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A perennial best-seller and a go-to book not only for instructors and students but also for
OPTIONS, FUTURES,
AND
Options, Futures, and

business and economics professionals, Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives gives readers a
Other Derivatives
modern look at the derivatives market. By incorporating the industry’s hottest topics, such as
the securitization and credit crisis, author John C. Hull helps bridge the gap between theory
and practice. The eleventh edition covers the latest regulations and trends in the field, including OTHER DERIVATIVES
around the Black-Scholes-Merton formulas, overnight indexed swaps, and the valuation of
commodity derivatives.
The blending of content useful for industry practitioners with content appropriate for
university courses, with contemporary examples and discussions, makes this the definitive
guide to the derivatives market.
New to This Edition

• The phase-out of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), a major change across
financial markets, is incorporated throughout the eleventh edition.
o There are discussions on the overnight reference rates that will replace LIBOR, the way
they are used to determine zero curves, and their impact on valuation models.
o In-chapter examples and end-of-chapter problems that were based on LIBOR have been
o
largely replaced by examples based on the new reference rates.
The DerivaGem software, the latest version of which is now available for download from 11e
ELEVENTH
EDITION
the author website, is less LIBOR-focused.
• The chapter on Wiener processes now includes a brand new section on fractional Brownian
motion, which is being increasingly used in modeling volatility.
• Rough volatility models, which in the last few years have been found to fit volatility surfaces
well, have been added to the models considered the chapter on models and numerical
JOHN C. HULL
procedures.
• More than 30 percent of the tables, charts, market data, and examples have been updated
H U LL
throughout the book.
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OPTIONS, FUTURES,
AND OTHER DERIVATIVES
John C. Hull
Maple Financial Group Professor of Derivatives and Risk Management
Joseph L. Rotman School of Management
University of Toronto
ELEVENTH EDITION
GLOBAL EDITION
Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Dubai • Singapore • Hong Kong
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A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 3 03/05/2021 14:52

CONTENTS IN BRIEF
List of business snapshots ...................................................................................................15

List of technical notes .........................................................................................................16
Preface ...................................................................................................................................17
1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................23
2. Futures markets and central counterparties ....................................................................46
3. Hedging strategies using futures .......................................................................................70
4. Interest rates .........................................................................................................................98
5. Determination of forward and futures prices ................................................................124
6. Interest rate futures ...........................................................................................................152
7. Swaps ...................................................................................................................................172
8. Securitization and the financial crisis of 2007–8 ...........................................................201
9. XVAs ...................................................................................................................................216
10. Mechanics of options markets ..........................................................................................227
11. Properties of stock options ...............................................................................................247
12. Trading strategies involving options ...............................................................................268
13. Binomial trees ....................................................................................................................288
14. Wiener processes and Itô’s lemma .................................................................................. 316
15. The Black–Scholes–Merton model .................................................................................338
16. Employee stock options ....................................................................................................371
17. Options on stock indices and currencies ........................................................................384
18. Futures options and Black’s model .................................................................................401
19. The Greek letters ............................................................................................................... 417
20. Volatility smiles and volatility surfaces ..........................................................................451
21. Basic numerical procedures .............................................................................................470
22. Value at risk and expected shortfall ................................................................................ 514
23. Estimating volatilities and correlations ..........................................................................542
24. Credit risk ...........................................................................................................................562
25. Credit derivatives ...............................................................................................................587
26. Exotic options ..................................................................................................................... 614
27. More on models and numerical procedures .................................................................. 640
28. Martingales and measures ................................................................................................670
29. Interest rate derivatives: The standard market models ................................................688
30. Convexity, timing, and quanto adjustments ...................................................................707
31. Equilibrium models of the short rate ..............................................................................719
32. No-arbitrage models of the short rate .............................................................................732
33. Modeling forward rates .....................................................................................................755
34. Swaps revisited ...................................................................................................................773
35. Energy and commodity derivatives .................................................................................785
36. Real options ....................................................................................................................... 802
37. Derivatives mishaps and what we can learn from them ...............................................815
Glossary of terms ...............................................................................................................827
DerivaGem software .........................................................................................................851
Exchanges trading futures and options ..........................................................................856
Table for N(x) When x … 0 ..............................................................................................857
Author index ......................................................................................................................859
Subject index ......................................................................................................................863
A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 4 03/05/2021 14:52

CONTENTS
List of business snapshots ...................................................................................................15

List of technical notes .......................................................................................................... 16
Preface ................................................................................................................................... 17
Chapter 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................23
1.1 Exchange-traded markets ........................................................................................24
1.2 Over-the-counter markets .......................................................................................25
1.3 Forward contracts .....................................................................................................28
1.4 Futures contracts ......................................................................................................30
1.5 Options ....................................................................................................................... 31
1.6 Types of traders .........................................................................................................33
1.7 Hedgers ......................................................................................................................34
1.8 Speculators ................................................................................................................36
1.9 Arbitrageurs ..............................................................................................................39
1.10 Dangers ......................................................................................................................39
Summary .................................................................................................................... 41
Further reading ......................................................................................................... 41
Practice questions .....................................................................................................42
Chapter 2. Futures markets and central counterparties ......................................................................46
2.1 Background ...............................................................................................................46
2.2 Specification of a futures contract ..........................................................................48
2.3 Convergence of futures price to spot price ...........................................................50
2.4 The operation of margin accounts ......................................................................... 51
2.5 OTC markets .............................................................................................................54
2.6 Market quotes ...........................................................................................................57
2.7 Delivery ......................................................................................................................60
2.8 Types of traders and types of orders ...................................................................... 61
2.9 Regulation .................................................................................................................62
2.10 Accounting and tax ..................................................................................................63
2.11 Forward vs. futures contracts ..................................................................................64
Summary ....................................................................................................................65
Further reading .........................................................................................................66
Chapter 3. Hedging strategies using futures .........................................................................................70
3.1 Basic principles .........................................................................................................70
3.2 Arguments for and against hedging .......................................................................72
3.3 Basis risk .................................................................................................................... 75
3.4 Cross hedging ............................................................................................................79
3.5 Stock index futures ...................................................................................................84
3.6 Stack and roll .............................................................................................................89
Summary ....................................................................................................................90
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6 Contents
Further reading .........................................................................................................92

Appendix: Capital asset pricing model .................................................................96
Chapter 4. Interest rates ..........................................................................................................................98
4.1 Types of rates .............................................................................................................98
4.2 Reference rates .........................................................................................................99
4.3 The risk-free rate .................................................................................................... 101
4.4 Measuring interest rates ........................................................................................ 101
4.5 Zero rates .................................................................................................................104
4.6 Bond pricing ............................................................................................................105
4.7 Determining zero rates ..........................................................................................106
4.8 Forward rates ..........................................................................................................109
4.9 Forward rate agreements ....................................................................................... 110
4.10 Duration ...................................................................................................................112
4.11 Convexity ................................................................................................................. 116
4.12 Theories of the term structure of interest rates .................................................. 117
Summary .................................................................................................................. 119
Further reading .......................................................................................................120
Practice questions ...................................................................................................121
Chapter 5. Determination of forward and futures prices ..................................................................124
5.1 Investment assets vs. consumption assets ............................................................124
5.2 Short selling .............................................................................................................125
5.3 Assumptions and notation .....................................................................................126
5.4 Forward price for an investment asset .................................................................127
5.5 Known income ........................................................................................................130
5.6 Known yield .............................................................................................................132
5.7 Valuing forward contracts .....................................................................................133
5.8 Are forward prices and futures prices equal? ....................................................135
5.9 Futures prices of stock indices ..............................................................................135
5.10 Forward and futures contracts on currencies .....................................................137
5.11 Futures on commodities ........................................................................................ 141
5.12 The cost of carry ..................................................................................................... 143
5.13 Delivery options ...................................................................................................... 144
5.14 Futures prices and expected future spot prices .................................................. 144
Summary .................................................................................................................. 147
Further reading ....................................................................................................... 148
Practice questions ................................................................................................... 149
Chapter 6. Interest rate futures ............................................................................................................152
6.1 Day count and quotation conventions .................................................................152
6.2 Treasury bond futures ............................................................................................155
6.3 Eurodollar and SOFR futures ..............................................................................160
6.4 Duration-based hedging strategies using futures ............................................... 165
6.5 Hedging portfolios of assets and liabilities ......................................................... 167
Summary .................................................................................................................. 168
Further reading ....................................................................................................... 168
Chapter 7. Swaps ....................................................................................................................................172
7.1 Mechanics of interest rate swaps .......................................................................... 172
7.2 Determining risk-free rates ................................................................................... 175
A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 6 03/05/2021 14:52

