to Both prescription and over-the-counter drugs are subject
understand the changes that occur in the brain during to strict control by the FDA, including the regulation of
adolescence. ( ① ) Structural brain imaging studies over manufacturing processes, specific requirements for the
the past decade have challenged the belief that structural demonstration of safety and efficacy, as well as
brain development ends in early childhood, revealing that well-defined limits on advertising and labeling claims. (
changes occur through early adulthood. ( ② ) For ① ) Such controls provide assurances to consumers and
example, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of the brain is health care professionals about the quality of the products
responsible for evaluating risk and reward to help guide and contribute to their acceptance as “legitimate”
the person to make a decision. ( ③ ) Imaging studies treatments. ( ② ) The exemption of dietary supplements
have shown that this part of the brain is the last to from these specific regulatory controls may impact their
mature in adolescents, which supports behavioral studies consideration as “legitimate”. ( ③ ) If health care
that show adolescents take greater risks than adults in professionals feel that the quality of dietary supplement
activities such as substance abuse. ( ④ ) Adolescents tend products is lacking, and if they consider dietary
to engage in more reckless behaviors because the area of supplements outside the scope of “prevailing” medical or
the brain that assesses risk and benefits has not pharmacy practice, then physicians and pharmacists will
completely developed yet. ( ⑤ ) These findings, along have a low level of confidence in recommending these
with other studies examining the maturation of other products to their patients for fear of legal action. ( ④ )
regions of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence, Physicians and pharmacists cannot, however, separate
suggest that the spontaneity, short-sightedness, and themselves from the use of dietary supplements. ( ⑤ ) In
risk-taking behaviors associated with adolescence could be fact, a survey of consumers has suggested that
partially biological in nature. approximately 42% of American consumers were using
*ventromedial prefrontal cortex: 복내측시상하핵 complementary and alternative therapies, with 24% of
전전두엽 피질 consumers using plant-based dietary supplements on a
**reckless: 무모한, 무분별한 ***spontaneity: 즉흥성 regular basis.
*efficacy: 효능, 효험 **legitimate: 적법한, 정당한
***exemption: 면제

|31강 01번| |31강 02번|

It is evident that self-esteem has a significant effect on
health — both directly and indirectly. For instance, In recent years, researchers have been trying to
self-esteem is typically considered a key feature of mental understand the changes that occur in the brain during
health and therefore worth ①pursuing in its own right. It adolescence. Structural brain imaging studies over the past
may also have an indirect influence through its decade have ①challenged the belief that structural brain
contribution to intentions to undertake healthy or development ends in early childhood, revealing that
unhealthy actions. For instance, at a commonsense level, changes occur through early adulthood. In addition, these
individuals who respect and value themselves will, other studies provide an insight into the biological basis for
things being equal, ②seek to look after themselves by understanding adolescent thinking and behavior. For
adopting courses of action that prevent disease. Less example, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of the brain is
obviously perhaps, there is strong evidence that people responsible for ②evaluating risk and reward to help guide
enjoying high self-esteem are less willing to tolerate the person to make a decision. Imaging studies have
dissonance and more likely to take rational action ③to shown that this part of the brain is the last to mature in
reduce that dissonance, by, for example, rejecting adolescents, which ③supports behavioral studies that show
unhealthy behaviour. Those having low self-esteem are ④ adolescents take greater risks than adults in activities such
more likely to conform to interpersonal pressures than as substance abuse. Adolescents tend to engage in ④less
those enjoying high self-esteem with unfortunate reckless behaviors because the area of the brain that
consequences when such social pressure results in assesses risk and benefits has not completely developed
‘unhealthy behaviour’. In terms of empowerment, though, yet. These findings, along with other studies examining
any unthinking ⑤yielded to social pressure would be the maturation of other regions of the prefrontal cortex
considered unhealthy! during adolescence, suggest that the spontaneity,
*dissonance: 부조화 **empowerment: 자율권 short-sightedness, and risk-taking behaviors associated with
adolescence could be partially ⑤biological in nature.
*ventromedial prefrontal cortex: 복내측시상하핵
전전두엽 피질
**reckless: 무모한, 무분별한 ***spontaneity: 즉흥성

< TEST 1강 >

|31강 03번| |TEST 1강 1번|
Both prescription and over-the-counter drugs are subject Dear Jimmy Ortan,
to strict control by the FDA, including the regulation of I am a loyal subscriber of your magazine and have
manufacturing processes, specific requirements for the been for over three years now and have always enjoyed
demonstration of safety and efficacy, as well as the articles that you write about. I was really excited
well-defined ①limits on advertising and labeling claims. when I realized that you were going to do a piece on the
Such controls provide ②assurances to consumers and ①charitable organization Open Heart Orphanage Ministry,
health care professionals about the quality of the products which is very close to my heart. I was, however, a little
and contribute to their acceptance as “legitimate” bit disappointed when I read the article and realized that
treatments. The exemption of dietary supplements from there were several ②mistakes in it, especially with regard
these specific regulatory controls may impact their to the history of the group. I feel that a publication’s
consideration as “legitimate”. If health care professionals reputation rests greatly on its ability to provide ③factual
feel that the quality of dietary supplement products is information and, therefore, feel moved to send you
lacking, and if they consider dietary supplements outside corrections that you can use. Moreover, I want to
the scope of “prevailing” medical or pharmacy practice, maintain the ④dishonesty of the history of the Open
then physicians and pharmacists will have a ③high level Heart Orphanage Ministry that has done a lot to improve
of confidence in recommending these products to their the lives of numerous children in Africa. Thank you and
patients for fear of legal action. Physicians and I hope to see a printed correction in your next ⑤issue.
pharmacists cannot, however, ④separate themselves from
Sincerely,
the use of dietary supplements. With more than 29,000
dietary supplements on the market, consumers have ⑤ Ishita Joe
broad access to and are using these products. In fact, a
survey of consumers has suggested that approximately
42% of American consumers were using complementary
and alternative therapies, with 24% of consumers using
plant-based dietary supplements on a regular basis.
*efficacy: 효능, 효험 **legitimate: 적법한, 정당한
***exemption: 면제

|TEST 1강 2번| |TEST 1강 3번|

232. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 233. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?233)
고르시오.232)
Tech eats into sleep time. It doesn’t matter ①if your
Ms. Carter was a teacher who everyone said was so screen is pumping out a restful, warm light and you’re
hard in her grading. She kept telling us in class that she looking at soothing images. If you don’t nod off because
was willing to go over our papers beforehand with us you’re too busy ②look at screens, your sleep will suffer.
during her office hours. At the time I thought, “Well, I I’m sure we’ve all been aimlessly scrolling or working on
don’t think I’ll go to your office and have you chop up something or checking social networking services in an
my paper.” endless loop, but know it’s about time we got some sleep
yet still can’t seem to stop. A straightforward way of
(A) Contrary to my expectation, when I sat down with addressing this problem ③is to set a sleep alarm. You set
her, she was actually really encouraging about it. She an alarm for the morning, so set another for the evening
looked over my entire paper quickly, then sat and too. This is when you have to switch off (in every sense
discussed with me my strong ideas and areas that of the word) and ④start getting ready for bed. You can’t
needed more work. ignore your morning alarm if you want to keep your job,
so the one you set for the evening has to become
(B) She even helped me with the format so I wouldn’t
immovable too. You could swipe-proof your night-time
get docked points on that. Though it took a lot of
sleep alarm by changing the settings on your smartphone
courage and guts for me to enter that office, I’m so
⑤to ban apps after a particular time. That way, you’re
glad I did.
more likely to focus on sleep, not apps.
(C) Then I tried to actually write the paper over the
*soothing: 마음을 진정시키는
weekend, but I found that I was clueless. I hesitantly
**swipe-proof: 손가락으로 화면을 휙 쓸어도 아무 기능도
decided that I would swallow my pride and go to her
작동되지 않게 하다
with my first draft.
*get docked points: 점수를 깎이다
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) |TEST 1강 4번|

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) 234. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
Don’t believe anyone who says that since nature is

based on a ①struggle for life, we need to live like this
as well. Many animals survive not by eliminating each
other or keeping everything for themselves, but by ②
competing and sharing. This applies most definitely to
pack hunters, such as wolves or killer whales, but it also
applies to our closest relatives, the primates. In a study
done at Taï National Park, in Ivory Coast, chimpanzees
took care of group mates ③wounded by leopards; they
licked their mates’ blood, carefully removed dirt, and
waved away flies that came near the wounds. They
protected injured companions and slowed down during
travel in order to ④accommodate them. All of this makes
perfect sense, given that chimpanzees live in groups for a
reason, the same way wolves and humans are group
animals for a reason. If man is wolf to man, he is so in
every sense, not just the ⑤negative one. We would not
be where we are today had our ancestors been socially
aloof.
*aloof: 냉담한


The physical environment directly determines the Namibian communities have been receiving nearly $10
capacity for independent living of anyone with a difficulty million a year from wildlife, says Fred Nelson, a wildlife
or disability (difficulty walking, poor sight, impaired expert ①who spent 11 years in Africa developing wildlife
hearing, etc.). The idea is ①to encourage independent management partnerships. Since the revenues come ②
living through careful attention to architectural and urban primarily from trophy hunting and tourism ventures, local
design and services. In buildings, the absence of lifts or communities had a strong incentive to protect the animals
ramps can make life ②impossibly for the elderly. The and their habitat. These new incentives led to a natural
design of interior traffic and services areas can do the resurgence in wildlife numbers. Even the number of black
same. Outdoors, the absence of public benches, footpaths rhinos in Namibia rose from 707 in 1997 to 1,134 in
③that are too narrow or too high, a road that is 2004. Clearly, property rights to ownership or use and
dangerous to cross, the difficulty or impossibility of freedom to trade ③are among the keys to conservation.
boarding a bus or tram can force someone with impaired These incentives can encourage protection, care, and
mobility to curtail their activities, or ④to stay at home. increased numbers, just as they ④are with cattle. Indeed,
Bad design turns disabilities into handicaps. Poor design after legal action by private rhino holders, a judge in
can ⑤be exacerbated by the “rudeness, insecurity and South Africa lifted the ban on domestic trade in rhino
violence” that can be attendant on going outdoors. If horn. Trade will give those farmers and communities that
these issues are not dealt with, a vicious circle of own rhinos an incentive to protect ⑤them. But where
dependence develops. ownership and trade are prohibited, the protection will be
*curtail: 줄이다 **exacerbate: 더욱 나쁘게 하다 missing and poaching will probably continue.
*trophy hunting: 오락용 야생 동물 사냥
**resurgence: 재증가 ***poach: 밀렵하다
|TEST 1강 6번|
While the term “ecosystem management” began |TEST 1강 9번|

appearing ever more frequently in scientific journals and
government reports, it seemed that no two people could
agree on what it meant, as definitions of ecosystem Robert Boyle (1627-1691) was the fourteenth child of
management and practitioners or advocates of its use ① the first Earl of Cork, who was the ①richest man in
occurred in roughly equal numbers. So it seems strange England. As the founder of modern chemistry, Boyle
that nearly everyone agreed that ecosystem management devoted his life to scientific investigation and
was a good thing. When ecosystem management became methodology. He was well-received at the British Court,
part of the process of ②deciding how to use public land, and a member of the council of the Royal Society, ②
both the environmental community and those concerned although he declined its presidency and the provostship of
with maintaining resource flows took a keen interest in Eton because he did not want to "take oaths." When he
defining ecosystem management in their own terms. ③retired to a house in Pall Mall after a stroke at age 42,
Indeed, one observer suggested that when environmental he maintained his own laboratory. Boyle's goal was to
groups heard the term “ecosystem management” ③it replace Aristotelian mechanics with explanations using just
mainly heard “ecosystem,” while industry groups heard two things: ④matters and motion. He was also a
“management.” This led to the ④unsettling phenomenon champion of the new atomism, or "corpuscular theory."
of resource management agencies, conservationists, and Boyle's most famous works were New Experiments
industry representatives, who generally couldn’t agree on Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air and
what time it was, ⑤singing in unison the praises of Its Effects, The Skeptical Chemist, and The Experimental
ecosystem management at congressional hearings in the History of Colors. He also wrote a religious ⑤novel,
early 1990s. Seraphic Love.
*in unison: 한목소리로

|TEST 1강 12번|
(B) The persistently higher unemployment rates in Europe,
239. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 where the benefits are more generous, also indicate
지 않은 것은?239) that the program pushes the unemployment rate
upward, perhaps by as much as 2 or 3 percentage
Differences in power distance can have an impact on
points.
learners’ perceived position in the course and may result
in some learners not being able to interact as ①equals (C) They also reduce the incentive of the unemployed to
with other learners. Tony Bates, an author and educator, switch occupations or move to another location in
describes how culture influences critical thinking skills, order to find employment. As a result, workers stay
debate, and discussion. In an online environment, learners unemployed longer and the overall unemployment rate
are often ②encouraged to critically evaluate and debate is higher than it would be otherwise.
the content being presented and share their ideas and *empirical: 실증적인 **spike: 급등
knowledge in discussion. Cultural differences may affect
the degree to which individual learners interact and can ① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
interfere with their ability to ③challenge ideas or express ③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
opinions contrary to those of the instructor or other ⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
learners in the class. Cultural differences can also affect
learners who consider the instructor a higher power. If
you participate in discussions and other activities by
offering opinions on a topic or issue, a learner who views
you as a ④lower power may find it difficult to offer
opinions or ideas that are contrary to your opinions.
Instructional activities that are teacher-directed tend to be
best for learners from cultures with higher power distance,
whereas lower power distance cultures ⑤prefer more
learner-directed learning strategies.
|TEST 1강 14번|
The sense of familial and cultural solidarity that comes

with feasting can be very pleasant and reassuring,
rewarding in ways both nutritional and psychological.
Eating to 120 percent full ①is probably a pretty standard
performance at a feast, so over the course of a
million-plus years of feasting, a strong psychological
association likely evolved between ②being extra full and
a sense of social well-being. The importance of social life
|TEST 1강 13번|
to human beings cannot be underestimated. The common
240. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
ancestor we shared with chimpanzees millions of years
은?240) ago ③were likely a highly social species, just as
Unfortunately, unemployment programs have an chimpanzees and we are today. Over the course of our
unintended secondary effect: They increase the evolution, humans gained a tool — language — that has
unemployment rate. The benefits make it less costly for helped our kind to ratchet up all aspects of social life. ④
an unemployed worker to turn down available jobs and Sharing food both on a day-to-day basis and on special
continue searching while receiving the payments. occasions is part of the complex of behaviors that now
defines ⑤how humans are social. In a less profound or
obvious way, occasional overeating may also be part of
(A) In fact, empirical evidence indicates that there is a
this complex.
spike in the number of unemployed workers obtaining
employment just before and immediately after their *ratchet up: ~을 단계별로 향상하다
unemployment benefits are exhausted.


There are a number of ways our selfish behaviour can
be moderated, especially when attention is drawn to us. Many economic laws have been criticized as having
For example, simply looking in a mirror ①forces adults only statistical necessity. Consider the law stating that the
literally to self-reflect, which studies have shown reduces quantity sold varies ①inversely with its price. We can
cheating on a test. This effect of mirrored self-focus on show that it is not universally ②true with a thought
morality is consistent with recent studies ②demonstrating experiment featuring an isolated village of peasants. The
that merely hanging up posters of staring human eyes villagers can subsist on a weekly ration of one pound of
doubled the number of diners that cleaned up after rice and two pounds of beans or can subsist on the tastier
themselves after they had finished their meals. When we and ③more nutritious fare of one pound of rice, one
think we are being watched, we tend to behave ③ pound of beans, and one pound of fish. Rice and beans
ourselves. If the fear of exposure regulates our each cost $1.00 per pound, but a pound of fish costs
transgressions, then religions with an all-seeing God may $1.20. Since the peasants are paid $3.20 a week, they
operate to foster moral behaviour precisely because spend it all on the rice, beans, and fish diet. What
followers think that they are constantly ④observed. Most happens if the price of beans rises to $1.10? (It is ④
of the world’s religions promote prosociality in their possible to buy less than a pound of anything.) Bean
teachings and practices. There is a common assumption sales ⑤double because the only adequate diet becomes
⑤which religions foster kindness and generosity, as the one with one pound of rice and two pounds of beans.
epitomized by the parable of the Good Samaritan in *inversely: 반비례로, 반대로
Christianity. **subsist on: ~으로 연명하다 ***ration: 배급량
*transgression: 위반 (행위)
**epitomize: 전형적으로 보여 주다 ***parable: 비유(담),
우화 |TEST 1강 18번|
고르시오.245)
The confirming-evidence bias not only affects where we

go to collect evidence, but also how we interpret the
evidence we do receive, leading us to give too much
weight to supporting information and too little to
|TEST 1강 16번| conflicting information.
Consider the old saying “ A little learning is a (A) They automatically accepted the supporting
dangerous thing.” As individuals, we are quick to access information and dismissed the conflicting information.
information ①that helps us. But we often lack the ability (B) In one psychological study of this phenomenon, two
to make sense of it, or to use it appropriately. One of us groups — one opposed to and one supporting capital
②has a brother who is a medical doctor. He encounters punishment — each read two reports of carefully
this problem on a daily basis (and we might add, he is conducted research on the effectiveness of the death
not too happy about it). Patients show up with (often penalty as a deterrent to crime.
incorrect) self-diagnoses ③derived from spending a couple
(C) One report concluded that the death penalty was
of hours on the Internet. It is the same in business: senior
effective; the other concluded it was not. Despite
executives second-guess their subordinates ④because their
being exposed to solid scientific information
corporate IT system gives them line of sight down to
supporting counter-arguments, the members of both
detailed plant-level data. At a societal level, people
groups became even more convinced of the validity
believe they have the right to information that is in the
of their own position after reading both reports.
public interest (think Wikileaks), but they are rarely
*deterrent: 억제책
capable of interpreting and ⑤use it in a sensible way.
*line of sight: 시선 ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)


246. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 248. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?248)
To be sure, the Internet is a human invention ①
However, in the sciences we require more precision. reflecting human choices and values. However, it often
looks as if it ②is a separate species with an internal
In our everyday lives we constantly use causal logic of its own. The 1987 stock market crash has been
language. Sometimes this employs the word ‘cause’ (or its blamed on program trading — computers that started
derivatives), for example ‘She went through a red light selling frantically because every other computer was ③
and caused an accident’, or language that implies that selling. The ceaseless war between viruses and antivirus
something was caused, ‘I arrived late because I missed my programs looks eerily like the workings of a biological
flight’. In common speech we do not distinguish between ecosystem. However, even if one posits that the Internet
things caused by human behaviour or non-human events is comparable to a biological species, it’s obvious that it’s
(e.g. the brakes failed and this caused the car to crash). ( not very intelligent. It has primitive ways of “sensing”
① ) Our everyday causal language is good enough for and “reacting,” but it has no self-awareness and no ability
everyday events. ( ② ) Pharmacologists must specify a to formulate ④their own goals. Nor could it ever reach
precise dosage of a drug that will cause the desired effect, such a state on its own. It could, however, be the
or indeed the maximum safe dosage; similarly accident backbone of a sophisticated new organism if physically ⑤
investigators are required to closely specify the integrated with humanity. The Internet would become a
circumstances that caused a crash. ( ③ ) Though in the new nervous system for humanity, and humanity would
social sciences such pricision is not required, or indeed become a new body and executive brain for the Internet.
possible, a causal explanation is expected to go beyond *frantically: 미친 듯이 **eerily: 섬뜩하게
common sense. ( ④ ) Indeed causal explanation is a ***posit: 단정하다
central feature of social science because many, if not
most, questions are about why something is the case. ( ⑤
) Yet specifying what a ‘cause’ is that goes beyond
common sense is not straightforward.
*derivative: 파생어 **pharmacologist: 약리학자
|TEST 1강 22번|
|TEST 1강 20번|
247. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 We frame losses and gains relative to a subjective
지 않은 것은?247) reference point. This means that we are concerned not so
much about absolute wealth, but about our relative wealth.
Observe a single ant and it doesn’t make much sense
For example, if I have bought a house for £150,000, then
— walking in one direction, suddenly careening in
this is likely to become my reference point, ①which is
another for no obvious reason, doubling back on itself.
against this value that I measure any gains or losses. If I
Thoroughly ①uncertain. The same happens with two ants,
sell the house for more than £150,000, then I view this
with a handful of ants. But a colony of ants makes
as a gain; if I sell the house for less than £150,000, then
fantastic sense. Specialized jobs, ②expeditious means of
I view this as a loss. But note that my reference point
exploiting new food sources, complex underground nests
may not remain static over time. If I hear that, on
with temperature ③controlled within a few degrees. And
average, house prices ②have increased by 10 per cent in
critically, there’s no blueprint or central source of
the period since I purchased the property, then I may
command — each individual ant has algorithms for its
shift my reference point and judge ③that I have made a
behaviors. But this is not the wisdom of the crowd,
gain or loss relative to a reference value of £165,000. A
where a bunch of reasonably informed individuals ④excel
parallel situation can occur in stock markets ④where I set
a single expert. The ants aren’t reasonably informed about
the initial reference value according to the purchase price
the big picture. Instead, the behavior algorithms of each
I paid for the shares, but I may shift the reference value
ant consist of a few simple rules for ⑤intercepting with
in the future according to ⑤how the stock market has
the local environment and local ants. And out of this
performed overall.
emerges a highly efficient colony.
*static: 고정된
*careen: (전속력으로) 달리다

|TEST 1강 23번| |TEST 1강 24-25번|

The contribution of culture to progress ①has been In Europe, it was not until the end of the eighteenth
called the ratchet effect, based on an analogy with the century that the musicians’ guilds, which had regulated
tool that permits forward movement but prevents professional musical activities since the early Middle
backward movement. Michael Tomasello, an expert who Ages, ①were replaced by specific trade regulations that
has written extensively about both primate and human allowed and, indeed, forced musicians to offer their
thought capabilities, ②summarizing the effect this way. services to the general public for regular payment. As a
Two things are needed for progress. The first is consequence, a type of ‘all-around musician’ emerged,
innovation: Someone has to come up with a better characterized by the ability to cover a broad repertoire,
solution to a common problem. ③The other is from dance music to folk song, from parlor song to the
preservation: The solution has to be transmitted to others music of the vaudeville theater. This type of all-around
and remembered, so everyone can continue using it even musicianship became a major force in the development of
after the inventor or discoverer has died. Tomasello says popular music. The changes and uncertainties of the
④that nonhuman apes actually are pretty good at coming market and the demands of the consuming audience did
up with novel, creative solutions to problems. For them not permit a strict division of labor among musicians.
(our biological relatives), the problem is with preservation. Songwriters acted customarily as band leaders, and
Even if the solver remembers the solution for a while, performing musicians frequently ②played more than one
and even if a couple of his or her mates copy the instrument. Many musicians were forced into an existence
solution and use ⑤it for a while, it is eventually that hovered uneasily between that of the professional and
forgotten, and the next generation has to start over. that of the semiprofessional. However, with the growth of
*ratchet: 래칫(한쪽 방향으로만 회전하게 되어 있는 urbanization and industrialization, an increasing
톱니바퀴) **analogy: 유사점 specialization ③occurred. Toward the end of the
nineteenth century, popular musicians had clearly defined
areas of work in dance music, in public entertainment and
in music halls or musical theaters. These musicians
frequently relied on a formal training — graduating from
one of the conservatories and then ④leaving the world of
classical music, or taking lessons from one of the many
popular musicians who supported ⑤them by giving
lessons in addition to performing.
*vaudeville: 보드빌(춤과 노래 따위를 곁들인 가볍고
풍자적인 통속 희극)
**hover: 맴돌다 ***conservatory: 음악 학교

|TEST 1강 26-28번| |TEST 1강 1번|

252. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?252) 253. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가작 적절
Some years ago, I was the Director of Admission at a
small private college. I will never forget the time when I feel that a publication’s reputation rests greatly on its
an applicant named John Graham rejected our rejection. ability to provide factual information and, therefore, feel
The college was not particularly selective, but there were moved to send you corrections that you can use.
some minimum requirements for admission and John fell
short on one or two key measures. A week after we sent I am a loyal subscriber of your magazine and have
out our admission decisions, I received a note from him been for over three years now and have always enjoyed
asking us to reconsider. He stated that he ①had not done the articles that you write about. ( ① ) I was really
well in high school because he had to work to help to excited when I realized that you were going to do a piece
support his family. I looked at his application again, but I on the charitable organization Open Heart Orphanage
did not believe he could succeed at our college with his Ministry, which is very close to my heart. ( ② ) I was,
low grades. I wrote “young man, your goal of attending however, a little bit disappointed when I read the article
college is commendable, but there are many other options and realized that there were several mistakes in it,
for you beyond our institution. For example, you might especially with regard to the history of the group. ( ③ )
attend a community college and strengthen your academic Moreover, I want to maintain the integrity of the history
foundation and then apply to transfer to our college later.” of the Open Heart Orphanage Ministry that has done a lot
Weeks went by and then I received another note from to improve the lives of numerous children in Africa. ( ④
him: “Dear Sir, I asked that you reconsider your decision ) Thank you and I hope to see a printed correction in
not to admit me to your college. I failed to mention ② your next issue. ( ⑤ )
that your college is my first choice school and I have not
applied anywhere else. For these reasons and others, I
must inform you ③what I cannot accept your rejection. I
do hope that it does not inconvenience the college too
much but please expect to see me at the school opening
in the fall.” The next time I encountered the young man, |TEST 1강 2번|
he was in the group at freshman orientation. He had 254. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
found his way to campus and met with some of the staff 지 않은 것은?254)
in the Counseling Office. They were so impressed with
Ms. Carter was a teacher who everyone said was so ①
his story and his determination ④that they walked him
hard in her grading. She kept telling us in class that she
over to the admission office and personally advocated for
was willing to go over our papers beforehand with us
his acceptance. How could I stand in the way of a young
during her office hours. At the time I thought, “Well, I
person with that ⑤much drive and commitment to reach
don’t think I’ll go to your office and have you chop up
his goal? He got in! His admission was conditional and
my paper.” Then I tried to actually write the paper over
he had to work harder than most students, but he
the weekend, but I found that I was ②clueless. I
succeeded.
hesitantly decided that I would swallow my pride and go
to her with my first draft. Contrary to my expectation,
when I sat down with her, she was actually really ③
discouraging about it. She looked over my entire paper
quickly, then sat and discussed with me my ④strong
ideas and areas that needed more work. She even helped
me with the format so I wouldn’t get docked points on
that. Though it took a lot of courage and ⑤guts for me
to enter that office, I’m so glad I did.
*get docked points: 점수를 깎이다


255. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가작 적절 257. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
한 곳을 고르시오.255) 한 곳은? 257)
This is when you have to switch off (in every sense of The design of interior traffic and services areas can do
the word) and start getting ready for bed. the same.
Tech eats into sleep time. It doesn’t matter if your The physical environment directly determines the
screen is pumping out a restful, warm light and you’re capacity for independent living of anyone with a difficulty
looking at soothing images. ( ① ) If you don’t nod off or disability (difficulty walking, poor sight, impaired
because you’re too busy looking at screens, your sleep hearing, etc.). The idea is to encourage independent living
will suffer. ( ② ) I’m sure we’ve all been aimlessly through careful attention to architectural and urban design
scrolling or working on something or checking social and services. ( ① ) In buildings, the absence of lifts or
networking services in an endless loop, but know it’s ramps can make life impossible for the elderly. ( ② )
about time we got some sleep yet still can’t seem to stop. Outdoors, the absence of public benches, footpaths that are
( ③ ) A straightforward way of addressing this problem too narrow or too high, a road that is dangerous to cross,
is to set a sleep alarm. You set an alarm for the morning, the difficulty or impossibility of boarding a bus or tram
so set another for the evening too. ( ④ ) You can’t can force someone with impaired mobility to curtail their
ignore your morning alarm if you want to keep your job, activities, or to stay at home. ( ③ ) Bad design turns
so the one you set for the evening has to become disabilities into handicaps. ( ④ ) Poor design can be
immovable too. ( ⑤ ) You could swipe-proof your exacerbated by the “rudeness, insecurity and violence” that
night-time sleep alarm by changing the settings on your can be attendant on going outdoors. ( ⑤ ) If these issues
smartphone to ban apps after a particular time. That way, are not dealt with, a vicious circle of dependence develops.
you’re more likely to focus on sleep, not apps.
*curtail: 줄이다 **exacerbate: 더욱 나쁘게 하다
*soothing: 마음을 진정시키는
**swipe-proof: 손가락으로 화면을 휙 쓸어도 아무 기능도 |TEST 1강 6번|
작동되지 않게 하다 258. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
지 않은 것은? 258)
|TEST 1강 4번|
256. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?256) While the term “ecosystem management” began
appearing ever more frequently in scientific journals and
Don't believe anyone who says that since nature is government reports, it seemed that no two people could
based on a struggle for life, we ①need to live like this ①agree on what it meant, as definitions of ecosystem
as well. Many animals ②survive not by eliminating each management and practitioners or advocates of its use
other or keeping everything for themselves, but by occurred in roughly equal numbers. So it seems ②
cooperating and sharing. This applies most definitely to obvious that nearly everyone agreed that ecosystem
pack hunters, such as wolves or killer whales, but it also management was a good thing. When ecosystem
applies to our closest relatives, the primates. In a study management became part of the process of deciding how
done at Tai National Park, in Ivory Coast, chimpanzees to use public land, both the environmental community and
took care of group mates wounded by leopards; they those concerned with maintaining resource flows took a
licked their mates' blood, carefully removed dirt, and keen interest in defining ecosystem management in their
waved away flies that came near the wounds. They own ③terms. Indeed, one observer suggested that when
protected injured companions and ③slowing down during environmental groups heard the term “ecosystem
travel in order to accommodate them. All of this makes management” they mainly heard “ecosystem,” while
perfect sense, given that chimpanzees live in groups for a industry groups heard “management.” This led to the ④
reason, the same way wolves and humans are group unsettling phenomenon of resource management agencies,
animals for a reason. If man is wolf to man, he is so in conservationists, and industry representatives, who
every sense, not just the negative ④one. We would not generally couldn’t agree on what time it was, singing in
be where we are today had our ancestors ⑤been socially unison the ⑤praises of ecosystem management at
aloof. congressional hearings in the early 1990s.
*aloof: 냉담한 *in unison: 한목소리로


259. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 259) 261. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
은?261)
Namibian communities have been receiving nearly $10
million a year from wildlife, says Fred Nelson, a wildlife Differences in power distance can have an impact on
expert who spent 11 years in Africa developing wildlife learners’ perceived position in the course and may result
management partnerships. Since the revenues come in some learners not being able to interact as equals with
primarily from trophy hunting and tourism ventures, local other learners. Tony Bates, an author and educator,
communities had a strong incentive to protect the animals describes how culture influences critical thinking skills,
and their habitat. These new incentives led to a natural debate, and discussion.
resurgence in wildlife numbers. Even the number of black
rhinos in Namibia rose from 707 in 1997 to 1,134 in (A) Cultural differences can also affect learners who
2004. Clearly, property rights to ownership or use and consider the instructor a higher power. If you
freedom to trade are among the keys to . participate in discussions and other activities by
These incentives can encourage protection, care, and offering opinions on a topic or issue, a learner who
increased numbers, just as they do with cattle. Indeed, views you as a higher power may find it difficult to
after legal action by private rhino holders, a judge in offer opinions or ideas that are contrary to your
South Africa lifted the ban on domestic trade in rhino opinions.
horn. Trade will give those farmers and communities that
(B) In an online environment, learners are often
own rhinos an incentive to protect them. But where
encouraged to critically evaluate and debate the
ownership and trade are prohibited, the protection will be
content being presented and share their ideas and
missing and poaching will probably continue.
knowledge in discussion. Cultural differences may
*trophy hunting: 오락용 야생 동물 사냥 affect the degree to which individual learners interact
**resurgence: 재증가 ***poach: 밀렵하다 and can interfere with their ability to challenge ideas
or express opinions contrary to those of the instructor
① extinction ② incentives or other learners in the class.
③ partnership ④ conservation
⑤ deforestation (C) Instructional activities that are teacher-directed tend to
be best for learners from cultures with higher power
distance, whereas lower power distance cultures prefer
|TEST 1강 9번| more learner-directed learning strategies.
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
Robert Boyle (1627-1691) was the fourteenth child of ⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
the first Earl of Cork, who was the richest man in
England. As the founder of modern chemistry, Boyle
devoted his life to scientific investigation and
methodology. He was well-received at the British Court,
and a member of the council of the Royal Society, ①
although he declined its presidency and the provostship of
Eton because he did not want to "take oaths." When he
retired to a house in Pall Mall after a stroke at age 42,
he ②maintained his own laboratory. Boyle's goal was to
replace Aristotelian mechanics with explanations using just
two things: ③present and motion. He was also a
champion of the ④new atomism, or "corpuscular theory."
Boyle's most famous works were New Experiments
Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air and
Its Effects, The Skeptical Chemist, and The Experimental
History of Colors. He also wrote a religious ⑤novel,
Seraphic Love.


