Computation | Chi aquare (Nonparametric Stabisties)4 INTRODUCTION ™]) NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS Th otttintical teat foo kinds of arertions are involved ,viz, an aspertion divectly yelated to the purpose od inveatiqation, and other aperkion to make. a Probability atatemont. The former is on arsention to he tated and is technically called a pothesis, whereas other apserkion is called a model, i he known ar dintibuction- free ov non-parametric teak, Under nonparametiie oy dishibution- free teak U ls difficute to apsume thot a patiadar distribution is applicable oy that a cerkath value Wo attached to a parameter of the population. Nonparametric atatish'es vequire fe arsumptions, no eatmate. of Parameter th their eomputetion, and no normal distibution ef the Veriables in the. population . Porametric atatinties Aerve as an estimation of the coneopending Parameters, Their computations vequire the une of precomputed dtatintics an estimates of parameters. Norover, thay are inkerpreted with reference. to opecific population dstibutions of the Variables such as normal and t distibutions, Thus, Cannot be Uaed gor foo small oamples, nominal, ordinal and discrete variables, and non-normal distributions,Aeon to Bradley, the characteristies of nonparametric. stetisttes oes: are an (0) Speed of Application: han sample vi2e is 7mall and moderata, distibution free methods are qenretly footer than parametric techniques. CB) Scope of Application: Since nonparametic fests are bared on Gaver and Less elaborate assumptions than Porametvic tabs, nonparametric techniques can be correctly applied te much Larger cla» ef population. Type af Mearuremant of require: Disbibution — free statistical - teats ‘atsallag vequire nominal, o ordinal data. (A) Drfluence on Sample Size: When the rample size 2s ler ov equal to 10, distibidion bree. Stotictical teats are eaater and qyleker ,thovah dem efficient. At ouch Sample dizer the paramedrte assumptions meu not he aatisfiod for this, nonparametric. teats are mest appropriate. Ay the sample size tnereaas the monporametric teals beeome move Laboriows and dime ng and Grojuenty beeome a much Lerr efficent atatistical teat,36 (e) Sunceptibility do Violations of cmumptions: Since the. appumptions are fouor and Leys elaborate tsith monperametic Stalintteat teak, thoy are ler surceptible ty Violation , Cf) Dy terms Of mathemalical oiterion of otatintical efficiene duobitition Rev teats are often Pxpericr ox equal to their parametric counterparts raed when the Assumptions of Nonparametric Keats are fulfilled but the cooumptions © parametric teas ore nol. iP both teats are applicd tshan abl amumptions et Poramatie teals ore made, Sirhibuttin free satishen are o M hers efheert | whan sample size ls small. “ “wt According to Moses, nonparamotie atabistien ares (a) eanior to optly 5 CE) applicable to ronked deb, of observeion com Alternative than Sample si26 2grificonk fovels C$) bess mormoal durbibution sn the thluded the “om data; Co) woable to tue from different population 5 (A) the io omalt: Ce) uoehud a specified efficient oteabiation ; P nok applicable Variables “of the populations Ch) not “4 Precamputed statistic as an eatimate of Parameter ‘un uk odeaDidfirences between Paramehic and Nonparametric Stotistios Parametric Statistios |I. Dt asrves av estimates of corresponding parameters, Their computations vequire the uae 4 precamputed statistics a» eatimates of parametor 9. are interpreted usith, ef erence te opecifie population dirhibutions of the voriables such ar the normal and t distri butions 3. Dt camot he applied for too mall aarnples 4. They cannot he uned br dircrake, nominal oy ordinal Varisbles and non-normal [disbteution but can be Nonparametric Stetistion I Dy requires very feo axsumptions. Do not wae any precemputed statistics an an ectimate of parameter in the computation 2. Donot require normal dirtibutions of the variables in the population 3. OF can be aad for very dmall aampler 4. Tt can be ured es discrete, nominal oy ordinal variables= | applied when the variables ] are in interval and votio reales The Chi -oquare OB)» an Unpertork tert among the several terbs a reynificance. daveloped by alatistcian . As a nonparametic teat sit in uacd fo dotemnire 4 cricak data shows dependence ov too clasifications are independant, Tt can also be wed +o make Comperinon between theoretical population and actual data when cetegovies are uned. Thus, the chi- aquare teal is applicable to a lerae ruumbor of problems. The teat Us, tn oct the technique ‘trroual the ure. of which Ute pewible foy all reacarchers har (a) teat the geodners 4 fr Cb) teak the i pificonce-ed asseciction bekween to abbibutes Co) teat the homogensity er significance of population vanionce. Chi - aquare (4?) 2s an importonk nonporamedtric test and as suchmo Trgid ansumptions are necessary in Terpeet of the type of Population, Ara nonparametric. Lest, chin square. (02) ear be ured an a geesress Of fitand a» a tent of independence. Nonporamobeie obi - square (x02) test explores the rianificance deviation of an experimentally observed Frequane dishibudion gram & Proposed freqanes disbibution and, therefore, constitutes an39 analysis % frequencies The chi-square fest represents a useful mathod of compari experimen lly obtained reaulls usith thoae fo be exported oes on Pome hupothents. The equation fer chi ~aquare (42) & ototed wr GoWtows: ate =| be £ (chi- square formula gor feting agreement between observed and oxportad results) in which f= Greqyerng of occurrence of observed or experimentally determined facts s A. = expected frequency of Sceumrence or come hafpotnas. Abe Gri) Co“) that bs (row-|) (totumn-I) Tha differenees behoeen abserved and expected Grquenctes ave dquared and divided by the expected rumber in each ears and the sum of tone quotients to 2% The move closly fhe observed reaulls Approximate to the experted, the rmaller the. chi- square and the40 clone ogrecmsnt between observed dala ond hypethasis being trated Conbrariune,, the larger the chi-square the areator the probability 4 a real divergence of tapoimartellg absrved from cxperted vem « * Assumptions of Chi-square Test a > De vequires no amumption for normality qf the population distribution of variable (s) > Uses no precomputed stedistic ap an estimate of paramter in ite computation > Phin applicable fo ry pmol. sample > Can be ured alro for dinercte, rominal ox ordinal variobles . The chi-square (22) teat Yo uned 4p determine tohether an arodetion (or relaticwship) behosen tro categorical varsclblen in acample b Shel tp refleek a real amodistion between thase thse variebles tn the population. Dus to this rearen chi-square Io uaad with daa dh Ha form of frequarelan oy data that can be readily pranofeemad inks frequencies, Thin thebudes propertions Or probabilities. — -4 Ht * Chi-square Teak foe Coodnoss of Fit ‘This teat in ward to explore hats far a dishibution of observed frequeneies Cho) fits with theoretical dishibution auch an the normal dirtibution, a binomial dhibutin, a Mendstian phane 4eype. disbibustion and a distibetion proposed b pstheals of equal probability, The Fe volutes are computed here onthe basis of the propersd theoretical dithibuion. The 2 coppated From the (2) valites proves significant if ur equals or exceeds the critical 7 for the choasn fava 4 rep iieanee 5 th sucha cane, the J, distribution differs ay