Contents 7
7.3 Reasons for trading interest rate swaps ............................................................... 176
7.4 The organization of trading .................................................................................. 178
7.5 The comparative-advantage argument ................................................................ 181
7.6 Valuation of interest rate swaps ............................................................................183
7.7 How the value changes through time ...................................................................185
7.8 Fixed-for-fixed currency swaps .............................................................................186
7.9 Valuation of fixed-for-fixed currency swaps ........................................................190
7.10 Other currency swaps .............................................................................................192
7.11 Credit risk ................................................................................................................193
7.12 Credit default swaps ...............................................................................................193
7.13 Other types of swaps ..............................................................................................194
Summary ..................................................................................................................196
Further reading .......................................................................................................196
Chapter 8. Securitization and the financial crisis of 2007–8 ..............................................................201
8.1 Securitization ..........................................................................................................201
8.2 The U.S. housing market .......................................................................................205
8.3 What went wrong? ..................................................................................................209
8.4 The aftermath ......................................................................................................... 211
Summary ..................................................................................................................213
Further reading .......................................................................................................213
Chapter 9. XVAs ....................................................................................................................................216
9.1 CVA and DVA ........................................................................................................ 216
9.2 FVA and MVA ........................................................................................................ 219
9.3 KVA ..........................................................................................................................222
9.4 Calculation issues ...................................................................................................223
Summary ..................................................................................................................224
Further reading .......................................................................................................225
Chapter 10. Mechanics of options markets ...........................................................................................227
10.1 Types of options ......................................................................................................227
10.2 Option positions ......................................................................................................229
10.3 Underlying assets ....................................................................................................231
10.4 Specification of stock options ...............................................................................233
10.5 Trading .....................................................................................................................236
10.6 Trading costs ...........................................................................................................237
10.7 Margin requirements ..............................................................................................237
10.8 The options clearing corporation .........................................................................239
10.9 Regulation ...............................................................................................................239
10.10 Taxation ...................................................................................................................240
10.11 Warrants, employee stock options, and convertibles .........................................241
10.12 Over-the-counter options markets .......................................................................242
Summary ..................................................................................................................243
Further reading .......................................................................................................243
Chapter 11. Properties of stock options ................................................................................................247
11.1 Factors affecting option prices ..............................................................................247
11.2 Assumptions and notation .....................................................................................251
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8 Contents
11.3 Upper and lower bounds for option prices ..........................................................252

11.4 Put–call parity .........................................................................................................255
11.5 Calls on a non-dividend-paying stock ..................................................................257
11.6 Puts on a non-dividend-paying stock ...................................................................260
11.7 Effect of dividends ..................................................................................................262
Summary ..................................................................................................................263
Further reading .......................................................................................................264
Chapter 12. Trading strategies involving options .................................................................................268
12.1 Principal-protected notes ......................................................................................268
12.2 Trading an option and the underlying asset ........................................................270
12.3 Spreads .....................................................................................................................272
12.4 Combinations ..........................................................................................................280
12.5 Other payoffs ...........................................................................................................283
Summary ..................................................................................................................284
Further reading .......................................................................................................285
Chapter 13. Binomial trees ......................................................................................................................288
13.1 A one-step binomial model and a no-arbitrage argument ................................288
13.2 Risk-neutral valuation ............................................................................................292
13.3 Two-step binomial trees .........................................................................................294
13.4 A put example .........................................................................................................297
13.5 American options ...................................................................................................298
13.6 Delta .........................................................................................................................299
13.7 Matching volatility with u and d ...........................................................................300
13.8 The binomial tree formulas ...................................................................................302
13.9 Increasing the number of steps .............................................................................302
13.10 Using DerivaGem ...................................................................................................303
13.11 Options on other assets ..........................................................................................304
Summary ..................................................................................................................308
Further reading .......................................................................................................308
Appendix: Derivation of the Black–Scholes–Merton option-pricing
formula from a binomial tree ��312
Chapter 14. Wiener processes and Itô’s lemma ....................................................................................316
14.1 The Markov property ............................................................................................. 316
14.2 Continuous-time stochastic processes ................................................................. 317
14.3 The process for a stock price .................................................................................322
14.4 The parameters .......................................................................................................325
14.5 Correlated processes ..............................................................................................326
14.6 Itô’s lemma ..............................................................................................................327
14.7 The lognormal property ........................................................................................328
14.8 Fractional Brownian motion .................................................................................329
Summary ..................................................................................................................330
Further reading .......................................................................................................332
Appendix: A nonrigorous derivation of Itô’s lemma .........................................336
Chapter 15. The Black–Scholes–Merton model ...................................................................................338
15.1 Lognormal property of stock prices .....................................................................339
15.2 The distribution of the rate of return ...................................................................340
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Contents 9
15.3 The expected return ...............................................................................................341
15.4 Volatility ..................................................................................................................342
15.5 The idea underlying the Black–Scholes–Merton differential equation ..........346
15.6 Derivation of the Black–Scholes–Merton differential equation ......................348
15.7 Risk-neutral valuation ............................................................................................ 351
15.8 Black–Scholes–Merton pricing formulas ............................................................ 352
15.9 Cumulative normal distribution function ........................................................... 355
15.10 Warrants and employee stock options .................................................................356
15.11 Implied volatilities ..................................................................................................358
15.12 Dividends .................................................................................................................360
Summary ..................................................................................................................363
Further reading .......................................................................................................364
Appendix: Proof of the Black–Scholes–Merton formula using risk-neutral
valuation ��369
Chapter 16. Employee stock options .....................................................................................................371
16.1 Contractual arrangements .....................................................................................371
16.2 Do options align the interests of shareholders and managers? ........................373
16.3 Accounting issues ................................................................................................... 374
16.4 Valuation .................................................................................................................. 375
16.5 The backdating scandal .........................................................................................380
Summary ..................................................................................................................381
Further reading .......................................................................................................381
Chapter 17. Options on stock indices and currencies ..........................................................................384
17.1 Options on stock indices ........................................................................................384
17.2 Currency options ....................................................................................................386
17.3 Options on stocks paying known dividend yields ..............................................389
17.4 Valuation of European stock index options ........................................................391
17.5 Valuation of European currency options ............................................................394
17.6 American options ...................................................................................................395
Summary ..................................................................................................................396
Further reading .......................................................................................................397
Chapter 18. Futures options and Black’s model ...................................................................................401
18.1 Nature of futures options ......................................................................................401
18.2 Reasons for the popularity of futures options ....................................................404
18.3 European spot and futures options ......................................................................404
18.4 Put–call parity .........................................................................................................405
18.5 Bounds for futures options ....................................................................................406
18.6 Drift of a futures price in a risk-neutral world ...................................................407
18.7 Black’s model for valuing futures options ...........................................................408
18.8 Using Black’s model instead of Black–Scholes–Merton ...................................409
18.9 Valuation of futures options using binomial trees ............................................. 410
18.10 American futures options vs. American spot options ....................................... 412
18.11 Futures-style options .............................................................................................. 413
Summary .................................................................................................................. 413
Further reading ....................................................................................................... 414
A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 9 03/05/2021 14:52

10 Contents
Chapter 19. The Greek letters ................................................................................................................417