Unfortunately, unemployment programs have an
unintended secondary effect: They increase the There are a number of ways our selfish behaviour can
unemployment rate. The benefits make ①it less costly for be ①moderated, especially when attention is drawn to us.
an unemployed worker to turn down available jobs and For example, simply looking in a mirror forces adults
continue searching while receiving the payments. They literally to self-reflect, which studies have shown reduces
also reduce the incentive of the unemployed ②to switch cheating on a test. This effect of mirrored self-focus on
occupations or move to another location in order to find morality is ②consistent with recent studies demonstrating
employment. As a result, workers stay unemployed longer that merely hanging up posters of staring human eyes
and the overall unemployment rate is higher than it would doubled the number of diners that cleaned up after
be otherwise. In fact, empirical evidence indicates that themselves after they had finished their meals. When we
there is a spike in the number of unemployed workers ③ think we are being ③ignored, we tend to behave
obtain employment just before and immediately after their ourselves. If the fear of exposure regulates our
unemployment benefits are exhausted. The persistently transgressions, then religions with an all-seeing God may
higher unemployment rates in Europe, ④where the operate to foster ④moral behaviour precisely because
benefits are more generous, also indicate that the program followers think that they are constantly observed. Most of
pushes the unemployment rate upward, perhaps by as ⑤ the world’s religions promote prosociality in their
much as 2 or 3 percentage points. teachings and practices. There is a common assumption
*empirical: 실증적인 **spike: 급등 that religions ⑤foster kindness and generosity, as
epitomized by the parable of the Good Samaritan in
Christianity.
|TEST 1강 14번| *transgression: 위반 (행위)
263. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?263) **epitomize: 전형적으로 보여 주다 ***parable: 비유(담),
우화
The sense of familial and cultural solidarity that comes
with feasting can be very pleasant and reassuring,
rewarding in ways both nutritional and psychological.
|TEST 1강 16번|
(A) Sharing food both on a day-to-day basis and on 265. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
special occasions is part of the complex of behaviors 지 않은 것은?265)
that now defines how humans are social. In a less
profound or obvious way, occasional overeating may Consider the old saying “ A little learning is a
also be part of this complex. dangerous thing.” As individuals, we are quick to access
information that helps us. But we often ① lack the ability
(B) Eating to 120 percent full is probably a pretty
to make sense of it, or to use it appropriately. One of us
standard performance at a feast, so over the course of
has a brother who is a medical doctor. He ② encounters
a million-plus years of feasting, a strong
this problem on a daily basis (and we might add, he is
psychological association likely evolved between
not too happy about it). Patients show up with (often
being extra full and a sense of social well-being.
incorrect) ③ self-diagnoses derived from spending a
(C) The importance of social life to human beings cannot couple of hours on the Internet. It is the same in
be underestimated. The common ancestor we shared business: senior executives second-guess their subordinates
with chimpanzees millions of years ago was likely a because their corporate IT system gives them line of sight
highly social species, just as chimpanzees and we are down to ④ undetailed plant-level data. At a societal
today. Over the course of our evolution, humans level, people believe they have the right to information
gained a tool — language — that has helped our that is in the public interest (think Wikileaks), but they
kind to ratchet up all aspects of social life. are ⑤ rarely capable of interpreting and using it in a
*ratchet up: ~을 단계별로 향상하다 sensible way.
*line of sight: 시선
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)


Many economic laws have ① been criticized as having In our everyday lives we constantly use causal
only statistical necessity. Consider the law stating that the language. Sometimes this employs the word ‘cause’ (or its
quantity ② sold varies inversely with its price. We can derivatives), for example ‘She went through a red light
show that it is not universally true with a thought and caused an accident’, or language that implies ①that
experiment ③ featuring an isolated village of peasants. something was caused, ‘I arrived late because I missed
The villagers can subsist on a weekly ration of one pound my flight’. In common speech we do not distinguish
of rice and two pounds of beans or can subsist on the between things ②caused by human behaviour or
tastier and more nutritious fare of one pound of rice, one non-human events (e.g. the brakes failed and this caused
pound of beans, and one pound of fish. Rice and beans the car to crash). Our everyday causal language is good
each cost $1.00 per pound, but a pound of fish costs enough for everyday events. However, in the sciences we
$1.20. Since the peasants ④ pay $3.20 a week, they require more precision. Pharmacologists must specify a
spend it all on the rice, beans, and fish diet. What precise dosage of a drug that will cause the desired
happens if the price of beans rises to $1.10? (It is effect, or indeed the maximum safe dosage; similarly
impossible to buy less than a pound of anything.) Bean accident investigators ③are required to closely specify the
sales double ⑤ because the only adequate diet becomes circumstances that caused a crash. ④Despite in the social
the one with one pound of rice and two pounds of beans. sciences such pricision is not required, or indeed possible,
*inversely: 반비례로, 반대로 a causal explanation is expected to go beyond common
**subsist on: ~으로 연명하다 ***ration: 배급량 sense. Indeed causal explanation is a central feature of
social science because many, if not most, questions are
about why something is the case. Yet specifying ⑤what a
‘cause’ is that goes beyond common sense is not
straightforward.
|TEST 1강 18번|
*derivative: 파생어 **pharmacologist: 약리학자
267. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?267)
The confirming-evidence bias not only affects where we

go to collect evidence, but also how we interpret the |TEST 1강 20번|
evidence we do receive, leading us to give too much
269. 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것은?269)
weight to supporting information and too little to
conflicting information. In one psychological study of this Observe a single ant and it doesn’t make much sense
phenomenon, two groups — one opposed to and one — walking in one direction, suddenly careening in
supporting capital punishment — each read two reports of another for no obvious reason, ①doubling back on itself.
carefully conducted research on the effectiveness of the Thoroughly unpredictable. The same happens with two
death penalty as a deterrent to crime. One report ants, with a handful of ants. But a colony of ants makes
concluded that the death penalty was effective; the other fantastic sense. Specialized jobs, efficient means of
concluded it was not. Despite being exposed to solid exploiting new food sources, complex underground nests
scientific information supporting counter-arguments, the with temperature regulated within a few degrees. And
members of both groups became even more convinced of critically, there’s no blueprint or central source of ②
the of their own position after reading commanding — each individual ant has algorithms for ③
both reports. They automatically accepted the supporting its behaviors. But this is not the wisdom of the crowd, ④
information and dismissed the conflicting information. that a bunch of reasonably informed individuals
*deterrent: 억제책 outperform a single expert. The ants aren’t reasonably
informed about the big picture. Instead, the behavior
① error ② validity algorithms of each ant consist of a few simple rules for
③ confidence ④ uncertainty interacting with the local environment and local ants. And
⑤ incompetence out of this emerges a ⑤highly efficient colony.
*careen: (전속력으로) 달리다


270. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 271. 밑줄 친 부분 중 어휘의 쓰임이 어색한 것은?271)
고르시오.270)
We frame losses and gains relative to a ①personal
To be sure, the Internet is a human invention reflecting reference point. This means that we are concerned not so
human choices and values. much about absolute wealth, but about our relative wealth.
For example, if I have bought a house for £150,000, then
this is likely to become my reference point, and it is
(A) However, even if one posits that the Internet is
against this value that I measure any gains or losses. If I
comparable to a biological species, it’s obvious that
sell the house for more than £150,000, then I view this
it’s not very intelligent. It has primitive ways of
as a gain; if I sell the house for less than £150,000, then
“sensing” and “reacting,” but it has no self-awareness
I view this as a loss. But note that my reference point
and no ability to formulate its own goals.
may not remain ②invariable over time. If I hear that, on
(B) Nor could it ever reach such a state on its own. It average, house prices have increased by 10 per cent in
could, however, be the backbone of a sophisticated the period since I purchased the property, then I may ③
new organism if physically integrated with humanity. preserve my reference point and judge whether I have
The Internet would become a new nervous system for made a gain or loss relative to a reference value of
humanity, and humanity would become a new body £165,000. A parallel situation can occur in stock markets
and executive brain for the Internet. where I set the ④primary reference value according to
(C) However, it often looks as if it is a separate species the purchase price I paid for the shares, but I may ⑤
with an internal logic of its own. The 1987 stock switch the reference value in the future according to how
market crash has been blamed on program trading — the stock market has performed overall.
computers that started selling frantically because
every other computer was selling. The ceaseless war
between viruses and antivirus programs looks eerily
like the workings of a biological ecosystem. |TEST 1강 23번|
*frantically: 미친 듯이 **eerily: 섬뜩하게

272. 밑줄 친 어휘의 쓰임이 어색한 것은?272)
***posit: 단정하다 The contribution of culture to progress has been called

the ratchet effect, based on an analogy with the tool that
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ①allows forward movement but prevents backward
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
movement. Michael Tomasello, an expert who has written
extensively about both primate and human thought
capabilities, summarizes the effect this way. Two things
are needed for ②regression. The first is innovation:
Someone has to come up with a better solution to a
common problem. The other is preservation: The solution
has to be transmitted to others and remembered, so
everyone can continue using it even after the inventor or
discoverer has died. Tomasello says that nonhuman apes
actually are pretty good at ③conceiving novel, creative
solutions to problems. For them (our biological relatives),
the problem is with preservation. Even if the solver ④is
reminded of the solution for a while, and even if a
couple of his or her mates copy the solution and use it
for a while, it is eventually ⑤dismissed, and the next
generation has to start over.
*ratchet: 래칫(한쪽 방향으로만 회전하게 되어 있는
톱니바퀴) **analogy: 유사점

|TEST 1강 24-25번| |TEST 1강 26-28번|

In Europe, it was not until the end of the eighteenth Some years ago, I was the Director of Admission at a
century that the musicians’ guilds, which had regulated small private college. I will never forget the time when
professional musical activities since the early Middle an applicant named John Graham rejected our rejection.
Ages, were ①superseded by specific trade regulations that The college was not particularly selective, but there were
allowed and, indeed, forced musicians to offer their some minimum requirements for admission and John ①
services to the general public for regular payment. As a didn’t match up to one or two key measures. A week
consequence, a type of ‘all-around musician’ emerged, after we sent out our admission decisions, I received a
characterized by the ability to cover a broad repertoire, note from him asking us to reconsider. He stated that he
from dance music to folk song, from parlor song to the had not done well in high school because he had to work
music of the vaudeville theater. This type of all-around to help to support his family. I looked at his application
musicianship became a major force in the development of again, but I did not believe he could succeed at our
popular music. The changes and ②precariousness of the college with his low grades. I wrote “young man, your
market and the demands of the consuming audience ③ goal of attending college is ②honourable, but there are
sanction a strict division of labor among musicians. many other options for you beyond our institution. For
Songwriters acted customarily as band leaders, and example, you might attend a community college and ③
performing musicians frequently played more than one reinforce your academic foundation and then apply to
instrument. Many musicians were ④compelled into an transfer to our college later.” Weeks went by and then I
existence that hovered uneasily between that of the received another note from him: “Dear Sir, I asked that
professional and that of the semiprofessional. However, you reconsider your decision not to admit me to your
with the growth of urbanization and industrialization, an college. I failed to mention that your college is my first
increasing specialization occurred. Toward the end of the choice school and I have not applied anywhere else. For
nineteenth century, popular musicians had clearly ⑤ these reasons and others, I must inform you that I cannot
district areas of work in dance music, in public accept your rejection. I do hope that it does not ④
entertainment and in music halls or musical theaters. nuisance the college too much but please expect to see
These musicians frequently relied on a formal training — me at the school opening in the fall.” The next time I
graduating from one of the conservatories and then encountered the young man, he was in the group at
leaving the world of classical music, or taking lessons freshman orientation. He had found his way to campus
from one of the many popular musicians who supported and met with some of the staff in the Counseling Office.
themselves by giving lessons in addition to performing. They were so impressed with his story and his
*vaudeville: 보드빌(춤과 노래 따위를 곁들인 가볍고 determination that they walked him over to the admission
풍자적인 통속 희극) office and personally advocated for his acceptance. How
**hover: 맴돌다 ***conservatory: 음악 학교 could I stand in the way of a young person with that
much drive and commitment to reach his goal? He got
in! His admission was ⑤without qualification and he had
to work harder than most students, but he succeeded.

< TEST 2강 >

Dear Jayden, Reaffirming friendships is central in the lives of

My son Ross ①enjoys playing with your son Jim very children. Organized sports provide contexts for making
much, and my husband and I think Jim is a really good friends, but friendships are ①difficult to nurture when
kid. However, the last couple of times Ross has come children see each other only at adult-controlled practices
home from your house, he has had scratches and even a and games. Additionally, making friends with opponents is
few small bite ②marks on his arm. Ross tells me they ②seldom considered in organized sports. Therefore, youth
are from your new puppy, Raven. We love dogs, and we teams should be neighborhood- and school-based
want Ross to be ③wary around them. But at this time whenever possible. Pregame warm-ups should mix players
we have to ask that there be adult ④supervision when from both teams, and players should introduce themselves
Ross is in your home to prevent this sort of injury; we to the person they line up with as each quarter or half
also want to make sure that Raven is not harmed. After begins. Unless children learn that games cannot exist
considering this, please let me know your ⑤plans. I’d be without cooperation between ③teammates, they will have
glad to speak with you about this matter before the next no understanding of fair play, why rules exist, why rule
time Ross and Jim (and Raven) get together. enforcement is necessary, and why players should follow
game rules. Without this understanding, children don’t
Sincerely,
have what it takes to maintain fair play at the same time
Amelia that they strive for ④competitive success. When this
occurs, youth sports are not ⑤worth our time and effort.
|TEST 2강 4번|
|TEST 2강 2번|
Soon after the conversation with Alec, his parents, Don’t you ①hate when you go to a buffet and
Marko and Elizabeth, ①arrived home. I was waiting everything tastes too good? You take great care to eat a
outside to meet them as they made their way to the healthy bountiful salad before you dig into the meats,
house. Would they like me? If they ②didn’t want me, vegetables, and side dishes. Much later, as you sit back in
what would I do? Spend eternity alone? They walked your chair and rub your stomach to find room, there is
through the door and I gulped rather too loudly. They ②none. Those delicious delicacies prepared for dessert
were both very charming, with the same fair skin and will go untouched. If you had only started with the sweet
crystal blue eyes that Alec has. “Rebecca,” Elizabeth’s temptations, some of the other dishes could have been
excited voice called, “I’m so glad to see you. I’ve been passed up without remorse. There are times in life when
dying ③to meet you, welcome to the family.” And with you have to do just that. Instead of waiting until your
that all my worries disappeared. Alec introduced me to work is done to see if you will have time for ③relaxing,
his parents formally. Elizabeth told me to call her Beth. take the time first. Don’t wait for after work to see a
She wrapped her arms around me in an ④unbreakable movie, catch the early morning show and go to work late.
but gentle hold with a smile on her face. Marko also There will always be ④deadlines and commitments, but
smiled at me warmly. “Welcome, Becca. How are you there is only one sunrise and sunset every day. Take the
feeling? You’re part of this family now, you can be ⑤ time to enjoy them and you won’t be sorry. Believe it or
assuring of that.” They welcomed me into their family. I not, sometimes the chocolate cake is ⑤worse for you
spent a couple of hours with them. It was so easy being than the salad. Start with the good stuff and everything
in their company. else will fall into place.
*eternity: 영원 **gulp: 침을 꿀꺽 삼키다 *bountiful: 많은 **remorse: 후회


279. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 280. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?280)
고르시오.279)
We cannot test for consciousness. This simple fact has
Large teams are notorious for needing multiple steps to been used to argue ①if consciousness doesn’t even merit
make most decisions. Aligning calendars often takes time, being considered a legitimate field of science. Science, it
and once you get everyone into a room (or, more likely, is argued, is objective, whereas consciousness ②is defined
on a call), several attendees need to be brought up to as subjective experience. How can there be a scientific
speed. study of consciousness? As the philosopher John Searle
relates, years ago a famous neurobiologist responded to
(A) Some attendees will not have read the requisite his repeated questions about consciousness by saying,
material, and others will have been sent as substitutes “Look, in my discipline it’s okay ③to be interested in
for key decision-makers who could not make the time consciousness, but get tenure first.” Searle continues by
(and these substitutes will not be able to make any noting that in this day and age, “you might actually get
critical decisions without conferring with their boss). tenure by ④working on consciousness. If so, that’s a real
We’ve all attended these sorts of meetings. They step forward.” The bias against a scientific inquiry into
rarely result in decisions — and they usually lead to consciousness seems to be thawing, with the realization
additional meetings. that ⑤while consciousness is subjective experience, that
subjective experience either objectively happens or not.
(B) In a word, a smaller team can be more effective, as
Pain is also subjectively experienced, but it is objectively
communication is easier and decision-making can be
real.
accomplished more quickly.
*tenure: 종신 재직권 **thaw: 누그러지다, 부드러워지다
(C) A small team can shortcut these issues much more
easily. Fewer people need to be present to make
decisions, and those present are typically much more |TEST 2강 7번|
involved in the details of the problem, so they don’t
need a meeting to ramp up before they can
고르시오.281)
contribute.
*ramp up: 늘어나다 On February 1, 1960, four African American students
entered a Greensboro Woolworth’s store to buy school
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C) supplies. If their money was good enough to buy school
③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B) supplies, why not a cup of coffee, they reasoned.
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
(A) The next day more students sat at the counter —
they too were never served. As news of the “sit-in”
spread, students returned to the Greensboro
Woolworth’s and to other lunch counters across the
South. White and Black American students alike from
New York to San Francisco began picketing
Woolworth’s in support of the “Greensboro Four.”
(B) This one act by four students was the pivotal step in
propelling forward what became known as the
American civil rights movement.
(C) At 4:30 p.m., they sat at the “whites only” lunch
counter, intending to place an order. The four young
men sat at the counter until closing but were never
served.
*pivotal: 중추적인
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)


282. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?282) 284. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
은?284)
①Named for its call, the veery has a reddish brown
head, back, and tail and a faintly spotted breast. It breeds There are fascinating effects of group size. In a dyad
in southern Canada and in the northern United States; it or triad, the host usually has the edge over the visitor;
is common in central and western Maryland, and in the host is more likely to get his or her own way. Thus,
western Virginia at elevations above 3,000 feet. Its song a businessperson can strike a better deal by inviting the
is a delicate, flutelike da-vee-ur, vee-ur, veer, veer. ② other person to his or her office.
Mainly a ground forager, the veery feeds on insects and
fruit. The female builds a nest in a dense shrub near (A) More than 50 studies have shown consistently that
ground level or on the ground itself, often ③hides it in people are less likely to help a victim if others are
vegetation at the base of a bush or small tree. She lays around than if they are alone with the victim. A
three to five eggs and incubates ④them for ten to major reason is that the knowledge that others are
fourteen days. The male helps ⑤to rear the brood, and present and available to respond allows the individual
the young leave the nest ten to twelve days after to shift some of the responsibility to others.
hatching. Veeries migrate at night to winter in South
(B) But such territorial dominance — the so-called home
America east of the Andes, mainly in Bolivia and Brazil.
court advantage — may disappear if the group is
*forager: 먹을 것을 찾아다니는 동물[사람] **shrub: 관목 larger than a triad. In public places, a large group
***brood: (같은 때에 태어난) 새끼 may also inhibit an individual from helping someone
in distress.
(C) The same factor operates in “social loafing”: As the
size of a group performing a certain task increases,
each member tends to work less hard.
|TEST 2강 12번| *dyad: 한 쌍 **triad: 3인조
한 곳은?283) ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
This adaptation helps people survive in all manner of
environments, far from the African woodlands and
savannas where the human evolutionary journey first
started some six million years ago.
Feeling at home is a biological phenomenon because

feelings themselves are the product of the human mind
and body. ( ① ) Feelings and emotions evolved over the
course of millions of years of evolution to help us
regulate and monitor our internal state in relation to the
external environment. ( ② ) Anger, fear, sadness, and the
other emotions and feelings prime the body for action and
help the mind make decisions about what we should or
should not do. ( ③ ) The feelings we associate with
home are built on a cognitive foundation that we inherited
from our ancestors. ( ④ ) A feeling for home coupled
with the inclination and ability to build a shelter for our
bodies makes for a profound biocultural adaptation. ( ⑤ )
*prime: 준비시키다

|TEST 2강 14번| ① how life influences us

285. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 ② what life expected from us
③ why we achieve other's goals
한 곳은? 285)
④ what meditation means to us
Whether or not his thesis that the frontier was the key ⑤ what life shapes from the society
factor in America’s uniquely innovative and democratic
character was accurate, the idea itself captured the
imagination of generations of scholars and the educated
public, becoming very nearly a self-fulfilling account.
American industrialists and their European counterparts

were taking capitalism to new levels of innovation and
human improvement, resting in part on the cultural
conditions that German sociologist and economist Max
Weber called the Protestant ethic. ( ① ) The spirit of
adventure and possibility was signified in the very
|TEST 2강 16번|
physical spaces of America, a great stage that could
nurture virtue and improvement. ( ② ) In 1893 historian
Frederick Jackson Turner delivered his paper “The Gaining self-knowledge through reflected self-appraisals
Significance of the Frontier in American History” at the might seem to suggest ①that we have little say in how
American Historical Association. ( ③ ) Like Charles we see ourselves. But the idea here is that we internalize
Peirce, the philosopher of science, Turner was deeply how we think others appraise us, not necessarily how
influenced by evolutionary theory. ( ④ ) According to his others actually see us. In fact, our reflected self-appraisals
thesis, the seventeenth-century settlers were in effect often do not correlate highly with the appraisals that
forced to take an experimental attitude toward their others actually ②make of us. Figuring out how and to ③
situation, as the old European ways would not do. ( ⑤ ) which degree reflected self-appraisals influence people’s
*frontier: 접경지대, (미국 서부 개척지의) 변경 sense of self can be tricky. For example, Amy’s view of
**thesis: 논지 herself as a clumsy person could stem from her
perception that her family and friends see her this way —
but it’s also possible that her view of herself as clumsy is
|TEST 2강 15번| actually what led her ④to perceive these reflected
286. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 286) self-appraisals. Indeed, self-views often affect reflected
self-appraisals rather than the other way around. The
In his famous book Man’s Search for Meaning, Viktor
upshot, then, is that although other people influence our
Frankl writes, “Man’s search for meaning is the primary
sense of self through reflected self-appraisals, their impact
motivation in his life.” He quotes Nietzsche’s words, “He
may not be as simple and direct as the looking-glass self,
who has a why to live for can bear with almost any
⑤referring to the idea that we see ourselves as others see
how.” But then Frankl made a crucial, helpful point: It’s
us.
fruitless to try to think in the abstract about what life in
*appraisal: 평가 **clumsy: 서투른
general means. The meaning of one’s life is only
***upshot: (최종적인) 결과
discernible within the specific circumstances of one’s own
specific life. In the concentration camp, he writes, “We
had to learn ourselves and, furthermore, we had to teach
the despairing men, that it did not really matter what we
expected from life, but rather w .
We needed to stop asking the meaning of life, and
instead to think of ourselves as those who were being
questioned by life — daily and hourly. Our answer must
consist, not in talk and meditation, but in right action and
right conduct.”
*discernible: 인식할 수 있는

|TEST 2강 17번| ① The Socialization Process for Children

288. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?288) ② The Advantages of Learning Etiquette When Young
③ The Importance of Understanding Cultural Differences
Markets represent an institutional arena ①in which ④ The Importance of Maintaining Intimacy Between
exchanges (buying and selling) of final goods and services Family Members
and factors of production (labor, capital and natural ⑤ Cultural Socialization: Learn Things Thant Can’t Be
resources) take place. Traditionally, economists group Said By Situation
markets into two broad categories, namely product and
factor markets. The product market is ②where the
exchange of final goods and services occurs. In this
market, demand and supply provide information about
households and firms, respectively. The factor market
refers exclusively to the buying and selling of basic
resources, such as labor, capital and natural resources. In
this submarket, demand imparts market information about
firms and supply ③providing information about
households. That is, households are the suppliers of labor,
capital and natural resources, ④while firms are the
|TEST 2강 19번|
buyers, and in turn use these items to produce final goods
and services for the product market. Clearly, then, the 290. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?290)
roles ⑤played in the factor market by households and
We know that negotiators often assume a situation is
firms respectively are the reverse of their roles in the
distributive and therefore competitive when indeed it is
product market.
not necessarily so. In the classic negotiation primer,
*arena: 장, 무대 **impart: 나누어 주다 Fisher and Ury give the example of two individuals ①
fighting over a small number of oranges. Each needs the
oranges for worthwhile purposes and there is no way to
obtain additional oranges. The negotiators begin ②using
competitive strategies — trying to convince each other to
give up or sell the oranges. ③Because their claims on the
oranges were assumed to be mutually exclusive, no deal
|TEST 2강 18번|
could be reached — more oranges for one negotiator
289. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?289)
means fewer oranges for the other. Then they changed to
All societies evolve rules of etiquette, good manners, an integrative bargaining strategy. They sought to learn
and tact that specify what is or is not appropriate to say more about each other’s needs with the goal of helping
in any given situation. Most of us are, therefore, walking each other ④meeting their needs. In the end, they
repositories of rules that were taught to us when young realized that one negotiator needed the juice of the orange
and that represent early layers of cultural socialization. and ⑤the other needed only the rind. Their needs were
We learn as part of our acculturation into the family that not mutually exclusive, yet a traditional distributive
in the interests of getting along with each other, it is bargaining approach would have resulted in impasse.
important to withhold some of our perceptions and *rind: 껍질 **impasse: 교착 상태 ***primer: 입문서
feelings because to say them out loud might hurt or
offend others. And if we hurt others, that permits them to
hurt us back, which makes social life generally too
dangerous. We learn that some of these things can be
said to friends and even more can be said to intimates.
However, the basic assumptions about why you cannot
say certain things remain below consciousness, and the
process by which you learned them is probably totally
forgotten.
*tact: 요령, 재치 **repository: 저장소
***withhold: 억제하다


291. 다음 글을 읽고 어법상 알맞지 않은 것을 고르시오. 291) 293. 어법상 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오. 293)
I confess ①that one of the most suggestive theories The new system of fashion that ①has emerged from
that I learned of in my course on the economics of the digital revolution is largely centered, in marketing
science at the London School of Economics and Political terms, on popular bloggers, ②who have unprecedented
Science was that of the ‘tournament model’. It may be influence due to their massive numbers of subscribers. If
well ②known to many readers, but I was ③surprised that an elite blogger (an “influencer”) has more than half a
something that I thought was highly intuitive, such as million subscribers, his or her influence can be worth a
human resource management, could be described in terms significant amount of money: the value of a single post
of an elaborate theory. The tournament theory was mentioning a particular brand is in the range of five
described in 1981 by economists Edward Lazear and figures. Obviously, this approach leads to limited ability
Sherwin Rosen. They argued that a worker’s performance to make independent critical judgments. However, when
(both evaluated and the incentive) ④can model as a choosing an outfit for a photoshoot, an influential blogger
tennis tournament. There is only one prize: either you win ③is guided not only by the profit motive but also, and
and have everything or you lose and have nothing; glory primarily, by a sense of style. Otherwise, the trust of
is only for the first. And most US/UK experts who subscribers may be lost. For subscribers, their idol is not
analyse the behaviour of science consider that this model merely a guide to the latest fashion, but is the key to an
fits the profession of a scientist like a glove. Why? aspirational lifestyle. The direct personal contact between
Because everyone knows the winners of the Tour de popular bloggers and their subscribers ④allows the former
France, but nobody remembers the runners-up. In science, to be an intermediary between the brand and the
it means if anyone comes to a result or a patent second, consumer. This role is not available to models, ⑤which
if only by a few hours, it is ⑤of no use to him. Only position makes no allowance for expressions of personal
the first has any glory. taste.
*patent: 특허 **intuitive: 직관적인 *outfit: 의상, 복장 **intermediary: 중재자
|TEST 2강 21번|
292. 다음 글을 읽고 문맥상 맞지 않는 어휘를 고르시오. 292)
For decades, nineteenth-century city dwellers had ridden

horse-drawn passenger railways — also known as trams,
tramways, trolleys, trolley cars, or streetcars — along
regular routes ①marked out by steel railways in the
roadbed. They picked up and ②dropped off passengers
when flagged or at designated stops, and, unlike a private
taxi carriage, didn’t need to be pre-hired. John
Stephenson, an Irish-American businessman, got them
rolling first down the Bowery in New York City in 1832.
They were ③successful, but problems rapidly developed
with the power source. Horses have to be fed, which
required massive supplies of hay and oats to be brought
into the city, and once fed, horses ④created wastes that
fouled the streets and made walking an unpleasant,
unhealthy, and smelly business, especially during fly
season. Horses also die; a dead horse in a Manhattan
street had to be moved to the river and dumped in.
Sanitation records from New York in 1880 showed fifteen
thousand horses per year ⑤incremental from city
right-of-ways.
*foul: 더럽히다 **sanitation: 공중위생

|TEST 2강 23번| |TEST 2강 24-25번|

294. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서를 바르게 배열하시 295. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 할 때, 빈칸
오.294) (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 알맞은 것은?295)
Thinkers of the eighteenth century puzzled over what Until the mid-1800s it was not clear to what extent the
contemporary aesthetics calls ‘the paradox of negative laws of physics and chemistry, which were formulated
emotion in art’. from the observed behavior of inanimate matter, could be
applied to living matter. It was certainly evident that on
(A) He wondered about the nature of this apparently the large scale the laws were applicable. Animals are
‘secret charm that draws us to artistic depictions of clearly subject to the same laws of motion as inanimate
overwhelming events, while at the same time an objects. The question of applicability arose on a more
internal tremor tells us that we are contradicting our basic level. Living organisms are very complex. Even a
own understanding of pleasure’. virus, which is one of the simplest biological organisms,
consists of millions of interacting atoms. A cell, which is
(B) David Hume also underlines the strangeness of this
the basic building block of tissue, contains on the average
pleasure that seems to contradict our human nature:
1014 atoms. Living organisms exhibit properties not found
‘It seems an unaccountable pleasure, which the
in inanimate objects. They grow, reproduce, and decay.
spectators of a well-written tragedy receive from
These phenomena are so different from the predictable
sorrow, terror, anxiety, and other passions that are in
properties of inanimate matter that many scientists in the
themselves disagreeable and uneasy. The more they
early 19th century believed that different laws governed
are touched and affected, the more they are delighted
the structure and organization of molecules in living
with the spectacle’.
matter. Even the physical origin of organic molecules was
(C) L’Abbé Dubos noted that, ‘at the theatre, man finds in question. These molecules tend to be larger and more
more pleasure weeping than he does laughing’, in complex than molecules obtained from inorganic sources.
that ‘the art of poetry and the art of painting are It was thought that the large molecules found in living
never more appreciated than when they succeed in matter could be produced only by living organisms
stirring in us a sense of profound grief’. through a “vital force” that could not be explained by the
existing laws of physics. This concept was disproved in
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized an organic
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
substance, urea, from inorganic chemicals. Soon thereafter
many other organic molecules were synthesized without
the intervention of biological organisms. Today most
scientists believe that there is no special vital force
residing in organic substances. Living organisms are
governed by the laws of physics on all levels.
*inanimate: 무생물의 **synthesize: 합성하다 ***urea:
요소(尿素)
⇩
In the past, living things were believed to have certain
forces that could not be ___(A)___ by existing laws of
physics, but today most scientists believe that living
things are also ___(B)___ by laws of physics.
(A) (B)
① rejected affected
② disproved excluded
③ disproved affected
④ proved excluded
⑤ proved affected

|TEST 2강 26-28번| |TEST 2강 1번|

296. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 297. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
지 않은 것은?296) 한 곳을 고르시오.297)
A wise king wanted his only son also to be a wise But at this time we have to ask that there be adult
man before becoming his successor. The king was an supervision when Ross is in your home to prevent this
extraordinary man who selected a very strange way. He sort of injury; we also want to make sure that Raven is
summoned the prince one day and said, “You are no not harmed.
longer a prince and I am not going to make you my
successor.” He sent the son away from the kingdom and Dear Jayden,
①abandoned him completely. The prince was shocked,
My son Ross enjoys playing with your son Jim very
and he was left as a beggar in an alien land. The king
much, and my husband and I think Jim is a really good
gave ②strict orders that he should not be allowed back
kid. ( ① ) However, the last couple of times Ross has
into the kingdom. Over the years the prince really became
come home from your house, he has had scratches and
a beggar and totally ③forgot his princehood. He was
even a few small bite marks on his arm. ( ② ) Ross tells
literally begging for food, clothes and shelter and
me they are from your new puppy, Raven. ( ③ ) We
gradually became accustomed to the condition he was in.
love dogs, and we want Ross to be comfortable around
Many years passed. Then, one day he was sitting in a
them. ( ④ ) After considering this, please let me know
busy street crying out for just a few coins to buy some
your plans. ( ⑤ ) I’d be glad to speak with you about
food. Suddenly a golden chariot stopped before him, and
this matter before the next time Ross and Jim (and
a man descended. The man said, “Your father has called
Raven) get together.
you back. He is very old and dying, and he wants you to
be his successor.” In a split second the beggar ④ Sincerely,
disappeared. The man was totally changed — his face Amelia
became radiant, eyes reflecting the princely majesty. A
great crowd gathered — people who before were ignoring
his stretched-out hands for a few coins — there to show |TEST 2강 2번|
great ⑤hatred. But without paying any attention to them 298. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
he sat in the chariot and told the charioteer, “Take me to 한 곳을 고르시오.298)
a place where I can have a good bath, find clothes
worthy of me, shoes, ornaments... because I can go before
And with that all my worries disappeared.
the king only as a prince.” He came as a prince. He said
to his father, “Just tell me one thing: Why did I have to
be a beggar for so many years?” The king said, “It was Soon after the conversation with Alec, his parents,
not done to harm you, but to give you experience of the Marko and Elizabeth, arrived home. I was waiting outside
extremes of life — the beggar and the king. And between to meet them as they made their way to the house.
these two, everybody exists.” Would they like me? If they didn’t want me, what would
I do? Spend eternity alone? ( ① ) They walked through
*summon: 부르다 **radiant: 빛나는 ***chariot: 마차
the door and I gulped rather too loudly. They were both
****ornament: 장신구
very charming, with the same fair skin and crystal blue
eyes that Alec has. ( ② ) “Rebecca,” Elizabeth’s excited
voice called, “I’m so glad to see you. I’ve been dying to
meet you, welcome to the family.” ( ③ ) Alec introduced
me to his parents formally. Elizabeth told me to call her
Beth. She wrapped her arms around me in an unbreakable
but gentle hold with a smile on her face. ( ④ ) Marko
also smiled at me warmly. “Welcome, Becca. How are
you feeling? You’re part of this family now, you can be
assured of that.” ( ⑤ ) They welcomed me into their
family. I spent a couple of hours with them. It was so
easy being in their company.
*eternity: 영원 **gulp: 침을 꿀꺽 삼키다

|TEST 2강 3번|
(B) Much later, as you sit back in your chair and rub
299. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?299) your stomach to find room, there is none. Those
delicious delicacies prepared for dessert will go
Reaffirming friendships is central in the lives of untouched. If you had only started with the sweet
children. Organized sports provide contexts for making temptations, some of the other dishes could have
friends, but friendships are difficult ①to nurture when been passed up without remorse.
children see each other only at adult-controlled practices (C) Take the time to enjoy them and you won’t be sorry.
and games. Additionally, making friends with opponents Believe it or not, sometimes the chocolate cake is
②is seldom considered in organized sports. Therefore, better for you than the salad. Start with the good
youth teams should be neighborhood- and school-based stuff and everything else will fall into place.
whenever possible. Pregame warm-ups should mix players *bountiful: 많은 **remorse: 후회
from both teams, and players should introduce ③
themselves to the person they line up with as each ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
quarter or half begins. Unless children ④will learn that ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
games cannot exist without cooperation between
opponents, they will have no understanding of fair play,
why rules exist, why rule enforcement is necessary, and
why players should follow game rules. Without this
understanding, children don’t have ⑤what it takes to
maintain fair play at the same time that they strive for
competitive success. When this occurs, youth sports are
not worth our time and effort. |TEST 2강 5번|
Large teams are notorious for needing multiple steps to

make most decisions. Aligning calendars often ①take
time, and once you get everyone into a room (or, more
likely, on a call), several attendees need to be brought up
to speed. Some attendees will not have read the requisite
material, and others will have been sent as substitutes for
key decision-makers who could not make the time (and
these substitutes will not be able to make any critical
decisions without ②conferring with their boss). We’ve all
attended these sorts of meetings. They rarely result in
decisions — and they usually lead to additional meetings.
|TEST 2강 4번| A small team can shortcut these issues much more ③
300. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 easily. ④Fewer people need to be present to make
고르시오.300) decisions, and those present are typically much more
involved in the details of the problem, so they don’t need
Don’t you hate when you go to a buffet and everything
a meeting to ramp up before they can contribute. In a
tastes too good? You take great care to eat a healthy
word, a smaller team can be more effective, as
bountiful salad before you dig into the meats, vegetables,
communication is easier and decision-making can ⑤be
and side dishes.
accomplished more quickly.
*ramp up: 늘어나다
(A) There are times in life when you have to do just
that. Instead of waiting until your work is done to
see if you will have time for relaxing, take the time
first. Don’t wait for after work to see a movie, catch
the early morning show and go to work late. There
will always be deadlines and commitments, but there
is only one sunrise and sunset every day.


302. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 304. veery에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?304)
Named for its call, the veery has a reddish brown
Searle continues by noting that in this day and age, head, back, and tail and a faintly spotted breast. It breeds
“you might actually get tenure by working on in southern Canada and in the northern United States; it
consciousness. If so, that’s a real step forward.” is common in central and western Maryland, and in
western Virginia at elevations above 3,000 feet. Its song
is a delicate, flutelike da-vee-ur, vee-ur, veer, veer.
We cannot test for consciousness. This simple fact has
Mainly a ground forager, the veery feeds on insects and
been used to argue that consciousness doesn’t even merit
fruit. The female builds a nest in a dense shrub near
being considered a legitimate field of science. ( ① )
ground level or on the ground itself, often hiding it in
Science, it is argued, is objective, whereas consciousness
vegetation at the base of a bush or small tree. She lays
is defined as subjective experience. ( ② ) How can there
three to five eggs and incubates them for ten to fourteen
be a scientific study of consciousness? ( ③ ) As the
days. The male helps to rear the brood, and the young
philosopher John Searle relates, years ago a famous
leave the nest ten to twelve days after hatching. Veeries
neurobiologist responded to his repeated questions about
migrate at night to winter in South America east of the
consciousness by saying, “Look, in my discipline it’s
Andes, mainly in Bolivia and Brazil.
okay to be interested in consciousness, but get tenure
first.” ( ④ ) The bias against a scientific inquiry into *forager: 먹을 것을 찾아다니는 동물[사람] **shrub: 관목
consciousness seems to be thawing, with the realization ***brood: (같은 때에 태어난) 새끼
that while consciousness is subjective experience, that
subjective experience either objectively happens or not. (
⑤ ) Pain is also subjectively experienced, but it is ① 희미하게 점무늬가 있는 가슴을 가지고 있다.
objectively real. ② 캐나다 남부, 미국 북부에서 번식한다.
③ 주로 땅 위에서 먹이를 찾는다.
*tenure: 종신 재직권 **thaw: 누그러지다, 부드러워지다
④ 암컷은 세 개에서 다섯 개의 알을 낳는다.
⑤ 볼리비아와 브라질을 떠나서 겨울을 난다.
|TEST 2강 7번|
On February 1, 1960, four African American students

entered a Greensboro Woolworth’s store to buy school
supplies. If their money was good ①enough to buy
school supplies, why not a cup of coffee, they reasoned.
At 4:30 p.m., they sat at the “whites only” lunch counter,
intending ②to place an order. The four young men sat at
the counter ③until closing but were never served. The
next day more students sat at the counter — they too
were never served. As news of the “sit-in” spread,
students returned to the Greensboro Woolworth’s and to
other lunch counters across the South. White and Black
American students ④alike from New York to San
Francisco began picketing Woolworth’s in support of the
“Greensboro Four.” This one act by four students was the
pivotal step in propelling forward ⑤which became known
as the American civil rights movement.
*pivotal: 중추적인

|TEST 2강 12번| ① a leader can have his own way

305. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?305) ② the home court advantage increases
③ each member tends to work less hard
Feeling at home is a biological phenomenon because ④ people do their job with a sense of responsibility
feelings themselves are the product of the human mind ⑤ members of the group work harder to help each other
and body. Feelings and emotions evolved over the course
of millions of years of evolution to help us regulate and
|TEST 2강 14번|
monitor our internal state in relation to the external
environment. Anger, fear, sadness, and the other emotions 307. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?307)
and feelings prime the body for action and help the mind American industrialists and their European counterparts
make decisions about what we should or should not do. were taking capitalism ①to new levels of innovation and
The feelings we associate with home are built on a
human improvement, resting in part on the cultural
cognitive foundation that we inherited from our ancestors. conditions that German sociologist and economist Max
A feeling for home coupled with the inclination and Weber called the Protestant ethic. The spirit of adventure
ability to build a shelter for our bodies makes for a and possibility was signified in the very physical spaces
profound biocultural adaptation. This adaptation helps ②of America, a great stage that could nurture virtue and
people survive in all manner of environments, far from improvement. In 1893 historian Frederick Jackson Turner
the African woodlands and savannas where the human
delivered his paper "The Significance of the Frontier in
evolutionary journey first started some six million years American History" at the American Historical Association.
ago. Whether or not his thesis that the frontier ③did the key
*prime: 준비시키다 factor in America's uniquely innovative and democratic
character was accurate, the idea itself captured the
① 기분과 감정은 점진적으로 발달하여 우리의 내부 상태를 조 imagination of generations of scholars and the educated
절하고 감시하는 데 도움이 되었다. public, becoming very nearly a self-fulfilling ④account.
② 감정과 기분은 행동을 위해 신체를 준비시킨다. Like Charles Peirce, the philosopher of science, Turner
③ 집과 연관 짓는 기분은 조상으로부터 물려받은 인지적 토대
was deeply influenced ⑤by evolutionary theory.
위에 세워진다.
According to his thesis, the seventeenth-century settlers
④ 집을 짓는 성향 및 능력과 결합한 집에 대한 기분은 생명문
화적 적응과 관련이 없다. were in effect forced to take an experimental attitude
⑤ 적응 덕분에 사람들은 모든 종류의 환경에서 생존하는 데 toward their situation, as the old European ways would
도움을 받았다. not do.

306. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 306) 308. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?308)
There are fascinating effects of group size. In a dyad In his famous book Man's Search for Meaning, Viktor
or triad, the host usually has the edge over the visitor; Frankl writes, "Man's search for meaning is the primary
the host is more likely to get his or her own way. Thus, motivation ①in his life." He quotes Nietzsche's words,
a businessperson can strike a better deal by inviting the "He who has a why to live for can bear with almost any
other person to his or her office. But such territorial ②how." But then Frankl made a crucial, helpful point:
dominance — the so-called home court advantage — may It's fruitless to try to think in the abstract about what life
disappear if the group is larger than a triad. In public in general ③means. The meaning of one's life is only
places, a large group may also inhibit an individual from discernible within the specific circumstances of one's own
helping someone in distress. More than 50 studies have ④specific life. In the concentration camp, he writes, "We
shown consistently that people are less likely to help a had to learn ourselves and, ⑤in addition to, we had to
victim if others are around than if they are alone with the teach the despairing men, that it did not really matter
victim. A major reason is that the knowledge that others what we expected from life, but rather what life expected
are present and available to respond allows the individual from us. We needed to stop asking the meaning of life,
to shift some of the responsibility to others. The same and instead to think of ourselves as those who were being
factor operates in “social loafing”: As the size of a group questioned by life ― daily and hourly. Our answer must
performing a certain task increases, . consist, not in talk and meditation, but in right action and
*dyad: 한 쌍 **triad: 3인조 right conduct."

|TEST 2강 16번| ① The Definition of a Market in Economics

309. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 ② Importance of Each Economic Entity in the Market
③ Difference Between Production Market and Factor
Market
Gaining self-knowledge through reflected self-appraisals ④ The Role of Households and Businesses as Economic
might seem to suggest that we have ①little say in how Entities
we see ourselves. But the idea here is that we internalize ⑤ Relationship Between Goods, Services, and Production
Factors by Market
how we think others appraise us, not necessarily how
others actually see us. In fact, our reflected self-appraisals
often do not ②correlate highly with the appraisals that
others actually make of us. Figuring out how and to what
degree reflected self-appraisals influence people’s sense of
self can be ③tricky. For example, Amy’s view of herself
as a clumsy person could stem from her perception that
her family and friends see her this way — but it’s also
④impossible that her view of herself as clumsy is
actually what led her to perceive these reflected
self-appraisals. Indeed, self-views often affect reflected
self-appraisals rather than the other way around. The
upshot, then, is that although other people influence our
|TEST 2강 18번|
sense of self through reflected self-appraisals, their impact
may not be as ⑤simple and direct as the looking-glass 311. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?311)
self, referring to the idea that we see ourselves as others All societies evolve rules of etiquette, good manners,
see us. and tact ①that specify what is or is not appropriate to
*appraisal: 평가 **clumsy: 서투른 say in any given situation. Most of us are, therefore,
***upshot: (최종적인) 결과 walking repositories of rules that ②were taught to us
when young and that represent early layers of cultural
socialization. We learn as part of our acculturation into
|TEST 2강 17번| the family that in the interests of getting along with each
310. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?310) other, it is important to withhold some of our perceptions
and feelings ③because to say them out loud might hurt
Markets represent an institutional arena in which
or offend others. And if we hurt others, that permits them
exchanges (buying and selling) of final goods and services
to hurt us back, which ④makes social life generally too
and factors of production (labor, capital and natural
dangerous. We learn that some of these things can be
resources) take place. Traditionally, economists group
said to friends and even more can be said to intimates.
markets into two broad categories, namely product and
However, the basic assumptions about why you cannot
factor markets. The product market is where the exchange
say certain things remain below consciousness, and the
of final goods and services occurs. In this market,
process ⑤which you learned them is probably totally
demand and supply provide information about households
forgotten.
and firms, respectively. The factor market refers
exclusively to the buying and selling of basic resources, *tact: 요령, 재치 **repository: 저장소
such as labor, capital and natural resources. In this ***withhold: 억제하다
submarket, demand imparts market information about
firms and supply provides information about households.
That is, households are the suppliers of labor, capital and
natural resources, while firms are the buyers, and in turn
use these items to produce final goods and services for
the product market. Clearly, then, the roles played in the
factor market by households and firms respectively are the
reverse of their roles in the product market.
*arena: 장, 무대 **impart: 나누어 주다


312. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 314. 다음 글을 읽고 어법상 틀린 것을 고르시오.314)
For decades, nineteenth-century city dwellers ①had
Then they changed to an integrative bargaining strategy. ridden horse-drawn passenger railways — also known as
trams, tramways, trolleys, trolley cars, or streetcars —
along regular routes marked out by steel railways in the
We know that negotiators often assume a situation is
roadbed. They picked up and dropped off passengers
distributive and therefore competitive when indeed it is not
when flagged or at designated stops, and, unlike a private
necessarily so. In the classic negotiation primer, Fisher and
taxi carriage, ②didn’t need to be pre-hired. John
Ury give the example of two individuals fighting over a
Stephenson, an Irish-American businessman, got them
small number of oranges. Each needs the oranges for
rolling first down the Bowery in New York City in 1832.
worthwhile purposes and there is no way to obtain
They were successful, but ③problems rapidly developed
additional oranges. ( ① ) The negotiators begin using
with the power source. Horses have to be fed, which
competitive strategies — trying to convince each other to
required massive supplies of hay and oats to be brought
give up or sell the oranges. ( ② ) Because their claims on
into the city, and once fed, horses created wastes that
the oranges were assumed to be mutually exclusive, no deal
fouled the streets and ④made walking an unpleasant,
could be reached — more oranges for one negotiator means
unhealthy, and smelly business, especially during fly
fewer oranges for the other. ( ③ ) They sought to learn
season. Horses also die; a dead horse in a Manhattan
more about each other’s needs with the goal of helping
street had to be moved to the river and dumped in.
each other meet their needs. ( ④ ) In the end, they
Sanitation records from New York in 1880 ⑤showed
realized that one negotiator needed the juice of the orange
fifteen thousand horses per year removing from city
and the other needed only the rind. ( ⑤ ) Their needs
right-of-ways.
were not mutually exclusive, yet a traditional distributive
bargaining approach would have resulted in impasse. *foul: 더럽히다 **sanitation: 공중위생
*rind: 껍질 **impasse: 교착 상태 ***primer: 입문서
|TEST 2강 20번|
313. 다음 글을 읽고 문맥상 맞지 않는 어휘를 고르시오. 313)
I confess that one of the most ①suggestive theories

that I learned of in my course on the economics of
science at the London School of Economics and Political
Science was that of the ‘tournament model’. It may be
well known to many readers, but I was surprised that
something that I thought was ②highly intuitive, such as
human resource management, could be described in terms
of an elaborate theory. The tournament theory was
described in 1981 by economists Edward Lazear and
Sherwin Rosen. They argued that a worker’s performance
(both evaluated and the incentive) ③can be modelled as a
tennis tournament. There is only one prize: either you win
and have everything or you lose and have nothing; glory
is only for the first. And most US/UK experts who
analyse the behaviour of science consider that this model
fits the profession of a scientist like a glove. Why?
Because everyone knows the ④winners of the Tour de
France, but nobody remembers the runners-up. In science,
it means if anyone comes to a result or a patent second,
if only by a few hours, it is ⑤of use to him. Only the
first has any glory.
*patent: 특허 **intuitive: 직관적인


315. 다음 글을 읽고 알맞은 제목을 고르시오.315) 316. 다음 문장이 들어갈 적절한 곳을 찾으시오.316)
The new system of fashion that has emerged from the David Hume also underlines the strangeness of this
digital revolution is largely centered, in marketing terms, pleasure that seems to contradict our human nature
on popular bloggers, who have unprecedented influence
due to their massive numbers of subscribers. If an elite
Thinkers of the eighteenth century puzzled over what
blogger (an “influencer”) has more than half a million
contemporary aesthetics calls ‘the paradox of negative
subscribers, his or her influence can be worth a
emotion in art’. ( ① ) L’Abbé Dubos noted that, ‘at the
significant amount of money: the value of a single post
theatre, man finds more pleasure weeping than he does
mentioning a particular brand is in the range of five
laughing’, in that ‘the art of poetry and the art of
figures. Obviously, this approach leads to limited ability
painting are never more appreciated than when they
to make independent critical judgments. However, when
succeed in stirring in us a sense of profound grief’. ( ②
choosing an outfit for a photoshoot, an influential blogger
) He wondered about the nature of this apparently ‘secret
is guided not only by the profit motive but also, and
charm that draws us to artistic depictions of
primarily, by a sense of style. Otherwise, the trust of
overwhelming events, while at the same time an internal
subscribers may be lost. For subscribers, their idol is not
tremor tells us that we are contradicting our own
merely a guide to the latest fashion, but is the key to an
understanding of pleasure’. ( ③ ) It seems an
aspirational lifestyle. The direct personal contact between
unaccountable pleasure, which the spectators of a
popular bloggers and their subscribers allows the former
well-written tragedy receive from sorrow, terror, anxiety,
to be an intermediary between the brand and the
and other passions that are in themselves disagreeable and
consumer. This role is not available to models, whose
uneasy. ( ④ ) The more they are touched and affected,
position makes no allowance for expressions of personal
the more they are delighted with the spectacle. ( ⑤ )
taste.
*weep: 눈물을 흘리다 **tremor: 전율
*outfit: 의상, 복장 **intermediary: 중재자
① Teenager’s Dream to Become a Blogger

② The Blogger’s Extravagance that Leads to Paying a lot
of Money
③ Blogger’s Effect on the Fast Fashion
④ The Importance of Fashion to Represent Identities
⑤ Blogger’s Role to Influence Fashion Society

|TEST 2강 24-25번| |TEST 2강 26-28번|

317. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?317) 318. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 the beggar disappeared가 다음 글에
서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?318)
Until the mid-1800s it was not clear to what extent the
laws of physics and chemistry, which were formulated A wise king wanted his only son also to be a wise
from the observed behavior of inanimate matter, could be man before becoming his successor. The king was an
applied to living matter. It was certainly evident that on extraordinary man who selected a very strange way. He
the large scale the laws were applicable. Animals are summoned the prince one day and said, “You are no
clearly subject to the same laws of motion as inanimate longer a prince and I am not going to make you my
objects. The question of applicability ①arose on a more successor.” He sent the son away from the kingdom and
basic level. Living organisms are very complex. Even a abandoned him completely. Then, one day he was sitting
virus, which is one of the simplest biological organisms, in a busy street crying out for just a few coins to buy
②consists of millions of interacting atoms. A cell, which some food. Suddenly a golden chariot stopped before him,
is the basic building block of tissue, contains on the and a man descended. The man said, “Your father has
average 1014 atoms. Living organisms exhibit properties called you back. He is very old and dying, and he wants
not found in inanimate objects. They grow, reproduce, you to be his successor.” In a split second the beggar
and decay. These phenomena are so different from the disappeared. A great crowd gathered — people who
predictable properties of inanimate matter ③which many before were ignoring his stretched-out hands for a few
scientists in the early 19th century believed that different coins — there to show great respect. But without paying
laws governed the structure and organization of molecules any attention to them he sat in the chariot and told the
in living matter. Even the physical origin of organic charioteer, “Take me to a place where I can have a good
molecules ④was in question. These molecules tend to be bath, find clothes worthy of me, shoes, ornaments...
larger and more complex than molecules obtained from because I can go before the king only as a prince.” He
inorganic sources. It was thought ⑤that the large came as a prince. He said to his father, “Just tell me one
molecules found in living matter could be produced only thing: Why did I have to be a beggar for so many
by living organisms through a “vital force” that could not years?” The king said, “It was not done to harm you, but
be explained by the existing laws of physics. This concept to give you experience of the extremes of life — the
was disproved in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized beggar and the king. And between these two, everybody
an organic substance, urea, from inorganic chemicals. exists.”
Soon thereafter many other organic molecules were *summon: 부르다 **radiant: 빛나는 ***chariot: 마차
synthesized without the intervention of biological ****ornament: 장신구
organisms. Today most scientists believe that there is no
special vital force residing in organic substances. Living ① The beggar refused to return to the palace.
organisms are governed by the laws of physics on all ② The beggar regained his dignity as a prince.
levels. ③ The beggar has not been seen anywhere since.
④ The beggar achieved great economic wealth on his
*inanimate: 무생물의 **synthesize: 합성하다 ***urea:
own.
요소(尿素)
⑤ The beggar shut the door to his servant who came to
him.

< TEST 3강 >

319. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가작 적절 321. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?321)
Let’s say you’re storing a working microwave in your
If these estimates are applied to our 600 office basement. You’re not currently using the microwave;
employees, this results in a nearly $700 weekly loss. instead, it’s collecting dust. Applying the concept of
utility informs us that the microwave has no true value to
From: The Manager you or anyone else because it ①isn’t using right now for
its intended purpose (which is, of course, to warm food).
Date: May 27, 2023
But if you donated or sold that microwave to someone
To: All Staff who could use it, you would immediately restore ②its
It has come to my attention that many in the office value while also saving the recipient from having to
have been spending time on a popular online games purchase a brand new ③one. Many consumers balk at the
website. ( ① ) According to a recent article, the idea of donating or selling perfectly decent items, and
estimated daily cost of people collectively playing these that’s understandable, as items cost money. But thanks to
games instead of working is over $120 million. ( ② ) constant product turnover and innovation, electronics and
This is a conservative estimate considering the extensive appliances quickly become outdated. Giving that
discussions that occur about beating the office’s current microwave to someone in your community who needs ④
highest game score. ( ③ ) The extra cost quickly adds it to warm food right now decreases the chances of finite
up. Of course, I don’t want you to view our organization resources, including fossil fuels, copper, other metals, and
as a place of strict rules. ( ④ ) I want to encourage a water, ⑤extracting from the earth to make another
fun and competitive environment, and I recognize that the microwave.
company certainly will not be profitable if you are *balk: 멈칫거리다, 꺼리다 **copper: 구리
unhappy or dissatisfied with your jobs. ( ⑤ ) This is just
a reminder to be careful with your use of company time. |TEST 3강 4번|
Thank you. 322. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
Think about what is inaccurately described as mindless

sprawl in our physical environment. We ①censure the
|TEST 3강 2번| unstoppable spread of low-density suburbs over millions
320. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 of acres of formerly ②tied up land. We worry about its
environmental impact, about the obesity in people that it
③brings up, and about the other social problems that
It was the day when I had the opportunity to attend come in its wake. But nobody seems to have designed
my first board meeting. I arrived early. It was a great urban sprawl, it just happens — or so it appears. On
honor that I had been asked to join them as a board closer inspection, however, urban sprawl is not mindless
member. Their mission was ①out of the picture. The at all. There is nothing inevitable about its development.
other members were powerful, highly respected women Sprawl is the ④consequence of zoning laws designed by
from across the nation. I had heard about their work and legislators, low-density buildings designed by developers,
their ②renowns for years. I was finally going to ③attain marketing strategies designed by ad agencies, tax breaks
a chance to meet them. As I walked into the meeting designed by economists, credit lines designed by banks,
room, someone from the organization was already there, geomatics designed by retailers, data-mining software
getting ④prepared for the meeting. Caterers were bringing designed by hamburger chains, and automobiles designed
in delicious treats and hot coffee. I looked at the big by car designers. The interactions between all these
mahogany table and quickly saw that name tags and systems and human behavior are ⑤intricate and hard to
binders were already being arranged and ⑤located on the understand — but the policies themselves are not the
table. I saw my name — with a handwritten note from result of chance. “Out of control” is an ideology, not a
the president — welcoming me to my first meeting. Quite fact.
frankly, I couldn’t believe what my eyes were seeing!
*sprawl: (도시의) 스프롤 현상(무계획적인 팽창 현상)
**obesity: 비만 ***geomatics: 지형정보학


323. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?323) 325. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
은?325)
You’ve probably already heard about the importance of
adopting an attitude of gratitude and ①focusing on the I can’t imagine a rat working for a shiny medal to
positive things in your life. But what does that even mean hang around its neck or an inscribed plaque to decorate
beyond a tired cliché? Isn’t it enough when you’re its cage.
grateful for Thanksgiving dinner and the mounds of sweet
potatoes and pumpkin pie that will soon be ②happily in (A) In fact, award ceremonies are distinctly human, as I
your stomach? Well, not really. Thanksgiving is a good know no other animal that will work for trophies or
place to start for taking inventory of all the things for ③ certificates. Other animals learn to associate verbal
what you’re thankful, but it’s by no means the finish line. expressions with the subsequent presentation of
When you have an average day that’s probably going to tangible rewards such as food, but medals, ribbons,
simply fade into the fabric of your life, remember ④to and awards are specific to human motivation.
take stock — are you thankful for that text your friend
(B) Awards are designed to distinguish one individual
sent you that made you feel special? What about when
from a group of individuals, a goal that doesn’t
someone at lunch let you take the last slice of pizza?
register for most nonhuman animals.
Small, ⑤seemingly inconsequential things are the threads
of thankfulness, and gratitude for those small things can (C) Appealing as it sounds having the title of “Laboratory
be practiced every day. Rat of the Year” or “Most Creative Path through a
Maze,” the rats just aren’t motivated by such
*cliché: 상투적 표현 **mound: 더미
distinctions. Instead, laboratory rats want the real deal
***inconsequential: 보잘것없는
— food, safety, social contact, even some gentle
stroking from an experimenter.
*inscribed plaque: 이름이 새겨진 명패 **maze: 미로
***tangible: 유형의
|TEST 3강 6번|
324. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?324) ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
The emergence of life-long learning is one major
development in Europe ①which is thought to have an
impact on educational policies and teaching-learning trends
across Europe, and the world. It relates to the awareness
of the need to bridge the gap between education systems
and the socio-economic needs in particular. Education ②
believes to work more and be directed towards exploring
and catering for new emerging needs. In 1996, Europe
celebrated The European Year of Life-long Learning, ③
stressing the need to respond to fears about
competitiveness, innovations in technology and capitalist
globalisation. Substantial changes in education systems are
expected to cater for the new needs. Responding to
change has become a must and, as often ④stated by
policy-makers, there is a mounting urgency to adapt and
upgrade education to be able to respond to the ⑤
changing global economic, social and political
environment.
*cater for: ~을 충족시키다

|TEST 3강 9번| ① Any forms of object can be used as money.

326. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?326) ② Money is worth more than a replacement for barter.
③ The amount of money has no implications for the
Andrzej Wajda (born in 1926) is the symbol and main value of money.
director of the new generation of Polish film-makers. The ④ Money is only a passive medium and has no
son of a(n) ①Polishing army officer, he grew up in an importance in itself.
atmosphere of patriotism and romantic heroism. In 1944, ⑤ Money serves as a meaningful medium when it is used
in transactions.
at the age of 18, he was drawn ②to the resistance
movement and served in the ranks df the Armia Krajowa
(AK), the Home Army. After the Second World War, he
studied fine art ③before enrolling at the brand new Lodz
Film School. After making a few short films, he became
Aleksander Ford's assistant director. In 1957, his second
feature film, Kanal, brought him international public
recognition. Since then, he has continued to increase his
international audience with a series of major films that
tackle the problems ④facing modern-day Poland. As well
as being the most famous director of Polish cinema, he |TEST 3강 13번|
was the most typically Polish, constantly drawing on the 328. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
nation's collective memory and reworking it with a 지 않은 것은?328)
powerful sense of film direction. In so doing, he did not
Happiness can be ①lasting. Remember how great it felt
simply describe the events of his era; he actively ⑤stirred
the last time you got a raise? Do you still feel the same
his homeland's historical conscience.
excitement about it today? Probably not. Psychologists
*patriotism: 애국심 have long noted the human tendency to psychologically
adapt to new circumstances. Something that initially
makes one feel happy soon comes to feel like the ②
|TEST 3강 12번|
norm. The sense of happiness fades, and an urge to ③
327. 밑줄 친 What counts is the properties of objects at acquire the next bigger or better thing takes hold again.
the time when they are used as money, not when This can make the pursuit of happiness feel like walking
they are offstage가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적 on a treadmill, where you have to keep working to stay
절한 것은?327) in the ④same place — and, in fact, this cycle has been
called the “hedonic treadmill.” For example, you may feel
The idea that money replaced barter by making
happy to buy a house. But the euphoria begins to fade as
transactions more efficient allows one to see the economy
you see how much work it needs. Upgrading the kitchen
as something in which money is nothing more than a
feels good, but then the bathroom looks outdated. The
passive mediator— a “lubricant in exchange.” Money
pleasure of accomplishing one task fades quickly as the
objects such as coins are not fundamentally different from
desire for the next improvement ⑤arises.
commodities such as weights of gold: the stamp is merely
something to “save the trouble of weighing” (Aristotle) *hedonic treadmill: 쾌락의 쳇바퀴
and “a great convenience” (Ragan and Lipsey) but has no **euphoria: 행복감, 희열
unique importance of its own. The Canadian economist
Todd Hirsch quipped that “you could use chickens as
money” as long as people are ready to accept them as a
means of exchange. However, the fact that many things
can serve as money does not tell us much about money,
any more than the number of actors who have played
Hamlet tells us about Shakespeare’s play. What counts is
the properties of objects at the time when they are used
as money, not when they are offstage.
*barter: 물물 교환 **lubricant: 윤활유
***quip: 재치 있게 말하다


The consequences of written forms of communication One key to understanding the living planet is to
are quite extensive. The Canadian economist and recognize ①that nothing about the physical world is
communication historian Harold Innis, for example, static. The transfers of energy and the movement of
describes how written communication allowed societies ① matter in the physical world may be hard to see, as the
to endure through time by creating durable texts which cycles happen over scales that may be microscopic or
could be handed down and referred to. This allowed for vast. Mountains, continents, stars, and galaxies ②may
the control of knowledge by central hierarchies (such as a appear permanent and unchanging to us but the entire
priesthood). But the invention of more transportable universe, with us in it, is in fact constantly moving and
media, such as papyrus, ②allowing for centralized control changing, ③to reuse and recycling, dying and
to expand over a wider area. Writing changes the regenerating, in all places and at all scales. On our
relationship between a communicator and the person ③ unusually lively planet much of the flux among biological
with whom he or she is communicating. Audiences now systems ④is accelerated and concentrated, so changes
can be remote in time and space, and the communicator here are easier for us humans ⑤to perceive than the
can guarantee that the message received is identical with longer, slower cycles. However, there really are no static
the one sent, without having to rely on the memory of a elements anywhere in the universe. Changes happen
messenger. This means that a communicator can reach a through flows of energy and flows of materials, and these
④much wider and disparate audience. To the extent ⑤ flows take place in regenerative patterns that are cyclical.
that society was no longer dependent upon face-to-face *flux: 흐름
communication, societies could expand their boundaries to
encompass vast spaces and diverse populations. This was,
as Innis argues, the beginning of empire.
*hierarchy: 지배 계층 **disparate: 이질적인
***encompass: 포함하다
|TEST 3강 17번|
|TEST 3강 15번|
Radiology, and in general medical imaging, is one of
If society is ①more than a collection of individuals,
the areas ①where A.I. is advancing fast: “In many ways,
there must be some kind of relationship between them,
deep learning can mirror what trained radiologists do, that
and at the very least a sense of what is right and wrong
is, identify image parameters but also weigh up the
behaviour. This has led legal philosophers in the natural
importance of these parameters on the basis of other
law tradition to argue that there cannot be society ②
factors to arrive at a clinical decision.” Therefore some
without law. From this perspective, social theorists do not
companies only build an A.I.-based product ②to
usually pay sufficient ③respect to law. It is central to
outcompete the rest. This is common, but what normally
everything we do, not simply as an external constraint,
happens is that the high end of the market, the part that
but because it constitutes and makes possible orderly
is more difficult, still needs to be done by humans ③
social life. This involves taking a broad view of law, so
because the diagnosis by automation alone is not
any rule or social norm we are following, for example
conclusive and may even require skillful interaction
caring for the sick or respecting other people’s property,
between the diagnoser and the patient. Therefore these
is seen as part of law, even if lawyers or the courts are
companies need a dual structure in which most of the
not asked to intervene, and we are not ④consulting legal
routine work is replaced but still ④require critical human
rules. Everything in society ⑤is separated together,
skills to handle the remaining tasks — those also being
governed and even constituted by law.
the most expensive part of the workforce. This has two
implications. If the company itself is operating on this
business model, its scalability is still limited, and ⑤its
return on investment reduced.
*image parameter: 영상 매개 변수
**diagnosis: 진단, 식별 ***scalability: 확장성


333. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것 334. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?334)
은?333)
Empathy ①is generally categorized into at least two
Humans interact with their surroundings with types: cognitive and emotional. These need not be
audiovisual cues and utilize their arms or legs to engage experienced exclusively and can certainly influence each
and move within this world. This seemingly ordinary other. As its name implies, cognitive empathy is more
ability can be extremely beneficial for those who are consciously active ②in that it allows us to understand
experiencing weakening conditions that limit movement or another person’s mental state or perspective. It’s difficult
for individuals who are experiencing pain and discomfort to see how this form of empathy could have come about
either from a chronic illness or as a side effect of a in hominids until they had attained a certain level of
treatment. self-awareness and sense of other. Emotional empathy, on
the other hand, is far more reflexive, an almost instinctive
(A) During the VR experience, the patients are asked to response that seems to ③arise from much more
grab a virtual ball and throw it back into the virtual physiological processes. It allows us to share to some
space. degree in another’s emotional state. In considering the
possible origins of both forms of empathy, it seems more
(B) For these patients, this immersive experience could
likely that emotional empathy ④preceded cognitive
act as a personal rehabilitation physiotherapist who
empathy. In fact, without emotional empathy ⑤to exist
engages their arm movement multiple times a day,
first, it’s challenging to see how theory of mind and
allowing for possible neuroplasticity and a gradual
self-awareness could have come about at all.
return of normal motor function to these regions.
*hominid: 호미니드(현대 인류의 조상인 영장류)
(C) A recent study, looking at the effect of immersive
virtual reality (VR) for patients who had suffered
from chronic stroke, found this technology to be
contributing positively to the state of patients.
*immersive: 몰입형의
**rehabilitation physiotherapist: 재활 물리 치료사
***neuroplasticity: 신경 가소성 |TEST 3강 20번|
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
One telling indication of the importance of meaning for
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
gifts ①is the role of money. Cash, as generalized
purchasing power, can be used to ②buy anything. It is
extremely useful. Yet however great its utility, money
often performs ③poorly as a gift because it sends the
wrong message. Suppose today is St. Valentine’s Day,
and you wish to give your sweetheart a special gift. First
you think that spending $50 on a bouquet of red roses
might be nice, but then it occurs to you ④that flowers
are not very useful and that your girlfriend might prefer
something else instead of roses. So you conclude that $50
cash would be a better gift. Wrong. Red roses symbolize
romance, cash ⑤is not. Cash may be more useful, but it
has the wrong meaning for a romantic relationship. On St.
Valentine’s Day, it makes a lousy gift.
*bouquet: 꽃다발 **lousy: 형편없는


지 않은 것은?336) 고르시오.338)
Undoubtedly, everyone must strive for excellence because When we ask students “What is science?” we often
mediocrity is ①insufficient professionally and personally. receive the same sorts of responses whether they are
During economic downturns, mediocre employees are the ② elementary school, middle school, high school, or college
last to be laid off whereas organizations hold on for as students. Students point to a biology book and say, “That
long as possible to employees who try hard for excellence. is science.” Or they may give a list of courses such as
In addition, people who do mediocre work don’t get as physics, biology, and chemistry. With additional
much personal satisfaction as those who are passionate examination, they’ll cite the scientific method as an
about everything they do. However, we must all be ③ explanation of how science is done.
honest with ourselves. The fact is that only a few
individuals of extraordinary skills (physical ability, mental (A) These scientists are often viewed as “lone rangers”
focus, self-discipline, and many years of daily grueling who work in isolation and surprise the world with
training beyond most people’s capacity and willingness) their discoveries after long hours of diligent work.
earn a gold medal in the Olympics. Most athletes ④fail to
(B) When we prompt them to draw a picture that answers
even qualify for a chance to compete at the Olympic level,
the question “What does a scientist look like?” we
simply because the available slots are few whereas the
again receive similar messages from students across
applicants are many. The same is true for the Nobel Prize
the grade levels. Students tend to draw a befuddled,
and many other accomplishments that ⑤countless people
wild-haired man in a white lab coat.
strive for but very few attain.
(C) As we spend even more time discussing these
*mediocrity: 평범 **grueling: 호된, 심한 ***slot: 자리
matters, students (again from across the age and
grade spectrums) explain that science is a large body
|TEST 3강 22번|
of very sure facts, facts that are “discovered” by
objective scientists as they study all aspects of the
world, a study that is sometimes described as “prying
The evolution of human rights discourse and activism open” the natural world as if the answers are hidden
cannot be separated from political, economic, and cultural inside like a prize.
globalization. Globalization allowed human rights *befuddled: 정신없는 **pry open: 비집어 열다
advocates to move beyond the primacy of the nation-state,
though it by no means ①eliminated the state as a source ① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
and a target of activism. Globalization has contributed to ③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
the fragmentation of national and international ⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
communities by ②linking the local to the global. It has
③elevated the importance of new means of
communication and information technology. Though
imperfect and uneven, global human rights networks
broadcast eyewitness accounts and visual images of
human rights abuses, thus engaging a global audience in
the campaign ④for offenders. Those efforts have not
created an international consensus on the meaning and
extent of the human rights regime, however. To the
contrary, multiple groups and political constituencies
continue to ⑤battle over how to define human rights, and
these groups often operate in the interest of political
expediency rather than moral principle. As a result, the
understanding of human rights in the early twenty-first
century is possibly more fragmented than ever before.
*regime: 체제 **fragmentation: 해체, 분열
***expediency: 편법

|TEST 3강 24-25번| |TEST 3강 26-28번|

339. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?339) 340. 밑줄 친 부분중 지칭하는 것이 다른 하나는?340)
Gasoline and electricity aren’t the only ways to power The John Fleishauer family includes John, his wife,
a car. Biofuels also offer promise for future modes of Angela, his daughter, Sylvia, and two schnauzers. The
transportation. ①Made from organic matter such as corn, dogs are nearly the same age and are both considered
sugar beets, and potatoes or from vegetable oils and fats, miniatures, even though they are somewhat different in
biofuels are designed to supplement or replace gasoline or size. Charles is a gorgeous 23-pound male with a
diesel in cars. Like fossil fuels, biofuels, such as ethanol, beautiful coat. He is tall and lean and stands like a
discharge a great deal of carbon as they burn. But the champion, although in his heart he’s still a warm, sweet
new crops continually ②planted to keep up the little puppy. Sadie is smaller, at just ten pounds, and has
production of biofuels absorb much of this carbon. How a more hyper personality. ①She loves to jump from lap
these crops are handled determines how effective biofuels to lap until she decides which one to snuggle into for
actually are. If a great deal of fossil fuel is used in some nap time. One day, after the family had left for
fertilizing, harvesting, and processing the crops and then work and school, Sadie got out of the yard through a
transporting the final product, much of the benefit is lost. loose fence board. This was her first time to escape.
In 2007, the US Congress passed the Energy Charles was too big to follow, so she was on her own.
Independence and Security Act ③required that biofuel Sadie’s family doesn’t know how long ②she was out. It
production increase from 4.7 billion gallons in that year was a half-day at the school where Angela taught, so she
to 36 billion gallons by 2022. Based on the bill’s came home early. Their home is in a quiet neighborhood,
mandate, more than 2.8 million additional acres but it’s near a very busy street. As Angela approached
nationwide ④were given over to cropland for biofuels her house, she saw a little dog barking with all it had at
between 2008 and 2016. But this meant the loss of many a windmill on their neighbor’s lawn. Her heart nearly
wetlands, prairies, and forests. Carbon held in the trees, jumped out of her chest when she realized that the silly
roots, plants, and soils of these areas was released into dog was her Sadie. Angela opened the car door and
the air. Many species of wildlife, including butterflies, yelled for Sadie to come. Sadie stopped barking instantly,
bees, and other animals that pollinate plants lost their gave ③her a huge puppy smile, pranced over to the car,
habitats. Growing crops for biofuels also took over lands and jumped in. She began kissing Angela the only way
that ⑤had been used for food crops. So the cost of food she knows how — all tongue. When Angela got Sadie
rose. Newer or more advanced biofuels, made from home, she carried the dog inside and they both sat on the
nonfood plant parts or animal waste products, reduce the couch while Angela caught her breath. She could tell
competition for land use. Sadie knew ④she was in trouble by the way she had her
ears pinned back. But the little dog continued her sweet
*mandate: 명령, 지시 **prairie: (북미·캐나다의) 대초원
puppy smile, apparently hoping that Angela would forget
***pollinate: 수분(受粉)하다
what had just happened. Angela figured it was in a dog’s
nature to roam and wasn’t about to punish Sadie after the
fact. John fixed the fence, and he and his family planted
a tree where the loose board had been. Leaving the yard
was disobedient and foolish, but thanks to her, ⑤She was
protected from venturing further and reaching the busy
street.
*hyper: 흥분을 잘하는 **snuggle: 파고들다
***prance: 껑충거리며 뛰다 ****roam: 돌아다니다


341. 다음 글의 어휘의 쓰임으로 어색한 것은?341) 343. 다음 글에서 어휘의 쓰임이 어색한 것은?343)
From: The Manager Let’s say you’re ①reserving a working microwave in

Date: May 27, 2023 your basement. You’re not currently using the microwave;
instead, it’s collecting dust. Applying the concept of
To: All Staff
utility informs us that the microwave has no true value to
It has come to my attention that many in the office you or anyone else because it isn’t being used right now
have been spending time on a popular online games for its ②premeditated purpose (which is, of course, to
website. According to a recent article, the ①estimated warm food). But if you donated or sold that microwave
daily cost of people collectively playing these games to someone who could use it, you would immediately
instead of working is over $120 million. If these restore its value while also saving the recipient from
estimates are applied to our 600 office employees, this having to purchase a brand new one. Many consumers
results in a nearly $700 weekly loss. This is a ② balk at the idea of donating or selling perfectly ③
conservative estimate considering the extensive discussions redundant items, and that’s understandable, as items cost
that occur about ③beating the office’s current highest money. But thanks to ④ceaseless product turnover and
game score. The extra cost quickly adds up. Of course, I innovation, electronics and appliances quickly become
don’t want you to view our organization as a place of outdated. Giving that microwave to someone in your
④strict rules. I want to ⑤encourage a fun and community who needs it to warm food right now
competitive environment, and I recognize that the decreases the chances of ⑤restricted resources, including
company certainly will not be profitable if you are fossil fuels, copper, other metals, and water, being
unhappy or dissatisfied with your jobs. This is just a extracted from the earth to make another microwave.
reminder to be careful with your use of company time.
*balk: 멈칫거리다, 꺼리다 **copper: 구리
Thank you.
|TEST 3강 4번|
344. 주어진 문장이 들어갈 위치로 가장 적절한 것은?344)
On closer inspection, however, urban sprawl is not

mindless at all.
|TEST 3강 2번|
342. 밑줄 친 어법상의 쓰임이 어색한 것은?342)
Think about what is inaccurately described as mindless
It was the day when I had the opportunity to attend sprawl in our physical environment. ( ① ) We condemn
my first board meeting. I arrived early. It was a great the unstoppable spread of low-density suburbs over
honor that I had been asked ①to join them as a board millions of acres of formerly virgin land. ( ② ) We worry
member. Their mission was important. The other members about its environmental impact, about the obesity in people
were powerful, highly respected women from across the that it fosters, and about the other social problems that
nation. I ②heard about their work and their reputations come in its wake. ( ③ ) But nobody seems to have
for years. I was finally going to get a chance to meet designed urban sprawl, it just happens — or so it appears.
them. As I walked into the meeting room, someone from ( ④ ) There is nothing inevitable about its development.
the organization was already there, ③got ready for the Sprawl is the result of zoning laws designed by legislators,
meeting. Caterers were bringing in delicious treats and hot low-density buildings designed by developers, marketing
coffee. I looked at the big mahogany table and quickly strategies designed by ad agencies, tax breaks designed by
saw that name tags and binders ④were already being economists, credit lines designed by banks, geomatics
arranged and placed on the table. I saw my name — with designed by retailers, data-mining software designed by
a handwritten note from the president — welcoming me hamburger chains, and automobiles designed by car
to my first meeting. Quite frankly, I couldn’t believe ⑤ designers. ( ⑤ ) The interactions between all these systems
what my eyes were seeing! and human behavior are complicated and hard to
understand — but the policies themselves are not the result
of chance. “Out of control” is an ideology, not a fact.
*sprawl: (도시의) 스프롤 현상(무계획적인 팽창 현상)
**obesity: 비만 ***geomatics: 지형정보학


345. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 347. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?347)
I can’t imagine a rat ①working for a shiny medal to
You’ve probably already heard about the importance of hang around its neck or an inscribed plaque to decorate
adopting an attitude of gratitude and focusing on the ① its cage. ②Appealing as it sounds having the title of
positive things in your life. But what does that even mean “Laboratory Rat of the Year” or “Most Creative Path
beyond a tired cliché? Isn’t it ②enough when you’re through a Maze,” the rats just aren’t ③motivated by such
grateful for Thanksgiving dinner and the mounds of sweet distinctions. Instead, laboratory rats want the real deal —
potatoes and pumpkin pie that will soon be happily in food, safety, social contact, even some gentle stroking
your stomach? Well, not really. Thanksgiving is a good from an experimenter. In fact, award ceremonies are
place to start for taking inventory of all the things for distinctly human, as I know no other ④animals that will
which you’re ③thankful, but it’s by no means the finish work for trophies or certificates. Other animals learn to
line. When you have an average day that’s probably associate verbal expressions with the subsequent
going to simply fade into the fabric of your life, presentation of tangible rewards such as food, but medals,
remember to take stock — are you thankful for that text ribbons, and awards are specific to human motivation.
your friend sent you that made you feel ④special? What Awards are ⑤designed to distinguish one individual from
about when someone at lunch let you take the last slice a group of individuals, a goal that doesn’t register for
of pizza? Small, seemingly inconsequential things are the most nonhuman animals.
threads of thankfulness, and gratitude for those ⑤big *inscribed plaque: 이름이 새겨진 명패 **maze: 미로
things can be practiced every day. ***tangible: 유형의
*cliché: 상투적 표현 **mound: 더미
***inconsequential: 보잘것없는 |TEST 3강 9번|
348. Andrzej Wajda에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하는 것
|TEST 3강 6번| 은?348)
346. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?346)
Andrzej Wajda (born in 1926) is the symbol and main
The emergence of life-long learning is one major director of the new generation of Polish film-makers. The
development in Europe which is thought to have an son of a Polish army officer, he grew up in an atmosphere
impact on educational policies and teaching-learning trends of patriotism and romantic heroism. In 1944, at the age of
across Europe, and the world. It relates to the awareness 18, he was drawn to the resistance movement and served in
of the need to bridge the gap between education systems the ranks of the Armia Krajowa (AK), the Home Army.
and the socio-economic needs in particular. Education is After the Second World War, he studied fine art before
believed to work more and be directed towards exploring enrolling at the brand new Lodz Film School. After making
and catering for new emerging needs. In 1996, Europe a few short films, he became Aleksander Ford’s assistant
celebrated The European Year of Life-long Learning, director. In 1957, his second feature film, Kanal, brought
stressing the need to respond to fears about him international public recognition. Since then, he has
competitiveness, innovations in technology and capitalist continued to increase his international audience with a
globalisation. Substantial changes in education systems are series of major films that tackle the problems facing
expected to cater for the new needs. Responding to modern-day Poland. As well as being the most famous
change has become a must and, as often stated by director of Polish cinema, he was the most typically Polish,
policy-makers, there is a mounting urgency to adapt and constantly drawing on the nation’s collective memory and
upgrade education to be able to respond to the changing reworking it with a powerful sense of film direction. In so
global economic, social and political environment. doing, he did not simply describe the events of his era; he
*cater for: ~을 충족시키다 actively stirred his homeland’s historical conscience.
*patriotism: 애국심
① 평생 교육을 통해서 유럽의 경제를 이해하는 것이 필요하다.
② 세계 경제 변화에 대응을 위해 우선순위를 정하는 것이 필 ① 애국과 낭만적 영웅주의 분위 속에서 성장하지 않았다.
요하다. ② Lodz Film School에 입학 후 순수 미술을 공부했다.
③ 교육과 경제 시스템 사이의 차이를 줄이는 것이 필요하다. ③ 세번째 장편 영화인 Kanal은 대중적 인정을 가져다 주였다.
④ 경쟁, 혁신 및 자본주의 세계화의 두렵움을 극복해야 한다. ④ 가장 전형적으로 폴란드인다운 감독이었다.
⑤ 변화하는 세계 환경에 대응을 위해 평생 교육이 중요하다. ⑤ 지기 시대의 사건들 묘사에는 큰 관심을 두지 않았다.

|TEST 3강 12번|
(B) Probably not. Psychologists have long noted the
349. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?349) human tendency to psychologically adapt to new
circumstances. Something that initially makes one feel
The idea that money replaced barter by making
happy soon comes to feel like the norm. The sense
transactions more ①efficient allows one to see the
of happiness fades, and an urge to acquire the next
economy as something in which money is nothing more
bigger or better thing takes hold again.
than a passive mediator — a “lubricant in exchange.”
Money objects such as coins are not fundamentally (C) But the euphoria begins to fade as you see how
different from commodities such as weights of gold: the much work it needs. Upgrading the kitchen feels
stamp is merely something to “save the trouble of good, but then the bathroom looks outdated. The
weighing” (Aristotle) and “a great convenience” (Ragan pleasure of accomplishing one task fades quickly as
and Lipsey) but ②have no unique importance of its own. the desire for the next improvement arises.
The Canadian economist Todd Hirsch quipped that “you *hedonic treadmill: 쾌락의 쳇바퀴
could use chickens as money” as long as people are **euphoria: 행복감, 희열
ready to accept ③them as a means of exchange.
However, the fact that many things can serve as money ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
does not tell us much about money, any more than the ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
number of actors who have played Hamlet ④tells us
about Shakespeare’s play. What counts is the properties of
objects at the time ⑤when they are used as money, not
when they are offstage.
*barter: 물물 교환 **lubricant: 윤활유 |TEST 3강 14번|
***quip: 재치 있게 말하다
The consequences of written forms of communication

are quite ①extensive. The Canadian economist and
communication historian Harold Innis, for example,
describes how written communication allowed societies to
②endure through time by creating durable texts which
could be handed down and referred to. This allowed for
the control of knowledge by central hierarchies (such as a
priesthood). But the invention of more transportable
media, such as papyrus, allowed for centralized control to
③expand over a wider area. Writing changes the
relationship between a communicator and the person with
whom he or she is communicating. Audiences now can be
remote in time and space, and the communicator can
|TEST 3강 13번| guarantee that the message received is ④identical with
350. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것 the one sent, without having to rely on the memory of a
은?350) messenger. This means that a communicator can reach a
much wider and disparate audience. To the extent that
Happiness can be brief. Remember how great it felt the
society was no longer ⑤independent upon face-to-face
last time you got a raise? Do you still feel the same
communication, societies could expand their boundaries to
excitement about it today?
encompass vast spaces and diverse populations. This was,
as Innis argues, the beginning of empire.
(A) This can make the pursuit of happiness feel like
*hierarchy: 지배 계층 **disparate: 이질적인
walking on a treadmill, where you have to keep
***encompass: 포함하다
working to stay in the same place — and, in fact,
this cycle has been called the “hedonic treadmill.”
For example, you may feel happy to buy a house.

|TEST 3강 15번| ① may look like a ball thrown by a pitcher

352. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 ② may seem lively and constantly making a change
③ may look slower than actually they are
④ may be a reference point to understand the movement
Radiology, and in general medical imaging, is one of of the planet
the areas where A.I. is ①advancing fast: “In many ways, ⑤ may appear permanent and unchanging to us
deep learning can mirror what trained radiologists do, that
is, identify image parameters but also weigh up the
importance of these parameters on the basis of other
factors to arrive at a clinical decision.” Therefore some
companies only build an A.I.-based product to ②
outcompete the rest. This is common, but what normally
happens is that the high end of the market, the part that
is more difficult, still needs to be done by humans
because the diagnosis by automation alone is ③conclusive
and may even require skillful interaction between the |TEST 3강 17번|
diagnoser and the patient. Therefore these companies need 354. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
a dual structure in which most of the ④routine work is 은?354)
replaced but still require critical human skills to handle
the remaining tasks — those also being the most If society is more than a collection of individuals, there
expensive part of the workforce. This has two must be some kind of relationship between them, and at
implications. If the company itself is operating on this the very least a sense of what is right and wrong
business model, its scalability is still limited, and its behaviour.
return on investment ⑤reduced.
(A) This involves taking a broad view of law, so any rule
*image parameter: 영상 매개 변수
or social norm we are following, for example caring
**diagnosis: 진단, 식별 ***scalability: 확장성
for the sick or respecting other people’s property, is
seen as part of law, even if lawyers or the courts are
not asked to intervene, and we are not consulting
legal rules.
(B) This has led legal philosophers in the natural law
|TEST 3강 16번| tradition to argue that there cannot be society without
353. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?353) law. From this perspective, social theorists do not
usually pay sufficient respect to law. It is central to
One key to understanding the living planet is to
everything we do, not simply as an external
recognize that nothing about the physical world is static.
constraint, but because it constitutes and makes
The transfers of energy and the movement of matter in
possible orderly social life.
the physical world may be hard to see, as the cycles
happen over scales that may be microscopic or vast. (C) Everything in society is held together, governed and
Mountains, continents, stars, and galaxies may appear even constituted by law.
permanent and unchanging to us but the entire universe,
with us in it, is in fact constantly moving and changing, ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
reusing and recycling, dying and regenerating, in all
places and at all scales. On our unusually lively planet
much of the flux among biological systems is accelerated
and concentrated, so changes here are easier for us
humans to perceive than the longer, slower cycles.
However, there really are no static elements anywhere in
the universe. Changes happen through flows of energy
and flows of materials, and these flows take place in
regenerative patterns that are cyclical.
*flux: 흐름


355. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 357. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
한 곳은? 355) 지 않은 것은?357)
For these patients, this immersive experience could act One telling indication of the importance of ①meaning
as a personal rehabilitation physiotherapist who engages for gifts is the role of money. Cash, as generalized
their arm movement multiple times a day, allowing for purchasing power, can be used to buy anything. It is
possible neuroplasticity and a gradual return of normal extremely ②useful. Yet however great its utility, money
motor function to these regions. often performs ③poorly as a gift because it sends the
wrong message. Suppose today is St. Valentine’s Day,
and you wish to give your sweetheart a special gift. First
( ① ) Humans interact with their surroundings with
you think that spending $50 on a bouquet of red roses
audiovisual cues and utilize their arms or legs to engage
might be nice, but then it occurs to you that flowers are
and move within this world. ( ② ) This seemingly
not very useful and that your girlfriend might prefer
ordinary ability can be extremely beneficial for those who
something else instead of roses. So you conclude that $50
are experiencing weakening conditions that limit
cash would be a ④improper gift. Wrong. Red roses
movement or for individuals who are experiencing pain
symbolize romance, cash does not. Cash may be more
and discomfort either from a chronic illness or as a side
useful, but it has the ⑤wrong meaning for a romantic
effect of a treatment. ( ③ ) A recent study, looking at
relationship. On St. Valentine’s Day, it makes a lousy
the effect of immersive virtual reality (VR) for patients
gift.
who had suffered from chronic stroke, found this
technology to be contributing positively to the state of *bouquet: 꽃다발 **lousy: 형편없는
patients. ( ④ ) During the VR experience, the patients
are asked to grab a virtual ball and throw it back into the
virtual space. ( ⑤ )
*immersive: 몰입형의 |TEST 3강 21번|
**rehabilitation physiotherapist: 재활 물리 치료사
***neuroplasticity: 신경 가소성
Undoubtedly, everyone must strive for excellence
|TEST 3강 19번| because mediocrity is insufficient professionally and
356. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 personally. During economic downturns, mediocre
지 않은 것은?356) employees are the first to be laid off whereas
organizations hold on for as long as possible to
Empathy is generally categorized into at least two
employees ①who try hard for excellence. In addition,
types: cognitive and emotional. These need not be
people who do mediocre work ②don’t get as much
experienced ①exclusively and can certainly influence each
personal satisfaction as those who are passionate about
other. As its name implies, cognitive empathy is more
everything they do. However, we must all be honest with
consciously active ②in that it allows us to understand
ourselves. The fact is that only a few individuals of
another person’s mental state or perspective. It’s difficult
extraordinary skills (physical ability, mental focus,
to see how this form of empathy could have come about
self-discipline, and many years of daily grueling training
in hominids until they had attained a certain level of
beyond most people’s capacity and willingness) ③earning
self-awareness and sense of other. Emotional empathy, on
a gold medal in the Olympics. Most athletes fail to even
the other hand, is far more ③reflexive, an almost
qualify for a chance ④to compete at the Olympic level,
instinctive response that seems to arise from much more
simply because the available slots are few whereas the
physiological processes. It allows us to ④share to some
applicants are many. The same is true for the Nobel Prize
degree in another’s emotional state. In considering the
and many other accomplishments ⑤that countless people
possible origins of both forms of empathy, it seems more
strive for but very few attain.
likely that emotional empathy preceded cognitive empathy.
In fact, without emotional empathy existing first, it’s ⑤ *mediocrity: 평범 **grueling: 호된, 심한 ***slot: 자리
easy to see how theory of mind and self-awareness could
have come about at all.
*hominid: 호미니드(현대 인류의 조상인 영장류)


The evolution of human rights discourse and activism When we ask students “What is science?” we often
cannot ①be separated from political, economic, and receive the same sorts of responses ①whether they are
cultural globalization. Globalization allowed human rights elementary school, middle school, high school, or college
advocates ②to move beyond the primacy of the students. Students point to a biology book and say, “That
nation-state, though it by no means eliminated the state as is science.” Or they may give a list of courses such as
a source and a target of activism. Globalization ③has physics, biology, and chemistry. With additional
contributed to the fragmentation of national and examination, they’ll cite the scientific method as an
international communities by linking the local to the explanation of ②how science is done. When we prompt
global. It has elevated the importance of new means of them ③to draw a picture that answers the question “What
communication and information technology. Though does a scientist look like?” we again receive similar
imperfect and uneven, global human rights networks messages from students across the grade levels. Students
broadcast eyewitness accounts and visual images of tend to draw a befuddled, wild-haired man in a white lab
human rights abuses, thus ④engage a global audience in coat. As we spend even more time ④discussing these
the campaign against offenders. Those efforts have not matters, students (again from across the age and grade
created an international consensus on the meaning and spectrums) explain that science is a large body of very
extent of the human rights regime, however. To the sure facts, facts that are “discovered” by objective
contrary, multiple groups and political constituencies scientists as they study all aspects of the world, a study
continue to battle over how to define human rights, and that is sometimes described as “prying open” the natural
these groups often operate in the interest of political world as if the answers are hidden inside like a prize.
expediency rather than moral principle. As a result, the These scientists are often viewed as “lone rangers” who
understanding of human rights in the early twenty-first work in isolation and ⑤surprised the world with their
century is possibly more ⑤fragmented than ever before. discoveries after long hours of diligent work.
*regime: 체제 **fragmentation: 해체, 분열 *befuddled: 정신없는 **pry open: 비집어 열다
***expediency: 편법

|TEST 3강 24-25번| |TEST 3강 26-28번|

361. 밑줄 친 부분 중 어휘의 쓰임이 어색한 것은?361) 362. 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 쓰임이 어색한 것은?362)
Gasoline and electricity aren’t the only ways to power The John Fleishauer family includes John, his wife,
a car. Biofuels also offer promise for future modes of Angela, his daughter, Sylvia, and two schnauzers. The
transportation. Made from organic matter such as corn, dogs are nearly the same age and are both considered
sugar beets, and potatoes or from vegetable oils and fats, miniatures, even though they are somewhat different in
biofuels are designed to ①replenish or replace gasoline or size. Charles is a gorgeous 23-pound male with a
diesel in cars. Like fossil fuels, biofuels, such as ethanol, beautiful coat. He is tall and lean and stands like a
discharge a great deal of carbon as they burn. But the champion, although in his heart he’s still a warm, sweet
new crops continually planted to keep up the production little puppy. Sadie is smaller, at just ten pounds, and has
of biofuels ②soak much of this carbon. How these crops a more hyper personality. She loves to jump from lap to
③are dealt with determines how effective biofuels lap until she decides which one ①to snuggle into for
actually are. If a great deal of fossil fuel is used in some nap time. One day, after the family had left for
fertilizing, harvesting, and processing the crops and then work and school, Sadie got out of the yard through a
transporting the final product, much of the benefit is lost. loose fence board. This was her first time to escape.
In 2007, the US Congress passed the Energy Charles was too big to follow, so she was on her own.
Independence and Security Act ④turning down that Sadie’s family doesn’t know how long she was out. It
biofuel production increase from 4.7 billion gallons in that was a half-day at the school ②where Angela taught, so
year to 36 billion gallons by 2022. Based on the bill’s she came home early. Their home is in a quiet
mandate, more than 2.8 million additional acres neighborhood, but it’s near a very busy street. As Angela
nationwide were given over to cropland for biofuels approached her house, she saw a little dog barking with
between 2008 and 2016. But this meant the loss of many all it had at a windmill on their neighbor’s lawn. Her
wetlands, prairies, and forests. Carbon held in the trees, heart nearly jumped out of her chest when she realized
roots, plants, and soils of these areas was released into that the silly dog was her Sadie. Angela opened the car
the air. Many species of wildlife, including butterflies, door and yelled for Sadie to come. Sadie stopped barking
bees, and other animals that pollinate plants lost their instantly, gave Angela a huge puppy smile, pranced over
habitats. Growing crops for biofuels also ⑤occupied lands to the car, and jumped in. She began kissing Angela the
that had been used for food crops. So the cost of food only way she knows how — all tongue. When Angela
rose. Newer or more advanced biofuels, made from got Sadie home, she carried the dog inside and they both
nonfood plant parts or animal waste products, reduce the sat on the couch while Angela caught her breath. She
competition for land use. could tell Sadie knew she was in trouble by the way she
had her ears ③pin back. But the little dog continued her
*mandate: 명령, 지시 **prairie: (북미·캐나다의) 대초원
sweet puppy smile, apparently hoping that Angela would
***pollinate: 수분(受粉)하다
forget ④what had just happened. Angela figured it was in
a dog’s nature to roam and wasn’t about ⑤to punish
Sadie after the fact. John fixed the fence, and he and his
family planted a tree where the loose board had been.
Leaving the yard was disobedient and foolish, but thanks
to Angela, Sadie was protected from venturing further and
reaching the busy street.
*hyper: 흥분을 잘하는 **snuggle: 파고들다
***prance: 껑충거리며 뛰다 ****roam: 돌아다니다