bicantly from the proposed Gnhibution, A computed > indicates that the So ithibution fits with proposed dishibution and docs not differ rian ficardly Grom the Latter, The chanical Formula, bared on C$,-Je) valuws, tr ured comping the 20, rar Ge - fe)” fe wg The alternative formula, avoiding the wae of $, values, cannot be Applied ar no conti fasts table vo dwolved. Yates’ correction hay to be applied if Se of ang clare Galle bale 5 and the dy omauns \ on# Chi-square Tet of Thdependenee An association may exist beticen 430 variables 1f the change in volue or qualily of one variclle is accompanied by a similar or Opposite change ef) the other tn the same individual. Absence of cuneciotien vs called the rdependenes of tio variables. A 2 tent of tndepondenes explores whether or not two veriabler are digrigicantly independent f each other ; th other Weeds , ub explores the exintenes ot Grificank evrraciation botuscen the Varicbles. But Ub can (i) neither rmeapure the nitude and the Ueetion of the vrociation (ii) ner predict e caae-and -effed relationship betuseen the voricbles. ©The Additive Proper: ur perky When aeveral 1% have been computed From trdopendenk experiments, thoae. be summed fo give a neo chi-square with dj= the sum of deparate dfp. The Jack thal chi-square may be. edad to provide an Overall teat of a hypotheris i tmportant ty experimental studies, Combining the daka from several experiments will often yind conclusive reaukk , When ooparate experiments talen alone provide only indications,Pyoblem No. >GENERAL PROBLEM: On Nemparametie Statistics eSPECIFIC PROBLEM: Tra study, a favs office clerks belonging to too different socio ~ 43 econemie groups wore arhed to express thelr opinion in fhrres categorie Yer me, canmat aay cnything on the subject “do you prefer rede nexes to recding a nesspaper?” Obtained rersperner were ar follows. g Cort nasy Yes No anathing | Totok Middle claw 25 2 5) 49 Lower class 20 do 8 Ee Total 45 20 i Ba re Pocio-economie clases and the opinion expresred thdependent cach other at the | per cent Level?HonccR > CONCEPT:- Nonparametric chi-square (22) test explorer the opiGicance of deviation of an experiment lly observed frequency dintribudion Grom o Propeaad frequency Vorbibution and therefore constitutes an analyots of Frequencies. When the dala consists of Geaquemcios in Auer categories ,the chi-square test-may be ured to determine the tgnificanes. of ameciation between too independent groups, The hypothesis being teated ta Hat the too proups differ er amocictad With reapeek to reme characteristion and therefore. with Tespeuk to the relative Frequane woth which wor numbers fall tio ceveral categories. To tent the hypotheals, ona must counk the Tuunber of canes from each group ahi Goll in vorious categories and compare the proportion of caacs from the other group. The fouus of the tert ts whather the diffrences in proportion exceed those expected due to the chance. or the difference ov arseciation ba genuine, * Ansumnplions (a) Threquives no asumption gor normality of the population dirtiudion of vorisble (3) (©) Ures no precomputed atatistic an an ertimate of parameter tn ibs Computedion.