19.1 Illustration ............................................................................................................... 417
19.2 Naked and covered positions ................................................................................ 418
19.3 Greek letter calculation .........................................................................................420
19.4 Delta hedging ..........................................................................................................421
19.5 Theta ........................................................................................................................427
19.6 Gamma .....................................................................................................................429
19.7 Relationship between delta, theta, and gamma ..................................................433
19.8 Vega ..........................................................................................................................434
19.9 Rho ...........................................................................................................................436
19.10 The realities of hedging .........................................................................................437
19.11 Scenario analysis .....................................................................................................437
19.12 Extension of formulas ............................................................................................439
19.13 Portfolio insurance .................................................................................................441
19.14 Application of machine learning to hedging ......................................................443
Summary ..................................................................................................................444
Further reading .......................................................................................................445
Appendix: Taylor series expansions and Greek letters .....................................450
Chapter 20. Volatility smiles and volatility surfaces .............................................................................451
20.1 Implied volatilities of calls and puts ..................................................................... 451
20.2 Volatility smile for foreign currency options ...................................................... 453
20.3 Volatility smile for equity options ........................................................................456
20.4 Alternative ways of characterizing the volatility smile .....................................458
20.5 The volatility term structure and volatility surfaces ..........................................458
20.6 Minimum variance delta .......................................................................................460
20.7 The role of the model .............................................................................................460
20.8 When a single large jump is anticipated ..............................................................460
Summary ..................................................................................................................462
Further reading .......................................................................................................463
Appendix: Determining implied risk-neutral distributions from
volatility smiles ��467
Chapter 21. Basic numerical procedures ...............................................................................................470
21.1 Binomial trees .........................................................................................................470
21.2 Using the binomial tree for options on indices, currencies, and futures
contracts �� 478
21.3 Binomial model for a dividend-paying stock ......................................................480
21.4 Alternative procedures for constructing trees ....................................................485
21.5 Time-dependent parameters .................................................................................488
21.6 Monte Carlo simulation .........................................................................................489
21.7 Variance reduction procedures ............................................................................495
21.8 Finite difference methods ......................................................................................498
Summary ..................................................................................................................508
Further reading .......................................................................................................509
Chapter 22. Value at risk and expected shortfall ..................................................................................514
22.1 The VaR and ES measures .................................................................................... 514
22.2 Historical simulation .............................................................................................. 517
A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 10 03/05/2021 14:52

Contents 11
22.3 Model-building approach ...................................................................................... 521
22.4 The linear model .....................................................................................................524
22.5 The quadratic model ..............................................................................................530
22.6 Monte Carlo simulation ......................................................................................... 533
22.7 Comparison of approaches .................................................................................... 533
22.8 Back testing .............................................................................................................534
22.9 Principal components analysis ..............................................................................534
Summary ..................................................................................................................537
Further reading .......................................................................................................538
Chapter 23. Estimating volatilities and correlations ............................................................................542
23.1 Estimating volatility ...............................................................................................542
23.2 The exponentially weighted moving average model ..........................................544
23.3 The GARCH(1,1) model .......................................................................................546
23.4 Choosing between the models ..............................................................................547
23.5 Maximum likelihood methods ..............................................................................548
23.6 Using GARCH(1,1) to forecast future volatility ................................................ 553
23.7 Correlations .............................................................................................................556
Summary ..................................................................................................................558
Further reading ....................................................................................................... 559
Chapter 24. Credit risk .............................................................................................................................562
24.1 Credit ratings ...........................................................................................................562
24.2 Historical default probabilities .............................................................................563
24.3 Recovery rates .........................................................................................................564
24.4 Estimating default probabilities from bond yield spreads ................................564
24.5 Comparison of default probability estimates .....................................................567
24.6 Using equity prices to estimate default probabilities ........................................570
24.7 Credit risk in derivatives transactions .................................................................571
24.8 Default correlation .................................................................................................577
24.9 Credit VaR ...............................................................................................................580
Summary ..................................................................................................................582
Further reading .......................................................................................................583
Chapter 25. Credit derivatives ................................................................................................................587
25.1 Credit default swaps ...............................................................................................588
25.2 Valuation of credit default swaps .........................................................................591
25.3 Credit indices ..........................................................................................................595
25.4 The use of fixed coupons .......................................................................................596
25.5 CDS forwards and options ....................................................................................597
25.6 Basket credit default swaps ...................................................................................597
25.7 Total return swaps ..................................................................................................597
25.8 Collateralized debt obligations .............................................................................599
25.9 Role of correlation in a basket CDS and CDO ..................................................601
25.10 Valuation of a synthetic CDO ...............................................................................601
25.11 Alternatives to the standard market model ........................................................608
Summary .................................................................................................................. 610
Further reading ....................................................................................................... 610
A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 11 03/05/2021 14:52

12 Contents
Chapter 26. Exotic options ......................................................................................................................614

26.1 Packages ................................................................................................................... 614
26.2 Perpetual American call and put options ........................................................... 615
26.3 Nonstandard American options ........................................................................... 616
26.4 Gap options ............................................................................................................. 617
26.5 Forward start options ............................................................................................. 618
26.6 Cliquet options ........................................................................................................ 618
26.7 Compound options ................................................................................................. 618
26.8 Chooser options ...................................................................................................... 619
26.9 Barrier options ........................................................................................................620
26.10 Binary options .........................................................................................................622
26.11 Lookback options ...................................................................................................623
26.12 Shout options ...........................................................................................................625
26.13 Asian options ..........................................................................................................626
26.14 Options to exchange one asset for another .........................................................627
26.15 Options involving several assets ...........................................................................628
26.16 Volatility and variance swaps ................................................................................629
26.17 Static options replication .......................................................................................632
Summary ..................................................................................................................634
Further reading .......................................................................................................635
Chapter 27. More on models and numerical procedures .....................................................................640
27.1 Alternatives to Black–Scholes–Merton ...............................................................641
27.2 Stochastic volatility models ...................................................................................646
27.3 The IVF model .......................................................................................................649
27.4 Convertible bonds ...................................................................................................650
27.5 Path-dependent derivatives ...................................................................................653
27.6 Barrier options ........................................................................................................656
27.7 Options on two correlated assets ..........................................................................658
27.8 Monte Carlo simulation and American options .................................................660
Summary ..................................................................................................................665
Further reading .......................................................................................................666
Chapter 28. Martingales and measures ..................................................................................................670
28.1 The market price of risk ........................................................................................671
28.2 Several state variables ............................................................................................ 674
28.3 Martingales .............................................................................................................. 675
28.4 Alternative choices for the numeraire ................................................................. 676
28.5 Extension to several factors ..................................................................................679
28.6 Black’s model revisited ..........................................................................................680
28.7 Option to exchange one asset for another ...........................................................681
28.8 Change of numeraire ..............................................................................................682
Summary ..................................................................................................................684
Further reading .......................................................................................................685
Chapter 29. Interest rate derivatives: The standard market models ..................................................688
29.1 Bond options ...........................................................................................................688
29.2 Interest rate caps and floors ..................................................................................693
29.3 European swap options ..........................................................................................699
29.4 Hedging interest rate derivatives ..........................................................................703
A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 12 03/05/2021 14:52

Contents 13
Summary ..................................................................................................................703
Further reading .......................................................................................................704
Chapter 30. Convexity, timing, and quanto adjustments ....................................................................707
30.1 Convexity adjustments ...........................................................................................707
30.2 Timing adjustments ................................................................................................ 710
30.3 Quantos .................................................................................................................... 711
Summary .................................................................................................................. 714
Further reading .......................................................................................................715
Appendix: Proof of the convexity adjustment formula ..................................... 718
Chapter 31. Equilibrium models of the short rate ................................................................................719
31.1 Background .............................................................................................................719
31.2 One-factor models ..................................................................................................721
31.3 Real-world vs. risk-neutral processes ...................................................................726
31.4 Estimating parameters ...........................................................................................727
31.5 More sophisticated models ....................................................................................728
Summary ..................................................................................................................729
Further reading .......................................................................................................729
Chapter 32. No-arbitrage models of the short rate ..............................................................................732
32.1 Extensions of equilibrium models ........................................................................732
32.2 Options on bonds ....................................................................................................736
32.3 Volatility structures ................................................................................................737
32.4 Interest rate trees ....................................................................................................738
32.5 A general tree-building procedure .......................................................................740
32.6 Calibration ............................................................................................................... 749
32.7 Hedging using a one-factor model ....................................................................... 751
Summary .................................................................................................................. 752
Further reading ....................................................................................................... 752
Chapter 33. Modeling forward rates ......................................................................................................755
33.1 The Heath, Jarrow, and Morton model ............................................................... 755
33.2 The BGM model ..................................................................................................... 758
33.3 Agency mortgage-backed securities ....................................................................768
Summary ..................................................................................................................770
Further reading .......................................................................................................770
Chapter 34. Swaps revisited ....................................................................................................................773
34.1 Variations on the vanilla deal ...............................................................................773
34.2 Compounding swaps .............................................................................................. 775
34.3 Currency and nonstandard swaps ........................................................................776
34.4 Equity swaps ............................................................................................................777
34.5 Swaps with embedded options ..............................................................................779
34.6 Other swaps .............................................................................................................781
Summary ..................................................................................................................782
Further reading .......................................................................................................783
A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 13 03/05/2021 14:52