13) ⑤ to ship → to be shipped

[해설] order의 목적어인 맥주 몇 통은 배달하는 것이 아니라
1) ② conservative → progressive 배달되는 것이므로 목적격 보어인 to부정사를 수동으로 표시
[해설] 시상식에서 축하 공연을 요청하는 글이다. 초창하는 이 해줘야 한다.
유를 언급하는 부분이므로 “보수적인(conservative)”라는 의
14) ① asked → were asked
미는 맥락상 어색하므로 "현대적인(progressive)"가 적절하다.
[해설] 우리는 완전히 갖추어진 글을 작문하라는 요청을 한
2) ③ extreme → extremely 것이 아니라 받은 것이므로 동사는 능동태가 아닌 수동태로
[해설] 한정사 an 다음에 형용사 short를 수식하는 자리이다. 써야 맞다.
형용사를 수식하는 품사는 부사이므로, 형용사 extreme는 불
15) ③ to enjoy → enjoying
가능하다. 따라서 부사 extremely를 써야 한다.
[해설] can see people이 5형식 문형에서 지각동사와 목적어
3) ④ what → that 이기 때문에 목적격 보어 자리인 ③번에는 to enjoy가 아니
[해설] what은 뒤에 이어지는 절이 불완전해야 하지만, 뒤에 라 현재분사 enjoying이나 원형 부정사 enjoy가 들어가야 맞
이어지는 절이 완전하므로 what이 아닌 that을 써야 한다. 다.
4) ② unknown → prestigious 16) ② being → was
[해설] 인사관리협회의 지역 회의에 초청 연사로 초대받은 필 [해설] 전치사 about 다음에 동명사 being이 올 것 같지만
자가 쓴 글로 해당 행사가 “알려지지 않은(unknown)"은 알 about은 주어인 all을 꾸며주는 관계 대명사절에 들어가는
맞지 않다. 따라서 ”훌륭한(prestigious)"가 되어야 한다. 전치사이기 때문에 동사인 was를 써야 맞다.
5) ① 17) ② more -> fewer
[해설] 주어진 문장에서 For this year’s program에 주목해 [해설] 생존에 유리한 형질은 더 많은 더 많은 열량을 섭취할
야 한다. this year's program이 지칭하는 부분이 현대 미 수 있는 능력이기에 해당 단어는 더 적은(fewer)으로 바꿔야
술 협회에서 주최하는 시상식을 의미하므로 주어진 문장은 ① 적절하다.
번에 오는 것이 적절하다.
18) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
6) ⑤ convenience → inconvenience [해설] (B)의 내용이 주어진 문장에서 도출 될 수 있는 결론
[해설] 많은 수요로 인해 기념 셔츠 주문을 이행할 수 없어 이므로 Thus를 중심으로 주어진 문장 다음엔 (B)가 오는 것
환불과 관련된 세부 사항을 안내하는 글이다. 그러므로 고객 이 적절하다. 또한 (C)에 언급된 Robert Schumann’s
의 주문을 이행할 수 없는 "불편(inconvenience)"에 대해 사 mother 의 사례가 (B)에 마지막에 언급된 Sidney 사례와 같
과하는 것이 맥락상 맞으므로 "편한(convenience)"은 맞지 은 내용이므로 (C)-(B)의 순서로 나열되는 것이 적절하다.
않다.
19) ③ spot-> to spot
7) ② reflect → reflected [해설] ③번 선지 앞에 make(V) one(O) less likely(O.C) 형
[해설] 대등 접속사 and에 의한 병렬구조이다. 맥락상 동사 태로 5형식으로 쓰였기 때문에 spot을 to spot의 형태로 바
have reviewed와 병렬이므로 (have) reflected로 써야 한 꾸는 것이 옳다.
다.
20) ③
8) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) [해설] 위 글의 주제인 ‘광고와 마케팅 효과에 대한 의문’을
[해설] 인사관리협회의 지역 회의에 초청 연사로 초대 받았다 고려할 때 광고와 재무성과에는 명확한 관계가 없다는 내용이
는 내용의 주어진 문장에 이어 가족 행사로 인해 참석할 수 적절하다. 따라서 빈칸에 적절한 단어도 causal relationship
없음을 알리는 (B)가 먼저 와야 한다. 이후 대체 연사를 추천 이다
하는 (C)가 다음에 오고, 마지막에 (A)가 오는 것이 자연스럽
21) ④
다.
[해설] 주어진 문장 앞에 언급된 evolutionary timescales
9) ④ anxiety → relief are long이 주어진 문장에 0.00004%의 포유류의 진화시간과
[해설] 모르는 번호의 전화를 받아야 하는 상황에서 가끔 전 이어지고, 마지막 문장의 내용인 앞으로 온라인 음식 쇼핑과
화하는 사람의 일상적인 전화라는 사실을 알았을 때 anxiety 배달의 현재 현실을 따라잡을 수 있기 까지는 수천 년이 걸
(불안, 초초)가 아니라 relief(안심, 안도)을 느끼는 것이 맞다. 린다는 내용이 주어진 내용과 이어지므로 문장 삽입의 위치는
④번이 적절하다.
10) ③ criticism → praise
[해설] 자신이 전반적으로 작문을 잘 해냈다고 판단하고 있었 22) ⑤ the truth -> a myth
으므로 criticism(비판)이 아니라 praise(칭찬)을 기다리며 있 [해설] 위 글의 내용에서 초보 음악가에게 부모가 주는 ‘보편
었다고 해야 맞다. 적 지원’이 긍정적인 기능을 하게 될 것이라는 건 통념이기
때문에, the truth를 a myth로 바꾸는 것이 적절하다.
11) ① where → that
[해설] 선행사인 an old house가 장소이기 때문에 관계부사 23) ②
where이 맞는 것 같지만 동사인 used to be와 is가 뒤에 있 [해설] 이야기에 의해 더욱 다른 세상에 있는 것처럼 느낀 독
기 때문에 주격인 관계대명사가 들어가야 한다. 선행사가 사 자들은 위에서 언급한 것처럼 ‘불신의 유예’가 있기 때문에
물이기 때문에 that이나 which가 들어가야 맞다. 피노키오(거짓말)을 더 적게 발견하는 것이 적절하다. 따라서
적절한 단어는 fewer이다.
12) ②
[해설] ②번 문장에서 언급하고 있는 that news가 주어진 문 24) ① inappropriately -> well
장에 나오는 the editor가 불합격했다는 소식이고, 그 소식을 [해설] 윗 글에서 제시하는 20년 뒤떨어진 개념들이란, 충분
듣자마자 나 자신이 합격할 가능성에 대해서 불안감을 가졌다 히 많은 메시지를 밖으로 내보내면 그중 일부는 사람들이 들
고 이야기 하고 있으므로 주어진 문장이 들어갈 위치는 ②번 을 것이라는 개념, 그래서 브랜드 구축은 돈이 잘 쓰게된 경
이다. 우라고 생각하는 통념이다. 따라서 ①번 어휘를 well로 바꾸

는 것이 적절하다. 에 맞지 않는다.
25) ② however - however 39) ③ important → unimportant
[해설] 내용상 진지한 시간 관리가 없을 경우, 여러분의 하루
26) ② smaller → bigger
는 긴급하지만 ‘중요하지 않은(unimportant)’ 활동으로 채워
[해설] 인간은 손실에 대한 혐오가 당연히 이득에 대한 끌림
지기 쉽다는 의미가 되어야하므로 ‘중요한 (important)’는 문
보다 더 크다는 글이므로 bigger이 맞다.
맥에 맞지 않는다.
27) ③
40) ② The Virtue Scientists Should Consider to Have
[해설] ⒜ it~that 강조구문이고 부사구를 강조했으므로
[해설] 이 글은 과학자는 재중 의사소통 전략을 갖추기 위해
which가 아닌 that이 되어야 한다. ⒟ make가 5형식동사여
노력해야한다는 내용 이므로 이 글의 제목으로 ② ‘과학자들
서 목적격 보어로 형용사를 데리고 와야 하므로 meaningful
이 가지려 고려해야하는 덕목’이다.
이 적절하다. ⒡ so that 구문이므로 what이 아닌 that이 되
① The Vision of Future Scientific Development (미래과
어야 한다. ⒢ if절이 가정법이고 앞에 문장에 would 동사원
학 발달의 비젼)
형이니 가정법 과거이다. declare이 아닌 declared가 되어야
③ Public Participation Causing Scientific Development
한다.
(대중 참여가 야기하는 과학 발달)
28) ② ④ The Dilemma of Modern Communications
[해설] (b) has made → has been made Technology (현대 통신기술의 딜레마)
이해의 진전은 만드는 것이 아니라 만들어 지는 것이므로 수 ⑤ The Relationship Between Scientific Development
동태로 사용 되어야 한다. and Modern Life (과학 발달과 현대 삶의 관계)\
(c) to spawn → spawn, spawning
41) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
I’ve seen에서 seen은 지각동사 이므로 목적격 보어로 동사
[해설] 아이들에게 공정함과 희생을 가르칠 필요가 없다는 주
원형이나 현재분사를 가져온다.
어진 글에 이어, 부가적으로 경멸이나 규칙 간의 차이를 가르
(f) would formulate → would be formulated
칠 필요도 없음을 말하는 (B)가 먼저 오고, 이러한 선호는 내
이론은 정립하는 것이 아니라 정립 되는 것이므로 수동태로
면에서 비롯되는 것임을 말하는 (A)가 뒤에 이어지며 글의 마
사용 되어야 한다.
지막에 이것이 선천적인 것임을 주장하는 (C)가 오는 것이,
29) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) 가장 자연스러운 글의 흐름이다.
30) ④ 42) ④ trust → question
[해설] 이미 마음을 준 후보자들이 어떤 내용을 말하던 그 후
31) ②
보의 입장을 정당화시키는 지지자들의 편향성에 대해 말하는
32) ⑤ (C)-(A)-(B) 글이다. 지지자들은 후보들이 제작하는 목록의 진실에 대해서
는 의심하지 않는다는 내용이 되어야 한다. 따라서 ④의 ‘신
33) ⑤ be resulted → result
뢰하다(trust)’를 ‘의심하다(question)’으로 고쳐야 한다.
[해설] 밑줄 부분은 능동 수동태를 문제이다. 밑줄 친 result
는 (~의 결과로) 발생하다[생기다]는 자동사이므로 수동태로 43) ④
사용 할 수 없다. *result in(야기하다) 타동사로 사용된다. [해설] 슬퍼하며 어려움을 이겨나가는 상황을 친한 친구의 죽
음을 통해 구체적으로 서술하고 있는 주어진 문장 앞에는, 이
34) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
구체적 사례에 대한 일반적인 주장을 담고 있는 진술이 와야
[해설] 주어진 문장에서 조직화된 당파심이 가장 큰 위험 중
한다. 따라서 주어진 문장은 괴로운 감정이 유용한 기능을 제
하나이며 이를 민족주의가 전쟁을 일으키다는 예를들고 있다.
공할 수 있다는 일반적인 주장 뒤에 위치해야 한다. 따라서
이후 젊은 이들이 당파 싸움 밖에서 치우치지 않는 탐구 습
주어진 문장은 ④에 와야 한다.
관을 기르도록 하는 것은 교사의 일리라는 (C)가 이어진 후
C에서 언급한 교사를 지목하는 The teacher로 시작하여 교 44) ⑤ be thought of → be thought of as
사는 편견을 받아들이지 말아야한다는 (B)가 이어진 후 B의 [해설] think of A as B의 수동 형태는 be thought of as~
마지막 문장의 scientific investigation과 이어지는 (A)로 이 형태이어야 하므로 ⑤의 be thought of를 be thought of
어지는 것이 글의 순서로 가장 자연스럽다. as로 고쳐야 한다.
35) ③ much → many 45) ⑤ blamed → praised
[해설] 밑줄 부분은 수량을 묻는 문제이다. 밑줄 친 much는 [해설] 도덕에 관한 자각은 선천적으로 이뤄진다는 내용의 글
셀수 없는 명사를 받는 것이므로 commitments를 받는 로 전투에서 도망치는 이가 칭찬받는 사회는 없다는 내용이
many를 사용하는 것이 옳다. 되어야 하므로 ⑤의 ‘비난받는(blamed)’을 ‘칭찬받는
(praised)’으로 고쳐야 한다.
36) ① its → their
[해설] 밑줄 부분은 대명사 문제이다. 밑줄 친 its는 all 46) ⑤ that → what
aspets of human life를 가리키므로 their를 사용하는 것이 [해설] It was as if~ 이하의 문장에서 가주어 it이 사용되었
옳다. 고, 진주어 자리에 불완전한 문장이 이어지면서 ‘의문사+주어
+동사’ 순서로 서술되어야 하므로 ⑤번의 that을 what으로
37) ⑤ smaller → larger
고쳐야 한다.
[해설] 내용상 에너지 효율성이 더 놓은 주택은 ‘더 적은
(smaller)’ 공공요금 납입금을 야기한다는 내용이 되어야 하 47) ④ hide → work through
므로 ‘더 큰(larger)’는 문맥에 맞지 않는다. [해설] 부정적인 감정이 제공하는 유용한 면에 대한 이야기가
서술되어야 하므로 어려운 상황을 이겨 내고 그것을 경험으로
38) ③ denying → accepting
삼으라는 뜻으로 사용되어야 한다. 따라서 ④의 ‘숨기다
[해설] 내용상 일방적인 진술을 액면 그대로 ‘받아들이지
(hide)’를 ‘이겨내다(work through)’로 고쳐야 한다.
(accepting)’ 않도록 경계하게 하는 것이 교사가 하는 일어어
야한다는 의미가 되어야하므로 ‘부인하는 (denying)’은 문맥 48) ⑤ noticeable → unnoticeable

[해설] 점진적인 변화를 주장하는 Darwin과 달리 Gould는 는 의미로 능동(informing)을 수동(informed)로 고치는 것이
긴 안정기 이후 갑작스러운 변화가 온다는 것을 주장하고 있 문법적으로 적절하다.
다. 점진적 변화란 눈에 띄지 않는 작은 변화여야 하므로 ⑤
56) ③
의 ‘눈에 띄는(noticeable)’을 ‘눈에 띄지 않는
글의 내용은 미국 경제에서 교육 및 의료서비스가 차지하는
(unnoticeable)’로 고쳐야 한다.
비율이 스포츠에 비해서 훨씬 크지만, 각각의 분야에서 참여
49) ② negative → positive 하는 숫자와 관련해서는 스포츠 관련 수요가 교육 또는 의료
[해설] 글의 내용은 창의적인 생각이나, 창의적인 생각을 할 서비스보다 크다는 내용의 글로, 주어진 문장에서 운동선수의
때 막히는 경우는 책상을 벗어나서 산책 즉, 운동을 하면 도 서비스에 대한 수요가 의료서비스 또는 교육보다 훨씬 크다는
움이 된다는 글이다. 따라서 물리적인 움직임은 창의적인 생 내용으로, ③에서 그 수요의 근원이 수억 명의 사람들이 스포
각을 할 때 부정적인 효과를 갖는 것이 아니라 궁정적인 효 츠 경기를 직접 또는 TV를 통해서 신청한다는 내용으로 뒷바
과를 얻는다는 내용으로 ②negative를 positive로 고치는 것 침을 하고 있으므로, 글의 흐름으로 보아 ③에 들어가는 것이
이 적절하다. 가장 적절하다.
50) ⑤ what → how 57) ④ weighs→ weigh
[해설] understand의 목적어 자리로, the universe began [해설] 주어는 females이므로 동사는 weigh로 바꿔야 한다.
이 완전한 문장으로 명사 역할을 하는 what을 부사 역할을 ① 문장의 본동사는 are 이므로 동사자리가 아니고 주절의
하는 how로 고치는 것이 적절하다. 주어인 they가 그들의 뒷 지느러미를 둥글게 움직이는 것이
므로 현재분사 being은 적절하다.
51) ③
② 주어는 animal이고 and가 measures와 weigh를 병렬연
[해설] 글의 내용은 사업을 하는데 안정적인 환경이 필요한데,
결하고 있으므로 weighs는 적절하다.
사업 활동을 통제하는 법칙의 틀이 끊임없이 변화를 받기 쉬
③ 뒷문장이 주어가 없는 불완전한 문장이고 앞에 ,가 있어
운데, 전문가와 또는 사업가 자신이 법에 대한 흐름을 쫓아가
계속적 용법으로 쓰였으므로 which는 적절하다.
한 한다는 내용의 글로, 주어진 문장 the businessman은 ③
⑤ 주어는 the bull sea lion이고 neither A nor B 가 eats
에서 he를 지칭하고 있는 대명사로 주어진 문장은 ③에 들어
와 sleeps를 병렬연결하고 있으므로 sleeps는 적절하다.
가는 것이 글의 흐름상 적절하다.
52) ⑤ prevents → creates
58) ③ Satisfied → Dissatisfied
[해설] 글의 내용은 의료 및 교육에 대한 수요가 프로 운동선
[해설] 뒷 내용에서 파리의 학교를 방문했다고 했으므로, 영국
수들 보다 훨씬 크고, 미국 경제에서 교육과 의료서비스가 두
의 학교에서 본 것에는 만족하지 못했다고 하는 것이 적절하
자리 수자이고, 성장을 하고 있다, 하지만 프로 스포츠 산업
다. 따라서 ③은 Dissatisfied로 고쳐야 한다.
이 어는 것과 비교해도 크지는 않지만, 운동선수의 서비스에
대한 수요가 의료 또는 교육보다 더 크고, 수요의 근원은 수 59) ⑤
억 명의 사람들이 직접 또는 TV를 통해서 시청하는 것을 즐 [해설] 주어진 문장은 Black이 런던으로 돌아온 후 소설가로
기고 있기 때문이고, 현재 인간의 발전 단계에서는 사람들은 서도 성공하기 시작했다는 내용이다. 따라서 해외 특파원으로
프로 스포츠 보는 것을 즐긴다는 내용으로, ⑤ 사람들이 프로 유럽에 갔다는 내용 다음에, Black의 소설에 대한 내용이 나
스포츠를 즐기고 있기 때문에 그 산업(스포츠산업)에 대한 상 오는 내용 앞에 위치한 ⑤에 들어가는 것이 가장 적절하다.
당한 이익을 막는(prevents)것이 아니라 만들다(creates)가
60) ③
들어가는 것이 글의 흐름상 적절하다.
[해설] 빈칸의 앞에서 ‘파이의 날’은 미국이 날짜를 쓰는 방식
53) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) 때문에 결정되었다고 했고, 뒷 내용에서 그 날짜가 파이의 처
[해설] 주어진 문장은 생각을 발전시키거나 창의적인 생각을 음 다섯 자리 숫자와 일치했기 때문이라고 했으므로 빈칸에
할 때 막힌다면, 책상을 벗어나서 운동을 하면 해결된다는 내 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은 ‘③ 2015년의 ‘파이의 날’은
용으로, 너의 일을 그 밖에 어는 곳으로 가져가라고 이야기하 특히 의미가 있다.’이다.
고, 육체적인 움직임이 창의적인 생각에 도움이 되고, 철학자 ① ‘파이의 날’에 수행되는 행사는 15개였다.
면서 작가인 Thoreau의 예시를 든 (B)가 이어지고, 과학자들 ② ‘파이의 날’에는 15개의 파이를 먹어야 했다.
은 산책을 하거나 자전거 타기 등을 정기적으로 참여하는 것 ④ 15번째 ‘파이의 날’은 더 많은 국가에서 기념되었다.
이 창의적인 생각에 향상을 준다는 것을 발견했고, 그것을 뒷 ⑤ ‘파이의 날’을 기념하기 위해 15명의 사람들이 모였다.
받침해주는 연구 결과를 들어준 (C)가 이어지고, 관찰 연구
61) ③ diminutive → massive
수업 중 하나인 수업을 실외에서 열어서 학생들이 캠퍼스를
[해설] 앞 내용에서 남방 바다사자 수컷은 북방 사촌보다 훨
돌아다니면 가능한 해결책을 생각해낸다는 내용의 (A)가 이어
씬 더 크고 인상적이라고 했으므로 육중한 동물이라고 하는
지는 것이 글의 흐름으로 적절하다.
것이 적절하다. 따라서 ③은 massive로 고쳐야 한다.
54) ⑤
62) ①
[해설] 글의 내용은 우주라는 것이 질서와 일관성을 가지고
빈칸은 Gallaudet가 유럽으로 간 이유를 설명하는 부분이며,
있고 우리가 도달할 수 있는 수십억 광년 떨어진 별들과 은
뒷 내용에서 청각 장애인 교사로부터 교육을 받고 미국으로
하계도 가까운 천체과 유사하고, 구성 및 움직임도 같고, 물
돌아와 최초의 청각 장애인 학교를 설립하고 교장으로 근무했
리학적 법칙도 유사하다는 내용의 글로, 주어진 문장에 대한
다고 했으므로 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은 ① ‘청
대답으로, ⑤에서 이런 정교한 질문에 대한 답을 발견하기 위
각 장애 아동을 가르치는 법을 배우기 위해’이다.
해서는 우주가 어떻게 시작되고, 진화했는지를 이해를 해야한
② 더 많은 청각 장애인들을 만나고 면담하기 위해
다는 내용이 글이 이어지는 ⑤에 들어가는 것이 글의 흐름상
③ 청각 장애의 근본적인 원인을 밝히기 위해
적절하다.
④ 청각 장애를 도울 수 있는 장치를 개발하기 위해
55) ③ informing → informed ⑤ 청각 장애와 다른 장애들의 차이점을 연구하기 위해
[해설] 'keep+명사+형용사,분사' 5형식 구문의 준동사 자리로,
63) ⑤ set up → setting up
목적어 himself가 일반적인 법률적인 변화들을 제공 받는다
[해설] 문장의 본동사는 set and used이고, 주어인 Black이

극적인 긴장감을 ‘조성한’ 것이므로 능동의 현재분사인 에 가장 적절한 곳은 ①이다.

setting up으로 바꿔야 한다.
72) ③ are → is
① 부분 of 명사이므로 명사인 articles에 수일치 시킨 were
[해설] by which 절의 수식을 받는 the process가 주어이므
은 적절하다.
로 are를 is로 고쳐야 한다.
② 뒷문장이 완전하고 앞의 London에 대한 수식이므로 장소
를 나타내는 관계부사 where은 적절하다. 73) ④ released → to release
③ 선행사 Augusta Wenzel을 수식하고 뒷문장이 불완전하 [해설] 문장의 주어가 Elon Musk인데 본동사가 decided로
며, 계속적용법으로 쓰인 주격 관계대명사 who는 적절하다. 존재하므로 준동사의 자리가 와야 한다. 따라서 to release로
④ 주절의 주어인 he가 돌아온 것이므로 능동의 현재분사 고쳐야 한다.
returning은 적절하다.
74) ⑤ them → it
64) ⑤ pointless → significant [해설] 지시대명사를 묻는 문제인데 앞에 있는 'the
[해설] 뒷 내용에서 2015년의 Pi day는 π의 첫 다섯자리와 proposed rule'을 가리킨다. 따라서 it으로 고쳐야 한다.
일치한다고 했으므로, 2015년의 Pi day는 특히 의미가 있다
75) ⑤
고 하는 것이 적절하다. 따라서 ⑤는 significant로 고쳐야
[해설] 측정과 현상은 측정 시스템 안에서 깨뜨릴 수 없는 고
한다.
리로 결합되고, 현상이 별개로 존재한다는 것에 대해 말하는
65) ④ little → a great deal of 것이 불가능하다는 내용의 글이다, 따라서 빈칸에 들어갈 말
[해설] 위대한 사회 개혁은 잘못된 것을 보고 그것을 그대로 로 가장 적절한 것은 ⑤이다.
두지 않은 몇 안되는 사람들의 헌신적인 운동으로 시작되었
76) ③ is → are
고, 단지 소수의 사람이라도 자신이 옳다고 확신하는 특정한
[해설] 수의 일치 문제이다. 주어가 words이므로 그에 맞춰
관점을 고수하면, 시간이 지나면서 더 큰 집단에 많은 영향을
are로 고쳐야 맞다.
끼친다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 ‘little’를 ‘a great deal of’
와 같은 낱말로 바꾸어야 한다. 77) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
[해설] 새로운 소아마비 백신을 발표하고 그것의 발명자가 백
66) ⑤ which → that
신의 소유권에 대해 질문을 받았다는 내용의 주어진 글 다음
[해설] so intently와 함께 쓰인 부사절 접속사 that으로 너
에, 그 질문에 대답을 하는 내용의 (B)가 이어져야 한다. 그
무 열중하여 주의를 기울여서 꽤 인상적인 자극물을 보지 못
다음에는 (B)에서 언급한 백신은 공동 재산이라고 대답을 한
했다는 내용이다. 부사절 접속사 that은 완전한 문장이 오지
것에 대한 애중의 반응이 나오는 내용의 (A)가 이어지고, 그
만, which는 뒤에 주어나 목적어가 없는 불완전한 문장구조
의 태도와 비슷한 태도를 보인 Elon Musk의 내용의 (C)가
가 와야 하므로 which가 아니라 that이 적절하다.
그 뒤를 잇는 것이 글의 순서로 가장 적절하다.
67) ② postponed → reinforced
78) ③
[해설] 현대 과학의 부상과 함께 새로운 사고 습관이 생겨났
[해설] 기술 생물학 직원들이 변함없는 원칙 고수를 유지하는
고, 과학의 방법과 과학적 담론의 이미지는 의심의 여지가 없
것이 극도로 어려운 분위기가 만들어졌다(This created an
게 되었고 새로운 사고 습관을 강화하여 새로운 이미지를 가
atmosphere in which it was extremely difficult for
장 잘 수용하게 되었다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서
technical biological staff~.)고 했으므로, 글의 내용과 이리
‘discontinued’를 ‘reinforced’와 같은 낱말로 바꾸어야 한
하지 않는 것은 ③이다.
다.
79) ②
68) ③ most → least
[해설] 주어진 문장은 이러한 가정이 없다면 서로 다른 장소
[해설] 상품은 자력으로 시장에 나오지 않고 길고 긴 복잡한
와 시간에 이루어진 서로 다른 개인 간의 측정은 비교될 수
과정을 거친 후에야 실수요자가 누릴 수 있게 된다. 이는 영
없다는 내용이다. 따라서 주어진 문장의 바로 앞에는 이러한
화와 비디오와 같은 사업에도 적용되지만, 영화의 경우 배급
가정에 대한 내용이 있어야 하고, 주어진 문장의 바로 뒤에는
이라 불리는 제작과 소비의 중간 단계, 그 과정에 관해서 쓴
비교될 수 없다는 내용에 대한 부연 설명이 있어야 한다. 따
글은 거의 없다고 내용의 글이다. 따라서 ‘most’를 ‘least’와
라서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은 ②이다.
같은 낱말로 바꾸어야 한다.
80) ④
69) ②
[해설] 주어진 문장은 역접의 연결사로 시작하면서 발음하기
[해설] 위대한 사회 개혁은 잘못된 것을 보고 그것을 그대로
너무 힘들어 보이는 단어들도 그것들이 나타나는 언어의 가장
두지 않는 소수의 다른 의견으로 시작되었다는 내용의 글이
어린 현지인 화자조차 쉽게 습득한다는 내용이다. 따라서 주
다. 따라서 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 적절한 것은 disagree이다.
어진 문장의 바로 앞에는 반대되는 내용이 있어야 하고, 주어
70) ⑤ 진 문장의 바로 뒤에는 쉽게 습득한다는 것에 대한 부연 설
[해설] 주어진 문장 앞에서 패스의 수를 세기 시작하고 45초 명이 있어야 한다, 따라서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적
후에 고릴라 의상을 입은 한 사람이 그 활동의 한가운데 걸 절한 곳은 ④이다.
어 들어왔고, 주어진 문장에서 실험참가자의 절반만 그것(걸
81) ⑤ were → was
어들어온 것)을 알아차렸고, ⑤번 다음 문장에서 그 참가자들
[해설] series를 복수형으로 착각하기 쉽지만, series는 단수
이 너무 비디오테이프 일부에 너무 열중한 나머지 다소 인상
형과 복수형이 같은 형태를 취하며, an American sitcom
적인 자극물도 보지 못했다고 이어져야 자연스럽다. 따라서
television series를 동격으로 Seinfeld가 주어로 쓰인 문장
주어진 문장이 들어갈 위치는 ⑤이다.
이다. 따라서 were를 was로 고쳐야 한다.
71) ①
82) ④ them → it
[해설] 현대 과학의 부상과 함께 새로운 사고 습관이 생겨났
[해설] 나이가 많은 원숭이들은 그 암컷을 무시했지만, 더 어
다는 내용의 글이다. 주어진 문장에서 these new habits은
린 원숭들은 그 원숭이가 발견한 것의 중요성을 이해하는 것
앞에서 언급한 the new habits of mind를 가리키며, 다음
같았다는 내용이다. 따라서 her discovery를 지칭하도록
문장에서 they로 언급되고 있으므로, 주어진 문장이 들어가기

‘them’을 ‘it’으로 고쳐야 한다. 91) ④ so → such

[해설] such a 형용사 명사가 되어야 하므로 such가 맞다.
83) ④
[해설] 영향력 있는 언어 집단 내에서 영어만 쓰는 단일 언어 92) ④ made → making
사용자는 외국어 학습에 소질이 없다고 불평하며 여러 언어를 [해설] thereby는 접속사가 아닌 부사이다. 그리고 앞문장이
사용할 수 있는 유럽인을 부러워하기도 하지만, 영어를 모르 완벽해서 분사구문이 나와야 하는데, 우리를 더 부유하고 행
는 복수 언어 사용자가 결국 영어 사용자에서 갈수록 더 안 복하게 만들어주는 것이기 때문에 능동의 분사 making이 적
전해지는 세상에 순응해야 한다는 언어상의 우쭐거림을 가지 절하다.
고 있다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장
93) ⑤ inept/poor → adept/good
적절한 것은 ④이다.
[해설] 독창성이 부재한 이유는 참신한 아이디어가 부족해서
84) ⑤ it → them 가 아니라 참신한 아이디어를 선택하지 못하기 때문이며, 국
[해설] his negative feelings을 지칭하도록 ‘them’을 ‘it’으 가가 반드시 참신한 아이디어의 부족을 겪는 것이 아니고, 참
로 고쳐야 한다. 신한 아이디어를 선택하는 데 탁월한 사람들의 부족으로 제약
을 받는다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 ‘inept/poor’를 ‘good’과
85) ⑤ those → that
같은 낱말로 고쳐야 한다.
[해설] 단수명사 emotional response를 지칭하므로 that으
로 고쳐야 한다. 94) ③
① 주어는 caregivers이므로 do는 적절하다. [해설] 주어진 문장은 영리한 원숭이 Imo가 물속에 던진 혼
② 동사 become의 주격보어로 쓰인 형용사 합물은 ③번 앞에서 언급한 인류학자들이 모래사장에 던진 밀
multi-generational은 적절하다. 알과 모래의 혼합물이며, 이것을 분류하는 것이 매우 어렵다
③ 부분 of 명사에서는 명사에 수일치 해야 하므로 고 한다. 주어진 문장에 Imo가 처음 언급되었고, 물속에 혼
respondents와 일치시켜야 한다. 따라서 were은 적절하다. 합물을 던진 이후의 상황이 ③번 뒤에서 밀알은 뜨고, 모래는
④ 명사 opportunity를 수식하는 형용사적 용법의 to부정사 가라앉았다고 이어져야 자연스럽다. 따라서 주어진 문장이 들
로 쓰인 to counteract는 적절하다. 어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은 ③이다.
86) ③ 95) ⑤ less → more
[해설] 주어진 문장은 그 중 하나는 구하기 쉬우며 그것은 최 [해설] 영향력 있는 언어 집단 내에서 영어만 쓰는 단일 언어
종영화와 다르다는 내용이다. 주어진 문장의 them은 앞에 언 사용자는 외국어 학습에 소질이 없다고 불평하며 여러 언어를
급된 several unused treatments를 가리킨다. 또한 그것은 사용할 수 있는 유럽인을 부러워하기도 하지만, 영어를 모르
최종영화와 다르다고 했으므로, 감독이나 대본 작가가 원고를 는 복수 언어 사용자가 결국 영어 사용자에서 갈수록 더 안
다시 작성한다는 내용 앞에 위치한 ③에 들어가는 것이 가장 전해지는 세상에 순응해야 한다는 언어상의 우쭐거림을 가지
적절하다. 고 있다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 이러한 모든 태도는 소질에
대한 것보다 사회적 우위와 관습에 대한 것을 더 많이 드러
87) ③ to triumpg → triumphs
낸다고 하는 것이 자연스러우므로, ‘less’를 ‘more’와 같은
[해설] 관계사절의 동사자리이므로 선행사 history와 수일치
낱말로 고쳐야 한다.
시킨 triumphs로 고쳐야한다.
① 선행사는 edifices이고 뒷문장이 목적어가 없는 불완전한 96) ① thoughts/target
문장이므로 관계대명사 which는 적절하다. [해설] 필자의 스트레스 관리 상담실에 온 한 신사는 거의 항
② 문장의 주어인 events는 압축되는 것이므로 수동태인 are 상 화가 나있었는데, 그것은 결국 그가 계속에서 부정적인 생
compressed는 적절하다. 각을 한 결과의 소산물이지만 그는 그 것을 깨닫지 못하고
④ 선행사는 a dwarf이고 뒷문장이 주어가 없는 불완전한 문 있었고, 결국 그의 부정적인 생각의 희생자라는 내용의 글이
장이므로 관계대명사 who는 적절하다. 다. 따라서 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은 ①‘사
⑤ imagine의 목적격보어 자리로 역사적 경험의 지속적인 영 고-대상’이다.
향이 행동하는 것이므로 현재분사 acting은 적절하다.
97) ②
88) ④ [해설] 도시화되는 환경 속에서 많은 노인들이 사회적으로 고
[해설] 엔터테인먼트 산업의 목적이 항상 사람들을 즐겁게 하 립되고 있으며, 기술이 이러한 문제를 어느정도는 해결할 수
는 것만은 아니지만, 미디어 종사자들이 엔터테인먼트라고 부 있다.
르는 것의 주된 관심사는 보통 즐거움이다.
98) ③ similar → different
89) ② [해설] 뒷 내용에서 원고를 다시 작성한다고 했으며, October
[해설] (A) 의식은 한 단계에서 다른 단계로 상ㅌ태가 전환되 의 시나리오 역시 영화의 최종 버전과는 다르다고 했으므로
는 것이므로 transformation이 적절하다 (transportation : 사용되지 않은 트리트먼트는 최종 영화와 상당히 다르다고 하
운송수단) 는 것이 적절하다. 따라서 ③은 different로 고쳐야 한다.
(B) 의식은 유전자에서 나오는 화학적 메시지에 반응하여 메
99) ② disregard → reflex
시지나 상징에 의해 촉발된다이므로 triggered가 적절하다.
[해설] 앞 내용에서 과거의 사건들은 우리의 현재 사고를 결
(prohibit: 금지하다)
정하는 이미지와 은유 속에 압축된다고 헀으므로, 상식은 역
(C) 지그재그 춤은 생물학적으로 알을 낳은 준비가 되어있는
사의 반영이라고 하는 것이 적절하다. 따라서 ②는 reflex로
것이므로 유전적으로 신경계에 프로그램화 되어있는 거니깐
고쳐야 한다.
genetically가 적절하다. (culturally : 문화적으로)
100) ③ close to → away from
90) ④
[해설] 뒷 내용에서 제작사에 의해 ‘엔터테인먼트’로 분류되는
[해설] 적어도 80퍼센트의 사람은 정신적 외상 후 스트레스
많은 영화가 정치적 논점이나 교육적 논점을 만들려는 의도에
증후군을 경험하지 않는다는 내용 뒤에, 오히려 더 강해진다
서 쓰인다고 했으므로, 엔터테인먼트 업계에서 일하는 사람들
는 내용이 나와야 하므로 ④이 적절하다.
이 항상 정보를 제공하거나 설득하는 것을 ‘멀리하는’ 것을

