!#"%$'&)(*"%+%,.-!%/0&21!430".1*5(76)"%98:1*;"$#<1*1*$#=%,1*>?".@A0-B1DCC%"%(EGFH>0I(J6)*#-K/?*#23L!"%@%&)+%>0$#C;6M=32ON
P I3 2 
 3:O@Q1* ".#@2-R"%%STUVS".@)3 /M(W1WNXTUY"(%-Z%/0&01*#@0+)E[FH>0\ ".#@2-R"%4!9"]H"%(G"%*83 6C^2/M!@)(* P V!%/0&21!9(
1>)"_1`]U!;aQ&0<1 &0@)".bM30"%60$#6CcO@)30 P I32&)".$I(S"%@)3d"%9>e/0&21*=(*! P 3d"f$I".+%@Q&)=6M!`%-U&)(*!9(E:FH>0;TUg!9"f(*"h]
1>0!+%!@?`%-G32(*8Q1*%/?(J]7>0I9>c!%&0$I3L6M="(W#$#C 6M".bM303L".@?3i&)(*3L6C1*>)=#@)32 P I32&)"%$K&)(W(E4FH>0/M(W1WNXTUj!9" I(
(*!O@0+!*+!@)!%-(W "%$O$"%@)3i/M%*1"%60$O/0&21*(S".@?3c!%/0&21!9(V=6M30303cO@d P !C3)"hCf"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(!Sk ".8#@0+f".@
#@)32 P #32&?".$#@Q1*!9"%17]7<1>f(* P !9".$'/0&21*(H P *C230"hCE

l 5".$ONm1O="%@)3L=6M303253n!%/0&21O@0+"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(4O@L1>0A)(W141D]U:!%/0&21O@0+ !9" ]U!`".1*>049".=".@?3L*5(D1*Io13

1 "-R]g(W/M!#"%$O#p!53i"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(V(W&)9>i"(V(*/)"="%@)3L32-R@)(*%E4qX@i1*>0/?Q(D1*NrTHj!9".-G/0&21*#@0+?S?1>0=&?(W.-/)&21*
(*C2(D1! (6)"(W53%@ ".$ONs1*#J"%@)3!6?53032531*9>)@0%$#%+O5([>)"%(G".$#*5"%32C=1*%&?9>03 P !C`-t"1.-'%&0$OO-R4"%@)3#((D1O$#$)+*_]7#@0+
".1V" /)"1>)"_1\]U"(7@0 P !4(*!@L6?!-R%%E7uv>0#$#=!6?5303253L/0!((W#@0+;"%@)3fqX@Q1*!@0!1WNr!@)"%60$O53L32 P I5(J>)" P @0_]w!"./01*&03
 P !C%@0%x (`# ".+O@)".1*#%@S1*>0Cy".`zD&)(W1;"c(* ".$#$U-R"o1*#%@Y.-,"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(=1*>)".1>?" P :6M!@Y "32f/?Q(*(*O6)$O6C{*5".$ONm1O
(*C2(D1! (!EHqr-]U=!"(W&?".$#$OC $O%8f".%&)@)3&)(!S?]!".@i30#( P !J ".@C .-K1*>0}|~%-B1*!@f1>0!CL"%*`".%&2M".+%53O@)(*I32=(*O/0$#
$#%8O@)+32 P I5(!Eqr-Z]UV6)(*! P J!"%*!-R&0$#$OCSQ]UV".@;@).1*I,(* P "%$0+"32+%!1(U".@)3:"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(]7>0#9>:>)" P 41*230"hC6?5VO@0N
32I(*/?@)(*"%60$#J1*=%&0 P *C30"hC$OO-R%S2"%*J#@ -t"o16?"%(*3%@:!=6M3)323 "%$<Ns1*#4(*C(W1* (!E[€0G!^2"%/0$OS]UJ>)" P J&060IaQ&0O1*%&?(
!%@)(*&0!7/0232&)1(7(*&)9>L"%(732#+%O1"%$!"."(!S2$O$Z/0>0%@)(S2I_]H" P 4 P !@)(S2!"%!%932!9(S P I32!+Q".(W!1(21*$O5%&2N
@0I!".1*#%@{32"%O@d/0232&)o19(`".@?3d"%/0/0$##"_1O@)((W&?9>e"((W!1WNs1*/c6Mh^2(S!"%60$# 232 (!S P %I P !,qDTƒ‚R„[qDToS".@)3 P #30!
!%@2-R*@)#@0+n"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@?(![%† !:/0232&)1(=(*&)9>‡"(`-t".^d "%9>)O@05(!SK$I"%(*!/0*#@Q1*(S"%@)3‡(*!&0*O1DCe(WC2(W1*! (EiˆU(*#325(!SK]U
@)&0@Q1*!,"%$<Ns1*#(*C2(D1! (\O@d>0(*/0O1"%$#(\#@n1>0-R%‰.-532#".$K#@)(D1*&)@Q1"_1O@c5aQ&0O/)@Q1(,".@)3c#"%+%#@0+f(WC2(W1*! (E
FH>0*"%*".$I(*"$I".+%\@&0=6M!J%-5aQ&0O/)@Q1(7".@?3 +Q"%32+19(6?"%(*3%@*5".$ONm1O(*C(W1* (H]7>0#9>1>0%&0+> ]U@0* ".$#$#C;32
@0%17&)(W32#o1$OCS260&217@0 P !U1>0$O5(*(H"%*,(D1O$#$#/?W19".@Q11%&0730"%O$#C;$#<-REŠj-R]‹!^0"./0$#(U.-K(W&)9>f(*C(W1* (U"%*\qX@Q1**@0!1
%&21!9(!S6)"(W(W1".1*#%@)(H#@L!$#$#&0$#"%J(WC2(W1*(S2#@)32&)(W1*#"%$'/0$I".@Q14".&21% "_1O@(*C2(D1! (S0".@)3 O@?32&)(W1*#"%$*6?%1(E

qr17!"%@:6M\5"%(*O$#CO@0-R!*53 -R%Œ1*>),"%6? P V32I(&)((W#%@;1*>)".1H#@:!!@Q1U1*#5(H*5".$ONm1O\%/0&01*!9(U>)" P V6?5\&060IaQ&0ON

1%&)("%@)3>)" P 7/M!".1*3$I".+%H@&0=6M!G.-'"./0/0$#I!"_1O@ "."%(EŠU1/)*5(W@15S.1>04/0&21*(K&?(W53O@".$ONs1*#J"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(
P "%(W1*$#C%&21@Q&)=6M!1*>0\%/0&01*!9([1>)"_1H".76?O@)+=&)(*3 #@:!%@ P @1O@)".$?"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(EŠV!30O@0+,1"%@ (W1*#".1* ŽhrS)_‘’
%-".$#$k/0*2!((W(G"%@&2-t"%1*&03:]*$I3Nr]7#32V".\32/0$#_C%3;O@ *5".$ONm1O\!=6M3)323 "./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(Euv>)O$#,<1H#(H"%$O"32C1*&0
1>)"_1V"%@L P *]7>0$O#@0+ "_zD%O1DC;.-".$#$Z/)*25(*(*%9(U6?O@)+; ".@&2-t"%1*&03f"%*+1W1O@)+:32!/)$O_C3O@L"%$<Ns1*#`"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(S
]7>)".1 #(%*"%*8_"%60$OI(1*>0f&0@0I(D19".8_".6)$O1*!@?3y%-\(W1*"32C‡#(*O@Y1*>0f-R9"%1*#%@Y.-\"%$O$7/)*25(*(*%9("%@&2-t"%1*&03
]U%$#32Ns]7I32VA)@)32#@0+1*>)!#J]U"hC1*5".$ONm1O"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(E