14 Contents
Chapter 35. Energy and commodity derivatives ..................................................................................785

35.1 Agricultural commodities .....................................................................................785
35.2 Metals .......................................................................................................................786
35.3 Energy products ......................................................................................................787
35.4 Modeling commodity prices ..................................................................................789
35.5 Weather derivatives ................................................................................................795
35.6 Insurance derivatives .............................................................................................796
35.7 Pricing weather and insurance derivatives ..........................................................797
35.8 How an energy producer can hedge risks ............................................................798
Summary ..................................................................................................................799
Further reading .......................................................................................................799
Chapter 36. Real options .........................................................................................................................802
36.1 Capital investment appraisal .................................................................................802
36.2 Extension of the risk-neutral valuation framework ...........................................803
36.3 Estimating the market price of risk .....................................................................805
36.4 Application to the valuation of a business ..........................................................806
36.5 Evaluating options in an investment opportunity ..............................................806
Summary ..................................................................................................................813
Further reading .......................................................................................................813
Chapter 37. Derivatives mishaps and what we can learn from them .................................................815
37.1 Lessons for all users of derivatives .......................................................................815
37.2 Lessons for financial institutions ..........................................................................819
37.3 Lessons for nonfinancial corporations ................................................................824
Summary ..................................................................................................................826
Further reading .......................................................................................................826
Glossary of terms ...............................................................................................................827
DerivaGem software .........................................................................................................851
Exchanges trading futures and options ..........................................................................856
Table for N(x) When x " 0 .............................................................................................857
Author index .......................................................................................................................859
Subject index .......................................................................................................................863
A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 14 03/05/2021 14:52

BUSINESS SNAPSHOTS
1.1 The Lehman Bankruptcy .................................................................................................26

1.2 Systemic Risk .....................................................................................................................27
1.3 Hedge Funds ......................................................................................................................34
1.4 SocGen’s Big Loss in 2008 ...............................................................................................40
2.1 The Unanticipated Delivery of a Futures Contract ......................................................47
2.2 Long-Term Capital Management’s Big Loss .................................................................56
3.1 Hedging by Gold Mining Companies .............................................................................75
3.2 Metallgesellschaft: Hedging Gone Awry .......................................................................91
4.1 Orange County’s Yield Curve Plays .............................................................................111
4.2 Liquidity and the 2007–2009 Financial Crisis ..............................................................119
5.1 Kidder Peabody’s Embarrassing Mistake ....................................................................129
5.2 A Systems Error? ............................................................................................................134
5.3 The CME Nikkei 225 Futures Contract .......................................................................136
5.4 Index Arbitrage in October 1987 ..................................................................................137
6.1 Day Counts Can Be Deceptive .....................................................................................153
6.2 The Wild Card Play ........................................................................................................159
6.3 Asset–Liability Management by Banks ........................................................................167
7.1 Extract from Hypothetical Swap Confirmation ..........................................................180
7.2 The Hammersmith and Fulham Story ..........................................................................194
8.1 The Basel Committee .....................................................................................................212
10.1 Tax Planning Using Options ..........................................................................................241
11.1 Put–Call Parity and Capital Structure ..........................................................................258
12.1 Losing Money with Box Spreads ...................................................................................277
12.2 How to Make Money from Trading Straddles ............................................................282
15.1 Mutual Fund Returns Can be Misleading ....................................................................343
15.2 What Causes Volatility? .................................................................................................346
15.3 Warrants, Employee Stock Options, and Dilution .....................................................357
17.1 Can We Guarantee that Stocks Will Beat Bonds in the Long Run? ........................393
19.1 Dynamic Hedging in Practice ........................................................................................438
19.2 Was Portfolio Insurance to Blame for the 1987 Crash? .............................................444
20.1 Making Money from Foreign Currency Options ........................................................455
20.2 Crashophobia ...................................................................................................................458
21.1 Calculating Pi with Monte Carlo Simulation ...............................................................489
21.2 Checking Black–Scholes–Merton in Excel ..................................................................492
22.1 How Bank Regulators Use VaR ...................................................................................515
24.1 Downgrade Triggers and AIG ......................................................................................575
25.1 Who Bears the Credit Risk? ..........................................................................................588
25.2 The CDS Market .............................................................................................................590
26.1 Is Delta Hedging Easier or More Difficult for Exotics? ............................................633
29.1 Put–Call Parity for Caps and Floors .............................................................................695
29.2 Swaptions and Bond Options ........................................................................................700
30.1 Siegel’s Paradox ..............................................................................................................714
33.1 IOs and POs .....................................................................................................................769
34.1 Hypothetical Confirmation for Nonstandard Swap ....................................................774
34.2 Hypothetical Confirmation for Compounding Swap ..................................................775
34.3 Hypothetical Confirmation for an Equity Swap ..........................................................778
34.4 Procter and Gamble’s Bizarre Deal ..............................................................................782
36.1 Valuing Amazon.com .....................................................................................................807
37.1 Big Losses by Financial Institutions .............................................................................816
37.2 Big Losses by Nonfinancial Organizations ...................................................................817
15
A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 15 03/05/2021 14:52

TECHNICAL NOTES
Available on the Author’s Website
www-2.rotman.utoronto.ca/~hull/technicalnotes
1. Convexity Adjustments to Eurodollar Futures

2. Properties of the Lognormal Distribution
3. Warrant Valuation When Value of Equity plus Warrants Is Lognormal
4. Exact Procedure for Valuing American Calls on Stocks Paying a Single Dividend
5. Calculation of the Cumulative Probability in a Bivariate Normal Distribution
6. Differential Equation for Price of a Derivative on a Stock Paying a Known Dividend
Yield
7. Differential Equation for Price of a Derivative on a Futures Price
8. Analytic Approximation for Valuing American Options
9. Generalized Tree-Building Procedure
10. The Cornish–Fisher Expansion to Estimate VaR
11. Manipulation of Credit Transition Matrices
12. Calculation of Cumulative Noncentral Chi-Square Distribution
13. Efficient Procedure for Valuing American-Style Lookback Options
14. The Hull–White Two-Factor Model
15. Valuing Options on Coupon-Bearing Bonds in a One-Factor Interest Rate Model
16. Construction of an Interest Rate Tree with Nonconstant Time Steps and Nonconstant
Parameters
17. The Process for the Short Rate in an HJM Term Structure Model
18. Valuation of a Compounding Swap
19. Valuation of an Equity Swap
20. Changing the Market Price of Risk for Variables That Are Not the Prices of Traded
Securities
21. Hermite Polynomials and Their Use for Integration
22. Valuation of a Variance Swap
23. The Black, Derman, Toy Model
24. Proof that Forward and Futures Prices are Equal When Interest Rates Are Constant
25. A Cash-Flow Mapping Procedure
26. A Binomial Measure of Credit Correlation
27. Calculation of Moments for Valuing Asian Options
28. Calculation of Moments for Valuing Basket Options
29. Proof of Extensions to ItÔ’s Lemma
30. The Return of a Security Dependent on Multiple Sources of Uncertainty
31. Properties of Ho–Lee and Hull–White Interest Rate Models
16
A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 16 03/05/2021 14:52