(c) Tt in applicable to vere omall sample. (4) Con be ured abso for dircrete nominal er ordinal variables The chi-aquare (7) test is used to determine tahether an cssociation (ov velationship) belutecn foo categorical variables Uy a sample Us Llaly 4p reflect a real association Doc these 40 variables tn the population. Dusto this rearon chi-square is uaed with data th the form fequenctes ev dala thal can be reastily tramfomed inbo Grequcncies 2 Thy includes propovhions ey prebabilities . * Null Hypothenis There i» no significant arsocialion between the two charactoristien namely socio-economic chases and the opinion expressed - Arey och arsociction in due to chance alone. * Statistic Uned for Toting © Hypo thaais A hooded chi-aquare, (92) Heat wt be uaed here fos testing the hepotheats. The relevant formule is av follows46 ts zl (hfe) fe (chi-aquare formosa for testis agresmard Behoeon observed and exported veaulls) tuhich f= Preqpancay of occurrence of observed oy experimentally determinad facts ; $, = expected Feequaney of occurrence om dome, apotenis AS = C1) Ce-) that is Crest) Ceabummn- ) © STATISTICAL TREATMENT:- Cant sau Yes No ansthing | Total vv L Middle class 25 io 5 42 Lower chars 20 !o & 38 Total 45 22 13 80raat as 7 er er eee _ N — 71 _| _ 42X45 = 23.62 | 3ax4s 2 2ba7 80 80 42X92 = 1NSS 38x22 = 10.45 | - 80 0 BB XIB = GAIT | go (o5-23.62)"= (uaayee 19 | C@o-21-a7)h= Clap 1.87 2-11.55 = (oasy 20.2 | (lo - 10.45)" iG - 6.822 Crsayte 3-3 | (8 6tT"s (1.93) 3.34Cabeslation of (So- $e] fe LS = 0.08 (87 = 0.08% 23.62, 21.37 0.2. 0.01 0.2 = 0.01 (55 10-45 3.31 = 0.48 3.34 = 0.54 6.82 617 Coleutabion of ~ = [eset = 0.08-+ 0.014 0-48-+0.08 4 0.014 0.54212 Se af = Gr) ted = (2-1) (3-1) = 1x2 =2 Critical Ye value Caf 22) ok the | bevel — roils) = 2The obtained ehi- square (2%) volue har been found ar 1.2. The critical value of chi-rquare with df = 2 ak 0.01 devel in 9.21. Aa the ebtained chi-square velus in Lenser tran the critical velue, tharedare, ir con be caid Hak the obtained chi- rguare. value. in rok siqnificact Lot 0.01 devel So, the probability of obtaining puch amodation chance in _lomer than 0.01. T mors also be satd thas Tre mutt hapothsal to cecepted ond the alternative hypothesis te weyscted Bh other words, there ln mo rignificant amociotion between socio -evonsmic clamer and the opinion axprened. Tt meen thak the feo cherecterintios namely socio-economic clamer end the opinion expressed are independent of ech ethan. Dy can be concluded Grom the chove comments that there la ne signifieant amodiclion between socio-economic lamer ond the. Opinion expremed. —Problem No. 2 GENERAL PROBLEM: On Nonparametie Statistics, »SPECIFIC PROBLEM:- To the quertion “should women have compatition with men ta ating jobs”, tho replies reccived from a sample of two hundred subyeets of both roxes were ay follows : Yes _No __ Total Males 34 46 80 Females 1 48 (20 Were these respanacs independent or belong fo 0 portinlor sax? »>CONCEPT:- ute Nonparametric ahi-square (2) teat explores He significance. of deviation ef an experimentally observed Grequane distibation Prom a Propered Frequancy dishibution and therefore tonstitutios an analysis of frequancien « han the dala consinbs of Frequencies in dinrete categorien, the chi-square test may be uned to determine the eSsignificance Of arsociation bokscon tire independant groups the hegpothain being tented de that the uo Grp? dilfer oF euneciatod with veapect to geme characteristics and tharefore sith-verpeck 49 the Yalative feqpenca With which group rrembare Gell inka several coleovics Te teat Hoe hypothesis, ene must count the number of canes fron cach group tahich Gal in various ctegrie and compare the Propertion of eanco Grom the other group. The docu of the tent in whether tha differences tr propartion exceed thore expected dua to the chance oF the difference oF arnoctation is genuine: * Arnamphions : _ (0) Phrequires no amcumption fey normality of the. population dutitudion “4 variable (4) Ab) Vaer no precomputed atetintic an an estimate of poremeter th ibs _Computedion Ce) Bis applicable +o vores omall aample wi (4) Cane ured aloo for dircrele, nominal ov ordinal veriebles The chi-square (7{2) test is uaad 4o determine hether on Arociation (or