“%-1*>0"(W@)(V".1W1*#60&219".60$#=1:1>0/0>0@0%!@?".$K+%_]H1*>i#@c1*>0&)(*%-"%$<Ns1*#(*C(W1* (V#@c1*>0@Q1\C".9(
%" *1*>) "%@0O-R%$I3n32&?o1*#%@?(,O@d1*>);(W#p! ".@?3n1>0;Q(D1%-1>0;/)&21*(SZ&0/0$#3c]7<1>e1*>0  "%+%I!".$K#/0* P !!@Q19(41
1>0!#/?W-R* "%@)EFH>)" P "%O$I".60#$#<1DCL%-U/0&21*(".1`"%/0I32$OCf-t"%$O$##@0+f/0*I5(!SZ*532&)53n]U!#+%>Q15S"%/0I32$OCc(W>0#@08O@0+L(*Op(S
"%@)3e1*>)!##@)"(W#@0+i/)*25(*(*#@0+L/?_]U!>)" P ;1*%+1>0!%@Q1*#60&213e1i1*>) /0(*!@Q1(@)".#)EnŠ4/0/0$##"_1*#%@?(=]7>0I9>‡@0%1
1Q;-t".\6)"%98 ]*=!%@)(*I32!3f/0%>)O60O1* P $OC^2/M!@)(* P 1:".&21% "_1%Sk!"%@L@0_]”6?"_bk%930".60$#Cf".&21% "_13'EJ€)%4#@)(W1"%@)S
]7>0@cI%/025(*(*%9(4!(W1*3d(* P "%$1*!@?(,.-G1>0%&?(*"%@)30(,.- l &0/M!5(!SZ1*>0Ci]* !%@)(*#30!3L1f6?1Qf!^/M!@?(W P 1*f6M
/0&01JO@)(*I32`"]U"(W>0#@0+ "%9>0#@0%)60&21J]7>0@ 1>0!CQ(D17%@)$OC:"-R]‹>&0@)30*53:&0/M!(S21>0!#7&)(*"%8%5(U!%!9I".$(*!@)(*%E

FH>0,9"./0I3 +%_]H1*>:%-"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@?(732!/0$#_CO@)+"%$<Ns1*#V19>0@)%$#%+%#(U>)"(H6?!@f "_199>03 6C 1*>0 P $O&21O@)".C+%_]H1*>

%-M1>04&)@)32!$#CQ#@0+,19>0@0$O+%#((*&0/0/M%*1*#@0+,1>0V32 P $O/0!@Q1G.-'"%$<Ns1*#J(WC2(W1*! (EqX@;1*>0I(6M%8kS]UJ32I(*!&)((G(*%J.-k1>0
!%=19>0@0$O+%#(\&)(*3cO@e32 P !$#%/)O@0+".$ONs1*# (*C2(D1! (!E•J_]U P !5Sk](W1*#1\&0(*!$ P 5(J1i(W%-B1D]U"%*#((*&0(\%@)$OCn"%@)3

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 8!!/n>)".932]H".=32I(*!&)(*(*#%@)(41* 6)".=#@0O&0fE`FH>0(W%-B1D]U"%*`I((W&05(J1>)"_1,]U"3032((4".aQ&0O1*^2/)"%@)(* P `O@n1*>0 (*!@)(*
1>)"_1J6M(*#30(U1*>)%/M!9"_1*#@0+ (*C(W1* ".@?3 /)*+%9".ƒ32 P !$#%/0@17I(*(*&05(!S2]U`32I(*!&)(*(U1>0@0!1D]*8#@0+"%@)330"_19".6)"(W\#((*&0(E

qX@n1*>0I(,9>)"./21!5Sk]*5(D1*Io1\%&09(W$ P (J1*f(WO@Q1*232&)1**CL".@?3f-R&0@)30"%!@Q1"%$I((W&05(!E,qX@n1*>0@0^1,1*>)*9>)"%/21*(S
]UL32#(&?(*( (*%L*1*>)!%#(&0@)32*$#CO@)+c1>0i32 P !$#%/)@Q1%-V/09"%1*I!"%$7*5".$ONm1OL".@)3Y!6?5303253 (*C2(D1! (E qX@ 1>0
(*&06)(*aQ&0@1\9>)"./21!5S)]U=32I(*!&)((4(*%`#/M%*1"%@Q1J-R".1*&0(4.-G!#"%$".$ONs1*#=%/M!9"_1*#@0+;(*C2(D1! (!EJŠJ-B1*41>)"_15S?]U
(*>0O-B1J%&0J".1W1*@Q1*#%@1*".$ONs1*#!%=&0@)#"_1*#%@ 1*59>0@0$O+%#(H".@)330".1".6?"%(*(E

   
  "$! #&%' #("daQ&)".@Q1*O1".1* P @0.1O@‡.-V1*#%E l 5".$ONm1O#("(W&)*53{&)(*O@0+e"c/0>C(*I!".$,‚R"%$I$#298kE{uv>0!@0 P ]U
Qa &)"%@1<-RC;1*#,&)(*#@0+"/0>C2(WI!"%$'$#98kS]U,30".$k]7O1*>*5".$M1*#%EŠ4@ !^2"%/0$O\&)(*,.-1>0#(7aQ&)"%@Q1*O1"_1 P V@).1*#%@.-Z1*#".@
)(
6M`%6?(W P 3 O@i" 325(*!*#/21O@%-".@L".&21% "_13f9>0I!"%$/0$I".@Q1EJ%@?(WI32!J1*>0I( ]7>0!@f1>01!/?".1*&0.-K1>0=9>0I!"%$
+*-, -.
"o1*#%@e9>)"%=6M!`"_1*1"%O@)("L!!*1"%O@d/032!1*!O@)3c1*/M!9"_1&0%S("hC .‘ VS1>0;(*C(W1* "%&21*".1*I!"%$O$#Cn(*]7<199>0(,%b
1>0;>05"_1*=]7O1*>0#@‡"L/0301**#@03c1O:#@Q1* P ".$sSK(*"hCc]7<1>0O@‡Ž‘LO$#$#(*@)30(E qX@e1>0I(=325(*!*#/21*#%@{%-J"f/)".*1=.-H1>0
6M!>)" P #%.-"9>0!I!".$M/0$I".@Q1SQ1>041O P ".$#&0J1>)"_1H]U"(G-R*3132@0.1(1*>)V"32O@)+(%-Z(W4/0>C2(WI!"%$M!$O298/0(*!@Q1
#@1*>0/0$I".@Q1J".&01*% ".1*#%@f(WC2(W1*!fE

0/ 123!#&%4 &5768#:9;2<!#:%'
qX@ @Q1*9"%(W1[1* S ‚t"%$#(*,8@0_]7@ "%( P #W1&)".$21Oh325".$I([]7<1>;"aQ&)".$#<19"_1 P 7@0.1O@%-k1*#V".@)3I(
!^/)*5(*(*3 &)(*O@0+  P @1J30!O@0+!$I"_1O@)(7(W&?9>f"(76M-R%%SM"_-B1!5S)(W1*#(S0 P !@Q1*&?".$#$OCS0/0532(S)(*&)!!!530(!S)1%Euv>)O$#
325".$#O@)+`]7<1>:$#%+#".$21O%SQ1O4"32#@0+(-R* "=/0>C(*I!".$M$#298"%*J@).1G@055(*(".C=-RG32*#@0+,1>04 P !@Q19(!EKŠ4(U".@;!^0".N
/0$#%S0!%@)(*I32!U1*>)V-R$O$#_]7#@0+/?".*1U%-Z1*>)\6M!>?" P #%U.-K"=$##60"%*C;"%&21* "_1*#%@(W%-B1D]U"%*V&)(*3:1*".&21% "_141>06?8Nr8%!/0#@0+
=(?> A@ B C)DFEGIH$HJ
"o1* P <1O5(4%-G":!%$#$O+%=$##60"%*C *ŠJ-B1*\" "%@)3LI(4+ P !@i6C1*>)=&)(*!5S'3219".#$#(V.-G"%$O$ "_19>)O@0+ 6?8(\".
K L> 2K 4>
32I(*/0$#"hC3:6QC1>0(W%-B1D]U"%*E iqX@:1>0#(H!^0"./0$#%S1*>)\ P @19( WI(*(*&04%-aQ&0*C 6M%8;"%@)3 ".@)3 *32I(*/0$#"hC %-Z(*&0$<19( ". MK
$#%+#".$#$OCL32*53i#@d1*! (.-U]7>0I9>d P @19(\-R%$#$O_] 1*>0 %1*>0E ˆU&215SZ@0iaQ&)"%@1<19"_1 P !^/)*5(*(*O@c%-G1O ]H"%(,aQ&0#*53'E
$#"%*$#C%S1>0#(J^0"./0$#6?>)" P OH#(J30 P #3 .-[".@C;"%$<Ns1*#%@?(WI32!9"_1O@)(Eud`".,@0_]j#@L"/?Q(WO1*#%@130A)@0]7>?"_1JI(
(
"".$ONs1*#(*C2(D1!