PREFACE
Derivatives markets have seen many changes over the last 30 years. Successive editions
of Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives have managed to keep up to date. The book
has an applied approach. It is a very popular college text, but it can also be found on
trading-room desks throughout the world. (Indeed, I receive emails from derivatives
practitioners about the book almost every day.) The blending of material useful for
practitioners with material appropriate for university courses is what makes the book
unique.
NEW TO THIS EDITION
•• A major change in financial markets will be the phase-out of LIBOR. This has
led to important changes throughout the 11th edition. The overnight reference
rates that will replace LIBOR, and the way they are used to determine zero
curves, are discussed carefully.
•• Within-chapter examples and end-of-chapter problems that were previously based
on LIBOR have been largely replaced by examples based on the new reference
rates or by generic examples.
•• The likely impact of the new reference rates on valuation models is discussed.
•• The new reference rates are considered to be risk-free whereas LIBOR incorporates
a time-varying credit spread. The book discusses the desire on the part of banks to
augment the new reference rates with a measure of the level of credit spreads in the
market.
•• The chapter on Wiener processes now covers fractional Brownian motion. This is
becoming increasingly used in modeling volatility.
•• Rough volatility models which have in the last few years been found to fit volatility
surfaces well are added to the models considered in Chapter 27.
•• Machine learning is becoming increasingly used in pricing and hedging deriva-
tives. The reader is introduced to these applications at various points in the book.
•• Changes in the regulatory environment, including Basel IV, are covered.
•• The end-of-chapter problems have been updated. To make the book as easy to
use as possible, solutions to all end-of-chapter problems are now on www
.pearsonglobaleditions.com and www-2.rotman.utoronto.ca/~hull.
17
A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 17 03/05/2021 14:52

18 Preface
•• Instructor support material has been revised. In particular, there are now many
more suggestions on assignment questions that can be used in conjunction with
chapters.
•• The DerivaGem software is less LIBOR-focused and is available for download
from www-2.rotman.utoronto.ca/~hull/software.
•• Tables, charts, market data, and examples have been updated throughout the book.
SOLVING TEACHING AND LEARNING CHALLENGES
Most instructors find that courses in derivatives are fun to teach. There is not a big gap
between theory and practice. Most students know a little about the subject and are
motivated to learn more. Usually there is some current news that can be discussed in
class, e.g., the level of the VIX index or events that affect particular option prices.
Math Knowledge
Math is the key challenge for many students taking a course in derivatives. I have kept
this in mind in the way material is presented throughout the book. Instructors are often
faced with a trade-off between mathematical rigor and the simplicity with which an idea
is explained. My preference is always to look for the simplest way of explaining an idea
in the first instance. Sometimes using words rather than equations is effective. I avoid
using notation that has lots of subscripts, superscripts, and function arguments as far as
possible because this can be off-putting to a reader who is new to the material.
Nonessential mathematical material has been either eliminated or included in technical
notes on my website.
The reality is that many students only understand an equation when they have seen
numbers substituted into it. For that reason, many numerical examples have been
included in the text. The software DerivaGem (discussed below) allows students to
get a feel for equations by trying different inputs.
I am often asked about the math prerequisites for Options, Futures and Other
Derivatives. Students will be able to cope with a course based on this book if they
are comfortable with algebra and understand probabilities and probability distribu
tions. A knowledge of calculus concepts is useful for parts of the book. But no
knowledge of stochastic calculus is assumed. The basic knowledge of stochastic
processes that is needed for a more advanced understanding of derivatives is explained
carefully in Chapter 14.
End of Chapter Problems

As in earlier editions, there are many other end-of-chapter problems to help students apply
the ideas presented in the chapters.These have been updated.The distinction between “prac-
tice questions” and “further questions” has been eliminated. Answers to all end-of-chapter
problems are on my website and available through www.pearsonglobaleditions.com.
A01_HULL0654_11_GE_FM.indd 18 03/05/2021 14:52

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
²Then there came some that told
Jehoshaphat, saying, There cometh a great
multitude against thee from beyond the sea
from Syria; and, behold, they be in Hazazon-
tamar (the same is En-gedi).
2. from Syria] So also LXX., but undoubtedly the correct reading
is from Edom. Confusion of two letters of almost identical shape in
Hebrew (a ‫ ר‬for a ‫ )ד‬accounts for the difference.
Hazazon-tamar] Genesis xiv. 7. The name seems to describe the

place as stony and as containing palm-trees. It is in fact an oasis.
the same is En-gedi] Compare G. A. Smith, Historical Geography

of the Holy Land as quoted above, and Bädeker, Palestine⁵, p. 171.
En-gedi is on the west coast of the Dead Sea at a point where a
rugged pass leads up into the hill country of Judah.
³And Jehoshaphat feared, and set himself to

seek unto the Lord; and he proclaimed a fast
throughout all Judah. ⁴And Judah gathered
themselves together, to seek help of the
Lord: even out of all the cities of Judah they
came to seek the Lord.
3. proclaimed a fast] A fast involved the assembling of the
people; 1 Kings xxi. 9, 12; Jeremiah xxxvi. 6, 9; Joel ii. 15. Special
fasts were proclaimed for war, famine, or any other calamity or
serious event.
5‒13 (no parallel in Kings).

The Prayer of Jehoshaphat.
This prayer should be compared with Solomon’s (vi. 14 ff.).

⁵And Jehoshaphat stood in the congregation
of Judah and Jerusalem, in the house of the
Lord, before the new court;
5. stood] Rather, rose up.
before the new court] The Temple of Solomon, strictly speaking,

had only one court, but the Chronicler speaks of it in terms which
seem more appropriate to the post-exilic Temple with its inner and
outer courts (see the note on iv. 9). The terms he uses, however, are
unhappily vague and it is not quite easy to determine the precise
meaning. Thus here, the word used for “court” is ḥāṣēr, which
according to iv. 9 ought to mean the inner court, the court of the
priests, as distinguished from the outer court of the people, the
“‘azārāh.” On this view, the phrase means that Jehoshaphat was in
the ‘azārāh, standing not in but before the ḥāṣēr of the priests. But
the inner court must be the old original court, and it seems quite
impossible that the Chronicler, as he does here, should describe it as
new: that adjective can be applicable only to a secondary, outer,
court. We must therefore suppose that he here uses the word ḥāṣēr
for the court he elsewhere designates by the special term ‘azārāh.
The correct interpretation then is that Jehoshaphat stood before the
new, the outer court, i.e. he stood at the inner side of the outer court
with his back towards the inner court and looking out towards the
containing wall and the entrances where the people were grouped.
Both interpretations come to much the same thing, but the point of
language deserves attention.
⁶and he said, O Lord, the God of our fathers,

art not thou God in heaven? and art not thou
ruler over all the kingdoms of the nations? and
in thine hand is power and might, so that none
is able to withstand thee.
6. art not thou God] Compare Joshua ii. 11.
ruler over all the kingdoms] Compare Psalms xxii. 28.
is power] compare xiv. 11 (Asa’s prayer).
⁷Didst not thou, O our God, drive out the

inhabitants of this land before thy people
Israel, and gavest it to the seed of Abraham
thy friend for ever? ⁸And they dwelt therein,
and have built thee a sanctuary therein for thy
name, saying,
7. drive out] compare Deuteronomy ix. 5.
thy friend] compare Isaiah xli. 8.
⁹If evil come upon us, the sword ¹, judgement,

or pestilence, or famine, we will stand before
this house, and before thee, (for thy name is in
this house,) and cry unto thee in our affliction,
and thou wilt hear and save.
¹ Or, the sword of judgement.
9. the sword, judgement] Render with margin the sword of

judgement (compare Ezekiel xiv. 17).
¹⁰And now, behold, the children of Ammon and

Moab and mount Seir, whom thou wouldest
not let Israel invade, when they came out of
the land of Egypt, but they turned aside from
them, and destroyed them not;
10. mount Seir] Here, and in verse 23 in the enumeration of the
allied peoples, “Mount Seir” which was situated in the Edomite
territory takes the place of the “Meunim” of verse 1. It is clear,
however, that the same contingent is meant, and no difficulty arises if
Meunim denotes people from the Edomite district near the town
Ma‘īn: see note on verse 1. Even if the south Arabian Minaeans
were meant, it might be said that the two peoples were cognate and
that Minaean invaders in passing through Mount Seir would probably
bring along with them Edomite kinsmen. The region loosely denoted
by Mount Seir was practically synonymous with Edom, extending
from the south of the Dead Sea to the head of the Gulf of Akaba.
whom thou wouldest not, etc.] Compare Deuteronomy ii. 4, 5, 9,

19; see also Numbers xx. 14‒21.
¹¹behold, how they reward us, to come to cast

us out of thy possession, which thou hast
given us to inherit.
11. thy possession] A “possession” means that which one takes
possession of by the sword. Canaan is God’s “possession” because
it was conquered by His arm (Psalms xliv. 3).
¹²O our God, wilt thou not judge them? for we

have no might against this great company that
cometh against us; neither know we what to
do: but our eyes are upon thee.
12. our eyes are upon thee] Compare xiv. 11.
¹³And all Judah stood before the Lord, with

their little ones, their wives, and their children.
13. their little ones ... and their children] Compare xxxi. 18, “their
little ones ... and their sons and their daughters.” “Little ones”
(Hebrew ṭaph) seems always to mean quite small children.