relationship) behoeen fuso cabegoricat variables th ox.ioe ampla in hla te valle Veriobler tn the popub: with data oy the ee ck @ veal arsociation behoeen there too on. Due to this re WON chi-rquare iy ured °§ Frequencies o date. thal cor be readily transformed tnt Fre equanctes. Thin neludos Proportions or Probabilities. * Nad Hu pothesis There is no dignificant an evmociction between the responres a men and women over te Mertion cl omen having competition with men fh geting Jobs . Any rach vrrodation ln duc fo chance alone. © Statistic Ured for Torta sf Hypothuas A hoo teil chi-aquore (77) teat wit be waed hore Ga teaking the hgpotheais. The relevant dormusle ts as gotlows: X* here computed uning tha products af pairs of coll frequencies ‘ ols, (AD and BC) and the marginal totXr eK ——_N (Ap-8e)* (A+B) Cate) (ato) Cord) df = Gr) Ce = an (2-y | » STATISTICAL TREATMENT:- Yes No Total Males 34 (A) 46 (B) 80 (A+B) Females 72_(¢) 48 (ov) (20 Cc+b) Total 106 CAtC) 94 (B40; 200 Coleulation of 942 ; xr= N CAD- B¢)~ (A+B) CA4C) (BED) (e+D) = 200 (34X48 —-46 X72)" BOX 106 X 94X120 200 (1632 -3312)™ 95 654400=_200x (~1620)" 295654400 Il 200 x 2822400 95654400 _S644@0000 _ 95654400 a9 df = (v1) Ce-D= @-YE2-e IKI =I Critical X> valuos (df = 1) W.o5u) = 3-841 Loi) = 6-635 PINTERDPRETATION:- The obtained chi-rquare (H2) value har been found a> 5.9. The. Critical values of chi- square ustth AF =| at 0-05 and 0.01 Lovelr are BB4I and 6.635 respeetively. Ar the obtained chi-aquare. value ts higher than the evitical value af 0.05 Level theredare UF can be aadjhat the obtained chi-aguere Valine ta significant at 0.05 level. So the probability af ohledning uch secon big chance in greater : than 0.05. Ml may alac he aaid that tha null hypotheste in rejected and the alternative hypothesis bs accepted. Th other words, the repporasr wore nat independent and somecahat belonged to & porkeuter exe M tre sometime, on the obtaied chi-aquare volue is Lesser than the critical velue ab 0.0) fewel, theredove it can bs said Hod the obtained ificank at 0.0\ Level. So, the probabil: obtaining ouch arrociedion chance io lemer than O-01- TH mo aloo be acid that ths Tul hapotheria te accapted and the alternative potheain ie rejeeted. Th other words, the responner were tndapen dent he porieular aax becauae of no ignificense »>CONCLUSION:- chi aguare valine in nob Trean be concluded fom the above communks that of 0.05 Level the veopornen ware nok independant and somenhak belonged to & Porkeuler sey while of 0.01 fevel the verponaer were independent of ‘ny Portioular tex becomes 24 mo significance - yer WP Ar oO ~—-—a Tee.ret ie Bg Prolalem No. - 3 On tet ie a [tn a hay an sual na umber ef 4 inachap elusstora tere asked to “exprun thir prefuvence dor Lechere methed + and_diseumion method. “The date recorded were ar follouss + ee Teacher [Lectuye mathed | Dincurion mated | _ Total | educations preferred pede Make. io | (5 Female te | 15 Total ie 22 8 30 D predusnee_ fos a. carkain tye of tathod dapandent x th a0 of a eachar sducctinr ok the \ percant level of aigeificance 2te a Nonparametric. oh oquare (22) test explores the significance o daviction of an experimentally observed fropuane 4 distribution from a prepeaed depeny ead and therefore comatitutes an analysia af Grequancion COhan the data eannste of drequancion th dancrets Cabegoelan the chi-aquare tent moy be waed 42 determine, the significance of emodiation belveen tow tndepondent groups The hapothesia. baing tested in Ha Hoe oo groups differ ov amodiatad ith verpeet fo seme tharacteristios and Hharefore. with respect fo the, yelotive brequeneg with which group members Gal into aaveral categovions To teat He hypothesis, ona must count fhe