NOQPROQSQT;UWV OYX)Z[\[ T$]^Z`_bac1d eQfFgih^akjFl-jFfIa1hnm;oqp$T;rosT`rRT)T$]?t2uvZrSwV SxZ$SwV yRTTFz1{}|~T)OxOFV 2r0}€<SwVU‚TLƒbV „ T-„†|~TZ[ ‡ˆSwVU‚T$‰ŠSQ

]-T)OwXv|&V‹}TSFp$TL‹}T}pvZ$y;V 1|Œ}€<SFp$T0OxP$OxSQT}U`„
l !=6M!1*>?"_1HO@:1*>0I(H32A)@)<1O@:.-"`".$ONs1*#\(WC2(W1*SO1UI(O/0$##!<1H1>)"_17".$#$MaQ&)"%@Q1*O1"_1 P J  1O\5"%(*&0!!@Q1(U".
Ž ;‘“’2R” •2-–2—-’˜1–2™š
".*#3f&21\&?(W#@0+ ":/0>C2(WI!"%$$#298kE\Š 9>0!I!"%$/0$I".@Q15SM]7>)(*=/)"%W1\6?>)" P OV325(*!*#/21*#%@n#(J|
’ ›–21—2œv’=}™;‘žœ$ —R” Ÿ ;– -— ’1’2— $‘=¡¢œ;-–’2—8$‘¢•£–£¤£-’2;–}”<$‘ -¤4’2$” • -–2—;’˜£–2'¥2—£¦}˜ ¨§n¡;—-©ª*-, -.A«s§’ ¬¡v©7¡v’2$”
.‘
—;˜£’2™$”=—-’=œ}—£¦1¦;© ¡R­R’8œR  4
¡ ™-š1š“’-  1—-’2;–›­R’­‘ž¡;—-©¯®1°'”<;¦1¦ ¢¡;2œ;™;‘2¤8¡ ±
,| #(V$#"%*$#C:"".$ONs1*#`(*C2(D1!fE V&0
!^2"%/0$O5((*-t".U]*V*5(D1*Io13 1=1>0,32(O/01*#%@:%-Z/)"%W1#"%$?6M!>)" P #%U.-(*C2(D1! (EKFH>)\!%/0$#1*\6M!>)" P #%U.-"(WC2(W1*!
".@y6ML32(#6?53‡6C‡$##(W1*#@0+d<19(*5(W/M%@)(*;1 P "%*#%&)(!^Q1!@)".$H(W1*#=&0$#mEYqr1 "hC{6Mf@0.13‡1*>)".1 "%$O$U1>0L$I".&)(*(#@y1>0
325(*!*#/21O@ .-k1*>0V6?>)" P OG%-'"`*5".$ONm1O4(*C2(D1! @0!53 @0.1O@ P $ P JaQ&)".@Q1*O1".1* P J5"%(*&0*5([.-'1OEKFH>?"_1I(S$I".+%7/)"%W19(
%-'"=32(O/01*#%@.-k1*>)46M!>)" P #%%-'"(*C2(D1!  "hC@0%1G>)" P J".@CaQ&)"%@1<19"_1 P 7^2/0((W#%@)(.-k1*#4"_1"%$O$sS".@)3 (W1*#$O$MaQ&)".$#<-RC
"("d"%$<Ns1*#(*C2(D1!fEvŠJ@Cy(*C(W1* ]7>0Q(W6?>)" P O !".@ /0$O!1*$OC‡6ML32(#6?53y]7O1*>0&21;&)(*O@)+d"%@QCYa&?".@Q1*O1".1* P 
!^/)*5(*(*O@:%-1OI(H.-[%&)(*V@).14"*5".$ONm1O(*C(W1*fE

² ³µ´¶´¶))·¸¨)¹`º ¹"» I¼7½)¿¾kÀÁŒ3‚¿

l 5".$ONm1Oi(*C2(D1! (>)" P f%-\$I"_1%S-R%&0@)3v"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(O@ ]7I32L9".@0+O@0+e"."(!EvqX@ 1>0f-R%$#$O_]7#@0+?S]Uf$OI(D1:(*%L%-V1>0
/0%#@0!@Q1G"%*5"%(.-'"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@.-k*5".$ONm1OJ(*C2(D1! ([".@)3#@ "9>I32!@Q1<A)53 !"(WS.]J30#(&)(("\-R]Y!^2"%/0$OJ"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(
#@j(*%n32!1".#$sE Š4( ]c!".@v# ".+O@0SH1*>0d$##(W1:]U%&0$I3v6M P *C P "%(W1:<-`]Ui1*CY1*y^2>)".&?(D1 P !$#CY$##(W1"%$O$\"."( .-
"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@?(J.-["%$<Ns1*#=(WC2(W1*(EHuc>)" P ,1>0!-R*=*5(D1*Io13f%&)J$OI(W141*:%@0$#C";>)".@)32-R&0$%-G"."(!S)"%@)3f%&01V.-K1>0(*
]U,>)" P ,^2/0$I".#@053:@0$OC "=-R] (*!$#1*53"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(1*;@)(*! P ,(W/)"Eud>)" P V/M%#@Q1*3&2171*>0`aQ&)"%@Q1*O1"_1 P ,@0.1O@)(

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

%-1O &)(*3d#@c1>0;32I(*!&)((W53c"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@?(!E;FH>0!^2"%/0$O5(,] /)*5(W@1`"%*#/M%*1"%@Q1\1L%&0`(*&06)(*aQ&0@Q130#(&)((*O@)(
"%@)3:]U%&)$#36M*!-R!*53 1*#@1*>0$I"_1!V>)"%/21*(H]7>0@0 P !7aQ&0#*53'E


 )! / #:2  3:#&9;2!#&5
 qX@)30&)(D1*I".$?"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)([@)(W1*O1*&21J"V ".zD%[&)(".+H"%*5"4%-M"%$<Ns1*#7(WC2(W1*!  ( EŠ -R]Y!^0".N

-(
/0$#([%-k#@)32&?(D1*I".$)"%/0/0$##"_1O@)([.-k".$ONs1*#J(*C2(D1! ("%* Z/02(([@Q1*%$0(*C(W1* (!SO@)30&)(D1*I".$M".&21% _" 1O@ (WC2(W1*! (S
“)U Š 4Šw"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(S1*(W14".@?3:"(W&)*@Q1H5aQ&0O/)@Q1(S0".@)3%6M.1*I\aQ&0#/0!@Q1(E

  %3:<1%'#:9;20&
=!`5 =
! / 58

 >0!I!"%$)/0$I".@Q1U!%@Q1*%$M(WC2(W1*(U".J5(*(*!@Q1*I".$#$#C"`1DCQ/M4%-/0!((G!%@Q1*%$M"./0/0$#I!"_1O@EqX@:".@:"%&21* "_1*53;9>0I!"%$