The Prophecy of Jahaziel.
¹⁴Then upon Jahaziel the son of Zechariah,

the son of Benaiah, the son of Jeiel, the son of
Mattaniah, the Levite, of the sons of Asaph,
came the spirit of the Lord in the midst of the
congregation;
14. Jahaziel] Nothing is known of him beyond what is recorded in
this chapter. His name is significant (“God giveth visions”).
¹⁵and he said, Hearken ye, all Judah, and ye

inhabitants of Jerusalem, and thou king
Jehoshaphat: thus saith the Lord unto you,
Fear not ye, neither be dismayed by reason of
this great multitude; for the battle is not yours,
but God’s.
15. the battle is not yours, but God’s] Jahaziel gives a special
turn to the general truth, “The battle is the Lord’s” (David to Goliath,
1 Samuel xvii. 47).
¹⁶To-morrow go ye down against them: behold,

they come up by the ascent of Ziz; and ye
shall find them at the end of the valley, before
the wilderness of Jeruel.
16. the ascent of Ziz] The exact positions of this and of the
“valley” and of the “wilderness” mentioned in this verse are
uncertain, but probably the invaders followed not the direct road from
En-gedi to Beth-lehem, but one a little to the left of this.
the valley] (Hebrew naḥal), strictly “ravine” or “water-course.”
¹⁷Ye shall not need to fight in this battle: set

yourselves, stand ye still, and see the
salvation of the Lord with you, O Judah and
Jerusalem: fear not, nor be dismayed: to-
morrow go out against them; for the Lord is
with you. ¹⁸And Jehoshaphat bowed his head
with his face to the ground: and all Judah and
the inhabitants of Jerusalem fell down before
the Lord, worshipping the Lord.
17. stand ye still, and see the salvation of the Lord] This saying
magnificently expresses the very essence of this story of deliverance
won by faith. And further it reveals the deepest aspect of the
Chronicler’s attitude to life. It is the living heart of the whole history
as he tells it. We are impatient of the mechanical and grandiose
elements in his work, because the taste for such exaggeration has
passed away and the necessity for laying stress on the ritual of
religion has little relevance for our times. But all criticism of the
books of Chronicles is superficial which fails to see that the writer is
inspired by a splendid faith in God and a grand determination to
maintain the religious attitude as the one ultimate key to life’s
meaning. The present story is intended to assert the value of
reliance upon God, in the midst of overwhelming peril still “trust in
God and do the right”; and to assert this in the strongest conceivable
terms. Thus it is related that the victory was gained without any need
for Jehoshaphat’s grande armée of 1,160,000 men! Turn from the
tale to the circumstances of the post-exilic Jewish community, and
the heroism of such teaching leaps to light. It is when we are
surrounded by unscrupulous and powerful foes and have not 1000
soldiers, far less 1,000,000, that the reality of our trust in God and
goodness is put to the test. “Aye,” says the Chronicler, “but, if like
Jehoshaphat you had 1,000,000, it is still the supreme duty of man to
rely on God.” Great teaching, and greatly followed by the enfeebled
yet indomitable Jews. While they were thus helpless, Jehovah
wrought for Israel, even as the Chronicler relates that He destroyed
the enemies of Jehoshaphat in the wilderness of Jeruel. “The Jews
stood still and saw the working out of their deliverance; great
Empires wrestled together—Babylonian, Persian, Greek, and Roman
—like Moab, Ammon, and Edom, in the agony of the death struggle:
and over all the tumult of battle Israel heard the voice of Jehovah,
‘The battle is not yours, but God’s; ... set yourselves, stand ye still,
and see the deliverance of Jehovah with you, O Judah and
Jerusalem’” (Bennett, Chronicles, p. 387). Certainly the post-exilic
Jews were so weak that trust in their own armed power was at
almost all times manifestly absurd, yet this does not mean that they
were thereby driven to the policy of quiet faith. There was an
alternative ever before them—despair and unbelief: that they
resolutely refused. Such were the stern realities which ought to be
weighed when we seek to realise the moral and spiritual worth of the
Chronicler and his doctrines.
¹⁹And the Levites, of the children of the

Kohathites and of the children of the
Korahites, stood up to praise the Lord, the
God of Israel, with an exceeding loud voice.
19. the Korahites] The Korahites were a branch of the Kohathites
(1 Chronicles vi. 22 [7, Hebrew], 37, 38 [22, 23, Hebrew]); the
Chronicler simply defines his first statement; those who stood up to
praise were Kohathites by clan, Korahites by family.

The Deliverance.
²⁰And they rose early in the morning, and went
forth into the wilderness of Tekoa: and as they
went forth, Jehoshaphat stood and said, Hear
me, O Judah, and ye inhabitants of
Jerusalem; believe in the Lord your God, so
shall ye be established; believe his prophets,
20. Tekoa] The modern Teḳu‘a, a ruin on a hill 2790 feet above
the sea, about six miles south of Beth-lehem. It was an ancient
place; xi. 6; 1 Chronicles ii. 24; 2 Samuel xiv. 2; Amos i. 1. The
“wilderness of Tekoa” means that part of the “wilderness of Judah”
which was near Tekoa.
believe ... so shall ye be established] Compare Isaiah vii. 9, “If ye

will not believe, surely ye shall not be established.” In both places
there is a play on the words in the Hebrew; “believe” and “be
established” representing two voices of the same verb ha’amīnū ...
tē’āmēnū.
²¹so shall ye prosper. And when he had taken

counsel with the people, he appointed them
that should sing unto the Lord, and praise the
beauty ¹ of holiness, as they went out before
the army, and say, Give thanks unto the Lord;
for his mercy endureth for ever.
¹ Or, in the beauty of holiness.
21. them that should sing unto the Lord, and praise] Compare
the preliminaries of the Battle of the Standard fought between the
Scots and English in 1138.
the beauty of holiness] Render in holy attire, i.e. in priestly
garments. Compare 1 Chronicles xvi. 29 (note).
before the army] Contrast Joshua vi. 7, 9 (the armed men

precede the Ark).
Give thanks] compare 1 Chronicles xvi. 41.
²²And when they began to sing and to praise,

the Lord set liers in wait against the children
of Ammon, Moab, and mount Seir, which were
come against Judah; and they were smitten.
22. the Lord set liers in wait] Comparing Joshua viii. 2, where
Joshua is bidden by God to set an ambush, we might suppose that
the present phrase implies simply that the Lord suggested to
Jehoshaphat the plan of setting an ambush. Such a view, however,
seems antagonistic to verse 17, where the Judeans are told only to
stand still and see the salvation wrought by God; and indeed it would
detract immensely from the value of the tale as an awe-inspiring
marvel. It is preferable to suppose that certain supernatural Divine
agents were meant by the Chronicler. If the tradition has an historical
basis, some sudden assault was probably made by the inhabitants of
the invaded district before the main army from Jerusalem arrived
(see the Introduction pp. xlix, l). G. A. Smith (Historical Geography of
the Holy Land, p. 272) points out that the country between En-gedi
and Tekoa is well suited for attack by surprise.
²³For the children of Ammon and Moab stood

up against the inhabitants of mount Seir,
utterly to slay and destroy them: and when
they had made an end of the inhabitants of
Seir, every one helped to destroy another.
23. For the children of Ammon] Render, And the children of
Ammon. The sudden attack of the “liers in wait” caused a panic and
a suspicion of treachery among the allies; so at Gideon’s surprise of
Midian every man turned his sword against his fellow (Judges vii.
22).
utterly to slay] Literally to devote, or put to the ban (Hebrew

ḥerem); i.e. to undertake the partial or total destruction of the foe and
his possessions as a sacred duty to be performed in honour of God
—compare Leviticus xxvii. 28, 29, and Driver’s note on Exodus xxii.
20 in this series. Compare 1 Chronicles iv. 41.
²⁴And when Judah came to the watch-tower of

the wilderness, they looked upon the
multitude; and, behold, they were dead bodies
fallen to the earth, and there were none that
escaped.
24. to the watch-tower] Rather “to the outlook-point,” i.e. some
spot from which they were able to survey the scene of the disaster in
the valley by which the enemy were advancing.
²⁵And when Jehoshaphat and his people came

to take the spoil of them, they found among
them in abundance both riches and dead
bodies ¹, and precious jewels, which they
stripped off for themselves, more than they
could carry away: and they were three days in
taking of the spoil, it was so much.
¹ According to some ancient authorities, garments.
25. they found among them in abundance both riches and dead
bodies] The Hebrew text is faulty. Following the LXX. εὖρον κτήνη
πολλὰ καὶ ἀποσκευὴν καὶ σκῦλα, read probably they found much
cattle and goods and garments.

