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1. A student analyzed a viral genome and found that b) single-stranded

the genome had the following nucleotide composi- DNA
tion. 28% adenine, 20% thymine, 35% cytosine, 17%
guanine. Which of the following best describes the
structure of the viral genome?
a) Double-stranded DNA
b) Single-stranded DNA
c) Double-stranded RNA
d) Double stranded RNA

2. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. In an c) DNA

experiment, bacteriophages were labeled with either
radioactive phosphorus or radioactive sulfur. The la-
beled bacteriophages were incubated with bacteria
for a brief amount of time and then removed. The in-
fected bacteria cells were found to contain significant
amounts of radioactive phosphorus but not radioac-
tive sulfur. Based on the results of the experiment,
which of the following types of molecules did the bac-
teriophages most likely inject into the bacterial cells?
a) simple carbohydrate
b) amino acid
c) DNA
d) polypeptide

3. Which of the following statements regarding enzymes d) enzymes in-

is true? crease the rate of
a) enzymes change the equilibrium point of the reac- a reaction by low-
tions they catalyze ering the activa-
b) enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by making tion energy barrier
the reaction more exergonic
c) enzymes make the rate of a reaction independent of
substrate concentrations
d) enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering
the activation energy barrier
e) enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by reducing
the rate of reverse reactions

4.
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The active site of an enzyme is the region that a) is involved in
a) is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme the catalytic reac-
b) binds noncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme tion of the enzyme
c) binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme
d) is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a
cofactor

5. Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymat- e) competitive inhi-

ic reaction could overcome which of the following? bition
a) denaturation of the enzyme
b) insufficient cofactors
c) allosteric inhibition
d) saturation of the enzyme activity
e) competitive inhibition

6. Some of the drugs used to treat HIV patients are c) in or near the ac-
competitive inhibitors of the HIV reverse transcriptase tive site
enzyme. Unfortunately, the high mutation rate of HIV
means that the virus rapidly acquires mutations with
amino acid changes that make them resistant to these
competitive inhibitors. Where in the reverse transcrip-
tase enzyme would such amino acid changes most
likely occur in drug-resistant viruses?
a) anywhere, with equal probability
b) at an allosteric site
c) in or near the active site
d) at a cofactor binding site
e) in regions of the protein that determine packaging
into the virus capsid

7. How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the b) by changing the

rate of an enzyme reaction? shape of the en-
a) by acting as a coenzyme for the reaction zyme's active site
b) by changing the shape of the enzyme's active site
c) by binding at the active site of the enzyme
d) by changing the free-energy change of the reaction
e) by decreasing the activation energy of the reaction

8.

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Which of the following modifications of the DNA deleting the first
would produce the greatest change in the primary T in the second
structure of the polypeptide chain? triplet

9. Which of the following best summarizes the relation- d) Dehydration re-

ship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? actions assemble
a) Dehydration reactions eliminate water from lipid polymers, and hy-
membranes, and hydrolysis makes lipid membranes drolysis reactions
water permeable. break down poly-
b) Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrol- mers.
ysis
c) Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration re-
actions break down polymers.
d) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hy-
drolysis reactions break down polymers.
e) Dehydration reactions ionize water molecules and
add hydroxyl groups to polymers, hydrolysis reac-
tions release hydroxyl groups from polymers.

10. If cells are grown in a medium containing radioactive b) proteins

sulfur, which of these molecules will be labeled?
a) nucleic acids
b) proteins
c) amylose
d) both proteins and nucleic acids
e) phospholipids

11. Butterflies of the genus Colias live in the Rocky Moun- a) Butterflies that
tains, where they experience a wide range of tem- express two vari-
peratures. Different variants of a particular glycolytic ants of the enzyme
enzyme in the flight muscles are optimally active at are active over a
different temperatures. Within the same population, greater range of
some individual butterflies fly most effectively at 29C, temperature.
while others fly most effectively at 40C. Still others can
be equally active at both temperatures.Which of the
following claims is most consistent with the observed
butterfly behavior?
a) Butterflies that express two variants of the enzyme
are active over a greater range of temperature.

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b) Butterflies that are active over a wide range of tem-
peratures produce greater amounts of the enzyme.
c) Temperature has little effect on the activity of but-
terflies.
d) Butterflies that are active at warmer temperatures
produce more offspring.

12. Which of the following is the most likely effect of the The deletion of
mutation at nucleotide position 7 in the GULO gene of the single nu-
humans? cleotide causes a
frameshift, chang-
ing the prima-
ry structure down-
stream of the mu-
tation and result-
ing in a nonfunc-
tional protein.

13. The processes illustrated in the models depicted an increase in ge-

above result in which of the following? netic variation

14. A researcher claims that the synthesis of ATP from ATP hydrolysis is
ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential to cel- an energy-releas-
lular function.Which of the following statements best ing reaction that is
helps justify the researcher's claim? often coupled with
reactions that re-
quire an input of
energy.

15. Muscle contraction depends on ATP hydrolysis. Dur- ATP production by

ing periods of intense exercise, muscle cells rely on the phosphagen
the ATP supplied by three metabolic pathways: glycol- system increas-
ysis, mitochondrial respiration, and the phosphagen es and decreas-
system. Figure 1 shows the rates at which the three es rapidly follow-
metabolic pathways produce ATP following the start ing the start of the
of an intense period of exercise.Which of the follow- exercise period.
ing correctly uses the data to justify the claim that
the phosphagen system is an immediate, short-term
source of ATP for muscle cells?