/0$I".@Q1S"".$ONs1*#V%/0&01*!U/M!O232I!"%$O$#C@0<1%9(/0$I".@Q1H%@?32<1O@)(EFH>0V/0$I".@Q1U!%@)32O1*#%@?("%*4301**#@03;6)"%(*3
%@v&)*!@Q1 *5"%32#@0+Q(.-,/0*5(*(*&0%S1*/M!9"_1&0%S7".@)3 9>0#".$4!%@)!!@Q1*9"_1O@Y%-V1>0i"%1*#%@ 9>)".6?E‹FH>0(*
/)".9".!1*!9("%*4("./0$#3/M!#30#".$#$OCEKˆH"(W53%@ 1>0 P ".$#&05(G("./0$#3;".1U".@C1*#%SQ1*>0\".&21% "_1O@:(*C(W1* 30I325(
%@1>0H%o1 P "%1*#%@)(@0!((*"%*C\"_11*>)".1#@)(W1"%@11*V"%O@Q19".#@1*>0H9>0I!"%$"o1O@`"_1["4W19".#@`9"_1* E G"9>1*#
1*>0=/0$#"%@Q1V@)32O1*#%@)(V".`(*"%/)$O53'S01>0"%&21*".1*#%@L(*C(W1* (*>0&0$#3L30I32`@f1*>0=^0"%14O@?(D19".@Q1"%@0!&)(J*1* P 
"%1*#%@)(aQ&0#3e(W&?9>e"(=9>)"%@0+%#@0+1*>):/0((W&)*S1*/?".1*&0%S%=9>)!#".$U%@?!@Q1".1*#%@e".@)3{".*Ci&21`1>0(*
"%1*#%@)(,]7O1*>0#@‡W19".#@e/0*532A?@03d1O;6M%&0@?30(!EFGC/0I!"%$O$#C%S1*>)1*# 6?&0@)30(`O@‡(*&)9>{"L9>0!I!"%$/0$I".@Q1=@1*$
"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@"%@0+%V-R* "-R!] #!* (*@)30(U1(* P !9".$kO$#$#Z(W5@)30(E
  %3:!"#<!57%'£!$$%` / &1%('3*)+0&
=!
Š @f".&21% "_13 !".7"(*(*!60$OC /)$#"%@1HI(7".@^0"./0$#V%-"/0$I".@Q1J".&21% "_1O@ (*C(W1*fEqX@f".@f".&01*% ".1*3 !"%H"(*(*!60$#C
J
/0$I".@Q1Sh1>0H]*8,/0232&)o1J‚t/)".*1*I".$#$OC"(*(*!60$O53=".o P 5(Z@"\@ P !C%Z6M!$O1J‚t(*!7€O+?E – oEKŠJ$#%@0+Q(WI321*>07@ P !C%
6?$<15S0(W P "%$)]U%8(W1".1*#%@)(G".4/0$I"%!3',
E G"9>;]U%8(W1".1*#%@ /M!*-R% ((*%V(*/MOA?V]*8%@:1*>0\]U%8/)*232&)1U(*&)9>
"%(UA01*1*#@0+;@0+%#@0%S0A01W1O@0+ 32%5S2A01W1O@)+;]7>0!$mS?".@)3f(*/0"hC:/)".#@Q1*#@0+1*>0!".5S219.EH"%(HO14 P 5(H%@1*>0%@ P !C%6M!$O1E
ŠJ@i/21DCi9>)"%((*#(4#(VO@Q1*232&)!3L@)".V1*>)`A)9(D1,]U%8(W1".1*#%@f%@i1*>0@ P !C%76M!$O1EŠg-R&)$O$#Ci"%((W=60$#3L".,5(
%&21\"_-B1*J1>0`]U%8:/0232&)o1V+%(4/)"%(W1V".$#$1>0`]U%82(D19"_1*#%@?(!EHŠU14"9>L]*82(W1".1*#%@S)" (*!@?(W4(W@)(*(71>0="%* P "%$.-
1*>0@0!^Q1/)"%W1#"%$O$#CL"%((W=60$#3i/0*232&?o1EŠ4((*Q@n"%(V1>0/?".*1*I".$#$OCi"(*(*!60$O53L/0232&)o1,I(\(*!@?(W53'Sk1*>0]U%82(D19"_1*#%@
6?+%#@)(V1*/?W-R*‰O1(\]U%8f%@i1>0]*8f/0232&)1E=FH>01O @)(D1"%O@Q1\O/M(*3i@i1>0]*82(W1"_1O@i/)&21*
#(71*>)".1J1*>0=]*82(W1"_1O@ &)(W14%/0$#1`O1(J]U%8;6M-R*,1>0`]U%8;/030&)o14 P (7"h]H"hC 1*1>0`@0!^Q1V]*82(W1"_1O@E
FH>0\1*#6?&0@)30(7#@ P $ P 3;>)!,"%*\1DC/0I!"%$O$#C;.-1*>030!7.-K"-R!] >Q&)@)3230(7%-#$O$#Z(*@)30(E

fit fit
fit door wheel spray
engine paint
chassis
finished car

Conveyor Belt
(
€#+%&)* – “29>)! "_1# l /0*5(W@Q1"_1O@ %-Š4@fŠ4&21* "_1*53iU".JŠ4((*!=6)$OC:TG$#"%@Q1

  %3:.-/0/Š /21 #*$5 / )3"5 =
! / 574
35£!$6Á9 7"3#*$# !$#&5
890:5;=<

“ UŠ4Šw".," "_1!+%*C %-K30#(W1*O6)&21*53!%@Q1*%$(*C2(D1! (H6M!#@0+ &)(*3O@f ".@C O@)30&)(D1*#(EŠ “)UŠ>JŠw(*C(W1* >0$O/?(
)
%@0O1*".@?3;@1*$?"$I".+%4@Q&)=6M!U.-Z32I(D1*#60&213: P @Q1(%-O@Q1!(W1EKqX@ “)UŠ>JŠ‹(*C2(D1! (SQ(*!@)(*%9(G"%*V(*"_1W1!3
"_1 P "%*#%&?(4+!%+"%/0>0I,$O2"_1*#%@?(J1 $O$#1\9"h]w30"_19"n‚m!".$#$#3i P @19(4%-G#@1!(W19E,FH>)(*30".1":"%*=1*>0@n/025(*(*3
".@)3d(W1*%3c#@e"f"%$<Ns1*# 30"_19".6)"(WE;FH>0;30"_19".6)"(W232!$I(;‚R*!)1(9V1*>0;!&0*@1`(W1".1* .-U1*>) !@ P O%@0@15E
FH>030"_19".6)"(W\I(7&0/k30"_13 -R*5aQ&0!@Q1*$#C 1 "%8%,<14""%$OI(D1#\232!$'%-1>0,&0/213)"_1*`(W1".1*,.-1*>)!@ P O%@0@15E[ŠJ@
^0"./0$#=%-" “?U Š JŠŒ"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@iI(,".? @ G@0!+%A
C @i"%@)".+!!@Q1,“2C(W1*L*‚ B@c“0oE'ŠJ6 @ B@c“f>0!$#/)(V1*f!"%*C%&21,$OQ"%3
6)".$I".@?#@0+O@L".@f$O5o1*I!".$'@0!+%C;30#(W1*O6)&21*#%@L@0!1D]*8kE[FH>0  C@n“(W@)(W5(U1*>0=!@0*+C:@)(W&)/01*#%@f"_171*>)=32I(D1*ON
60&21O@ /?O@Q1(U".@?3 %/0&01*(G1*>)4$#"%3 "(([32ObM*@1U/0>)"(W5(.-'/M_](*&0/0/0$#C%EKqr1H".$I(W>0$O/?(32C@)"%#".$#$OC6)".$I".@?