The Sequel of the Deliverance.
²⁶And on the fourth day they assembled

themselves in the valley of Beracah ¹; for there
they blessed the Lord: therefore the name of
that place was called The valley of Beracah,
unto this day. ²⁷Then they returned, every man
of Judah and Jerusalem, and Jehoshaphat in
the forefront of them, to go again to Jerusalem
with joy; for the Lord had made them to
rejoice over their enemies. ²⁸And they came to
Jerusalem with psalteries and harps and
trumpets unto the house of the Lord.
¹ That is, Blessing.
26. valley of Beracah] A deserted village Bereikūt (south of

Tekoa) where there are some very ancient ruins seems to preserve
the name. It is possible that the “valley of Jehoshaphat” mentioned
by Joel (iii. [iv., Hebrew] 2) is to be identified with the scene of
Jehoshaphat’s deliverance.
²⁹And the fear of God was on all the kingdoms

of the countries, when they heard that the
Lord fought against the enemies of Israel.
³⁰So the realm of Jehoshaphat was quiet: for
his God gave him rest round about.
29. was on all] Rather, came upon all; compare xiv. 14, xvii. 10.
the kingdoms of the countries] a characteristic phrase with the

Chronicler; compare xii. 8, xvii. 10 and 1 Chronicles xxix. 30.
31‒34 (= 1 Kings xxii. 41‒45).

The Summary of Jehoshaphat’s Reign.
There are several variations of text between Kings and

Chronicles here; and in particular the Chronicler omits the statement
that Jehoshaphat made peace with Israel.
³¹And Jehoshaphat reigned over Judah: he

was thirty and five years old when he began to
reign; and he reigned twenty and five years in
Jerusalem: and his mother’s name was
Azubah the daughter of Shilhi.
31. reigned over Judah] In Kings, began to reign over Judah in
the fourth year of Ahab king of Israel. The Chronicler will not date the
accession of a southern king by the year of an ungodly northern
king.
³²And he walked in the way of Asa his father,

and turned not aside from it, doing that which
was right in the eyes of the Lord.
32. of Asa his father] compare xvii. 3 (note).
³³Howbeit the high places were not taken

away; neither as yet had the people set their
hearts unto the God of their fathers.
33. the high places] Precisely the contrary is asserted in xvii. 6,
where see note. On the meaning of “high place” see the note on xv.
17.
neither as yet had the people set their hearts] compare xii. 14. In
Kings it is said particularly that the people sacrificed and burnt
incense at the high places.
³⁴Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, first

and last, behold, they are written in the
history ¹ of Jehu the son of Hanani, which is
inserted ² in the book of the kings of Israel.
¹ Hebrew words. ² Or, who is mentioned.
34. Jehu the son of Hanani] See xix. 2 (note).
which is inserted] Chronicles of different events were joined

together to form one continuous Chronicle; i.e. the history of Jehu
means a special section of the Book of the Kings of Israel—see
Introduction § 5, p. xxxii.
35‒37 (compare 1 Kings xxii. 48, 49).

The Destruction of Jehoshaphat’s Fleet.
The Chronicler gives a somewhat different account of this

incident from that in Kings. According to the latter, Jehoshaphat
made ships of Tarshish (i.e. a particular kind of vessel) to sail to
Ophir for gold, and refused the offer of Ahaziah to cooperate in the
enterprise. It is then added that the enterprise failed, as the ships
were wrecked at Ezion-geber. The Chronicler, on the other hand,
expressly asserts that Jehoshaphat “joined himself” with the wicked
Ahaziah in this naval enterprise, and interprets the wreck as a Divine
punishment for the sin of the alliance (the disaster being foretold by
a prophet). Further he has misunderstood the term “ships of
Tarshish” (see note, verse 36) and makes Tarshish, and not Ophir,
the object of the voyage. The whole is said to constitute an
instructive example of the freedom with which the narrative in Kings
could be handled in the interests of religious teaching. The second
divergence, “ships to Tarshish,” is only an error of ignorance, but the
first is important. Without, however, denying that the Chronicler has
been careful to point the moral of his tale, it may be urged that his
version is not obtained simply by an arbitrary alteration of Kings, but
rather reflects an independent account of the affair, perhaps more
reliable than that in Kings. Almost certainly Jehoshaphat was still
virtually subject to Israel, and the Chronicler’s tradition may be true
to fact in representing him as partner with Ahaziah from the start of
the enterprise. At least the possibility must not be ruled out because
the story suited the Chronicler’s religious predilections. Again it is
quite improbable that the story of the seer of Mareshah is wholly an
invention of the Chronicler (see notes on verse 37). The passage
therefore yields some evidence of access to traditions other than
those in Kings; and their value deserves to be fairly considered.
³⁵And after this did Jehoshaphat king of

Judah join himself with Ahaziah king of Israel;
the same did very wickedly: ³⁶and he joined
himself with him to make ships to go to
Tarshish: and they made the ships in Ezion-
geber.
36. ships to go to Tarshish] In Kings, ships of Tarshish to go to
Ophir: compare ix. 21 (= 1 Kings x. 22), note. In both passages the
reading of Kings, “ships (or ‘navy’) of Tarshish,” i.e. large sea-going
ships (compare Psalms xlviii. 7), is correct, because (1) Ezion-geber
was a port for vessels sailing eastward, while Tarshish was in the
west, (2) gold, the object of the voyage (compare 1 Kings xxii. 48),
came from Ophir (viii. 18; 1 Kings ix. 28, x. 11; Psalms xlv. 9).
Tarshish] compare 1 Chronicles i. 7 (note).
Ezion-geber] compare viii. 17 (note).
³⁷Then Eliezer the son of Dodavahu of

Mareshah prophesied against Jehoshaphat,
saying, Because thou hast joined thyself with
Ahaziah, the Lord hath destroyed ¹ thy works.
And the ships were broken, that they were not
able to go to Tarshish.
¹ Or, made a breach in.
37. Then Eliezer ... of Mareshah prophesied] Cook (Expository

Times, August, 1906, p. 191) points out how suitable Mareshah is as
the home of a prophet antagonistic to Jehoshaphat. The town was
situated in the Shephelah (see xi. 8, note; and also Peters and
Thiersch, Painted Tombs in the Necropolis of Marissa); and would be
in close touch with the Philistine and Edomite (Arabian) districts,
which were “stirred up” to revolt in the time of Jehoram,
Jehoshaphat’s son. Note also the association of Mareshah in the
tradition of Zerah’s invasion in Asa’s reign (xiv. 10). It is unlikely that
the Chronicler would have “invented” Mareshah as the home of
Eliezer; rather is it reasonable to infer that he is utilising an old
tradition, independent of Kings and at least noteworthy for its
consistency.
Dodavahu] The LXX. (Lucian), Δουδίου, indicates that the original

form of the name was Dodiah ‫דודיה‬, signifying probably “kinsman of
Jehovah”; for euphemistic reasons this was softened to Dodavahu.
The name therefore is almost certainly characteristic of an early
period, and is not such as would naturally occur to the Chronicler’s
imagination. Here again then we find reason for thinking that the
Chronicler was relying on the current form of an old tradition (see
G. B. Gray, Hebrew Proper Names, pp. 62, 232).
Chapter XXI.
1 (= 1 Kings xxii. 50).
Jehoshaphat succeeded by Jehoram.