의미하지는 않는다는 것이 적절하다. 따라서 ③은 away 114) ④ harmonize → compete

from으로 고쳐야 한다. [해설] 해석상 우정과 연인 관계가 우선순위를 두고 가족과
‘경쟁한다(compete)’는 내용이므로 ‘화합하다(harmonize)’는
101) ③
문맥에 맞지 않는다.
[해설] 이들 동물에서 의식은 유전자에서 나오는 화학적 메시
지에 반응하여 어떤 정해진 메시지나 상징에 의해 촉발된다는 115) ⑤ predictable → unpredictable
주제문 뒤에 어떻게 동물들이 의식을 행사하는지 예시가 나와 [해설] 해석상 그것은 개인의 환경에 따라 사람다움이 성취되
야 하므로 ③이 적절하다. 며, 상실되고, 다시 회복될 수 있는, ‘예측할 수 없고
(unpredictable)’, 정해진 결말이 없는 과정이라는 의미가 되
102) ① (A)-(C)-(B)
어야하므로 ‘예측할 수 있는(predictable)’은 문맥에 맞지 않
103) ② 는다.
104) ② 116) ④
[해설] 식사가 무료로 제공되면, 다른 누군가가 지불해야 한다 [해설] 환금 작물을 하나만 특화할 때 생기는 위험에 대해 서
는 내용 뒤에, 공짜 점심이라는 개념을 폄하한다는 내용이 술한 주어진 문장 다음에는 이 구체적인 사례들이 서술되어
나와야 한다. 있어야 하므로, 주어진 문장은 ④에 와야 한다.
105) ④ pick → picking 117) ② interrupting → interrupted
[해설] ④번 선지의 pick자리는 주어이고 동사가 means이다. [해설] ~ nature ... 문장에서, 명사인 nature를 수식하는 분
또한 뒤에 names도 존재하기 때문에 동명사의 형태인 사가 와야 하고 수동의 의미이므로 ②의 interrupting을 과
picking이 적절하다. 거분사 형태인 interrupted로 고쳐야 한다.
106) ④ time → space 118) ⑤ setting → sets
[해설] 위 글의 내용은 그림에 표현된 공간적 위치에 따른 사 [해설] That country ~ 이하의 문장의 주어는 That
회적 지위가 드러난다는 내용이다. 따라서 4번 어휘는 시간이 country이며 이후 관계 대명사 절이 길게 이어지고 있다. 문
아니라 공간(space)가 적절하다. 장의 본동사를 찾는 문제로 ⑤번의 setting을 단수이면서 본
동사로 사용될 수 있도록 sets로 고쳐야 한다.
107) ④ more expensive -> lower
[해설] 관광객들에게 있어서 최상의 거래를 찾고 쇼핑하는 데 119) ④ we expect → do we expect
소비된 시간도 구매가격의 일부로 여겨질 수 있기에 가격이 [해설] 밑줄 부분은 도치구문을 묻는 문제이다. 밑줄 친 부분
약간 더 비싼 관광지에서의 가격은 실제로는 지불된 가격에 은 부정부사 Neither 뒤에 이어지는 절을 도치 시켜야하므로
비해 저렴하다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 ④번 선지의 어휘는 do we expect로 바꾸는 것이 옳다.
lower로 바꾸는 것이 적절하다.
120) ④ that → those
108) ① perceived -> act [해설] 밑줄 부분은 지시대명사를 묻는 문제이다. 밑줄 친
[해설] 존경에 대한 욕구(the desire for esteem)가 사람들의 that은 individualistic cultures를 가리키므로 복수형인
행동에 영향을 준다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 ①번 선지의 those로 바꾸는 것이 옳다.
perceived를 act로 바꾸는 것이 적절하다.
121) ②
109) ① [해설] 주어진 문장에서 언급한 관용, 자비심, 존경과 같은 규
[해설] 빈칸에 들어갈 내용은 심리학 연구에서 a bias가 발생 범은 앞 문장에서 언급한 공동체의 삶을 구성하는 것으로 여
되는 원인이 적절하다. 표본이 균일하게 무작위로 뽑히지 않 겨지는 이상과 규범을 이야기 하는 것이므로 주어진 문장은
은 상황이어야 하기 때문에 different가 적절하다. ②번에 위치하는 것이 흐름에 맞다.
110) ④ 122) ②
[해설] (A)에 언급된 예시의 내용이 (C)의 내용이다 또한 (B) [해설] 열대지역에서 재배하는 특정 환금 작물의 수요는 전
의 내용은 (C)-(A)에 언급된 그림에서 공간적 위치에 따라 드 세계적이므로 ②번은 이 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는다.
러나는 사회적 지위가 점점 흐려진다는 내용이므로. 마지막에
123) ⑤ definite → vague
위치하는 것이 적절하다.
[해설] 자연에 질서가 있다는 모호한 주장을 넘어 잘 정립된
111) ③ 법칙을 형성하는 과학자의 모습이어야 하므로, ⑤의 ‘명확한
[해설] 주어진 문장의 Most tourist will not에서 will not이 (definite)’을 ‘모호한(vague)’으로 고쳐야 한다.
지칭하는 내용이 ③번 위치의 앞문장에 get away from
124) ③ justification → absurdity
these tourist traps이다. 대동사로 지칭관계가 성립하므로
[해설] 영어 철자 개혁이 미진한 것을 비판하는 논조의 글로,
주어진 문장의 위치는 ③번이 적절하다.
전문적인 독자들도 문제를 인식하지 못하고 있음을 꼬집는 내
112) ④ 용이어야 하므로 ④의 ‘정당성(justification)’을 ‘불합리성
[해설] By the same token 뒤에 어머니, 연예인의 명망이 (absurdity)’으로 고쳐야 한다.
사람들 혹은 사회의 요구에 따라 오르락 내리락 한다는 내용
125) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
이 나온 만큼 주어진 문장에서 언급되고 있는 생존을 위해
[해설] 주어진 글은 사람들이 집단 안에 있을 때, 자신 스스
분투하는 작은 규모의 사회에서 사냥과 적을 이기는 것 높은
로 하는 행동에 대해서 책임감을 덜 느끼는 경향이 있어서,
명망이 따라온다는 내용이 먼저 언급되는 것이 적절하다.
집단의 결과가 극단화된다는 내용으로, (C)에서 그러한 경향
113) ② 의 결과로 집단이 더 위험한 결정을 하거나, 때때로 너무 신
[해설] 이 글은 이유를 묻는 질문은 원인과 결과에 대한 진술 중한 선택을 한다는 내용이 이어지고, (B)에서 이러한 행동을
을 원하는 것이 아니라 행동에 대한 원인을 듣고 싶어하는 집단의 양극화라고 이야기를 하고, 초반에 한 사람이 위험한
것이라는 내용이므로 행동과 그에 대한 결과를 분석하기 위해 전략을 언급하면, 다른 사람들은 더 도전적인 예를 생각한다
물리학적 지식이 필요하다는 내용은 흐름상 맞지 않는다. 는 내용으로 이어지고, (A)에서는 반대로 초반에 누군가가 신

중한 접근법을 옹호하면 다른 사람들은 더 신중한 결정을 한 134) ③ worsen → improve

다는 내용으로 이어지는 것이 글의 흐름으로 적절하다. [해설] 조직마다 다른 의사결정 중에서 참여형 의사 결정에
대한 내용의 글이다. 참여형 의사 결정에서 하급자는 훨씬 더
126) ⑤ mean → means
많은 의견을 내는데, 의사 결정에 더 많이 참여하는 것이 직
[해설] ⑤ 관계대명사의 계속적 용법의 동사 자리로, which의
원들의 만족도를 향상하지만 더 나은 집단 성과의 결과를 내
선행사가 문장(television systems are often “stubbornly
지는 않으므로 언제 참여형 의사 결정이 효과적으로 작용될
national)를 지칭하고 있으므로, 동사 자리는 단수로, mean
수 있는지에 관한 내용의 글이다. 따라서 ③의 worsen을
을 means로 고치는 것이 문법적으로 적절하다.
improve와 같은 낱말로 바꾸어야 한다.
127) ⑤
135) ②
[해설] 글의 내용은 사실과 사건을 사람들이 같은 개념으로
[해설] 주어진 문장은 성 선택이 비생식 유충의 눈에 뜨이는
생각을 하고 있고, 그렇게 생각하는 이유를 설명을 하는데,
색깔 패턴을 설명할 수 없다고 생각했다는 내용이다. 따라서
사건을 시간과 공간에 묶어 있고, 사실은 시간과 공간으로부
강렬한 색을 통해서 성 선택이 가능하다는 문장이 있어야 하
터 분리가 된 것이 차이라는 내용의 글로 주어진 문장에서 '
고, 주어진 문장의 바로 뒤에는 설명할 수 없다는 내용에 대
어떤 사건이 일어나지 않았다'도 사실인데, 이것은 시간과 공
한 부연 설명하는 내용이 있어야 한다. 따라서 주어진 문장이
간으로부터 분리가 된 것이고, 이것에 추가적인 예를 Darwin
들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은 ②이다.
사례를 이야기 하고 있으므로 ⑤에 들어가는 것이 글의 흐름
상 적절하다. 136) ④ exaggerating → exaggerated
[해설] 뒤에 있는 명사인 notion을 꾸미는 분사문제이다. 능
128) ⑤ are → is
동의 의미를 가지는 현재분사가 아닌 수동의 의미를 가지는
[해설] 주어와 동사의 수를 일치시키는 문제이다. 주어가
과거분사인 exaggerated로 고쳐야 맞다.
knowledge이므로 단수동사 is로 고쳐야 맞다.
137) ① acute -> acutely
129) ⑤ them → it
[해설] experience long-term time compression에서 서술
[해설] 지시대명사 문제이다. 앞에 있는 ''this idea를 가리키
어를 수식하는 자리이다. 따라서 ①번 선지는 부사형태인
고 있으므로 단수 명사인 it으로 고치는 것이 맞다.
acutely로 바꾸는 것이 적절하다.
130) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
138) ①
[해설] 고대와 중세 시대에는 언어가 상당한 존중을 받아서
[해설] 미국인들은 사회 내에서의 사회적 지위의 상승또는 하
논리적 진술은 자동적으로 현실에 대한 사실적 진술이었다는
강은 개인에 달려 있다는 근거 없는 믿음을 갖고 있는 경향
주어진 글 다음에, 그러한 진술에 대한 부연설명이 나오는
이 있다고 한다. 따라서 교육의 접근성과 소득 이동의 연관성
(C)가 이어져야 한다. 하지만 현대에 들어서 현실과 사고 사
을 높게 평가하는 것이 내용 상 적절하다. 따라서 빈칸에도
이의 일치에 대한 믿음이 크게 과장된 개념에 기초하고 있다
들어갈 어휘는 overestimate가 적절하다.
는 (C)의 내용에 실험에서 경험적 현실과 비교하여 검증되어
야 한다는 (B)가 이어지고, 이후 다시 이 접근법조차 사고의 139) ② condemn -> condemned
중요성을 과대평가했다는 것이 인식됐다는 내용의 (A)가 그 [해설] 등위접속사 and를 기준으로 condemned와 held가 평
뒤를 잇는 것이 글의 순서상 적절하다. 행구조를 이룬다. 따라서 원형을 condemned로 바꾸는 것이
적절하다.
131) ④ satisfied → challenging
[해설] 사람들이 집단 안에 속해 있을 때, 사람들이 자신 스 140) ③ popping->popped
스로 하는 행동에 대해서 책임감을 덜 느끼는 경향이 있어서, [해설] and 등위접속사를 기준으로 평행구조가 다음과 같이
집단에 결정이 양극화 될 수 있고, 한 사람이 초기에 위험한 waved~~ played~~ and popped 이어진다. 따라서 popping
전략을 옹호하면, 다른 사람들은 더 위험한 예를 생각하는 경 을 popped로 바꿔주는 것이 적절하다.
향이 있고, 반대로, 초반에 신중한 접근법을 옹호하면 다른
141) ⑤
사람들은 더 신중한 접근을 한다는 내용의 글로, ④ 초기에
[해설] 고령자들의 10년은 비슷한 일을 반복하고 똑같은 환경
위험한 전략을 옹호하면, 다른 사람들은 도 만족스러운
에서 쉽게 10년을 보낼 수 있다는 내용이 앞에 진술되고 있
(satisfied)를 생각하는 것이 아니라, 도전적인(challenging)를
다. 따라서 이러한 고령자들은 life-changing events가 부재
생각한다는 내용이 이어지는 것이 글의 흐름상 적절하다.
하다는 내용이 오는 것이 적절하다. 따라서 빈칸에는
132) ④ absence가 적절하다.
[해설] 글의 내용은 상업 광고라는 것이 크고 안정적인 시장
142) ④ does -> is
인데, 미국에서는 라디오나 TV시스템이 상업 회사로부터 시
[해설] ④번의 than 뒤의 비교급 (B)와 대응되는부분이 is
작을 했고, 다른 많은 나라들은 정부의 지원으로부터 시작이
easier 이므로 thank 뒤에 동사도 does를 is로 바꾸는 것이
되었고, 상업적 지원의 다양한 모델들은 나라마다 다양한데,
적절하다.
TV 시스템은 고집스럽게 국가적이고, 광고주들은 규제 정책
에 대한 글로벌 미디어 계획 및 개개의 나라들의 문화적 기 143) ②
대치에 맞쳐야 한다는 내용의 글로, 주어진 문장 산업적 지원 [해설] (A) 빈칸을 기준으로 그리스 로마 사회에서 웅변가들
의 다양한 모델이 여전히 진화하고, 정확한 형태는 나라마다 과 작가들에 의해 이뤄졌던 마법에 대한 불신과
다른데, 이 내용을 ④에서 This evolution이 받으면서, 국가 intellectuals의 마법의 남용을 우려하는 내용이 연결 되는
가 일정 부분 개입을 한다는 내용으로 이어지는 것이 글의 것을 볼 수 있다. 유사한 내용을 연결하기에 likewise가 적절
흐름으로 적절하다. 하다. 또한 (B)의 빈칸은 이러한 intellectuals들의 구체적 사
례가 진술되고 있으므로 for example이 적절하다.
133) ③ where → that
[해설] ③ 선행사(the strong objective foundation)를 수식 144) ⑤ effected -> affected
하는 관계사절로, 동사 strive for을 목적어가 없는 불완전한 [해설] 환경이 최종결과에 moderately하게 영향을 줬다는 결
문장으로, 관계부사(where)를 관계대명사(that)로 바꾸는 것 론의 내용이다. 따라서 ⑤번 선지의 어휘는 영향을 주다인
이 문법적으로 적절하다. affected로 바꾸는 것이 적절하다.

145) ③ are → is 했다고 하는 것이 적절하다. 따라서 ③은 horror로 고쳐야

[해설] one이 주어이기 때문에 is가 적절하다 한다.
146) ① 158) ③ that → what
[해설] asked의 직접목적어인 명사절 자리이며, 뒷문장에 전
147) ⑤ related → unrelated
치사 with의 목적어가 없으므로 불완전하다. 따라서 관계대명
[해설] 침팬지는 관련 없는 동족에겐 공감을 보여주거나 도움
사 what으로 고쳐야 한다.
을 주지 않는다는 글이므로 unrelated가 적절하다.
① Johnson씨가 ‘이야기하기 위해’ 회사로 간 것이므로 to부
148) ② which → that 정사로 쓰인 to speak는 적절하다.
[해설] so ~ that 구문이므로 that으로 바꿔야 한다. ② 주어인 he는 불만족스러운 감정을 느낀 것이므로 과거분
사 displeased는 적절하다.
149) ③ unaware → aware
④ have, work와 병렬연결되는 have는 적절하다.
[해설] 좋은 질문은 그들이 무지함을 인지하게 해준다고 해야
⑤ decide의 목적어로 쓰인 명사절 자리이며, 뒷문장이 주어
한다.
동사 보어로 완전하므로 접속사 that은 적절하다.
150) ④ blossom → blossoms
159) ④
[해설] 주어인 Every seed는 단수 동사가 필요하므로
[해설] 밑줄 친 부분은 도둑이 잡힌 후 목걸이는 구두 속에서
blossoms가 되어야 한다.
발견되었고, 턱수염은 그의 호주머니 속에서 발견되었다는 내
151) ① performing → perform 용이므로, 밑줄 친 부분의 의미는 ‘④ 사람들이 말하던 도둑
[해설] engage, comfort, and perform 병렬구조 이므로 의 턱수염은 위장용이었다.’가 가장 적절하다.
performing이 적절하다. ① 도둑의 주머니 속에 훔친 물건들이 들어있었다.
② 도둑의 턱수염은 유전자 감식을 위한 증거품이 되었다.
152) ③
③ 도둑이 보석상에서 훔친 것은 금목걸이 뿐만이 아니었다.
[해설] 우리의 인식에 관해 우리 자신을 오도하지 못하게 하
⑤ 악세사리를 훔친 후 도망칠 때, 도둑은 잡힐 뻔 했다.
는 데 도움이 될 수 있도록 우리 집중력의 한계점을 인정해
야 한다는 내용이 적절하다. 160) ④ weak → high
[해설] 뒷 내용에서 Rob은 이 상관관계를 찾은 것에 매우 흥
153) ⑤
분했으며, 그것은 강력한 상관관계라고 했으므로 매우 높은
[해설] 엄마가 부엌에 돌아왔을 때 아기가 개에게 걸어가 입
상관관계가 있다는 것이 적절하다. 따라서 ④는 high로 고쳐
에서 뼈를 움켜쥐려고 하는 것을 보고 다음에 일어날 일을
야 한다.
두려워했지만, 개는 그저 아기의 뒤를 따라갔고 그 순간부터
아기와 개의 우정이 시작되었다고 했으므로, ‘Mum’의 심경변 161) ② on purpose → by accident
화로 가장 적절한 것은 ‘⑤ 두려운 → 안도하는’이다. [해설] 해석상 그는 거의 ‘우연히(by accident)’ 아동 도서를
① 매우 신나는 → 만족하는 쓰고 그것에 삽화를 그리게 되었다는 내용이 되어야 하므로
② 몹시 기쁜 → 두려운 ‘의도적으로(on purpose)’는 문맥에 맞지 않는다.
③ 걱정하는 → 후회하는
162) ④
④ 궁금한 → 슬픈
[해설] 이탈리아 이외의 지역에서 재배하기 위한 수출은 사형
154) ④ identical → different 에 처할 수 있는 범죄라는 것을 알게 되었다고 하였으므로
[해설] 뒷 내용에서 부장이 왜 봉급에 차이가 있는지 보여주 ④번은 내용과 일치하지 않는다.
는 것이 더 쉬울 것이라고 판단했다고 했으므로, 왜 아이들이
163) ⑤ are considered → considered
다른 야의 돈을 받는지 궁금해하는 것이 적절하다. 따라서 ④
[해설] 밑줄 부분은 동사 / 준동사를 묻는 문제이다. 밑줄 친
는 different로 고쳐야 한다.
부분은 뒤에 동사 are 가 있으므로 수동의 의미인 과거분사
155) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) considered 가 옳다.
[해설] 주어진 글은 Dhira가 경찰관이 다가오는 것을 보았다
164) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
는 내용이므로, 그들에게 절도 사건에 대해 묻고 싶어한 (C)
[해설] Leo Lionni가 네덜란드에서 태어나 이탈리아에서 살
가 그 뒤에 이어져야 한다. 그리고 손님이 서두르라고 말하
았고 1939년에 미국으로 갔다는 내용 이후 어린 시절 박물관
자, 서두르라고 말하는 것이 수상하다고 여기며 조금 전까지
을 다니며 그림을 독학했고 우연히 아동 도서를 만들었다는
만 해도 서두르지 않았다는 (A)가 이어진 후, 그가 범인임을
(C) 이후 우연히 만든 아동 도서를 받는 (A)의 this story로
깨닫고 그의 신발끈을 묶은 후에 경찰에게 달려간 (B)로 이어
이어진 후 1982년 파킨슨병을 진단받고 1999년에 사망했다
지는 것이 가장 적절하다.
는 (B)로 이어지는 것이 글의 순서로 옳다.
156) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
165) ③ export → import
[해설] 주어진 글은 Rob이 상사로부터 주 정부가 뱃놀이 사
[해설] 해석상 제퍼슨은 이탈리아 쌀이 Carolina에서 재배되
고의 수를 줄이는 것을 바라고 있다는 것을 들었다는 내용이
는 미국산 ‘수입품(import)’ 보다 선호 된다는 것을 발견했다
다. 따라서 그에게 그 수를 줄일 방법을 찾아보라고 요청하는
는 내용이 되어야 하므로 ‘수출품(export)’는 문맥상 맞지 않
(B)가 이어지고, 그 후 많은 데이터를 통해 Rob이 프로젝트
는다.
를 시작했다는 (A)가 이어져야 한다. 많은 흥미로운 상관관계
들 중에서 가장 흥미로운 것은 아이스크림 소비와 뱃놀이 사 166) ⑤ possible → impossible
고 간의 상관관계였다는 (C)가 마지막으로 이어지는 것이 가 해석상 이전에는 ‘불가능하다고(impossible)’ 여겨졌던 새로
장 적절하다. 운 수술들이 일상적으로 계획되고 실행된다는 내용이 되어야
하므로 ‘가능한(possible)’은 문맥에 맞지 않는다.
157) ③ satisfaction → horror
[해설] 뒷 내용에서 소리를 지르는 것 말고는 어떤 것도 할 167) ③
수가 없었지만 그것이 개에게서 나쁜 반응을 유발할까봐 두려 [해설] 주어진 문장에 사용된 these circumstances가 노르
워하며 지켜볼 수 밖에 없었다고 했으므로 엄마는 경악스러워 웨이에서의 교육제도 발전과 분쟁 중인 국경이 없었음을 가리

켜야 하므로 주어진 문장은 ②에 오고 이후 문장에서 주어진 움을 겪고, 희금속 확보가 얼마나 중요한지와 그것을 확보하
문장에 대한 결론이 제시되고 있다. 려고 노력한다는 내용의 글로, 주어진 문장 회사와 정부 지도
자들은 희금속의 중요성을 깨닫고 있다는 내용으로, 글의 요
168) ④ leaning → neutral
지로 ‘④ 국가와 기업은 희금속 확보를 위해 많은 노력을 하
169) ③ 고 있다.’가 적절하다.
[해설] 이 글은 도덕적 정체성 형성에 영향을 미치는 개인적
178) ④
차원의 것들과 상황적 차원의 것들에 대해 이야기 하고 있는
[해설] 명사(a term)를 수식하는 자리로, 사용되어지는 수동
글이다. 따라서 종교인에 의해 운영되는 사회 시설들이 사회
의 의미로, to use를 used로 고치는 것이 문법적으로 적절하
의 핵심가치에 초점을 두어야 한다는 ③의 주장은 이 글의
다.
흐름에서 벗어난다.
179) ②
170) ① which → to which
[해설] 탄소는 주기율표의 중간 지점에 있다(Carbon lies at
[해설] ~ the degree 이하의 문장에서 선행사로 사용된
the midpoint of the Periodic Table)고 했으므로, 글의 내
degree 뒤에 완벽한 문장이 이어지고 있으므로, ①의 관계대
용에 일치하지 않는 것은 ③이다.
명사 which를 ‘전치사+관계대명사’형태인 ‘to which’로 고쳐
야 한다. 180) ④ mild → stronger
[해설] borax(붕사)는 더 강력하고 더 많이 소독된다고 했으
171) ④
므로, 일반적으로 베이킹 소다를 먼저 사용하고, 더 강한 것
[해설] 신학적, 종교적 진리가 없더라도 도덕적 진리를 알 수
이 필요한 상황에서만 붕사를 사용하라는 내용의 글이다. 따
있다는 주장과 그렇지 않다는 주장이 있다는 문장 뒤에 주어
라서 ‘milder’를 ‘stronger’와 같은 낱말로 바꾸어야 한다.
진 문장이 오면서 이 문제는 신학에 얽매일 필요가 없음을
말하는 글쓴이의 주장이 오는 것이 가장 자연스럽기 때문에, 181) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
주어진 문장은 ④에 와야 한다. [해설] 무인 우주 탐사는 ‘플라이바이’라는 행성의 옆을 지나
가는 우주 비행으로 시작되었다는 (C)로 시작하여 (B)에서 플
172) ⑤ it → which or and it
라이바이는 위성이 행성을 둘러싸고 있는 강한 자기장에 어떤
[해설] Addtionally ~ those beliefs까지의 완벽한 문장에 이
영향을 미치는지 보고 그리고 그 위성 또한 자체의 자기장을
어 접속사가 없이 앞 문장의 내용을 설명하는 계속적 용법의
가지는지 탐지할 만큼 가깝게 무인 우주 탐사선을 접근시키
관계대명사가 필요하므로, ⑤의 it을 which로 고쳐야 한다.
고, (A)에서 무인 우주 탐사선이 근접하여 지날 때 그 궤적에
혹은 and it으로 고칠 수도 있다.
대한 극미한 편차의 크기로 위성의 질량을 알아낼 수 있다고
173) ④ 이어져야 자연스럽다. 따라서 (C) - (B) - (A)로 이어지는 것
[해설] 글의 내용은 앞으로 전 세계 인구는 계속 늘어날 것으 이 글의 순서로 가장 적절하다.
로 예상이되기 때문에, 종이를 재활용하지 않으면 종이 부족
182) ⑤ which → that
사태가 발생하고 더 많은 종이를 만들기 위해 더 많은 펄프
[해설] 형용사가 강조 문장 앞으로 오고 주어와 동사가 도치
를 사용해야 할 것이므로, 종이를 재활해야 한다는 내용의 글
된 문장 구조이다. So extensive와 함께 쓰인 부사절 접속사
로, 글의 요지로, ‘④ 인구 증가와 종이 사용 증가에 따른 종
that으로, 탄소 화합물이 매우 광범위해서, 화학의 한 분야
이 재활용이 필요하다.’가 적절하다.
전체가 그것의 연구를 위해 발전해왔다는 내용이다. 부사절
174) ④ 접속사 that은 완전한 문장이 오지만, which는 뒤에 주어나
[해설] 'how ~ are'까지가 realizing의 목적어 자리인 명사절 목적어가 없는 불완전한 구조가 와야 하므로 which를 that으
(의문사절)로 동사(are)의 보어가 필요한 자리로 주어(rare 로 고쳐야 한다.
metals)의 상태를 나타내는 형용사가 필요한 자리로, 명사
183) ⑤
(importance)를 형용사(important)로 고치는 것이 적절하다.
[해설] 아이와 반려동물의 손이 닿지 않는 곳에 안전하게 보
175) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) 관되어야 한다(it should be safely stored out of the
[해설] 주어진 문장은 기후 변화의 영향이 세계의 가난한 나 reach of children and pets)고 했으므로, 글의 내용에 일
라들에 심각한 영향을 주고 있다고 내용이고, (B)에서 추가적 치하지 않는 것은 ⑤이다.
으로 열대 라틴 아메리카, 남아메리카도 기후변화에 많은 피
184) ⑤ hard → easy
해를 받는다는 내용으로 이어지고, (C)에서는 더 부유한 나라
[해설] 무인 우주 탐사선이 위성에 근접하여 지날 때의 그 궤
들은 기후 변화에 적응하는 경제적 자원을 가지고있는 반면,
적에 대한 극미한 편차의 크기로 위성의 질량을 알아낼 수
더 가난한 나라들은 상당한 원조가 없으면 예방적 조치를 취
있고, 위성의 크기를 알면, 그것의 밀도를 쉽게 계산할 수 있
할 수 없는데, 이것이 환경적 정의의 근본적인 문제를 일으킨
다는 내용이다. 따라서 ‘hard’를 ‘easy’와 같은 낱말로 바꾸
다는 내용으로 이어지고, (A)에서 기후 정의의 개념은 본질적
어야 한다.
으로 환경적 또는 물리적인 문제라기 보다는 윤리적 정치적인
문제로 만들려고 사용된다는 내용으로 이어지는 것이 글의 흐 185) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
름으로 적절하다. [해설] 공유 자원은 모든 사람이 사용할 수 있지만 아무도 소
유하지 않은 자원을 말한다는 주어진 글 다음에 이러한 자원
176) ④ uses → is used
의 규모와 이용 가능성으로 인해 보호하기는 어렵고 고갈시키
[해설] Remember that절의 동사 자리로, 문장의 주어(about
기는 쉽다는 내용의 (B)가 이어져야 한다. 그 다음에는 (B)에
200 million tonnes of waste paper)로 제조과정에서 사용
서 언급한 공유지의 비극이라는 논문에 대한 부연설명을 하는
되는 수동의 의미로 uses를 is used로 고치는 것이 문법적으
(C)가 이어지고, 공유 자원을 사용하는 것에 대한 무지는 결
로 적절하다.
국 자원의 고갈을 초래하게 된다는 내용의 (A)가 그 뒤를 잇
177) ④ 는 것이 글의 순서로 가장 적절하다.
[해설] 기업과 국가들은 자신들이 만든 제품의 재료 구성을
186) ⑤ more → less
알지 못한 채 자신들의 희금속 공급망을 당연히 여겼는데, 미
[해설] 현지의 문화적 유산과 전통이 관광의 매력 요인이 되
국 국방부에서 어떤 첨단 금속이 필요한지 결정하는데, 어려

는 경우, 다른 국가에서 대량으로 만들어지는 예술 복제품을 내용의 흐름들이 앞에 등장하는 것을 이해하고, 또한 5번의
파는 가짜 관광 산업은 관광객에게는 현지의 문화가 가짜라는 This maxim의 이 격언을 의미하는 것이 위의 빈칸의 격언이
기분이 들게 하고, 원주민에게는 그것이 덜 중요해 보이게 한 므로 this와 In the end의 문장의 흐름상 들어갈 위치는 5번
다는 내용이다. 따라서 ⑤의 more을 less와 같은 낱말로 바 이 적절하다.
꾸어야 한다.
194) ③ underestimate -> find
187) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) [해설] 이전의 문장에서, 음악에 있어서, 타고난 능력을 가지
[해설] 그리스 문화에서 체육 대회 같은 경기는 전문 선수를 고 있는 사람이 있다는 생각 보편적이라고 말하고 있다, 따라
고용하며 경기를 보러 갈 수 있을 정도로 충분히 부유한 사 서 뒤에 이어지는 시험내용으로는 앞 문장의 타고난 능력을
람들의 일상에 영향을 미쳤다는 주어진 글 다음에, 그러한 그 가진 사람들을 찾아 알아보려고 한다는 내용으로 find가 적절
리스의 대회와 경기는 오늘날의 체계화된 경쟁 스포츠와는 달 하다
랐다는 내용의 (C)가 이어져야 한다. 그 다음에는 (C)에서 언
195) ④
급한 오늘날의 스포츠와 다른 점에 대한 내용에 대해 반대로
[해설] When we look at으로 시작하는 문장은, Games까지
유사점이 있다는 (A)가 이어지고, 그 내용에 대한 부연설명을
의 부사절이고 이 문장에서의 주어는 our trust인데, 주어의
하는 (B)가 그 뒤를 잇는 것이 글의 순서로 가장 적절하다.
능동수동 유무와 상관없이 remain은 자동사이므로 수동태가
188) ② is → are 불가하다. 따라서 현재시제와 주어의 수일치를 감안해서,
[해설] 수의 일치 문제이다. 주어가 common pool remains로 고쳐야한다.
resources이므로 복수동사인 are로 고쳐야 맞다.
196) ③
189) ③ [해설] 앞 문장의 내용은, 영화가 점점 다른 수입원에 의존한
[해설] 주어진 문장은 이러한 가짜 상징물은 지나치게 상업적 다는 내용인데, 이런 사실이 영화에서의 성공의 중요성을 낮
인 느낌과 진짜처럼 보이지 않는 느낌의 원인이 된다는 내용 추는 것은 아니라는 내용이 적절하므로 does not diminish
이다. 앞에는 가짜 상징물이라고 말할 수 있는 물건들이 나와 가 적절하다
야 하고, 뒤에는 진짜처럼 보이지 않게 된 내용에 대한 부연
197) ①
설명이 나와야 한다. 따라서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장
[해설] A의 비교가능한 학생들, 즉 실험군이 되는 학생들의
적절한 곳은 ③이다.
귀인효과의 차이를 입증하기 위해 실험을 진행했다는 내용이
190) ③ shaping → shaped 므로 그들의 성향, 즉 공부하는 방식을 제외하고는 모든 것이
[해설] 본동사가 필요한 문장이다. 주어인 The power and 같은 조건으로 실험이 이루어져야하므로 silmilar이 옳다. B
advantages에 대한 본동사인 shaped로 고쳐야 맞다. 의 경우에서는, 실패에 적절하게 대처한 학생들의 결과 사례
이므로 전략을 효과적으로 제거했다는 내용보다는, 그들의 전
191) ④
략을 더 효과적으로 조정했다는 내용이 옳다. C의 지문에서
[해설] 주어진 첫 번째 문장은, 음악에 대한 관점이 양분되어
는, 추가적으로 진행한 연구는, 앞의 등장한 실험의 내용의
있다고 말하고 있다는 의미이다. 따라서 이런 관점에 대하 설
객관성, 신뢰성을 높이기 위한 목적으로 이루어졌다는 것을
명이 뒤의 흐름으로 적절하다고 생각하고 봤을 때, A의 보기
뒤의 흐름에서 확인할 수 있고 내용의 반전을 나타내는 단어
는, 이러한 음악적 재능이 있는 아이들을 찾는 실험을 진행한
의 변경이나 연결사 또한 없었으므로 입증했다는 의미의
다는 내용인데, 이러한 재능이 있는 아이들이 앞서 언급되지
Confirmed이 옳다
않아 적절하지 않다. B의 보기는, 재능이 있어 보이는 사람에
게도 연습을 하지 않는 것은 허용되지 않는다고 말하는 내용 198) ④
이므로, 앞의 흐름은 연습이 누구에게나 중요하다고 말하는
199) ③
흐름의 문장이 나와야한다. C의 보기는, 음악을 잘하는 사람
[해설] 주어진 지문의 내용은, piaget의 균형 상태 이론에 대
에게는 영재성이 있다고 대중들이 믿는다고 말하는 내용이므
한 내용을 제시하고 있다, 따라서 이어질 내용은 그의 이론에
로 언급 된 양분된 의견 중 하나이므로 C를 보기로 근거로
대한 상세한 설명으로 진행될 가능성이 있으므로 그 부분을
C-B-A을 배열하면 된다. B의 이러한 아이들은, C의 타고난
염두하고 보아야한다. A의 경우, 물론 비평형의 수준은, 무조
영재성을 가진 아이들을 실험한다는 내용이며, 역접의 연결사
건 적당하거나 최적이어야 한다는 의미로 문장으로 그의 관점
를 들어 천재성과 상관없이 연습이 필요하다는 내용의 흐름으
을 시작으로 한 빈칸의 흐름으로 이어지기는 어색하다. B의
로 이어진다. A는, 재능이 있는 아이라고 하더라도 연습이 필
경우, 그의 이론에서 사고의 변화는 평형에서 일어난다는 의
요하다는 내용이므로 B의 이어질 내용으로 적절하다.
미의 해석으로 주어진 문장에서 말한 piaget의 의견에 대해
192) ③ 설명하는 글의 흐름으로 적절하다. C의 경우, 간단하게 말하
[해설] A는 소유격의 수일치를 확인하는 문제이므로, 빈칸에 면 그러한 평형과정은 다음과 같이 작동한다는 문장으로 시작
서의 해석은 사진의 기록적인 특성을 나타내므로 앞의 단수 이되는데 정관사 the의 문법적인 구조상, 평형과정에 대한 설
photography의 명사에 수일치를 맞춰 its가 답이 된다. B의 명은 주어진 문장에서 언급되지 않았으므로 그의 이론에 대해
경우에서, many는 대명사, which는 관계대명사의 보기이다, 설명하는 B를 시작으로, 그의 이론을 간단하게 정리해서 예시
앞 문장에서 even if의 부사절에 이어진 주절의 주어이다. 앞 로 설명하는 C의 순서 그리고 그의 이론에서의 중심내용이면
문장에서 접속사가 이미 문장을 연결하고 있으므로 접속사와 서 이 이론을 통해, 우리가 해야하는 방향성을 제시하는 A의
명사의 역할을 하는 관계대명사가 아니라 대명사인 many가 순서로 이어지는 것이 가장 적절하다.
적절하다. C의 경우는, 뒤의 문장의 구조를 보면 A거나 B거
200) ⑤
나 둘 중 하나를 선택해야하는 or이 등장했으므로 Whether
[해설] ⑤의 보기는, 재귀대명사로 동사의 목적어 뒤에 위치하
A or B의 구조로 쓰인 명사절 접속사가 적절한 정답이다
는 경우는, 문장의 주어와 목적어가 같을 때 등장하는 재귀용
193) ⑤ 법이다, 지문을 보면 teachers가 명사절 접속사의 주어로 등
[해설] 주어진 빈칸의 해석은, 결국에는, 성공만큼 성공을 만 장했고, 해석상 선생님들이 학생들의 학습의지 복돋아준다는
들어내는 것은 없다의 문장으로 In the end는 앞 문장 내용 내용의 문장으로 teaching의 대상은 문장의 주어인 선생님이
을 정리하는 내용으로 성공과 또 다른 성공이 관련이 있다는 아니라 학생들을 지칭하는 것이므로 them이 적절하다.

