In vivo Studies:

Present results from animal studies examining the anti-inflammatory effects of Fragaria
vesca.

Discuss experimental designs, dosages, and observed effects.

1.

The study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanolic extract of Fragaria vesca
(EFFV) fruits in an experimental rat model of induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),
specifically colitis. Here is a breakdown of the experimental design, dosages, and observed
effects:

Experimental Design:

Plant Material and Extract Preparation:

Plant Source: Fresh plants of F. vesca were collected from Assam Medical College Campus.

Extraction Method: Ethanolic extract was prepared using the percolation method with 95%
ethanol.

Toxicity Testing:

Guidelines: OECD guidelines were followed for acute oral toxicity testing.

Tested Dose: A dose of 2000 mg/kg was administered orally to rats, and observations were
made for 48 hours.

Safe Dose Selection: 500 mg/kg was selected for the study based on safety results.

Animal Groups:

Four groups of albino rats were used, each containing six animals.

Group A (Normal Control): 3% gum acacia.

Group B (Experimental Control): 3% gum acacia.

Group C (Test): EFFV at 500 mg/kg.

Group D (Standard): 5-aminosalisylic acid (5-ASA) at 100 mg/kg.

Pretreatment:

Animals were pretreated with the respective substances for 5 days, with a fasting period on the
5th day.
Colitis Induction:

Colitis was induced by transrectal administration of 4% acetic acid on the 5th day.

A catheter was used for administration, and rats were maintained in the Trendelenburg position.

Sacrifice and Tissue Collection:

Animals were sacrificed 48 hours after colitis induction.

Colon segments were resected and subjected to macroscopic and microscopic evaluation.

Dosages:

EFFV Dosage: 500 mg/kg orally for 5 days.

5-ASA Dosage: 100 mg/kg orally for 5 days.

Observed Effects:

Macroscopic and Microscopic Evaluation:

EFFV significantly prevented an increase in colon weight and disease activity index.

Decreased macroscopic and microscopic lesion scores compared to the control group.

Biochemical Assessments:

EFFV showed significant improvement in myeloperoxidase (MPO), tissue catalase (CAT), and
superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels.

Glutathione (GSH) levels were not significantly improved.

Comparison with Standard (5-ASA):

The effects of EFFV were significant but less than those of 5-ASA.

Conclusions:

EFFV at 500 mg/kg demonstrated significant amelioration of experimentally induced IBD.

The effects were attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

The study suggests potential clinical utility, but further investigations are warranted.

Significance:

Fruits of F. vesca contain salicylic acid and flavonoids, contributing to anti-inflammatory effects.
The antioxidant properties of EFFV may play a crucial role in managing IBD.This study
provides valuable insights into the potential therapeutic effects of Fragaria vesca in the context of
inflammatory bowel disease.(Kanodia et al., 2011)

Study 2:
The research focused on studying the effects of Fragaria vesca L. (wild strawberry) leaves on
blood vessels, particularly in the context of cardiovascular diseases. Wild strawberry has been
traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory properties and for addressing issues related to the
heart, blood vessels, and other bodily systems.

The researchers wanted to see if extracts from wild strawberry leaves could have positive effects
on blood vessels. They specifically looked at internal thoracic arteries (ITAs) taken from patients
with coronary artery disease who were undergoing heart surgery. The goal was to understand if
the extracts could relax the blood vessels, which could potentially be beneficial for
cardiovascular health.

However, the study found that the extracts, whether in infusion or hydroalcoholic form, did not
have the expected relaxing effect on the blood vessels. In fact, the infusion, at a low
concentration, seemed to increase the response of blood vessels to a substance called
noradrenaline, which usually causes blood vessels to contract.

The researchers suggested that differences in methods, the composition of the extracts, and the
type of blood vessels studied might be responsible for the variations in results compared to a
previous study done on rat aortas. They also highlighted the challenges of using human vascular
tissue from patients with coronary artery disease, as it introduces variability due to various risk
factors that can affect vascular function.

In conclusion, the study suggested that more research, especially using animal models of
cardiovascular disease, should be conducted to fully understand the potential benefits of wild
strawberry leaf extracts in treating heart and blood vessel disorders(Malheiros, Simões et al.
2022)

references:

Kanodia, L., Borgohain, M., & Das, S. (2011). Effect of fruit extract of Fragaria vesca L. on experimentally induced inflammatory
bowel disease in albino rats. Indian journal of pharmacology, 43(1), 18.
Malheiros, J., et al. (2022). "Vascular effects of Fragaria vesca L. in human arteries." Natural Product
Research: 1-6.

in vitro:

Study:1

The researchers conducted a study on extracts from the leaves of wild strawberry (Fragaria) and
raspberry (Rubus) plants. These extracts contained polyphenols, which are natural compounds
known for their health benefits. The researchers used a specific method to extract and purify
these polyphenols from the leaves.

