UNIVERSITY OF MINES AND TECHNOLOGY (UMaT),

TARKWA
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING

Report submitted towards partial fulfilment of Circuit Design and Simulation final project

Design, simulate and implement a 5V DC power supply with filter

GROUP NUMBER: 6

(1) KLAUS DELLA KONUSTEIN

(2) JAMES OWUSU INKUM
(3) LOMOTEY FRANCIS GEORGE
(4) ADJEI KWAKU
(5) MARK AGGREY
(6) DOUGLAS KOMBET

Supervised by: Umaru Mohammed Yussif

March 2024
Table of contents
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Background.........................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Objectives............................................................................................................................................5
2.3 Working Principle...............................................................................................................................5
2.4 Block Diagram....................................................................................................................................5
MODEL...........................................................................................................................................................6
3.1 The Transformer..................................................................................................................................6
3.2 Rectifier Circuit...................................................................................................................................7
3.3 Filter Circuit3......................................................................................................................................8
3.4 Regulator.............................................................................................................................................9
3.5 Circuit Diagram.................................................................................................................................10
Simulation Results.........................................................................................................................................11
Bill of Material..............................................................................................................................................12
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................................13
References.....................................................................................................................................................14

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 ABSTRACT
A power supply circuit is a very basic circuit in electronics to learn and implement the principle .The
design of any circuit begins with a well-made general block diagram. It helps to design the sections
of the circuit individually and then at the end put them together to have a complete circuit, ready for
use.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this project could not have been possible without the participation and assistance of a
lot of individuals contributing to this project. However, we would like to express our deep appreciation
and indebtedness to our teachers and supervisors for their endless support, kindness, and understanding
during the project duration.

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 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Background
The project aims to work on the objective of providing a constant power supply and develop an electrical
device i.e. DC power supply that does not change with time.

2.2 Objectives
a. To be familiar with electrical equipment
b. To design a 5V DC Power Supply circuit
c. To develop teamwork quality

2.3 Working Principle

The IC Regulated power supply (RPS) is one kind of electronic circuit, designed to provide the stable DC
voltage of fixed value across load terminals irrespective of load variations. The main function of
regulated power supply is to convert an unregulated alternating current (AC) to a steady direct current
(DC). The RPS is used to confirm that if the input changes then the output will be stable.

2.4 Block Diagram

The general block diagram for this project is having four main sub-blocks and we will be explaining each
block in general and then we will go for designing .

Firstly, the transformer is used to step up or step down the AC voltages level, keeping the input and output
power the same. Now rectifier is the combination of diodes arranged in such a manner that converts AC
into DC voltage and capacitor filter is used when we need to convert a pulsating DC into pure or to
remove distortion from signal and lastly regulator is the integrated circuit used to give a constant output
voltage regardless of input voltage changes and designing circuit using above elements under certain
condition will generate our 5V DC power source.

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 MODEL

5V power supplies are one of the most common power supplies in use today. In general, a 5VDC output
is obtained from a 50VAC or 240V AC input using a combination of transformers, diodes and transistors.
5V power supplies can be of two types: 5V regulated power supplies, and 5V unregulated power
supplies.

In 5V regulated power supplies, the output voltage changes with the input voltage and load.
It has the following four main sub-blocks :
1. Transformer
2. Rectifier circuit
3. Filter circuit
4. Regulator

3.1 The Transformer

A transformer is a device that is used to step up or step down the AC voltages level, keeping the input and
output power the same. A transformer is a device that can step up or step down voltage levels, following
the law of conservation of energy.

In this case , we will be using a step down transformer . Usually AC coming to our homes is
220/120volts which needs to be lowered to close to 5V AC which further will be changed to 5V DC .
The first LV application refers to the transformers in electronic devices. Supplying the electronic
circuits requires a low voltage value . This equation can be rearranged for the formula for the output
voltage (i.e. secondary voltage). A transformer is a type of static electrical equipment that transforms
electrical energy (from primary side windings) to magnetic energy (in transformer magnetic core) and
again to the electrical energy (on the secondary transformer side). A step-down transformer has a wide
variety of applications in electrical systems and transmission lines.

The right transformer selection means saving a lot of money. We got to know, the minimum input to our
selected regulator IC is 7V (See above datasheet values). So, we need a transformer to step down the
main AC to at least this value. But, between the regulator and secondary side of the transformer, there is a
diode bridge rectifier too. The rectifier has its own voltage drop across it i.e. 1.4V. We need to
compensate for this value as well. The datasheet of 7805 also prescribes the use of a 0.1μF capacitor at
the output side to avoid transient changes in the voltages due to changes in load. And a 0.1μF at the input
side of the regulator to avoid ripples if the filtering is far away from the regulator .

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 Figure 1 Step down transformer

3.2 Rectifier Circuit

The transformer lowers down the voltage but it still needs to be converted into DC signal and for that
a rectifier circuit is used. A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which
periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. Rectification
may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power.

A rectifier circuit consists of 4 diodes arranged in such a way that the circuit acts as a full wave rectifier.
Basically, there are two types of rectifier circuits; half-wave and full-wave. However, the one which we
are interested in is a full rectifier, as it is more power-efficient than the first one.