Tuber ¢ canes from aach group which Fall in various cabegerie and compere the proportion of cane» rom the othr group The focus of the feat 3» Whether the differences tn proportion exceed these expetted due to the chance o+ the difference er amrociation > quuine- © Prrurgtions ; (ay ft requires mo avumption gor normality of Hae population dhibution of variable. (9) (b) Uses no precemputed atatinic anon ertimate of paromater in ibs computeben syPace no eg (e) Ft io applicable to very small sample (d) Can be waed aloo for discrete nominal or ordinal veriables the chi-aquare (1) fost 1a ured to determine whether an amociction (os yelationship) between fuse orteal variables iy e sample ‘us Llely to reflect a real amociction behoeen there ter variebles y the population. Duets thin rear ehi-aquare in ured with cake ty the. Ferm of frequencies or data that can be readily tramformed thte Frequancter, Thin includes propertions ey probsbitities « + Nu Hepothaals : There ts no aigrificank arodation between preference fos a cortein fype of method and the dex af « feacher educator, Any Much association ty due fo chance alone. * Shotuntic Used for Toting of Hypotheais A roo talk chi -aquere (17) teok will be waed hare fey teaking the hypothesis. The relevent formula ras follows :Se — 4 vw pop CD vale supply ayy Grmaoaly “onsin uo og MH YT fo ema re pop apepy off fs apc ok § S0- TEIN SH +aparr myoag “gy Pugmaon mp prem om AMT Cray] papa ny, (eff) maple por op sro” Po PREPPY HO a aaeat poo ve io fo vepeae mH ATOM THE = S10 ome: Up reaps CP tf) spew Pay WONPEOT FETA oped rq ap cry wan iisy capo Huo T Po fp my ON ee HF Re S md OT of perntacs Paw fy poy PREG Rap “may “ PORUOS MH ST (rowan Gemeay me Cay == FP agony a ws oveunre fo Pavarboyy parry = ae rape) panama byes see feieme farang ot a > (aPOT Pande pus pramsqe way oe rowel Bageay ap >prwussp venbe np)owrnsp fo payod -o meu vg of foe Anh . os Se raruen vue 4 SO ponte Fou aro Rey wryer spoq “quepochugun Prarees @ weg te? HET uo errata veyey “TRE enemnecpIe? woh men cosh aaenr cop fe vormaaparp 4 Dacpanidoe ayy reemre ne HE wens Fhanok apamenp we smsen “(ose quarns MM aroyprien) oumnbon? sro prog aredbe n> perndusn 2 memmng PYpem f Werp>Hie? my cube spore op, fo aarpadeaun eaypeeed oe ero a (o9-av) Tut Tempe Da-av Po capes omy HH ME Seq MHF BFAD (@t>) @t8) (2+¥) (8t¥) =2k : oprah youaquyrsnn 1 Proge By prado uonrattor wore“ uy} ecoy oy of Rao unyer pprussay snqounyy* 99,0096¢ ae “ASI 0%) 0G = SIX BXZOXS) “AST TO9= OFT) OE = Car) (@ta) (atv) (atv) eee eee aa asap ae aN a ieee avin a — 7 ak fo eaere PD eae y= BRST HT = OF a = oe an Qo 5] 0% Gta) 8 OH) 0 Pel Ca+2) SI @)& OO) 7 ale tv) si (@) Ss @) 01 aw pared panpoad TaETTTpS | Pel | peas vormaung | peypraa aarp: pL | SINaWLV RIL WOWSIL/S"on eR =_30X 15% 39600 =_30 225 _ 39600 = 6750 39600 = 0.17 df = (v-1) (e-1) = (2-1) (2-) 1X 1= | Crikical 2 value (df= 1) ak the [7 Level Ho) = 6-635 P INTERPRETATION :- The obtained chi-square (17) value has keen found as 0.17. The ey tical velue of chi-square with df= | ak 0.01 levels 6.635. A» © the obtained chi-quore value is lesser than the eritical value, therefore Ur can be aaid that the obtained chi-square value 4 not significant ok 0.01 level. So, the Probability of abtshing puch aA —. asociation by chanes. Vs demor than 0.01. TY mor also be raid thot the mull hypothesis iy aecepted and the alhernative, hgpothenle b rejected « Drother words, there b no aégnificank amociotion belven prederence Gor a certain type of methied and the axe of teacher educator, »>CONCLUSION:- Dh can be concluded from the above comments thal diqnificank anveciation belueon preference for a carkoin type of d mathod and the 22x of a teacher educator. there > nO