The study focused on understanding how these polyphenol-rich extracts interact with cells and
membranes in the circulatory system. They performed various experiments using pig
erythrocytes (red blood cells), erythrocyte membranes, and human microvascular endothelial
cells (HMEC-1).

Here's a breakdown of the key experiments and findings:

Preparation and Phenolic Content of Extracts:

Leaves were harvested, and polyphenols were extracted and identified.

Advanced analytical techniques were used to determine the polyphenol content.

Cells and Membranes:

Pig erythrocytes, erythrocyte membranes, and HMEC-1 cells were used in the experiments.

Pig erythrocytes were chosen due to their similar lipid composition to human erythrocytes.

Toxicity of Extracts:

Haemolytic Assay: The researchers investigated whether the extracts caused the breakdown of
pig erythrocytes.

Viability Assays: Effects of the extracts on the viability of HMEC-1 cells were assessed.

Influence of Extracts on the Physical Properties of Membrane:

Osmotic Resistance: The researchers studied how the extracts affected the resistance of
erythrocytes to osmotic pressure.
Shape of Erythrocytes: The shape of erythrocytes was studied using electron microscopy.

Fluidity and Mobility/Hydration of the Polar Head of the Membrane Lipids: The researchers
examined how the extracts influenced the properties of lipid membranes in erythrocytes.

Antioxidant Activity:

Erythrocyte Membranes: The antioxidant activity of extracts on erythrocyte membranes was

determined using a fluorimetric method.

Erythrocytes: The researchers tested the extracts' ability to protect erythrocytes against
haemolysis induced by free radicals.

HMEC-1 Cells: Antioxidant activity in relation to HMEC-1 cells was assessed.

Results:

The extracts exhibited a polyphenol content, including phenolic acids, flavonols, and
ellagitannins.

Extracts did not cause haemolysis but influenced the growth of cells at higher concentrations.

Changes in erythrocyte shape and fluorescence studies suggested an interaction with the cell
membrane.

Extracts effectively protected erythrocyte membranes and cells against oxidative damage
induced by free radicals.

Conclusion: The study concludes that the polyphenol-rich extracts from Fragaria and Rubus
leaves are not toxic to cells and demonstrate potential as protective agents against oxidative
stress, especially relevant for cardiovascular health. Further research is recommended to explore
their clinical applications and underlying mechanisms of action.(Cyboran-Mikołajczyk,
Męczarska et al. 2022)

study :2

In this comprehensive study, the focus was on investigating the potential health advantages of a
gel derived from wild strawberry leaves. The researchers sourced leaves from wild strawberries
in Portugal and utilized a range of chemicals, including ethanol and acetonitrile, in the gel
creation process. The gel's chemical composition underwent scrutiny through High-Performance
Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Notably, the study delved into the gel's capacity to inhibit
tyrosinase, a key enzyme in skin pigmentation. A gel formulation was meticulously prepared,
incorporating hydroxyethylcellulose, ethanol, and purified water. Physicochemical properties
and stability were rigorously assessed, encompassing color, pH, viscosity, and texture under
diverse conditions. Tannins, considered beneficial compounds, were measured in both the extract
and gel. Cell culture assays using human keratinocyte cells demonstrated the gel's safety and its
impact on oxidative stress. Human trials, including patch tests and a six-week extended study,
confirmed the gel's safety and efficacy. The gel also exhibited antioxidant efficacy, offering
protection against UV radiation-induced oxidative damage. Overall, this study highlights the
promising potential of the wild strawberry leaf extract gel as a skin care product, emphasizing its
stability, safety, and antioxidant benefits.

The study focused on Fragaria vesca, commonly known as wild strawberry. Belonging to the Rosaceae family,
the leaves of the wild strawberry plant were utilized as the key component in the experiment.

Experiment Details: The researchers conducted a multi-faceted experiment to explore the health benefits of
wild strawberry leaf extract. They sourced leaves from wild strawberries in Portugal and employed various
chemicals, such as ethanol and acetonitrile, to create an extract. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC) was utilized to analyze the chemical composition. The study investigated tyrosinase inhibition, creating a
gel-based formulation with ingredients like hydroxyethylcellulose, ethanol, and purified water. Physicochemical
characterization, stability tests, total tannins content measurement, in vitro cell culture assays, and in vivo safety
and efficacy tests were conducted. Antioxidant efficacy was evaluated through skin color changes before and
after exposure to UVA irradiation.

Results: The extract displayed tyrosinase inhibitory activity, suggesting potential benefits for skin health. The
gel formulation exhibited stability and safety in both in vitro and in vivo tests. Cytotoxicity studies indicated that
while the extract showed cytotoxicity at a certain concentration, the gel formulation demonstrated no toxicity.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production measurements highlighted the antioxidant activity of both the
extract and the gel formulation when exposed to UV radiation or hydrogen peroxide. In vivo antioxidant
efficacy was confirmed through skin color analysis, indicating protection against oxidative damage induced by
UV radiation. Safety tests, including patch tests and human repeated insult patch tests (HRIPT), affirmed the
good compatibility of the hydrogel formulation with the skin.