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16. In chloroplasts, ATP is synthesized from ADP plus No ATP is synthe-
inorganic phosphate (Pi) in a reaction catalyzed by sized when chan-
ATP synthase molecules that are embedded in the thy- nel proteins that
lakoid membrane.Which of the following statements allow the free pas-
provides evidence to support the claim that no ATP sage of protons
will be synthesized in the absence of a proton gradient are inserted into
across the thylakoid membrane? the thylakoid mem-
brane

17. A researcher proposes a model of an enzyme-cat- The enzyme's ac-

alyzed reaction in which a reactant is converted to tive site binds
a product. The model is based on the idea that the to and stabi-
reactant passes through a transition state within the lizes the transition
enzyme-substrate complex before the reactant is con- state, which de-
verted to the product. Which explains how enzyme creases the activa-
speeds up the reaction? tion energy of the
reaction.

18. What is the difference between DNA and RNA backbone of DNA
contains deoxyri-
bose, whereas the
backbone of RNA
contains ribose

19. In the reaction why did the disk rise to the top? Higher substrate
concentrations in
more concentrat-
ed solutions sped
up the reaction

20. What is the role of ribosomes on the rough ER? They are where
proteins are syn-
thesized

21. Fusion of a cell in G1 phase with a cell in the early M condensation of

phase would most likely result in? chromatin in
preparation of nu-
clear division in
both cells

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22. Which of the following questions might scientists ask Did mars have the
to most reliably determine if there has ever been life elements to pre-
on mars? sent in its atmos-
phere to support
life?

23. which is most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the cuboidal cell: 1-7
environment by diffusion? ratio of surface
area

24. which best describes the role of the p53 in response phosphorylated
to DNA damage? p53 stimulates
transcription of
p21; and the
resulting p21
proteins
suppresses cell
division until DNA
damage is
repaired

25. U shaped tube: Side A is 4M glucose/5M NaCl; side B side a is hyperton-

has 0M glucose/4M NaCl ic to side B

26. Which could be considered evidence in support of the some RNA mole-
of the RNA world model cules in contempo-
rary cells have cat-
alytic functions

27. Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contrac- contractile rate in-
tile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In creases as the os-
an experimental investigation, paramecia were placed molarity decreas-
in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate es because the
at which the contractile vacuole contracted to pump amount of water
out excess water was determined and plotted against entering the para-
osmolarity of the solutions, as shown in the graph. mecia by osmosis
Which of the following is the correct explanation for increases
the data?

28.
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which can be reasoning concluded from the experi- Light from a lamp
mental results? can substitute for
sunlight in stimu-
lating chloroplasts
processes

29. primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration? act as an acceptor

for electrons and
hydrogen, forming
water

30. shortly after microscopically observing the open the light intensity
stomata of a Jade plant, the stomata became closed. of the environment
Which of the following environmental factors could increased
have caused the physiological change>

31. PH of the inner thylakoid space has been measured, PH with in the thy-
as has the PH of the stomata and of the cytosol of a lakoid os less that
particular plant cell. Which, if any relationship would of the stomata
you expect to find?

32. animals breath in air containing oxygen and breath the citric acid cy-
out air containing less oxygen and more CO2 . The cle and oxidative
CO2 comes from? phosphorylation

33. which represents the best relationship between pho- photosynthesis

tosyntheses and cellular respiration stores energy in
complex organic
molecules, while
respiration
releases it

34. one solution is maintained at PH 4, other at PH 9. ATP production in

scientists find that mitochondria in the solution w/ a mitochondria re-
PH of 4 continue to produce ATP but those in PH dont. quires a hydro-
Evidence to support this? gen ion gradient
that focuses move-
ment of protons
into the mitochon-
drial matrix
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35. Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the properties of the
HBB gene. The mutation results in the replacement molecule as a
of an amino acid that has a hydrophilic R-group with result of abnor-
an amino acid that has a hydrophobic R-group on the mal interactions
exterior of the hemoglobin protein. Such a mutation between adjacent
would most likely result in altered hemoglobin mole-
cules

36. A part of the promoter, called the TATA box, is said to any mutation in the
be highly conserved in evolution. Which of the follow- sequence
ing might this illustrate?

37. Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the fol- several transcrip-

lowing in addition to RNA polymerase? tion factors

38. which enzyme was used the the macleod+mccarty proteases+RNas-

experiments and why? es to rule out
protein and RNA
as the
transforming
factors

39. prokaryotic DNA is ___________ _________________ single circular

chromosomes

40. eukaryotic DNA is ___________ _________________ multiple linear

chromosomes

41. Exposure to UV in skin cancer in humans UV photons cause

dimers to form
leading to mis-
shaped RNA
which results
in replication+tran-
scription errors

42. Explain process replicated in Figure 1. It produces each newly syn-

DNA molecules that are hybrids of the original and thesized strand re-
newly synthesized nucleotide strands mains associated
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w/ its template
stand to form 2
copies of original
DNA

43. which of the following occurs in all species of living mutations in the
organisms and may lead to an increase in genetic genome
variation

44. a certain females chromosomes 12 both have blue one chromosome

and gene chromosomes 19 both have long genes . 12 with 1 blue
As cells in her ovaries undergo meiosis correctly her gene and 1 chro-
resulting eggs may have which of the following? mosome 19 with 1
long gene

45. which of the following is an example of polygenetic Skin pigmentation

inheritance? in humans

46. Study about drug that hinders separation of chromo- IS there a pattern
somes. Which wold be the best question answered of movement of
from this experiment? homologous chro-
mosomes in the
presence of this
compound?

47. Which of the following indicates a mean number per mean of medi-
cross of F2 plants production of medium red flowers? um red is 208.
the distribution of
phenotypes sug-
gests that multiple
genes are involved
in grain color de-
termination

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