201) ④ 하고 새로운 맥락, 시나리오, 아이디어로 바꾸는 일에 집중함

[해설] 주어진 문장은, 앞 문장의 내용을 요약정리하는 문장으 으로써 더 많은 것을 얻을 수 있다는 내용이므로 밑줄친 부
로 앞 문장에서 중요하게 다루는, 학습에 있어서의 감각의 적 분이 의미하는 바는 ③번이 적절하다.
극적인 관여가 필수적이다!라는 흐름과 일치해야한다. 하지만
213) ②
해석상, 단순히 읽는것과 교사가 이야기하는 것을 듣는것만으
[해설] 낡은 차를 수리하는 데 쓴 돈이 아깝게 느껴져 그 차
로도 충분하다는 표현은 내용의 주제에서 어긋나므로 isn’t
를 폐차하지 못하는 것처럼, 이미 이루어진 투자에 얽매이면
sufficient 또는 insufficient의 형태로 바꾸는 것이 적절하다
바람직하지 않은 결정을 내릴 수 있다.
202) ④
214) ⑤ working → worked
[해설] 주어진 문장은, 도식이 만족스러운 결과를 만들어낸다
[해설] 수식받는 명사 people은 일하는 것이므로 능동의 현재
면, 비평형 상태가 생기고 우리는 불편해진다는 내용인데, 만
분사 working으로 고쳐야 한다.
족스러운 결과와 비평형, 불편해지는 단어의 흐름은 적절하지
① 동사 work를 수식하는 부사 hard는 적절하다.
않으므로 만족스럽지않은의 dissatisfying으로 바꾸는 것이
② 부사 hard를 수식하는 부사 equally는 적절하다.
적절하다
③ 형식상의 주어 it이 앞에 쓰였으므로 내용상의 주어로 쓰
203) ⑤ amazing -> small 인 to explain은 적절하다.
[해설] 감정없이 의사소통하는 것은 어렵고, 문자메시지로 의 ④ ask의 보어로 쓰인 to 부정사는 적절하다.
사소통을 할 때 사라지는 많은 비언어적 요인들은 오해를 만
215) ② that → what
든다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 문자가 오해를 불러일으키는
[해설] 뒷문장에 receive의 목적어가 없어 불완전하므로 관계
것은 놀라운 일이 아니다가 적절하기에 5번 선지의 단어는
대명사 what으로 고쳐야 한다.
small로 바꾸는 것이 적절하다.
① 뒷문장이 불완전하고 앞에 ,가 있으므로 계속적 용법의 관
204) ④ (C)-(B)-(A) 계대명사 which는 적절하다.
[해설] (C)의 예시가 주어진 문장의 내용에 해당되는 예시이 ③ 술어동사인 appears가 현재형이므로 과거의 의미를 나타
다. 또한 (B)의 Moreover로 이어지는 내용이 (A)에 이어지는 내는 완료형 to 부정사 to have made는 적절하다.
첨가 내용이다. 따라서 순서는 (C)-(B)-(A)가 가장 적절하다. ④ 의미상 주어인 teens가 부모에게 요쳥하는 것이므로 현재
분사 asking은 적절하다.
205) ③ a combination -> boundaries
⑤ 동명사 주어 Having denied의 동사자리이므로 increases
[해설] 위 글의 내용은 주거 지역의 인종 분리는 지역사회 내
는 적절하다.
인간관계의 형성에 직접적인 영향을 미치며, 그 결과 정보의
유동에도 영향을 미치게 됩니다. 이는 정보 유동의 구조에 영 216) ③ to look at → looked at
향을 끼치며, 정보가 흐르는 경계(boundaries)를 만들어낸다 [해설] 목적어인 issue는 ‘살펴봐지는’ 것이므로 수동의 과거
가 적절하다. 따라서 a combination을 boundaries로 바꾸 분사 looked at으로 고쳐야 한다.
는 것이 적절하다. ① 뒷문장이 완전하므로 추상명사 realization을 부연설명하
는 동격접속사 that은 적절하다.
206) ③ what → that
② go와 병렬되는 need는 적절하다
[해설] showed의 목적어 역할을 하는 명사절 자리이다. 뒤에
④ make의 목적어 자리에 형식상의 목적어 it이 쓰였으므로
완전한 절이 왔으므로 what을 that으로 바꾸는 것이 적절하
내용상의 목적어로 쓰인 to부정사는 적절하다.
다.
⑤ 명사 problem은 ‘알려진’ 것이므로 수동의 과거분사
207) ④ known은 적절하다.
[해설] (A) 뒷부분의 내용은 첫문장의 구체적 사례이므로 예
217) ⑤ looser → tighter
증의 연결사인 for example이 적절하다. 또한 (B)에는 앞뒤
[해설] 앞 내용에서 번창하는 조직의 리더는 사람들의 개인적
내용의 흐름의 전환이 없이 내용의 첨가가 이어진다. 따라서
인 목표와 가치를 더 큰 집단의 목표와 가치에 연관짓는데
(B)에도 moreover가 대조의 연결사인 on the contrary보다
성공한다고 했으므로, 사슬의 고리가 더 단단할수록 더 행복
더 적절하다.
해진다고 하는 것이 적절하다. 따라서 ⑤는 tighter로 고쳐야
208) ③ is displayed -> are displayed 한다.
[해설] ③번에서 복수의 social ties가 주어로 사용되기 때문
218) ⑤
에 동사도 are로 사용되어야 하는 것이 적절하다. 따라서,
[해설] 이 글은 처음의 크고 불합리한 요청이 거절되면 더 작
are displayed가 옳은 표현이다.
고 합리적인 두 번째 요청에 동의할 가능성이 크다는 내용이
209) ① However – For example 므로 글의 주제는 ‘⑤ 성공적인 요청의 비결 : 거절당할 요청
에서 합리적인 요청으로’가 적절하다.
210) ⑤
① 10대들이 부모에게 가장 많이 요청하는 것 : 지역 콘서트
[해설] not so much A but/as B ‘A라기 보다는 오히려 B’
참석
구문이므로 and가 but이나 as로 바뀌어야 한다. but how
② 부모와 자녀들이 겪는 갈등의 가장 주된 원인
you comprehend and translate it 이 적절하다.
③ 타인을 설득하기 위해 감정과 이성 중 무엇이 더 중요한
211) ③ 가?
[해설] 주어진 문장이 인공위성이 발사되었다는 예시이므로, ④ 인간만이 가지는 사회적 특징 : 상대방의 이익을 위한 희
앞 문장엔 인공위성과 관련된 지문이 나와야 한다. 그리고 ③ 생
번 뒷 문장에선 인공위성 덕분에 바뀐 이야기들은 나오므로
219) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
③이 적절하다.
[해설] (B)에서 자본주의 체제는 모든 사람에게 경제적으로 최
212) ③ 상의 결과를 가져준다고 하고 (C)에서 이러한 관점에서는 기
[해설] 디지털 시대에 엄청나게 증가하는 정보의 양을 처리하 업의 유일한 사회적 책임은 합법적으로 창출되는 이윤을 최대
는 일은 어려운 일이기에 기계에 맡기고 우리는 정보를 이해 화하는 것이나, 지난 수십 년간에 걸쳐 이 견해에 대한 상당

한 반발이 있었고, 기업의 법의 준수와 이윤 창출 그 이상의 [해설] 위험을 평가하는 뇌 영역이 충분히 발달하지 않았다는
사회적 책임이 있다는 내용이 이어진다. (A)에서 이 견해가 내용으로 미루어 볼 때, 청소년은 위험한 행동에 참여할 가능
주장하는 바는 사회가 자본주의를 받아들일 때 사회적 재화의 성이 더 크다는 내용이 되어야 하므로 ④의 ‘less’를 ‘more’
축적와 분배, 혹은 직원, 고객, 사회, 그리고 환경에 빚진 여 로 고쳐야 한다.
타의 책임이라는 대립하는 개념보다 경제적 자유를 항상 우선
230) ③ high → low
한다는 관점 또한 받아들일 필요가 없다고 언급해야 자연스럽
[해설] 건강 보조 식품이 의료나 약제의 범위를 벗어나게 되
다. 따라서 (B) - (C) - (A)로 이어지는 것이 글의 순서로 가
면 의사나 약사는 이를 환자들에게 추천하는 것을 꺼려하게
장 적절하다.
될 것이라는 내용이 되어야 하므로, ③의 ‘high’를 ‘low’로 고
220) ➃ triggered → was triggered 쳐야 한다.
[해설] 미국의 뉴딜 정책은 대공황에 의해 촉발되었다는 의미
231) ④ dishonesty → integrity
로, America’s New Deal of the 1930s를 주어로 하는 동사
[해설] 잡지에서 다룬 Open Heart Orphanage Ministry의
가 되도록 ‘triggered’를 ‘was triggered’로 고쳐야 한다.
역사에 관한 기사에서 오류를 발견하고 정정을 요청하는 글이
221) ➁ reform → to reform 다. 글쓴이는 Open Heart Orphanage Ministry 단체가 매
[해설] some attempts를 주어로 하는 사역동사의 수동태로 우 소중한 곳이라 밝히며, 정정을 요청하는 데 맥락상 해당
능동태로 쓰일 때 목적격보어로 쓰이는 동사원형을 수동태로 단체의 역사적 부정직함(dishonesty)는 어색하므로, 진실성
전환할 때는 to부정사로 바꾸어야 한다. 따라서 ‘reform’을 (integrity)를 써야 한다.
‘to reform’으로 고쳐야 한다.
232) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
222) ➂ minimize → maximize [해설] 자존심 때문에 선생님의 검토 제안을 거부했다는 주어
[해설] 자본주의 체제는 모든 사람에게 경제적으로 최상의 결 진 문장에 이어 리포트를 쓰려고 노력했으나, 결국 리포트를
과를 가져다주므로, 기업의 사회적 책임은 합법적인 이윤 창 쓸 줄 모른다는 사실을 깨닫는 내용의 (C)가 다음에 오고, 자
출 최대화라는 자본주의 옹호자들의 주장이 있는 반면, 기업 존심을 굽히고 선생님께 도움을 요청하는 (A)가 와야 한다.
은 법의 준수와 이윤 창출 그 이상의 사회적 책임이 있다는 마지막으로 도움을 요청하는 것은 많은 용기가 필요하지만 기
내용의 글이다. 따라서 ‘minimize’를 ‘maximize’와 같은 낱 뻤다는 내용의 (B)가 와야 한다.
말로 바꾸어야 한다.
233) ② look → looking
223) ➄ invisible → visible [해설] 동명사의 관용적 표현인 be busy ~ing "~하느라 바쁘
[해설] 위기와 사회 변화의 관계를 호우와 진흙 사태의 관계 다"에 해당하므로 look이 아니라 looking을 써야 한다.
로 비유하며, 비 자체가 아닌 수십 년 동안 쌓인 흙의 무게가
234) ② competing → cooperating
진흙 사태와 같은 변화를 만들 듯이, 역사적으로 사회의 변화
[해설] 인간과 동물들이 무리를 이루어 사는 이유를 설명하는
를 야기하는 요소들은 그 변화 이전에 이미 나타났다는 내용
글이다. ②번이 포함된 문장에서 not A but B (A가 아니라
이므로, ‘invisible’를 ‘visible’과 같은 낱말로 바꾸어야 한다.
B이다) 구조를 이용하여 설명하고 있다. 서로를 제거하거나
224) ➄ accelerating → decelerating 독차지하는 것이 아니라고 앞에서 설명하였으므로 경쟁
[해설] 농업 사회가 농업 생산을 개혁하려는 몇 차례의 시도 (competing)함으로써는 맥락상 어색하므로 cooperating으로
를 했지만. 여러 가지 제한적 요인으로 인해 역사적으로 장기 바꿔야 한다.
간 성장이 둔화하였다는 내용이다. 따라서 ‘accelerating’를
235) ② impossibly → impossible
‘decelerating’와 같은 낱말로 바꾸어야 한다.
[해설] 문장에서 make는 5형식 동사로 쓰였으므로 밑줄 친
225) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) 부분은 목적격보어 자리로 형용사가 와야 한다. 따라서
[해설] 자존감은 그 자체로 추구할 가치가 있다는 내용을 담 impossible로 고쳐야 맞다.
은 주어진 글에 이어, 그것이 건강과 관련된 결정을 하는데
236) ③ it → they
영향을 준다는 내용을 담은 (C)가 먼저 오고 자존감 높은 이
[해설] 주어인 environmental groups 를 받는 지시대명사이
들이 하는 행동을 설명하는 (B)가 다음에 오며 글의 마지막에
므로 they로 고쳐야 맞다.
이들과 대조되는 자존감 낮은 이들에 대한 이야기가 서술된
(A)가 오는 것이 가장 자연스러운 글의 흐름이다. 237) ④ are → do
[해설] 대동사 문제이다. 앞에 있는 encourage를 대신하는
226) ②
동사이므로 do로 고쳐야 맞다.
[해설] 뇌의 발달이 유아기에 끝나는 것이 아니라는 것을 말
하는 연구 결과 다음에 주어진 문장이 오면서 이 연구들이 238) ④ matters → matter
사춘기 행동에 대한 통찰을 제공한다는 내용이 이어져야 하
239) ④ lower → higher
고, 주어진 문장 다음에는 이에 대한 구체적인 사례 제시가
[해설] 글의 내용은 권력 거리의 차이는 학습자가 인지하는
이어져야 하므로 주어진 문장은 ②에 와야 한다,
위치`에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 일부 학습자가 다른 학습과
227) ⑤ 동등하게상호 작용을 할 수 없게 하는 결과를 초래 할 수 있
[해설] 29,000개가 넘는 건강 보조 식품을 소비자들이 많이 고 문화적 차이는 또흔 교사를 더 높른 권력자로 생각하는
이용하고 있음을 말하는 주어진 문장 다음에는 이에 대한 구 학습자에게 영향을 줄수 있는데, ④ 상대방을 더 높으 위치에
체적인 사례가 오며 이를 수치로 나타내는 내용이 오는 것이 있는 사람들이 자신의 의견과 반대되는 생각이나 의견을 제공
자연스럽기 때문에, 주어진 문장은 ⑤에 와야 한다. 하는데 어려움을 겪을 수 있다는 내용으로, lower(낮은)를
higher(높은)으로 고치는 것이 적절하다.
228) ⑤ yielded → yielding
[해설] In terms of~ 이하의 문장에서 문장의 본동사로 240) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
would be가 사용되었고 이에 맞는 정주어가 필요하므로 ⑤ [해설] 글의 내용은 실업 프로그램이 의도하지 않은 부수적인
의 ‘yielded’를 동명사 형태인 ‘yielding’으로 고쳐야 한다. 결과를 가지는데, 그것은 실업률을 증가시키고, 보조금이 실
업자가 이용할수 있는 일자리를 거절하게 만들다는 내용으로,
229) ④ less → more

(C)애서 they는 주어진 문장의 the benefits(보조금)를 지칭 한다는 내용으로 확인하기 위한 의미의 whether 또는 if를
을 하는데, 보조금이 실업자들이 직업을 바꾸거나 직업을 얻 사용하는 것이 적절하다.
기 위해서 동기를 줄이고, 따라서 실업의 상태가 더 길어진다
250) ②
는 내용으로 이어지고 (A)에서 실제로 실업 보조금이 소진되
[해설] 2번의 보기의 문장은 Michael이 주어이며 2개의 ,쉼표
는 전후에 직업을 얻으려는 실업자의 수가 증가한다는 내용으
동격구조로 an expert부터 capabilities까지 수식하고 있는
로 오고, (A)에서 보조금이 관대한 유럽의 지속적으로 높은
구조이다. 따라서 summarizing의 구조로 사용될 경우 동사
실업율이 또한 2~3%까지 올라간다는 내용으로 이어지는 것
가 없는 구조가 되므로, ing를 동사의 형태로 바꾸고 뒤에 목
이 글의 흐름으로 적절하다.
적어가 등장하는 것을 참고하여 summarizies의 능동형으로
241) ③ were → was 써야한다.
[해설] ③문장의 주어는 The common ancestor가 주어이
251) ⑤
고, we ~ ago까지는 주어를 수식하는 관계사절이다. 따라서
[해설] ⑤번 문장은, 음악가들이 정식교육에 의존한다는 내용
주어(The common ancestor)가 단수이므로, were를 was로
으로 학교를 졸업하고 나서 음악을 떠났거나 강의를 하면서
고치는 것이 적절하다.
그들의 생계를 꾸리던 음악가들에게 교육을 받았다는 내용이
242) ⑤ which → that 다, them을 쓰게되면 음악가들이 강의를 해서 다른 누군가를
[해설] ⑤ religions ~ generosity가 완전한 문장의 동격의 도왔다는 의미로 해석이되므로 스스로 먹고사는 생계를 언급
구로로, 관계대명사 which를 접속사 that으로 고치는 것이 하는 내용으로 볼 때 재귀대명사로 themselves로 사용하는
적절하다. 것이 바람직하다
243) ⑤ use → using 252) ③
[해설] 밑줄 부분은 병렬구조를 묻는 문제이다. 밑줄 친 use [해설] ③번의 보기의 what은 명사절로, 뒷 문장이 불완전하
는 앞의 interpreting과 병렬구조를 이루는 것이므로 using 고 선행사인 명사없이, 명사자리에 들어가는 품사이다. 이 문
으로 바꾸는 것이 옳다. 장의 구조는 inform이 4형식구조로 간접목적어로 you, 직접
목적어 명사자리에 what이 위치하고있다. 뒤의 문장구조를
244) ④ possible → impossible
보면 완전한 3형식의 구조의 문장이므로 명사절 접속사인
[해설] 해석상 어떤 것이라도 1파운드 미만으로 사는 것은
that을 써야한다
‘불가능(impossible)’하다라는 내용이 되어야 하므로 ‘가능한
(possible)’은 문맥상 옳지 않다. 253) ③
[해설] 주어진 문장은 잡지 기사에서 발견한 오류를 정정 요
245) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
청하는 내용이다. 그러므로 잡지 기사에서 오류를 발견했다는
[해설] 우리가 지지하는 정보에 큰 비중을 두고 상충하는 정
내용 뒤에 오는 것이 적절하므로 ③번이 정답이다.
보에 적은 비중을 두는 확인 증거 편향을 언급한 제시문 이
후 확인 증거 편향에 대한 실험이 이어지는 (B)가 이어진 후 254) ③ discouraging → encouraging
사형제도에 대한 두 그룹의 결과를 언급하는 (C) 이후 실험 [해설] 점수를 주는 데 깐깐하다는 선생님의 소문과 자존심으
참가자들이 무의식적으로 지지하는 정보를 받아들인다고 말하 로 인해 선생님의 도움을 거부했으나, 리포트를 쓸 줄 모른다
는 (A)가 이어지는 것이 문맥상 옳다. 는 사실을 깨닫고 선생님에게 도움을 요청하는데 예상과 달리
낙담시키다(discouraging)는 말은 맥락상 맞지 않다. 그러므
246) ②
로 격려하는(encouraging)으로 바꿔야 한다.
[해설] 과학에서 우리는 더 정밀함을 필요로 한다는 주어진
문장은 일상적인 인과관계를 언급하는 문장과 약리학자를 예 255) ④
를들어 과학 분야를 이햐기하는 ②번에 위치하는 것이 문맥상 [해설] 주어진 문장에서 This는 밤을 위한 알람 설정(알림이
옳다. 울리는 것)을 지칭한다. 알람이 울리면 스마트폰의 전원을 끄
고 잠자리에 들어야 한다고 주어진 문장에서 말하고 있으므로
247) ⑤
밤을 위한 알람을 설정한다는 내용 뒤인 ④번이 적절하다.
[해설] 개미들은 큰 그림을 구상하고 행동하는 것은 아니지만
각각 환경, 개미들과 상호작용을 하기위해 몇 가지 단순한 요 256) ③ slowing -> slowed
소를 기반으로 행동하며 이것이 효율적인 군집을 만든다는 내 [해설] and에 의해 protected와 병렬구조를 이루고 있으므로
용이다. 큰 크림에 대해 알지 못하지만, 대신에 환경과 다른 slowed로 써야 한다.
개미와의 방해를 위한 규칙이 있다는 내용은 어색하므로 소통
257) ②
하기 위한 규칙이 바람직하다. 그 결과로 효율적인 결과를 만
[해설] 주어진 문장은 실내의 통행과 서비스 구역의 설계도
들어낸다는 내용으로 이어지므로 intercepting은 interacting
같은 결과를 낳을 수 있다는 내용이다. 앞에는 건물 내에서
으로 고쳐써야한다.
승강기나 경사로의 부재로 인해 고령자의 생활을 불가능하게
248) ④ 할 수 있다는 결과가 나오고, 뒤에는 실외에서의 물리적 환경
[해설] 4번 보기의 문장은 감지와 반응의 방식을 가지고있으 에 대한 내용이 따라와야 한다. 따라서 주어진 문장이 들어가
나 스스로의 목표를 만들어내는 능력이 없다고 말하고 있다, 기에 가장 적절한 곳은 ②이다.
여기서 말하는 대상은 인터넷을 지칭하고있으므로 their은 수
258) ②
일치를 확인해볼 때 Internet에 맞춰야하므로 its가 적절하다
[해설] 생태계 관리라는 용어의 정의에 관해 서로 다른 관점
249) ③ 으로 바라보고 있다는 내용의 글이므로 거의 모든 사람이 생
[해설] 3번의 보기는 judge의 목적어 즉 명사절 접속사의 자 태계 관리가 좋은 것이라는 데 동의했다는 것은 이상해 보인
리이다. that의 경우는, 명사절 접속사로 문법상의 구조상은 다고 해야 맞다. 따라서 ②의 obvious를 strange와 같은 낱
적절한 것처럼 보이지만 that절의 구조로 사용되면 ~한 것을 말로 바꾸어야 한다.
판단한다고 확실한 내용에 대해 판단한다는 의미로 해석이 된
259) ④
다. 하지만 주어진 문장은 주어가 어떤 이야기를 들었을 때
[해설] 아프리카에서 야생 동물의 소유나 이용에 대한 재산권
기준점을 옮겨서 그것을 기반으로 비교해서 손익 여부를 확인
과 거래의 자유를 보장해 줌으로써 지역 사회에 야생 동물을

보호하고자 하는 유인을 제공하여 야생 동물의 개체 수가 증 [해설] 이 글은 사람들은 확인 증거 편향으로 아무리 반대되

가하게 되었다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 는 과학적 증거가 있더라도 자신의 견해의 타당성을 더 확신
가장 적절한 것은 ④이다. 한다는 내용이므로 주어진 빈칸에는 ④ ‘타당성’이 적절하다.
① error (오류)
260) ③
③ confidence (자신감)
[해설] ③ present 제공하다, 주다; 현재의, 출석한; 현재, 선
④ uncertainty (불확실성)
물 → matter 문제, 사안, 물질; 문제가 되다, 중요하다
⑤ incompetence (무능력)
261) ②
268) ④ Despite → Though
[해설] 글의 내용은 권력 거리의 차이는 학습자가 인지하는
[해설] 밑줄 부분은 접속사/전치사를 묻는 문제이다. 밑줄 친
위치에 영향을 미칠 수 있고, Tony Bates가 문화가 비판적
Despite 뒷부분은 전치사 + 명사로 된 구가 있어 전치사를
사고, 논쟁 및 토론이 어떤 영향을 주는지를 설명을 하고, (B)
사용할 수 없다. 뒷부분을 분사구문으로 볼 시 접속사
에서 온라인 환경에서는 학습자들이 비판적으로 제시된 내용
Though를 사용할 수 있으므로 Though로 고치는 것이 옳다.
을 평가하고 논쟁을 하고, 문화적 차이가 있는 곳에서는 학습
자가 상호작용을 하는데 어는 정도 영향을 주고, 반대되는 생 269) ②
각에 이의를 제공하는데 방해을 받는다는 내용으로 이어지고, [해설] 주어진 2번은 전치사의 목적어의 자리로,
(A)에서 추가 설명으로 문화작 차이가 교사가 더 높은 권력을 commanding이 나왔을 경우, 목적어가 위치해야한다, 뒤에
가진 사람으로 생각하는 학습자는 자신의 의견과 반대되는 의 명사가 등장하지않았고 수식어구가 등장했으므로 목적어를 동
견이나 생각을 제공하는 것이 어렵다는 내용의 글로 이어지 반하는 동명사가아니라 같은 의미의 명사 command를 사용
고, (C)에서 더 높은 권력 거리를 가지고 있는 문화는 교사 하는 것이 적절하다
주도의 학습 활동에 가장 좋고, 반대로 낮은 권력 주도의 문
270) ④
화에서는 학습자 주도의 전략이 좋다는 내용의 글로 이어지는
[해설] 주어진 내용은, 확실히 인터넷은 인간의 가치와 선택을
것이 적절하다.
반영하는 인간의 발명품이다 라는 내용이다. 인터넷은 확실히
262) ③ 인간의 선택과 가치를 반영하는 발명품이라고 말하는 첫 문장
[해설] ③ obtain은 명사 unemployed workers를 수식하는 이후, 인간이 만들었지만 자체적으로 논리를 가지고 있는 별
분사자리로, 목적어 employment를 가지고 있는 능동의미로, 개의 존재인 것 같다고 말하며 그에 대해 설명하는 C가 적절
obtain을 obtaining으로 고치는 것이 적절하다. 하다. C의 후반에는, 인터넷의 환경이 생물의 생태계의 방식
과 같다고 말하고 있음으로 그뒤에는 생물학적 종과 비슷해보
263) ③
인다고 할 지라도 지능적이지않다고 말하는 내용의 A가 적절
[해설] 주어진 글에서 축제와 더불어서 가족적이고 문화적인
하다. 그후로는 그러한 지능과 그들의 한계에 대해 말하는 내
연대감은 즐거움과 안도를 주고, 영양학적이고, 심리적인 보
용이 적절하므로 C-A-B의 구조가 바람직하다.
상을 주는데, (B)에서 120%까지 먹는다는 것은 앞에 축제
(feasting)를 의미하고, 강한 심리적인 연관성이 과식과 사회 271) ③
적 안도감사이에서 진화를 했다는 내용으로 이어지고, (C)에 [해설] 3번 보기의 앞 문장을 보면, 시간이 지나면서 기준점
서 앞에서 언급한 사회적인 안도감을 인간에게 사회생활의 중 이 고정되어있지않을수도 있음을 유의해야한다는 의미의 문장
요성이 과소평가 되어서는 안되다고 이야기를 하면서 진화의 이다, 따라서 뒤의 내용은 상황과 시간에 따라 주어의 기준점
과정에서 인간은 사회저인 삶의 면들을 향상을 시켰다는 내용 이 달라질 수 있다는 내용이 적절하므로 shift로 쓰는 것이
으로 이어지고, (A)에서 매일 그리고 특별한 날 음식을 공유 옳다.
하는 것이 인간이 얼마나 사회적인지를 정의하는 행동들의 복
272) ②
합적인 부분이고, 가끔의 과식이 이 복잡함의 일부라는 내용
[해설] regression은 후퇴, 퇴보를 의미하는 단어이다, for뒤
으로 이어지는 것이 글의 흐름으로 적절하다.
의 명사를 위해 2가지가 필요하다는 내용의 문장인데, 뒤의
264) ③ 문장의 2가지를 보면 혁신과 보존임을 확인할 수 있다 따라
[해설] 거울에 비친 자기 모습을 보았을 때 시험에서 부정행 서 퇴보를 위한 2가지로 어색한 것을 확인할 수 있으므로 더
위가 감소되고, 응시하는 인간 눈의 포스터를 그저 걸기만 해 나은 것을 의미하는 발전, 진보를 의미하는 pregress가 적절
도 식사를 마친 후에 자기 뒷자리를 치우는 사람의 수가 두 하다
배 늘었다는 연구와 만물을 보는 신이 있는 종교의 신도들은
273) ③
자시이 끊임없이 관찰된다는 생각 때문에 도덕적인 행동을 한
[해설] 3번 문장의 앞 문장을 보면, 다양한 일들을 하는 다재
다는 주장을 통해 자기 주목이 이기적인 행동을 완화한다는
다능한 음악가들이 음악의 발전을 이끌었다고 말하는 내용이
내용의 글로, ③ 우리가 생각하기에 우리가 관찰이 되어질때,
다. 따라서 음악가들이 다양한 음악을 하는 것의 같은 흐름이
우리가 행동을 좀더 신중하게 한다는 의미로 ignored(무시되
이어짐을 유추할 수 있다. 하지만 3번 문장에서는 이러한 변
다)를 관찰되고 있다(watched)의 의미로 고치는 것이 글의
화와 불안정성, 그리고 청중의 요구가 음악가들이 전문적인
흐름으로 적절하다.
일, 즉 엄격한 분업을 하게 허용해주었다는 내용이므로 적절
265) ④ undetailed → detailed 하지않아 didn’t permit으로 쓰는 것이 적절하다
[해설] 해석상 고위 경영진은 회사의 IT 시스템이 그들에게
274) ⑤
‘세부적인(detailed)’ 공장 수준의 데이터까지 살펴보게 해 주
[해설] 주어진 글을 보면, 열정적인 학생이 입학을 거절당했지
기 때문이라는 내용이 되어야 하므로 ‘세부적이지 않은
만 끊임없는 노력을 통해 입학을 하게 된 상황임을 알 수 있
(undetailed)’는 문맥에 맞지 않는다.
다. 뒤의 문장에서 그는 대부분의 학생보다 더 열심히해야했
266) ④ pay → are paid 고 정말로 해냈다고 말하고 있다. 따라서 일반적인 학생과는
[해설] 밑줄 친 부분은 능동/수동태를 묻는 문제이다. 밑줄 다르게 조건부 입학을 했음을 알 수 있으므로 conditional이
친 pay는 내용상 소작농들이 금액을 지불받는다는 내용이 되 적절하다
어야 하므로 수동태인 are paid로 고쳐야 한다.
275) ③ wary → comfortable
267) ② validity [해설] 본인들이 개를 사랑하며 아들이 개 근처에서 편안하게