The Names and the Fate of the other Sons of Jehoshaphat.
2‒4. Presumably the Chronicler has drawn the information given

in these verses from traditional sources. The details of the names of
the brethren, their possessions, and their massacre by Jehoram are
not likely to be the product of the Chronicler’s unaided imagination.
¹And Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers,

and was buried with his fathers in the city of
David; and Jehoram his son reigned in his
stead. ²And he had brethren the sons of
Jehoshaphat, Azariah, and Jehiel, and
Zechariah, and Azariah, and Michael, and
Shephatiah: all these were the sons of
Jehoshaphat king of Israel.
2. brethren the sons of Jehoshaphat] It was necessary to define
brethren, for the word by itself means no more than “kinsmen”;
compare 1 Chronicles xii. 3 (note).
Azariah] Since this name (with a slight variation of spelling) is

repeated in the list it is probable that the text is corrupt. Yet the error
may be no more than the omission of some epithet which
distinguished one Azariah from the other in the original text of the
verse. The LXX. gives no help.
king of Israel] Compare xi. 3, note.
³And their father gave them great gifts, of

silver, and of gold, and of precious things, with
fenced cities in Judah: but the kingdom gave
he to Jehoram, because he was the firstborn.
3. their father gave them] Rehoboam did the same; xi. 23.
precious things] Hebrew migdānōth; compare xxxii. 23.
⁴Now when Jehoram was risen up over the

kingdom of his father, and had strengthened
himself, he slew all his brethren with the
sword, and divers also of the princes of Israel.
4. strengthened himself] Compare i. 1 (note).
5‒7 (= 2 Kings viii. 17‒19).

The Evil Character of Jehoram’s Reign.
⁵Jehoram was thirty and two years old when

he began to reign; and he reigned eight years
in Jerusalem. ⁶And he walked in the way of
the kings of Israel, as did the house of Ahab:
for he had the daughter of Ahab to wife: and
he did that which was evil in the sight of the
Lord.
6. of Ahab] Compare xviii. 1 (note).
⁷Howbeit the Lord would not destroy the
house of David, because of the covenant that
he had made with David, and as he promised
to give a lamp to him and to his children
alway.
7. the house of David] In 2 Kings Judah, a term sparingly used in
Chronicles; compare xi. 3 (note).
a lamp] Thus figuratively applied the Hebrew word is written nīr;

ordinarily “lamp” is nēr in Hebrew.
8‒10 (= 2 Kings viii. 20‒22).

The Revolt of Edom.
⁸In his days Edom revolted from under the

hand of Judah, and made a king over
themselves.
8. In his days Edom revolted] From 1 Chronicles xviii. 11‒13
(compare 2 Samuel viii. 13 f.) it appears that Edom was subjugated
in the reign of David, and it seems to have remained so until
Jehoram’s reign. If, as is probable, the Meunim are to be reckoned
an Edomitic tribe (see the notes on xx. 1, 10), Edom may have made
a vain attempt to throw off the Judean suzerainty in Jehoshaphat’s
time, and this would suit the remark in 1 Kings xxii. 47 “And there
was no king in Edom: a deputy was king”—i.e. a nominee of
Jehoshaphat. Moreover the tradition of Jehoshaphat’s shipbuilding at
Ezion-geber on the Gulf of Akaba implies the maintenance of his
hold over Edom.
⁹Then Jehoram passed over with his captains,

and all his chariots with him: and he rose up
by night, and smote the Edomites which
compassed him about, and the captains of the
chariots.
9. Then Jehoram passed over] In Kings “passed over to Zair” (the
place is not otherwise known; for a suggestion that the Moabite Zoar
should be read, see Encyclopedia Britannica s.v. Moab, p. 631 ad
fin.). Without the addition of a place name the verb “passed over” in
Chronicles is somewhat awkward. It is possible that the Chronicler
used it in the meaning that Jehoram with a vanguard of chariots
passed by his main body of “the people” to take the lead. Although
the text in 1 Kings viii. 21 appears to have suffered some corruption,
it is fairly clear that Jehoram pushed on with his chariots as a
vanguard, was hemmed in by the Edomites, and, though he
succeeded in cutting his way out by a night attack, his main army
had dispersed in the belief that the king and the chariots were cut off
and lost.
and the captains of the chariots] The clause is governed by the

verb “compassed” (read perhaps el for eth in the Hebrew).
¹⁰So Edom revolted from under the hand of

Judah, unto this day: then did Libnah revolt at
the same time from under his hand: because
he had forsaken the Lord, the God of his
fathers.
10. then did Libnah revolt at the same time] The exact position of
Libnah is not known, but it was in the south of Judah, probably not
far from Lachish (Tell el-Hesi) and the Edomite territory. The active
hostility of the Edomitic (Arabian) and Philistine districts about this
period afforded an opportunity to any elements of discontent in the
townships of southern Judah; see the note on xxvi. 7. Probably the
population of Libnah included many Edomite and Philistine families,
compare the Peshitṭa rendering of this clause, viz. “Then did the
Edomites who dwell in Libnah revolt.”
became he had forsaken, etc.] Not in Kings; a moralistic
comment by the Chronicler.
11‒15 (not in Kings).

Jehoram’s Sins and Elijah’s written Denunciation.
¹¹Moreover he made high places in the

mountains ¹ of Judah, and made the
inhabitants of Jerusalem to go a whoring, and
led ² Judah astray.
¹ According to some ancient authorities, cities.
² Or, compelled Judah thereto.
11. in the mountains] So Peshitṭa, but LXX., in the cities. The

difference between the two readings in Hebrew is very small.
made ... to go a whoring] a much used metaphor of Scripture,

meaning led ... into idolatry.
led Judah astray] Literally, drew or thrust away Judah, i.e. from
the presence of Jehovah.
¹²And there came a writing to him from Elijah

the prophet, saying, Thus saith the Lord, the
God of David thy father, Because thou hast
not walked in the ways of Jehoshaphat thy
father, nor in the ways of Asa king of Judah;
¹³but hast walked in the way of the kings of
Israel, and hast made Judah and the
inhabitants of Jerusalem to go a whoring, like
as the house of Ahab did ¹; and also hast slain

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List of business snapshots ...................................................................................................15

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List of business snapshots ...................................................................................................15

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Further reading .........................................................................................................92

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11.3 Upper and lower bounds for option prices ..........................................................252

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Chapter 19. The Greek letters ................................................................................................................417

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Chapter 26. Exotic options ......................................................................................................................614

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Chapter 35. Energy and commodity derivatives ..................................................................................785

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1.1 The Lehman Bankruptcy .................................................................................................26

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1. Convexity Adjustments to Eurodollar Futures

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NEW TO THIS EDITION

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SOLVING TEACHING AND LEARNING CHALLENGES

End of Chapter Problems

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Hazazon-tamar] Genesis xiv. 7. The name seems to describe the

the same is En-gedi] Compare G. A. Smith, Historical Geography

³And Jehoshaphat feared, and set himself to

5‒13 (no parallel in Kings).

This prayer should be compared with Solomon’s (vi. 14 ff.).

before the new court] The Temple of Solomon, strictly speaking,

⁶and he said, O Lord, the God of our fathers,

is power] compare xiv. 11 (Asa’s prayer).

⁷Didst not thou, O our God, drive out the

thy friend] compare Isaiah xli. 8.

⁹If evil come upon us, the sword ¹, judgement,

9. the sword, judgement] Render with margin the sword of

¹⁰And now, behold, the children of Ammon and

whom thou wouldest not, etc.] Compare Deuteronomy ii. 4, 5, 9,

¹¹behold, how they reward us, to come to cast

¹²O our God, wilt thou not judge them? for we

¹³And all Judah stood before the Lord, with

14‒19 (no parallel in Kings).

¹⁴Then upon Jahaziel the son of Zechariah,

¹⁵and he said, Hearken ye, all Judah, and ye

¹⁶To-morrow go ye down against them: behold,

the valley] (Hebrew naḥal), strictly “ravine” or “water-course.”

¹⁷Ye shall not need to fight in this battle: set