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 1*>0$OQ"%3'E\ŠJ@0%1*>0V!^0"./0$#=.-G"“)UŠ4Š (*C2(D1! #(\":(*C2(D1! 1*>?"_1V@0<1%9(V"%@)3i!%@Q1*%$I(H1*9"_†;=O@d";/)&21*
@01D]U%8k E 4/?@)32#@0+f%@n1*>0 (*!@)(*3c$OQ"%3nO@d32<bk!!@Q1`(*!+%@19(\.-1>0@01D]U%8kS?1>0;“)UŠ4Šƒ(WC2(W1*!‰ "%8%(V1>0
*&21*79>)".@0+VO1(71*9"_†;\*&21*#@0+/?$OIC 32C@)".I!".$#$#C%E[FH>0,1*#`@)(D1"%O@Q1HO@L(*&)9>f"“?U Š JŠg"%/0/0$##"_1O@:I(H1*>)".1
1*>0(W@)(*%9(J=&?(D1(W@)(*`1*>)(*C2(D1!‰(D19"_1"_1,!+%&)$#"%4#@1! P ".$I(=‚t("hCf P !C:-R]gO$#$O[(*!%@)30(9J"%@)3f1>0(".=&)(W1
6?/)*25(*(*3:6?!-R%\1*>0@0!^14(D19"_1*,I(J(*!@)(*3'E

W <#:9;2 -(
ŠY-R]y^0"%/)$O5(%-?30#".$0"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@)(.-M*5".$ONm1OH(WC2(W1*(K"%* *6?%1(S @ l q(*".@0@0(S_9"%32I"_1O@1*>0"%/C
aQ&0#/0!@Q1(S26M30(*#30@0O1*%9(S0".@)3/)&21**#p!53".^2#"%$?1%%+"%/0>Ci‚sUŠ[FJE
  %3:
Á5'Š58!   ¢#
19;5 1  / )›5 5 *#  ¨&29-$›<#:58 9}!# 1 W£! / #& 
l % 6M.19(>)" P 6?5 P !C{/?/0&0$I".@0_]H"%30"hC2(".@)3 ". 6M!#@0+e&)(*3YO@ "d]7#30 P "%*#1DC{%-V32I!"%$J"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(E
ŠJ@i"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@1>)"_1\]`32I(&)((J>0*=#(V"*6?%14&)(*3f#@L*!1*O P #@0+;32I(*/0$#"53 9"%30OQ"%o1 P ,".1**I".$I(!E l "32#"%1* P 
 "_1**I".$I(:(*&)9> "%(L%6)"%$<1f".@)3 l "%32#&0 ".n&?(W53v-R% 1*".1*!@Q1f.-=".@)!!5EŒŠU11*#(f32&0#@0+‡1*5"_1*@15SJ1>0
"32#"%1* P L%6)"%$<1i‚R l "%30O&0;+19( 32#(*$#"_13 ".@)3Y-t".$#$I( 32_]7@Ej“#@)f>&0 ".@ 6M!#@0+(:!".@ @0%1 !%L@05". "
"32#"%1* P H "_1!#"%$mS"%6M.1I(&?(W531**5(D1%H1*>0\"32#"%1* P 7 "_1!#"%$01`<19(G/)*/?G/M(*<1O@E[FH>04%6M.1G]H".$#82(
O@Q1`1*>)4Qƒ%@Q19".#@0O@)+1*>0\9"%32#"o1* P 7 ".1*!I".$sS/0I982(GO1H&0/S2".@)3;*5(D1%(O1G1=O1(U/0%/M!/?Q(WO1*#%@E[FH>0\%6M.1
>)"%(1(*!@?(W\<19(7!@ P #*@0!@Q1-RaQ&0@Q1*$#C;".@)3 6)"%(*3 %@:1*>0I(7#@2-R% "_1O@S/0$#"%@ O1(H/?"_1*>ZEFH>0,*5".$ONm1O,%@?(D1"%O@Q1
%@1*>)4/)".1*> /0$I".@0@)O@0+`1"%(*8.-k1*>04*6?%1G#(1*>)".1G&0@0$#((O1G/0$I".@?([1*>)4/)".1*>-t"%(W1G@0%&0+>;"_-B1!G"%@ %6)(W1"$#J#(3211*3S
<1J "hC;!%$#$OI32]7O1*>f<15EFH>0,1*#`@)(D1"%O@Q19(#@ P $ P 3;>)!,"%*,%-1>0%932!H%-"-R!]‹O$#$O(W5@)30(E
‚ / # <  / 2s 7"3# ¨%'
=! 
 Š -R] ^0"./0$#(G.-/M!O/)>0!9".$MaQ&0#/0!@Q1(G1*>?"_17%@Q19".#@ !=6M3)323:*5".$ONm1O4(*C2(D1! ("%* -(
$#"(WH/0*#@Q1*(S032#+%O1".$!%/0#!9(S-t".^  "%9>)O@05(!S030O+<19".$!"%!9"%(S"%@)3f(*".@0@)!9(!E
  % 3:  Š $ / / #*
=!$ /
 "  
@L(W14$I"%(*!J/)*#@Q1*!9(7>)" P /?_]U!*-R&0$I%/)*25(*(*%9(U!6?530323f#@L1>0! 1* %@Q1*$Z32ObM*@1\"%o1 P O1*#(V"%((W2I"_13
] <1>e/0*#@Q1*#@0+)EFH>0 #/M%*1"%@Q1="%o1 P O1*#(,1>)"_1="fI%/025(*(*%,!6?5303253c#@‡"f$I"%(*!/0O@Q1!/M!*-R%(`O@)!$O&?32
7
(
1*>0-R$O$#_]7#@0+ `+1*1*#@0+i30"_19"-R* 1>0:=&0@0I!".1*#%@e/M%*15‚t(9oS1DC/?5(W!1W1O@0+i-R%@Q1(S(*!@?(W#@0+f/)"./M!4zW". (SZ@0%1*I#@0+
]7>0!@1>0J/0O@Q1!&0@)([&21.-'/)"%/?SQ(W@)(*O@0+]7>)!@1*>04&)(W/0((W5([",60&21*1*%@ @1*>0J!%@Q1*%$)/)".@0$mSQ".@)332I(*/0$#"hC#@0+
P ".O&)(G5(*(".+(G1*1*>0,&)(*!5E[FH>0,(W17!%/0$#^:"o1* P <1DC;1*>)".1U1>0,#!*/0*2!((WG/M!*-R%(UI(732 P #@0+=1>0,$#"(W
!@0+O@)%E FH>) 6)"%(*# !% ".@)3c1>)"_1"f$I"%(*!@0+%#@0;(*&0/0/M%*1(I(,1i/0&21"f6)$#"98n32.1%@d1*>0:/)"./M!5E •4_] P !5S'1>0
$#"(WJ!@)+%#@0`>)"(7@0;I32":".6M%&21V1*>0`!^0"%o1\(W>)"%/?5(J%-[30<bk!!@Q14-R@Q1(S0-R%@Q1,(W#p!5(!S?<19".$##%S?&0@?32!$O#@0#@0+)S?6?$#32-t"%S?!1%E
1*>)".1VO1\ "hC6?"%(*8%531*/0O@Q1E\FH>0!=6M3)323nI%/)*25(*(*%7!! P 5(J/0O@Q1,% ".@?30(4@iO1(VO@0/)&21\/M%*1\"%@)3
321!O@05(,>0_]g1>0;32%1(`".@d6?:!%/M(*3n1*L"%9>0# P 1*>0;325(W#3d322&0!@Q1="%@)3d"%@)".+(\/0O@Q1O@0+1>0;^0"o1
(W>?"./M(U1*>)*&0+%>" (W*#(U.-[32%17!% ".@)3)(H#((W&)3:1*1*>)$#"(WU@0+%#@0EFH>0\1*#`!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(U#@ P %$ P 53:>0*"%*\.-
1*>030!H.-K"-R!]j#$O$#(*!%@)3)(!E
 <!57%'5 !$# 1 +
 / 
 5 / !2!#&5
C Šg-R]g^0"%/)$O5(4%-".&21%.1 P =".@?3L1*9".@?(W/M%*1".1*#%@i"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@)(V.-*5".$ONm1O
(WC2(W1*(H"%*-
( "%&21*%1* P \!@0+O@)\!%@Q1*%$k(WC2(W1*(S*Q"%3;1*9"_†;V(*#+%@)"%$M!%@Q1*%$sS2".#WNs1*9"_†;4!%@Q1*%$sSQ>0O+>2NX(W/M!53 1*9".#@
@1*$mS2".H@)" P O+Q"_1O@ (*C(W1* (!S)"%@)3 @iTG€qG@0+%#@0`!%@Q1*%$'(*C(W1* (!E
  %3:/ 3 !#9q58#
=!<14
19;!#&5
8  
 &<;0")/!1%
ŠJ@ @iTG€qG(*C2(D1!ƒI(U"%@ "%&21*%1* P V!@0+O@0,@Q1*%$k(WC2(W1*!fE[Š”@)/21*&)"%$M30#"%+%9".Œ.-"!"%=6M3030O@0+".@ @iTG€q
s*
(WC2(W1* I(G(*>0_]7@#@;€O+?E 2EKŠJ@ @iT€qKI(""%$<Ns1*#H(*C2(D1! 1*>)".1@Q1*%$I(1*>0J9"_17.-k-R&0$)#@_zD1*#%@;".@?3"%$O$#_]J(K1>0
!@0+O@),1* %/M!9"_1"_1JO1(J/21*# ".$!†;#!@)!C%EGqX@f$#32J232!$I(7.-[!"%(S)"9>?".@0I!"%$32 P I`!"%$O$#3 1>0=!"%*6)&0*!1W1%
]U"(4&?(W53L1*f@Q1*%$1*>0-R&0$[O@_zD5o1O@n9"_1*1* 1*>)@0+%#@0Eqr1,]H"%(41*>)(*/M%@)(*O6)O$#<1DCf%-G1*>)".60&01W1%V1* P ".C
1*>0 -R&0$7O@_zD5o1O@y9"_1*f32/?@)32#@0+e%@{1>0L&0*@Q1(*/?3Y.-J1>0 P !>)#!$O".@)3‡1*>0L325(W#*53y"!$O".1*#%@EyU"%*!-R&0$
^2/M!O!@Q19(G>)" P \(*&0++%(W1*531*>?"_1U-R%H%/21O "%$M@0!+%C&21*/0&01S21>0VaQ&0#3 -R&)!$kO@.zDo1O@ 9"_1VI(U>0#+%>0$#C @0%@)$O#@0"%
]7<1>`(*/?5o11J1*>) P >0I$#G(W/M!53`".@?3`"%!$#!9"_1O@EŠJ$I(*)Sh^2/M!O!@Q19".$%(*&0$O1((W>)_]n1>)"_11*>0/0*5I(W-R&0!$#@_zD1*#%@
1*>0%&)+%>=&0$O1*#/0$#7/?O@Q1(#([*Hbk1* P H1>)".@;(*O@)+%$#U/M%#@Q1O@.zDo1O@EKqX; @ @iTG€q!@0+O@05(!S.1*>0J/)*5I(WU-R&0$)#@_zD1*#%@
".1*H"_15"%9>O@_zD5o1O@/M%#@Q1#([301**#@036C="!%/0&21!5EŠJ; @ @iT€q(*C2(D1!g#@_zD1(K-R&)!$)#@Q1*,#@)32 P I32&)"%$)C$#O@?32!9(