느끼길 원하지만, 어른이 지켜볼 것을 요청하는 글이므로 ③ [해설] 삶의 의미를 추상적으로 생각하는 것은 무의미한 것이
번의 wary(경계하는)을 comfortable(편안한)로 바꾸면 된다. 기에 삶의 의미를 묻는 것을 멈추고 적절한 행동과 적절한
실행을 해야 하며 매일 우리 자신을 삶에 의해 질문 받고 있
276) ⑤ assuring → assured
는 사람으로 생각할 필요가 있다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 빈
[해설] assure는 ‘장담하다, 확인하다’라는 뜻을 갖는 타동사
칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은 ②이다.
이다. 주어인 you가 ‘확신하는’으로 이해되려면 수동의 형태
를 가져야 맞다. 287) ③ which → what
[해설] 밑줄 친 부분은 의문사를 묻는 문제이다. 밑줄 친
277) ③ teammates → opponents
which는 뒤의 degree를 꾸미는 의문형용사로 쓰여 ‘어느 정
[해설] 같은 팀 동료들(teammates)과의 협력이 아닌 상대 선
도’라는 의미가 되어야 하므로 의문사 what으로 바꾸는 것이
수들(opponents)과의 협력과 우정에 대해서 강조하는 글이기
옳다.
때문에 정답은 ③번이다.
* 전치사 + 관계대명사와 혼동하지 않도록 주의!
278) ⑤ worse → better
288) ③ providing → provides
[해설] 그 문장에서 the chocolate cake이 의미하는 것은 좋
[해설] 밑줄 친 부분은 동사 / 준동사를 묻는 문제이다. 밑줄
은 것이고 하고 싶은 것이다. 또한 the salad는 해야 하는
친 providing은 supply의 동사 자리이므로 provides로 바꾸
것이라는 것을 추론할 수 있다. 해야 할 것들이 많이 있을 때
는 것이 옳다.
는 좋은 것을 먼저 하라는 내용의 글이기 때문에 ⑤번 worse
를 better로 고쳐야 한다. 289) ⑤
[해설] 이 글은 주어진 상황에서 친밀함의 정도에 따라 특정
279) ① (A)-(C)-(B)
한 것을 말 할 수 있는가의 여부를 조절하는 것이 문화적 적
280) ① if → that 응이라는 내용의 글이므로 이 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것
[해설] The simple fact has been used ~ 이하의 문장에서 은 ⑤ ‘문화적 적응: 상황별 말 할 수 있는 것을 배우는 것’
목적어로 사용된 consciousness doesn’t even merit ~ 이 이다.
하의 절이 완벽한 문장이며 사실을 말하는 절이므로 ①의 접 ① The Socialization Process for Children (아이들을 위
속사 ‘if’를 ‘that’으로 고쳐야 한다. 한 사회화 과정)
② The Advantages of Learning Etiquette When Young
281) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)
(어렸을 때 예절교육을 배우는 것의 장점)
[해설] 네 명의 흑인 학생들이 가게에 들어가 커피를 마시려
③ The Importance of Understanding Cultural
했다는 주어진 글의 내용에 이어 그들이 식당에서 백인 전용
Differences (문화적 차이를 이해하는 것의 중요성)
좌석에 앉았다는 내용을 담은 (C)가 먼저 오고, 이들이 음식
④ The Importance of Maintaining Intimacy Between
을 제공받지 못해서 생긴 결과를 담은 (A)가 뒤에 이어지며
Family Members (가족 구성원간 친밀감을 유지하는 것의
글의 마지막에 이들의 피켓 시위로 인한 사회 변화를 언급하
중요성)
고 있는 (B)가 오는 것이 가장 자연스러운 글의 흐름이다.
290) ④ meeting → (to) meet
282) ③ hides → hiding
[해설] 밑줄 친 부분은 목적격 보어로 사용되는 준동사를 묻
[해설] The female builds a nest ~ 완벽한 문장 다음에 대
는 문제이다. 밑줄 친 meeting은 앞의 helping의 목적격 보
등 접속사가 없이 문장이 이어지고 있으므로 ③의 ‘hides’를
어이므로 help 목적어 (to)형태인 (to)meet로 바꾸는 것이 옳
분사 형태인 ‘hiding’으로 고쳐야 한다.
다.
283) ⑤
291) ④ can model → can be modelled
[해설] 주어진 문장은 이러한 적응으로 인해 사람들이 아프리
카의 삼림 지대와 대초원으로부터 멀리 떨어진 모든 종류의 292) ⑤
환경에서 생존하는 데 도움이 됐다는 내용이다. 앞에는 이러 [해설] 교통수단으로 말이 많은 단점들을 가지고 있어서 점차
한 적응에 대한 설명이 있어야 한다. 따라서 주어진 문장이 적으로 사라졌다는 글이므로 incremental이 아닌 removed
들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은 ⑤이다. 가 적절하다.
284) ② 293) ⑤ which → whose
[해설] 주어진 글은 집단 크기의 효과에 대한 글로 한 쌍이나 [해설] 뒤에 문장이 완벽한 문장이 나왔으므로 whose가 적절
3인조의 경우에 주인은 보통 방문객보다 우위에 있으며 주인 하다.
은 자신의 방식대로 할 가능성이 크다는 내용의 글 뒤로 그
294) ④
반대의 내용을 말한 (B)가 이어져야 한다. 3인조보다 더 클
경우 자기 영역에서의 우위가 적용되지 않는다는 (B)뒤로 그 295) ⑤
에 대한 부연설명인 (A)가 이어지고, 사회적 태만에서도 같은 [해설] 과거에, 생물은 기존의 물리법칙으로 증명될 수 없는
요인이 적용된다는 (C)가 그 뒤를 잇는 것이 글의 순서로 가 특정한 힘을 가진다고 믿어졌지만, 오늘날 대부분의 과학자는
장 적절하다. 생물 또한 물리 법칙에 의해 영향을 받는다고 믿는다.
285) ③ 296) ⑤ hatred → respect
[해설] 주어진 문장은 접경지대가 미국의 혁신적이고 민주적 [해설] 눈 깜짝할 사이에 거지의 모습은 사라지고 완전히 변
성격의 핵심 요소라는 그의 논제가 정확했든 아니든 간에, 그 해서 얼굴은 빛나고 눈은 왕자다운 위엄을 비추고 있었다고
생각 자체가 사람들의 상상력을 사로잡아 거의 자기 충족적 했으므로 많은 군중들이 존경심을 표현하기 위해 모였다고 하
설명이 되었다는 내용이다. 앞에는 Turner가 미국 역사에서 는 것이 적절하다. 따라서 ⑤는 respect로 고쳐야 한다.
접경지대의 중요성이라는 논문을 발표했다는 내용이 나오고,
297) ④
뒤에는 주어진 문장에 대한 설명이 따라와야 한다. 따라서 주
[해설] ④번 문장의 this가 주어진 문장에서 언급하는 요구 내
어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은 ③이다.
용을 받는다. 주어진 문장이 But으로 시작해서 ④번 앞에서
286) ② 본인들이 개를 좋아하며 아들도 개들과 함께 있을 때 편안하

길 바란다고 얘기한 것과 자연스럽게 연결된다. ③ Difference Between Production Market and Factor
Market (생산 시장과 요소 시장의 차이)
298) ③
④ The Role of Households and Businesses as
[해설] ②번 문장에서 Alec의 어머니인 Elizabeth가 건넨 환
Economic Entities (경제 주체로서 가계와 기업의 역할)
영의 인사가 주어진 문장의 that이다. 주어진 문장에서 그것
과 함께 자신의 모든 걱정거리가 사라졌다고 했으므로 주어진 311) ⑤ which → by which
문장이 들어갈 위치는 ③번이다. [해설] 밑줄 친 부분은 관계사를 묻는 문제이다. 밑줄 친
which의 뒷 문장이 완전한 문장이므로 전치사+관계대명사
299) ④ will learn → learn
by which로 바꾸는 것이 옳다.
[해설] Unless가 조건이 부사절을 이끌기 때문에 현재시제가
미래를 대신해야 한다. Unless 자체가 부정의 의미를 포함하 312) ③
고 있기 때문에 don’t learn이 아닌 learn이 맞다. [해설] 주어진 문장은 그때 그들은 통합적 협상 전략으로 전
환했다는 내용으로 이것은 협상가들의 요구는 상호 배타적이
300) ② (B)-(A)-(C)
어서 어떠한 협약에도 이를수 없다는 내용의 반대 상황을 말
[해설] 주어진 문장에 나오는 뷔페 음식 선택에 대한 내용이
하므로 주어진 문장은 흐름상 ③에 위치하는 것이 적절하다.
(B)단락으로 이어져 마무리된다. (A)단락에서 삶에서도 그래야
하는 때가 있다고 이어주고 (C)단락에 나오는 them은 (A)단 313) ⑤ of use → of no use
락에 나오는 only one sunrise and sunset을 받아준다. [해설] 첫 번째, 1등만 기억에 남는다는 내용이고, 특허권을 2
번째로 낸 사람은 쓸모 없다는 내용이 되어야 한다. of use
301) ① take → takes
는 쓸모 있는 이라는 뜻이기 때문에 of no use ‘쓸모 없는’
[해설] Aligning calendars ~ 이하의 문장에서 동명사가 주
이 되어야 한다.
어로 사용되었으므로 ①의 ‘take’를 단수 형태인 ‘takes’로
고쳐야 한다. 314) ⑤ removing → removed
[해설] 동사는 showed이고, removed는 앞에 있는 명사를
302) ④
수식하는 분사이다. 수동관계이므로 removed가 적절하다.
[해설] Searle의 부가적인 주장을 담고 있는 주어진 문장의
내용은 Searle의 첫 번째 주장 이후에 오는 것이 가장 자연 315) ⑤
스럽기 때문에, 주어진 문장은 ④에 와야 한다. [해설] 유명 블로거가 패션사업에 미치는 영향력이 크다는 글
이다.
303) ⑤ which → what
316) ③
304) ⑤
[해설] 볼리비아와 브라질에서 겨울을 나기 위해 이동하는 것 317) ③ which → that
이므로 ⑤번은 이 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는다. [해설] so ~ that 구문이고 뒷문장이 주어 동사 목적어로 완
전하므로 접속사 that으로 고쳐야 한다.
305) ④
① 적용가능성에 관한 의문이 발생했다는 내용이므로 자동사
[해설] 우리의 신체를 위한 쉼터를 짓는 성향 및 능력과 결합
arise의 과거형 arose는 적절하다.
한 집에 대한 기분은 생명문확적 적응에 도움이 된다(A
② 주어는 a virus이므로 동사 consists는 적절하다.
feeling for home coupled with the inclination and
④ 주어는 origin이므로 동사 was는 적절하다.
ability to build a shelter ~.).고 했으므로, 글의 내용과 일
⑤ 형식상의 주어 it이 있으므로 내용상의 주어로 쓰인 that
치하지 않는 것은 ④이다.
이며, 뒷문장이 완전하므로 접속사 that은 적절하다.
306) ③
318) ④
[해설] 집단이 3인조일 경우에는 주인이 자신의 방식대로 할
[해설] 밑줄 친 부분은 왕이 그가 후계자가 되기를 원한다는
가능성이 더 큰 반면에 3인조보다 더 큰 경우에는 자기 영역
말을 들은 후의 상황이며, 뒷 내용에서 많은 군중이 깊은 존
에서의 우위가 사라지며, 큰 집단은 또한 개인이 곤경에 처한
경심을 드러냈고, 그는 마차에 앉아서 왕자로서만 왕 앞에 갈
사람을 돕지 못하게 할 수도 있다는 내용의 글이다. 사회적
수 있다고 했으므로 밑줄 친 부분의 의미는 ‘② 거지는 다시
태만에서도 같은 요인이 작동하므로 특정 업무를 수행하는 집
왕자로서의 위엄을 되찾았다.’가 가장 적절하다.
단의 규모가 커질수록 각 구성원은 덜 열심히 일하는 경향이
① 거지는 왕궁으로 돌아가는 것을 거부했다.
있다는 말이 나와야 맞다. 따라서 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장
③ 거지는 그 후로 어디에서도 목격되지 않았다.
적절한 것은 ③이다.
④ 거지는 스스로 엄청난 경제적 부를 성취했다.
307) ③ did -> was ⑤ 거지는 자신을 찾아온 신하를 문전박대했다.
308) ⑤ in addition to -> furthermore 319) ②
[해설] 주어진 문장은, 이러한 추정치를 적용했을 경우 주당
309) ④ impossible → possible
700달러의 손실을 의미한다는 문장으로, 앞 문장에서는 현재
[해설] 해석상 실제로 그녀가 이러한 반영된 자기 평가를 인
상황과 전체적인 금액을 나타내는 문장이 위치하고, 뒤의 문
식하게 했던 것이 ‘가능하다(possible)’ 이라는 내용이 되어야
장에서는 이 추정치에 대한 글쓴이의 의견을 나타내는 내용이
하므로 ‘불가능한(impossible)’은 글의 흐름상 적절하지 않다.
오는 것이 적절하므로 2번이 바람직하다
310) ⑤
320) ①
[해설] 이 글은 두 가지 시장 상황에서 재화, 용역 그리고 생
[해설] 윗 글에서는, 이사회의 이사들의 업무는 중요하다고 표
산 요소의 관계에 관한 글이므로 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한
현하는 것이 바람직하므로 중요하지않다는 의미의 out of
것은 ⑤ ‘시장별 재화, 용역, 그리고 생상 요소의 관계’이다.
the picture는 적절하지않다, 따라 important나 significant
① The Definition of a Market in Economics (경제학에서
등으로 대체하여 쓰는 것이 적절하다
시장의 정의)
② Importance of Each Economic Entity in the Market 321) ⑤
(시장에서 경제 주체의 중요성) [해설] 주어진 문장은 Giving 동명사의 주어, decreases의

동사로 이루어진 3형식 문장이다. 보기의 extracting의 위치 331) ③ to reuse -> reusing
는 of전치사의 동명사의 목적어이며 앞의 finite resources는 [해설] and를 기준으로 recycling과 평행구조를 이루는 자리
동명사의 의미상 주어이다. extracting을 사용하게 될 경우, 이다. 따라서 to reuse를 reusing으로 바꾸는 것이 적절하
동명사는 타동사이므로 뒤에 목적어가 필요한데 위치하지않았 다.
고 의미상 주어의 자원이 추출하는 것이 아니라 추출되는것이
332) ⑤
므로 수동형태의 동명사로 쓰이는 것이 적절하다
[해설] 사회에 있는 모든 것은 법에 의해 지배되고, 구성된다
322) ② 는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 5번 선지에 is separated 도 is
[해설] 주어진 문장은, 아무것도 없었던 밀도가 낮았던 땅이 held(하나로 묶이다)로 고치는 것이 적절하다.
퍼졌다는=[즉 많아졌다] 것에 비난을 하고 그것에 대해 걱정
333) ④
한다는 내용으로 이어지므로 사용중인, 바쁜이라는 의미의
[해설] 가상현실(VR)을 환자치료에 활용한 연구내용의 도입이
tied up는 적절하지않고 virgin으로 사용하는 것이 적절하다
(C)이므로 먼저와야한다. 또한 (A)에 언급된 the patients와
323) ③ (B)에 언급된 this immersive experience는 각각 (A)-(B)의
[해설] 선행사(all the things)를 수식하는 관계사 구문으로 순서가 적절한 것을 보여주는 근거가 된다. 따라서 정답은
‘be thankful for ~에 대해 감사하다’라는 표현으로, 뒤 문장 (C)-(A)-(B)의 순서가 가장 적절하다.
이 완전한 문장으로, 관계대명사 what은 불완전한 문장이 와
334) ⑤ to exist -> existing
야 함으로, 전치사 for의 목적격 관계대명사인 which로 고치
[해설] without + 동명사의 의미상주어(emotional empathy)
는 것이 적절하다.
+ 동명사 순서로 이어지는 자리이다. 따라서 5번에는 to 부정
324) ② 사를 동명사의 형태로 바꾸는 것이 적절하다.
[해설] ② 교육은 새롭게 발생하는 요구를 탐색하고 충족하는
335) ⑤ is not → does not
방향으로 더 노력하면 그러한 방향으로 향한다고 여겨지는 수
[해설] 의미상 현금은 로맨스를 상징하지 않는다는 것이므로
동의 의미로 해석으로, believes를 is believed로 고치는 것
뒤에 일반동사 symbolize가 생략된 does not으로 고쳐야 한
이 적절하다.
다.
325) ④ ① 주어는 indication이므로 동사 is는 적절하다.
[해설] 주어진 문장에서 목에 걸기 위해서 빛나는 메달을 위 ② 현금은 어떤 것을 구매하는 데 사용되는 것이므로 be
해서 일하는 쥐를 상상 할 수가 없다고 이야기를 하고, (C)에 used to RV을 사용한 것은 적절하다.
서 쥐가 목에 메달을 걸기 위해 일하다는 것을 매력적으로 ③ 동사 performs를 수식하는 부사 poorly는 적절하다.
보일수 있다는 말로 이어지는데, 쥐들은 그런 대우(상을 받는 ④ 앞의 it이 형식상의 주어이고, 뒷문장이 완전하므로 의미상
것)에 동기 부여를 받지 않고, 음식, 안전, 사회적 접촉 등에 의 주어로 쓰인 접속사 that은 적절하다.
동기를 받는다는 내용이 오고, (A)에서 실제로는 시상식은 오
336) ② last → first
직 인간적인 것이고, 다른 어떤 동물도 상을 위해 일하지 않
[해설] 경제침체기에 탁월함을 얻으려고 노력하는 직원을 가
고, 다른 동물들은 언어적 표현을 음식과 같은 후속 제공관
능한 오래 잡고 있지만, 평범한 직원은 가장 먼저 해고된다는
연관시키고, 상은 인간의 동기 부여에 특유하게 나타나는 내
것이 적절하다. 따라서 ②는 first로 고쳐야 한다.
용으로 이어지고, (B)에서 상이라는 것이 개인과 집단을 구분
하기 위해서 고안되었는데, 이는 인간이 아닌 대부분의 동물 337) ④ for → against
에게는 영향을 주지 않는 목표라는 내용으로 이어지는 것이 [해설] 세계 인권 통신망은 가해자에 맞서는 캠페인을 벌인다
글의 흐름으로 적절하다. 는 내용이 되어야 하므로 ④의 ‘찬성하여’를 ‘반대하여’로 고
쳐야 한다.
326) ① Polishing -> Polish
338) ③ (B-C-A)
327) ⑤
[해설] 과학이 무엇인가에 관한 질문에 대한 학생들의 대답을
[해설] 화폐가 거래를 더 효율적이게 함으로써 물물 교환을
담고 있는 주어진 글의 내용에 이어 과학자의 모습에 대한
대체하는 수동적인 매개물, 즉 화폐를 교환의 윤활유에 지나
우리의 질문과 학생들의 예상 답변을 담고 있는 (B)가 먼저
지 않는 어떤 것이나, 중요한 것은 물체가 사용되지 않을 때
오고, (B)의 내용을 더 심도 있게 토론할 때 생기는 학생들의
가 아니라 화폐로 사용될 당시 의미 있는 매개체로서의 그
대답을 담은 (C)가 뒤에 오며 글의 마지막에 (A)가 오면서
물체의 속성이라는 내용이다. 따라서 밑줄 친 부분이 글에서
(C)의 마지막에 언급된 과학자들에 대한 글쓴이의 설명을 담
의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은 ⑤‘돈은 거래에서 사용될 때
는 것이 가장 자연스러운 글의 흐름이다.
의미 있는 매개체 역할을 한다.’이다.
339) ③
328) ① lasting → brief
[해설] 3번 문장은, 미국 의회가 에너지 독립 보호법을 통과
[해설] 처음에 사람들을 행복하게 만들었던 무언가가 머지않
시켰다는 내용이다, 법이 주장하는 또는 요구하는 내용을 설
아 일반적인 것처럼 느껴지고, 처음과 같은 행복감을 느끼지
명하는 분사의 형용사인 requiring이 위치하여 목적어인 명
않는다고 했으므로, 행복의 덧없음에 대한 내용의 글이다. 따
사절을 위치하는 구조가 적절하다. 사물의 경우, 그 자체의
라서 ‘lasting’을 ‘brief’와 같은 낱말로 바꾸어야 한다.
성격 또는 명사가 어떤 행동을 유발하는 것으로 해석하는 경
329) ② allowing → allowed 우 능동의 분사를 사용하며 따라 법이 ~할 것을 요구하는 내
[해설] the invention을 주어로 하는 동사가 있어야 하므로, 용이므로 ing의 형태가 적절하다
‘allowing’을 ‘allowed’로 고쳐야 한다.
340) ③
330) ③ because of → because [해설] 각각의 대명사가 지칭하는 대상을 확인하는 문제로, 3
[해설] because of는 뒤에 명사가 오는 전치사이다. the 번의 문장에서는 sadie가 짖는 것을 멈추고 그녀에게 환한
diagnosis by automation alone을 주어로 하여 is not 강아지 미소를 지어주었다는 의미로, her는 Sadie가 아니라
conclusive 동사구가 이어지는 절이 이어지므로, ‘because Angela를 의미한다.
of’를 ‘because’로 고쳐야 한다.
341) ③

[해설] 윗 글의 내용은, 사무실 내의 게임하는 직원들에게 전 나은 것을 얻고 싶은 충동이 다시 자리를 잡는다고 한다. (A)
달하는 이야기이며, 업무 분위기내에서 이루어지고있는 게임 에서 이것은 행복 추구를 마치 쳇바퀴를 걷는 것처럼 느끼게
에 관련된 염려를 나타내는 글이다. 사무실내에서, 게임기록 할 수 있다고 언급하며, 예로 주택을 구매하게 되면 행복감을
을 경신하는 이야기가 많은 이야기가 오고가는 점에 대해 언 느낄 수 있다고 한다. (C)에서 하지만 부엌을 개선하면 욕실
급하는 것이 적절하므로 beating이 적절한 표현이다. 이 낡아 보인다고 언급하며 그 행복은 약해져간다고 이어져야
자연스럽다. 따라서 (B) - (A) - (C)로 이어지는 것이 글의
342) ②
순서로 가장 적절하다.
[해설] 2번 보기의 경우, 글의 시제가 전반적인 과거의 내용
이라 과거시제가 옳은 것처럼 보이나 후반에 위치한 for 351) ⑤ independent → dependent
years를 보면, 수년동안 그전부터 이어져온것임을 확인할 수 [해설] 문자 형태의 의사소통은 더 이동 가능한 매체의 발명
있다. 따라서 단순과거가 아니라, 과거완료로 시제로 바꿔 계 으로 과거 중앙 집중식 통제에서 더 넓게 확장할 수 있었고,
속 이어짐을 나타낼 수 있도록 had heard가 적절하다 시공간의 제한을 극복하여 사회 경계를 확대함으로써 사회가
더 이상 대면 의사소통에 의존하지 않을 정도로, 사회는 그것
343) ③
의 경계를 확대하여 방대한 공간과 다양한 사람들을 포함할
3[해설] 번 문장은, 많은 사람들은 괜찮거나 좋은 물건을 판
수 있었다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 ‘independent’를
매하는 것을 유쾌하게 생각하지않는데, 그 이유가 그 물건을
‘dependent’와 같은 낱말로 바꾸어야 한다.
구매했을 때 비용이 들었기 때문이라는 의미이다. 3번의 보기
인 redundant는 불필요한이라는 의미의 형용사로, 물품구매 352) ③ conclusive → inconclusive
에 돈이 들었기 때문에 불필요한 물건을 판매하는 꺼린다는 [해설] 의료 영상 분야에서 인공 지능은 빠르게 발전하고 있
의미의 문장은 어색하므로 괜찮은, 좋은의미로 쓰인 decent 지만, 자동화만으로 진단하는 것이 확실하지 않은 경우가 있
가 적절하다 고, 진단하는 사람과 환자 사이에 숙련된 상호 작용을 해야
하는 경우도 있으므로, 기업에는 이중 구조가 필요해지고 확
344) ④
장성은 제한적이며 투자 수익이 감소한다는 내용의 글이다.
[해설] 주어진 문장은, [자세히 살펴볼 경우에는 이러한 현상
따라서 ‘conclusive’를 ‘inconclusive’와 같은 낱말로 바꾸어
에는 이유가 없는것도 아니라는 의미]의 문장이다, however
야 한다.
가 있다는 것을 감안할 때, 이 전의 문장에서는 이러한 현상
에는 이유없이 단순히 발생한 것 같아보인다는 내용이 적절하 353) ⑤
다. 4번 후의 문장에서는 무언가의 발생에 불가피한 것은 없 [해설] 빈칸 뒤에 but으로 역접의 흐름으로 이어지는 내용이
다고 말하는 내용으로 주어진 문장의 같은 흐름인 것을 볼 우리 우주 전체는 끊임없이 움직이고 변화한다고 진술하고 있
때 4번이 적절하다. 다. 글에서 우주의 움직임과 물리적 법칙을 이해하는 방식을
정적인(static) vs 동적인(dynamic)의 대립구도로 제시하고
345) ⑤
있다. 따라서 역접 앞쪽의 빈칸에 들어갈 내용은 정적인
[해설] 추수 감사절 저녁 식사와 같은 특별한 날에 감사의 목
(static)에 해당하는 표현인 5번이 적절하다.
록을 작성하는 것도 좋지만 작고 겉보기에는 보잘것없는 일들
에 감사하는 것을 매일 실천하는 것이 중요하다는 내용의 글 354) ②
로, ⑤ 그러한 ‘큰(big)’가 아니라 ‘작은(small)’에 대한 감사 [해설] (B)의 this가 지칭하는 내용은 주어진 문장의 내용이
는 매일 실천 될 수 있다는 내용이 글의 흐름으로 적절하다. 다. 또한 (A) this가 지칭하는 내용은 (B)의 내용이 되므로 적
절한 순서는 (B)-(A)-(C)가 된다.
346) ⑤
[해설] 교육이 새롭게 발생하는 요구를 충족해야 할 필요성이 355) ⑤
높아지고 있으며, 그것을 위한 한 가지 주요한 발전으로서의 [해설] 주어진 문장에 언급된 this immersive experience가
평생 학습이 변화하는 세계의 환경에 대응하기 위해 더욱 중 지칭하는 내용이 5번 앞문장의 가상공간에 공으로 하는 훈련
요해지고 있다는 내용의 글로 '⑤ 변화하는 세계 환경에 대응 을 지칭한다. 따라서 문장 삽입위치는 5번이 가장 적절하다.
을 위해 평생 교육이 중요하다.'가 글의 요지로 가장 적절하
356) ⑤ easy -> challenging
다.
[해설] 윗글의 내용은 정서적 공감이 인지적 공감보다 앞선다
347) ④ 는 내용이 진술되고 있다. 따라서 5번에 정서적 공감이 먼저
[해설] ④ 'no other + 단수'로 아무도 없는 의미로 animals 존재하지 않고는 정신과 자기 인식에 대한 생각이 어떻게 생
를 animal로 고치는 것이 적절하다. 겨날 수 있었는지에 어울리는 형용사는 easy가 아닌
challenging(어려운)이 적절하다.
348) ④
[해설] ① 애국과 낭만적 영웅주의 분위 속에서 성장했고, ② 357) ④ improper → better
Lodz Film School에 입학 전 순수 미술을 공부했고, ③ 두 [해설] 앞 내용에서 여자친구가 장미는 유용하지 않으므로 다
번째 장편 영화인 Kanal은 대중적 인정을 가져다 주였다. ⑤ 른 것을 선호할 것이라고 했으므로 현금이 ‘더 좋은’ 선물이
지기 시대의 사건들 묘사에는 큰 관심을 가지고 있었다. 라고 결론짓는 것이 적절하다. 따라서 ④는 better로 고쳐야
한다.
349) ② have → has
[해설] (동전에) 눌러 새긴 그 표시는 단지 ‘무게를 재는 수고 358) ③ earning → earn
를 덜기 위한 것’일 뿐이며, 그 자체의 고유성은 없다는 내용 [해설] 주어 역할을 하는 명사구 a few individuals의 동사자
으로 the stamp을 주어로 하는 is merely something과 병 리이므로 earn으로 고쳐야 한다.
렬구조이다. 따라서 ‘have’를 ‘has’로 고쳐야 한다. ① 명사 people을 수식하는 관계절이므로 관계대명사 who는
적절하다.
350) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
② 주어는 people이므로 동사 don’t get은 적절하다.
[해설] 주어진 문장에서 지난 번에 급여가 올랐을 때 얼마나
④ 명사 a chance를 수식하는 형용사적 용법으로 쓰인 to
좋았는지 기억나는지, 지금도 그때와 같은 큰 흥분을 느끼는
부정사는 적절하다.
지 묻고 있다. (B)에서 아마 그렇지 않을 것이라고 답하며, 행
⑤ 명사 accomplishments를 수식하는 관계절이므로 관계대
복에 대한 감각이 서서히 사라져서, 다음번에 더 크거나 더
명사 that은 적절하다.

359) ④ (engage → engaging)

[해설] ~global human rights ... human rights abuses,
까지의 완벽한 문장 뒤에 대등 접속사가 없이 문장이 이어지
고 있으므로 ④의 ‘engage’를 분사 형태인 ‘engaging’으로
고쳐야 한다.
360) ⑤ (surprised → surprise)
[해설] These scientists are often viewed ~ 이하의 문장에
서 문장의 첫 번째 정동사는 are viewed이고 시제가 현재시
제이다. 따라서 and 뒤의 두 번째 정동사의 시제도 같아야
하므로 ⑤의 ‘surprised’를 ‘surprise’로 고쳐야 한다.
361) ④
[해설] 앞 문장의 내용을 참고해보면 바이오연료가 효율적인
수단일 수 있으나 작물들을 관리하는 방식이 효율성 여부를
결정한다는 내용이다. 따라서 효율적인 방안을 강구하여 이점
을 늘리는 방향을 이끄는 내용의 법안이 통과되는 내용이 적
절하다. 2007년에 미국의 의회는 바이오연료의 생산을 늘리
기 위해 에너지독립을 요구하는 법안을 통과시켰다는 내용이
적절하므로 거절한다는 의미의 turning down은 옳지않으며
requiring으로 고쳐야한다.
362) ③
[해설] 보기 문장에서, had는 5형식 동사로, Sadie의 귀가 쫑
긋 세워져있다는 의미로 사용되었다, pin back는 집중하다,
경청하기위해 귀를 세우다는 의미로 목적어인 ears의 경우
듣쫑긋 세워져있는 상태로 p.p의 분사형이 적절하다.

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[공터] 2024학년도 E모든 변형문제 수능특강 영어 B컷 ( 362문항 )

< 01강 >

*unprecedented: 전례가 없는 Sincerely,

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 1 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

|01강 01번| |01강 03번|

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 2 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

< 02강 >

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 3 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

|02강 01번| |02강 03번|

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 4 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

< 03강 >

A key feature particular to stories is that they have the

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 5 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

marketing iceberg. 22. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지

*tangible return: 유형 수익 않은 것은?22)

The idea of family support, suggested as one of the

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 6 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

|03강 03번| |03강 04번|

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 7 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

< 04강 >

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 8 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

We are wired more for the struggle for survival on the

(A) Our brains are set up to detect a predator in a

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 9 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

|04강 03번| |04강 04번|

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 10 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

< 05강 >

Consumers usually attempt to ①spend as little as

We can safely argue that nearly all aspects of modern

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 11 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

|05강 01번| |05강 03번|

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 12 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

< 06강 >

For example, if a close friend has died and you are

You may believe that all forms of negative thinking are

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 13 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

|06강 04번| |06강 02번|

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 14 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

< 07강 >

Cosmology would not exist as a subject unless there

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 15 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

|07강 03번| |07강 01번|

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 16 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

|07강 02번| |07강 03번|

In absolute terms, the overall demand for doctors and

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 17 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

< 09강 >

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 18 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

|09강 01번| |09강 03번|

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet was born in Philadelphia on

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 19 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

< 11강 >

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 20 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

|11강 01번| |11강 03번|

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 21 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

< 12강 >

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 22 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 23 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

① 멸종 위기종으로 등재하는 규칙은 Rob Marshall이 맡아서 |12강 04번|

Why are certain languages mistakenly thought to be

B컷 문제의 오타 및 오류에 대해 책임지지 않습니다.^^ - 24 - 도서출판 공터 E 모든 변형문제 수특 영어 / 영독

configuration: 형태, 구조 subordinate: 하급자 **hierarchy: 위계, 계층