A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc voltage using both half
cycles of the applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one half cycle while the
other conducts during the other half cycle of the applied ac voltage. The selected diode must have the
current rating more than the load current (i.e. in this case is 500mA). And peak reverse voltage (PIV) is
more than peak secondary transformer voltage. Without the rectifier circuit, it is not possible to have the
required output 5V DC voltage. This circuit comes in nice integrated packages or you can make it using
four diodes as well. In this circuit, we use two diodes, one for each half of the wave. A multiple winding
transformer is used whose secondary winding is split equally into two halves with a common

Figure 2 Rectifier

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3.3 Filter Circuit3
A capacitor filter is used when we need to convert a pulsating DC into pure or to remove distortion from
signal. The filter is a device that allows passing the dc component of the load and blocks the ac
component of the rectifier output. Thus the output of the filter circuit will be a steady dc voltage. The
filter circuit can be constructed by the combination of components like capacitors, resistors, and
inductors. A filter circuit is generally a combination of inductors (L) and capacitors(C). The filtering
action of L and C depends upon the basic electrical principles. A capacitor C passes A.C. readily but does
not pass D.C. at all. On the other hand, an inductor L opposes A.C. but allows D.C. to pass through it. In
signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features
from a signal Filters are widely used in electronics and telecommunication, in radio, television, and
audio
recording, radar, control systems, music synthesis, image processing, and computer graphics. The
function of the capacitor at the rectifier is used to store the energy up to the very high input level of the
voltage, and the capacitor releases the input voltage down, to maintain the output voltage at the same
level. Filters serve a critical role in many common applications. Such applications include power
supplies, audio electronics, and radio communications. Filters can be active or passive, and the four main
types of filters are low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and notch/band-reject (though there are also all-pass

filters).

Figure 3 Filter circuit

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3.4 Regulator
A regulator is the integrated circuit used to give a constant output voltage regardless of input voltage
changes. A regulator is the linear integrated circuit use to provide a regulated constant output voltage.
Voltage regulation is very important because we do not need a change in output voltage when the load
changes.

An output voltage independent of the load is always required. The Regulator IC not just makes the output
voltage independent of varying loads, but also from line voltage changes.

In our case, we are designing for the 5V output voltage, we will select the LM7805 linear regulator IC.
The datasheet of 7805 also prescribes to use of a 0.1μF capacitor at the output side to avoid transient
changes in the voltages due to changes in load. And a 0.1μF at the input side of the regulator to avoid
ripples if the filtering is far away from the regulator .

Figure 4 Regulator

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3.5 Circuit Diagram

C2

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Simulation Results

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 Bill of Material

S.No ITEM QUANTITY PRICE

1 LM7850IC 1 10

2 TRANSFORMER 1 35

3 DIODES 4 8

4 CAPACITORS 2 10

5 PCB 1 15

6 WIRES 10 30

The total cost of the project would be GHc108.00

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 Conclusion

In this design, we learned how to design a power supply that would supply a specified voltage level.The
design has been tested with computer simulation and analysis. We tried to make an efficient dc power
supply. In spite of having some limitations and initial mistakes we managed to get an output of 5.004V.
The output measurement showed that the developed power supply was effective.
After designing this power supply we realised how complex it could be designing a good power supply.
Also, we are amazed with how useful our courses of career have been. The theory helped with the
designing and the simulations that we made here were very useful to know if we were in the right way.
Also, the developed system is cheap, robust and very useful for laboratory experimental purposes. The
fact that we know how to construct our own power supply will greatly benefit us in the future if we do not
have access to an already constructed power supply. In conclusion, we have learned a very important skill
that will be greatly beneficial in the coming years. Additionally, we also realised the importance of
accurate calculations and documentation throughout a design in order to ensure that we met all of our
specifications. Overall, it was an overwhelming experience working as a group, sharing and putting
together vivid views into a whole and making this interesting project even more impactful. Precisely, it
was a combined effort of all the group members that made this project through from conception to
completion.
Finally we are pleased to complete our project in time.

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 References

https://www.elprocus.com/regulated-power-supply-circuit-working-applications
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated_power_supply [ 25 April 2021]
https://www.webopedia.com/definitions/unregulated-power-supply [January 22, 2021 Updated on:
May 24, 2021] by Jenna Phipps
https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blog/linear-regulated-vs-switch-mode-power-supply
[2016]by Sam Sattel
https://www.surecontrols.com/what-is-industrial-automation [October15, 2013]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic [Last Edit: 18 April,2021]
https://sciencing.com/function-voltage-regulator-5380230.html [Updated March13,2018] by Allan
Robinson
https://www.quora.com/Why-is-there-a-need-for-a-regulated-power-supply by Supratim Biswas
https://www.electrical4u.com/step-down-transformers/ [Last UpdatedJanuary 24, 2021] by
Electrical4U
https://www.seeedstudio.com/blog/2021/01/22/how-to-power-supply-for-projects By Jonathan Tan 6
months ago
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/an-introduction-to-filters/ [July 31,2017] by Nick
Davis
https://www.yamanelectronics.com/design-5v-500ma-dc-power-supply/ by Yaman
https://www.roboelements.com/product/lm7805-voltage-regulator-ic/
https://www.electronicscomp.com/12-0-12-500ma-center-tapped-step-down-transformer
https://www.roboelements.com/product/1n4007-1-amp-general-purpose-rectifier-diode/
https://www.elektormagazine.com/magazine/elektor-201605/28971 [Published in Elektor5/2016] by
Martin Weib

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