*5(W&)$<1O@0+,#@6?!1W1* /?_]U![6)"%$#"%@)x.".%@)+41>04C$#O@?32!9(["%(K]U!$#$0"%([>)O+>0![&21*/0&01[-R*g"9>@0J".$#%@0+\]7O1*>-t"%(W1*
1*>0.1*1*$#,*5(W/M%@)(*%EKFH>0,/02((*%U/0*# ".O$#C;@Q1*%$I(1>0,O+@0<1O@:1O#@0+ ".@)3:1*>),aQ&)"%@Q1*O1DC;.--R&0!$k16M,O@.zDo13'E
FH>0=$I"_1*1*4I(V"9>0O P 53f6QCL!%@Q1*%$#$O#@0+1>030&0".1*#%@f-RV]7>0I9>L1>0=#@_zD1* P ".$ P =#(V%/M!@f| /M%/0&0$I".$#C 8@0_]7@n"(

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 B )C 
  EFH>0"%1*#%@)(.-1*>0,/025(*(*%U".V32!1*!O@)3 6QC1>030"_19"=+$O5".@053 -R% (*!@)(*%9($O2!".1*53:".$#$k P G1>0
! @0+O@)%EVFH>)(*(*!@)(*%9(J@)(W1".@Q1$OCf%@0O1*J1>0"%=60#!@Q1V1*!/M!9"_1&0*S)1>0!@0+O@0%$I".@Q1J1!/M!9"_1*&)*S?!^>?".&)(W1
1*/M!9"_1&0%SG#((W#%@ +Q"%(@1!@Q1(SU!@0+O@0f/0 ‚m(W/M!53)oS P !>0I$#f*Q"%3y(*/M!3SH!"%@082(W>?"_-B1/?Q(WO1*#%@SH!"% (W>)".-B1
/?Q(WO1*#%@ZS%19.E[ŠJ:@ @iTG€q[!@)+%#@0J]7O1*>; P !@;"%@_Nr60O1/)&21*32("=&?9> 6?!1W1*ZzD6;.-32!1**#@0O@)+=".@;"!&)".1*
-R&0!$2#@_zD5o1*#%@9"_1*-R%K+ P !@ P "%$O&05(K.-k(W/M!53"%@)3="!$O".1*#%@=!%/)"%*531*"\!"%*60&)*!1W1*WNr6)"(W53(WC2(W1*!fEKŠJ@ @iTG€q
(WC2(W1* @0%1@0$OC ".8(" P !>)#!$OJ*7-R&)!$M†;#!@Q1SQO1U".$I(*`O@0#Op(/?$O$#&21O@;6C32&?#@0+`/)"%W1#"%$?=60&?(D1O@E

Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) System



Computer
0*2([Š
€O+&0 l "%$<NXFHO`“C2(W1*! 6?530323#@LŠJ@.@iTG€q7U".

