SQL Beginners

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Course

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With Modupe Afolabi-Jombo

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ABOUT ME!

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● I am an undergraduate of English Language, OAU
● I am passionate about data analysis and my favourite analytical tool is
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● Over the past two years, I have been actively learning and taking
multiple SQL courses
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● I love teaching and sharing my knowledge on SQL.

 CHECK IN
❖ What is your name?

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❖ What do you do?

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❖ Two truth and one lie

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❖ What are your expectations from this course?

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 COURSE OUTLINE

Class One

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● Download, install and set up the database environment
● Database explained

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● Hello SQL!!!
● SQL Statement

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● Commonly used symbols in SQL
● SQL data types

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● SQL Constraints
● Creating a table
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Assignment
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DOWNLOAD,INSTALL AND SET UP
DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

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This will be properly discussed in class.

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INTRODUCTION
Data means information, more specifically facts, figures, measurements and

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amounts that we gather for analysis or reference. Data is literally everywhere

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and anything that can be recorded or tracked.

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For instance, taking a record of how many glass of water you take per day is
a form of data.

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Data needs to be stored and one of the places data can be stored is a
database system. SQL is a programming language that allows you
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communicate with database systems.
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A DATABASE

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A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data,

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typically stored electronically in a computer system. It is usually controlled by

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a database management system (DBMS)

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For example, an online telephone directory uses a database to store data of

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people, phone numbers, and other contact details.

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A good database allows its users to interact with the data.
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 TYPES OF DATABASE

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Two popular types of databases:

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● Relational Database
● Non relational Database

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RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a programme used

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to create, update and manage relational databases. Example of popular

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relational database are:

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➔ MySQL

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➔ Oracle Database
➔ Microsoft SQL Server

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➔ PostgreSQL etc.

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A Relational Database System contains one or more objects called
tables. The data or information for the database are stored in these
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tables.
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TABLES

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Tables composes of rows and columns. Columns are referred to

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as fields or attributes while rows are referred to as records or

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observations

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HELLO SQL!!!

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SQL stands for Structured query language

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It is a programming language that is used for database creation and

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manipulation. It is used for creating, accessing, manipulating, updating,
deleting and retrieving data in database.

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SQL is also called ‘sequel’
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FEATURES OF SQL

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★ SQL efficiently retrieves large amount of data within relational

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databases

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★ SQL allows you to manage databases without coding knowledge

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★ SQL is versatile as it works with various database systems eg Oracle,
IBM, Microsoft.

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WHAT CAN SQL DO?
❖Execute queries against database

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❖Retrieve, inserting, and deleting information from a database
❖Create new database and tables

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❖Update records in a database

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❖Create stored procedures or views

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 SQL STATEMENTS

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● Data Definition Language (DDL) : It is used for data description and structuring.

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They are also used to alter database structure such as creating new tables and their

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attribute. Some of this statement are: CREATE, DROP, ALTER and TRUNCATE

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● Data Query Language (DQL): It is used to retrieve data from the database or a table
to perform further operations on it. This statement is SELECT.
● Data Manipulation Language (DML): It is used to store, modify, update and delete

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data. Some of these statements are: INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE

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● Data Control Language (DCL): It deals with the rights, permissions and other control
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of the database system. Some of these statements are GRANT and REVOKE.
● Transaction Control Language (TCL): is used to manage transactions in the
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database. These are used to manage the changes made by DML statements. E.g
COMMIT, ROLLBACK,SAFEPOINT etc.
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 WHO CAN USE SQL?

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Anyone can use SQL, as long as the person knows the commands. Database

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programmers, website owners and application developers also use SQL to work on

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their huge databases.

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COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS IN SQL

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Some of the commonly used symbols in SQL are:

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● Semicolon ; - This is used to end SQL statements or queries. It is always added to complete the
query.

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● Open and close parentheses () - These have several uses. They are used to enclose data types,
conditions and sometimes names of columns. They are used in subqueries and also arithmetic

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equations.
● Comma , - It is used as a list separator such as in a series of columns or multiple field names.

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● Inverted comma ‘ ‘ - This is used usually to enclose ‘strings’ of data types or conditions.
● Astericks * - The asterisk indicates “all” data, columns, or tables.

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● Underscore _ - This is used in column or table name to identify them properly. It is also used as
an identifier.
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 SQL DATA TYPES

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In SQL, every column is expected to have a name and a data type

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A data type is an attribute that specifies the type of data a column can hold.

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The data type is a guideline for SQL to understand what type of data is expected inside of
each column, and it also identifies how SQL will interact with the stored data.

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Data types in SQL are organized in the following categories:
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EXTRACT NUMERIC

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Bit : It is used to store binary digits like 0 or 1. The number of bits per value

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is specified in size. It can be from 1 to 64 Eg 01010101…(up to 64). The
default size is 1

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Tiny int: it is used to store values between 0&255

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Small Int: It can store values between -32768 and +32767
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INT: It stores values between (-2147483648) to (+2147483647)

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Decimal (size,d): An exact fixed size. The total number of digit is specified
in size. The number of digit after the decimal is specified in the d eg (3,1).

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Note: the d can only be 0 or 1.

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APPROXIMATE NUMERIC

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Float: This data type accommodates decimal numbers

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STRINGS

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Char: Fixed width character string. Used to store characters up to 125.

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Varchar: variable width character string. It can be used to store characters up to

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Text: Holds a string with a maximum length of 65,535 bytes (21,844 characters)
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DATE AND TIME

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Date: Format (YYYY-MM-DD)

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Time: Format (hh:mm:ss)

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Timestamp: System time

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SQL CONSTRAINTS
They are used to specify rules for data in a table

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These can be used when creating a table or a table can be altered to include these

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constraints after they’ve been created.

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Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table. This ensures the

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accuracy and reliability of the data in the table. If there is any violation between the
constraint and the data action, the action is aborted.

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COMMON SQL CONSTRAINTS

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● NOT NULL: Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value

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● UNIQUE: Ensures that all values in a column are different

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● PRIMARY KEY: A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each
row in a table.

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● FOREIGN KEY: Uniquely identifies a row/record in another table
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● CHECK: Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a specific condition
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 CREATING A TABLE
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table in a database.

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Syntax

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CREATE TABLE table_name (

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column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,

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column3 datatype,
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Example
Create Table Customer (
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Customer_ID int(8) Primary Key,

First_Name VARCHAR(255) Not Null,
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Last_Name VARCHAR(255) Not Null,

Customer_Email VARCHAR(255) Not
Null Unique,

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Date_Of_Birth Date,

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Address VARCHAR(255) Not Null,

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Phone_Number Int(11) Not Null,
Gender Varchar(15)

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);

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