1&19-58%'%
<#:9;£!$#&5
 ¨&#&9-£!#:
5
 Š -R]‹!^2"%/0$O,&)(*(J.-"%$<Ns1*#(WC2(W1*! (7#@1*$O5%&0@0I!"_1O@"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(
".;K
( $O$#&0$I".J(*C(W1* (!S P I32!;!%@2-R*@)#@0+)S2"%@)3f!".6)$O,232! (E
  % 3:  "# "1:*3& / 0/)/)!$1%
!$#$O&)$#"%(*C(W1* (G>)" P J6MV" P !C/M%/)&0$#"%G"%@)(.-%60#$#V=&0@0I!".1*#%@E[Š‹!$#$#&0$#"%U(*C2(D1!Œ&)(*&)".$#$#C "./?(
"=!<1DC#@1!!$#$#(EKqX@:"9>:$O$sS2"`6)"(W\(D19"_1O@;%@0O1*(1*>0\%60#$O\>)"%@)30(*1(/0(*!@Q1#@ 1>0\!!$#$mE[ˆU(*I32(SQ1*>0\6)"%(*
(D19"_1O@d/M!*-R% ((W P "%$K1"%(*82((W&?9>‡"%(,$#"_1O@0+i"f&?(WS(W@)32#@0+i".@)3e!! P O@0+L!%@Q1*%$[((".+%5(\1*i"f>)"%@)30(*15S
8%!/0#@0+1*9"%98L%-H".$#$G3219".#$#(\-R`60#$O$##@0+L/0&0/?Q(W5(!S".@)3d>)"%@)3Nr.b‡.-7!"%$O$I("%(1*>0 %6)O$#  P (E:U".$#$>)"%@)3Nr.b‡I(
*5aQ&0O3:]7>0!@L"%60#$#\ P (H"h]U"hC-R%}"6?"%(*,(W1".1*#%@E[ŠV(J"60#$O, P 5(U"h]H"hC%SO1(7!! P 53:(*O+@)".$(W1*!@0+%1*>
‚ l “)“04-t".$#$#(,"_1,1>06?"%(*(W1".1*#%@E=FH>)6?"%(*(W1".1*#%@n@0<1%9(J1>0I(".@)3c"%(,(W@c"%(V1>0 l “0“L-t"%$O$I(,6M!$#_] " !!*1"%O@
1*>0(*>0$#3 P ".$#&0%S<1G>?".@)30(WNr.b 1*>)43219".#$#(.-M1*>07@2Ns+%#@0+!"%$O$0%-?1>07%60#$#H1*,1*>)J6)"%(*7(D19"_1O@%-?1>04!!$#$21*]7>0I9>
1*>0\%60#$#4>)"(G P 53'E[FH>04>?".@)3Nr.bL&)(D1H6M\!%/0$#1*53 ]7O1*>0#@"(W&0† !O@Q1*$#C;(W ".$#$M/0*532A?@03;1*#\#@1! P ".$sEK(*
1*>)".171*>0&)(*!4325(7@0.17-R!$".@C;1!/?"%*C32I(W&0/21O@%-(W P I32&0O@)+1*>0`>?".@)3Nr.bKEHFGC/0I!"%$O$#C ".$#$>)".@?3Ns%bnI(
*5aQ&0O3;1* 6M`"%9>0# P 3:]7<1>0O@L"-R]jO$#$##(*!%@)30(E
Á / 5 3 9;
  -(
Š -R!] O/M%*1".@Q1&)(* .-H*5".$ONm1O (*C(W1* (,O@{".*Q(W/?"%"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@)("%* " P #%@)#(!S'?O+>1=(*#=&0$I"_1O@S
".#*$##@0\".60#@f ".@)"%+%!@17(*C(W1* (!S)("_1!$#$OO1*\1"98Q#@0+(WC2(W1*(S0".@?3!%/0&21!7@2Ns6M"%3 ".@f".#!".-B1E
 % 3:   / `58% <! /     
'  Š57 / › # / 9 /  ˆ!
 
%
A> wK
qX@ "%@QC=232*@".#99"_-B1(S51*>07/)O$#.1!"%@(*!$#1".@ *".&01*,/0#$O%1 V%/21O@EŠV((*Q@"(1*>0H/0#$O%1G(W]7O19>)(1*\1*>) *".&01*^>
wK
/0#$O%1 30%S"%@e%@2Nr6?Q".93n!%/0&21!,1"%8%5(, P !"%$O$!%@Q1*%$I(,.-1*>0;"%O99"_-B1#@)$#&)32#@0+L@)" P #+"_1O@Sk1"%8%!Ns%bSZ"%@)3
L> IK
$#"%@)32#@0+\.-)1>07".#!".-B1EqX@1*>) ".&21V/)O$#.1 4232%S.1*>07/0&21*[/?*#232I!".$#$#C`(*"%/)$O5( P !$#2O1DC`".@)3"%!!!$#!9"_1O@`.-
1*>0\".#!".-B1EK€0% 1*>)V("./0$#3;30".1")S1>04@2Nr6?Q".93 %/0&01*!H/0&21*5(SS2".@)3L.Nr%932#@)"_1([%-'1*>0,&)*!@Q1
".#!".-B1/M(*O1*#%@v".@)3 !%/)".(1>0! ]7<1> 1*>0L/0NX(*/?5OA)3Y1*9"%98‡3)"_1")EjˆU-R*1*>)L@0^1:("./0$# P "%$O&)( ".
%6219".#@03S0<1\%/0&01*(71*>0=30 P #".1*#%@-R% 1>0=(*/?5OA)3 1"98 P ".$#&0(4".@)3 1"%8%5(7".@C !%*5o1* P ,"%1*#%@)(71*>)".14 "hC
6?@)5(*(".C%EGqX@f1*>0I(J!"(WS21*>)=(*"%/0$O#@0+ %-1>0 P ".O&)(H/)"%"%!1*(S0".@)3 1>0!#J/02((*O@0+@031 6?=!%/0$#13
]7<1>0#@f"-R]‹I(*!%@)3)(!E

=! /
<!?
 <&!#&%4 3#& ¨&#&9-£!#:5
 $   
 qX/?W19".@Q1H&)(W,%-Z*5".$ONm1O,(WC2(W1*(U#@:&0$<1O532#""%@)3;qX@Q1**@)17"./0/0$#ON
-(
!".1*#%@)(U#@)$#&)32 P #32 %@0-R!!@)!O@0+".@?3 &0$O1*#532I"=&0$O1*I!"(D15S2qX@1!@01J%&01*!9(H".@)3(*]7<199>0(E
 % 3:
  / # <15 `5 b /  39;# <6
    



qX@‡" P #30!n!%@2-R*@)#@0+n"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@ZS P I32!c".@)3{"%&)32#n(W#+%@?".$I(`".;+%@0!9"_13d6Cd".!9"%(=".@)3{I%/0>)%@05(*!N
(W/M1* P $OCE:FH>0:30".1"f".;("./0$#3e"_1="L!!*1".#@d/0*5(W/M!<A?3c-R"% ".1*%E FH>0(*;".1*>0@‡%/0((*3d".@)3e(*!@Q1

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 "%(\/)"98%19(J11*>0 !! P !\ P \" @0!1D]*8kEŠU1,1>0*5! P WNr!@?3'S'/)"%9819(V"%*%932!3S32!%/0((W53'S".@)3n1*>)!@
/0$I"hC%3EFH>0,1O`!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1H".1U1>0 P !*Ns@)3 I(U1*>)".171*>0!! P &)(D1J/)*25(*(H"%@)3:/)$#"hC 1>0 P 3;-R"%5(
"_14" /)*5321!#@053L%@?(D19".@Q1J".1*EHFH>&)(J<-[1>0O*1DC -R"%5(J".,1*:6?(W>0_]7@f P !C:#@&21*S)%@?="-R9"./0$I"hCQNs&21
#(7!%/0$#1%S21>0@0^1H-R9".=&)(W176?/)$#"hC3 ]7<1>0O@1D]U (W5%@?30(!E
"5
 3%' /  &19;! / 5
3#&9 
 @)(W&) $O5o1*@0#( "%*5"‡".6M%&)@)30( Q@ &)*&)("./0/0$#I!"_1O@)( .-`".$ONs1*#d(WC2(W1*(EƒŠ
;(
-R!] (*"%/0$Oi"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(.-,*5".$ONm1OL(*C(W1* ( O@v!%@)(*&0! O$ 5o1*%@)#(;". L(*1WNs1*/ 6?h^2(SH".&)32#{aQ&0#/0!@Q15S
qX@Q1*!@0!11!$#!/0>0@C%SGI_]U" P ; P @)(S[O@Q1*$O$##+%!@Q1 ]H"%(*>0O@)+n "%9 >0#@05(!S>0%f(W5&0<1DC‡(*C2(D1! (S".# @)32O1*#%@0#@0+
".@)3 -RO+!9"_1*#%@ZS1_C2(!S2".@?3!!$#$'/0>0@0(E
  % 3: 
  `1& 35 3
  

 !$#$G/0>)%@05(`". /?Q(*(*#60$OCc1*>) -t"%(W1*5(D1=+*_]7#@0+L(*!+%@1.-J@)(W&)`!$#1*%@0I!(EfŠ $O$/0>0@0:"_1".@Cn/M%#@Q1=.-

-(
1*#=!"%*O5(U%&21V"@&06?4%-19"%(*8(4(W#=&0$O1"%@0!&)(*$OCEFH>05(W#@)$#&)32 !%@ P W1O@0+#@0/0&21 P #!V1:32#+%O1"%$Z(W#+%@?".$I(H6QC
32!/)$O_C#@0+`32#+%O1".$?(W#+%@)"%$0/02((*O@0+;‚ \“0T19>0@0IaQ&0(S%@ P !*1*#@0+,!$#o1*I!"%$)(*O+@)".$I([+%@0!9"_136C=1>0JI%/0>0@0
1*J&21*/)&21 P %I(*O+@)".$I(!Sh".@?3`(*"%/0$O#@0+J#@)!%O@)+J6)"%(*(W1"_1O@=(*O+@)".$I('#@1*>0%@Q1*$9>)"%@0@0!$sEZŠY!$#$Q/0>0%@)*5(W/M%@?30(
1*f1>0;&0@0I!".1*#%@)(!! P 53i-R% 1*>0 6)"(W;(W1".1*#%@e]7O1*>0#@‡W19".#@d(*/?5OA)3d1O;6M%&)@)30(E €0^0"./0$#%S"
6)"%(*`(W1"_1O@LO+>1, "%@)3L";$O$/0>0@0`1:(W]7O19>f1>0=@2Nr+%%#@0+ =&0@0I!".1*#%@f1:";(*/?5OA?-RaQ&0@)CEJFH>0
$O$'/0>)%@0&)(D1J!%/0$#C;1* (*&)9>f% ".@?30(U-R* 1>06)"%(*,(D19"_1*#%@f]7O1*>0#@L"-R!] #$#$OZ(*!%@)3)(!E
b
$:¨&#:9;£!$#&5
5 -(

 FC/0#".$'32!-R!@)(*\"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(%-Z*5".$ONm1O\(WC2(W1*! (U#@)$#&)32 I(*(*#$O\+%&0I30"%@)\(WC2(W1*! (S2".@Q1*ON
#((W#$#,(*C2(D1! (S0(*".1*!$#$#<1Nr6)"%(*3(W&) P !#$O$I".@)!\(*C2(D1! (E
 % 3:
   # #:& <# < 39;
*&    
0")/ !1%
Šv+%&)#3253I((W#$O4#([@071>)"_1GI("./)"%60$O7%-(W@)(W#@0+,1>071"%*+1G"%@)3>0%(%@Q1*O1E[•JO@0+=6?5%5(["(WC]7>0!@1>0
1"%*+1!O1(!O1*>0Z$O5o1*I!".$%%1>0! ".$"32#".1*#%@E'qX@"7#((W#$#+%&0I30"%@)G(*C2(D1!fS5I((W#$O+%&0I30"%@)[I(Z"9>0O P 53V6C,"
/)&21*[&0@Q1*53@1*>07I(*(*O$#%EKFH>07%&)@13/0&21*G/0&21*5(1*>0V32 P I"_1*#%@-R%g1>07aQ&0#*53`1".zDo1%C
".@)3;bko19(1"989>?".@0+(%-'1*>0\#((*O$#J1=+%&)#32V<1H%@Q1`1*>)J1"%*+15EFH>0V1*#\!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1G%@;1*>0\%/0&01*!*Nr6)"%(*3
+%&0I30"%@)J(*C2(D1! #(G1*>)".11*>)V(*!@)(*O@)+=".@)31>0J1"98!%*5o1*#%@1"(W82(G=&)(W16M4"%1* P "_1*53-RaQ&0!@Q1$OC!@0&0+%>1=8%!/
1*>0V#((W#$#J-R%Œ32 P !+%#@0+,-R% 1*>041"%*+1EKFH>041".+%!1(*!@)(*O@)+=".@)3 1*9"%98%o1O@1"%(*82(G"%*71DC/0I!"%$O$#C*5a&)O3
1*c6?L/0$O!1*53‡]7O1*>0#@Y"n-R!] >&0@?32*530(.-4I(*@)30(=% P @y$#((W`1OL32!/M!@?32O@)+c@‡1*>)(*/?3y.-J1>0
#((W#$#,"%@)3:1*>0,1DC/M.-1*>0,19".+%15E
W#*$9;1&:
35 ¨&#:9;£!$#&5
 
 ˆU5(WI32(J1*>0"."%(J.-G"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@)(4".$#*5"%32C32#(&?(*(*3'SM".$ONs1*#`(*C2(D1! (J>?" P -R&0@)3
@&0!%&)(H%1*>0V"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@)(JO@L&0J P !C 30"hC $OO-R%E7Š4@L^0"./0$#`.-[(*&)9>i".@i"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@fI(J" 9".#$O]H"hC;(*! P "_1*#%@
(WC2(W1*E
 % 3:
   / 2#& "  $ / £!#:5
 ) $ 21 
30")/ !1%
qX@ "V9".#$#]U"hC(*! P "_1*#%@(WC2(W1*SQ",!@Q1"%$2*/?Q(WO1**C` "%O@Q1"%O@?(1*>07&0/0Nm1.NX30"_1H3)"_1",@6?%8#@0+(D19"_1&)(K.- P ".O&)(
1*9".#@)(EVFHI98%1V6?%8#@0+ !%&0@Q1!9(4".30#(W1*O6)&21*53i"%!*Q(*(V32<bk!!@Q1\+%!+%9"./0>)#,$#2!"_1O@)(E,&)(W1*(VaQ&0!&0&0/n".1
32ObM*@1 6M%8O@)+d!%&0@Q1*("%@)3y(*&060O1 1*>0O (*! P "_1*#%@y*5a&)(W1(EYŠ7-B1!;"d(*! P ".1*#%@‡aQ&05(D1I("32L"_1 "
&0@Q1*!5SQ<17@0* ".$#$#C1".8(%@0$#C;"=-R!]‹(*!%@)3)(G-RU1*>0(*C(W1*Œ1*@2A)Œ1*>0,(*! P ".1*#%@:"%@)3;/)*#@Q1U1>0\1*I98%!1E[Š
*5".$ONm1O\%@?(D1"%O@Q1#@;1>0I(7"./0/0$#I!"_1O@;I(G1>)"_17@),"`aQ&05(D1H#(U "%3041=1>0%/0&01*!5S<1H=&?(D17/0O@Q1U1*>0V1*I98%!1
‚*
%H32I(W/0$I"hC1*>)\(*".1U&0@?" P "%O$I".6)O$#<1DC 5(*(".+J6?!-R%\1*>0," P "%+%J>&0 ".@ *5(W/M%@?(W41*# ‚m".6M%&21 .‘(W5@)30(9!^/)O(S
(W;1*>)".1V1>0!&)(W1*%(\32:@).1,@0.1#!".@CL32$#"hCL".@?3L+%!1\" -R!$#O@)+ %-G>)" P O@)+;%6219".#@03iO@)(W1"%@Q1\(*&0$O1(E\•4_] P !5S
"%(,]U;32I(*!&)(*(="f$OO1W1$O;$I"_1!;‚tO@y“5.E – E oSZ1*>0I(`"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@eI(`".@e!^2"%/0$O %-H"L"_1!+%*CL%-H"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(,1*>?"_1`I(
O@L(*%`"%(*/Mo19(J32ObM*@Q1J-R* 1>0`.1>0!V32#(&?(*(*3f"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@)(E€)%J!^0"./0$#%S0 P !@fO-K1*>0`(*&0$O1(J"%*,/0232&)!3
*
zD&)(W1V"_-B1! %‘:“5!(S)@0%1*>0#@0+;&0@Q1_]U"%3I(J+%O@)+1*;>)"%/0/M!@|~1*>0I(J "hC@0.146M`1>0="%(*`]7<1>f1*>0.1>0!\32#(&?(*(*3
"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(E

 ³  0¨ · ¹ ¶‚'¹`»  I¼7¿¾kÀÁŒ3‚

ud=>)" P =".$#"%30C:/M%#@13L&2141>)"_1V1*>0I(V6?%8L!%@2A)@)(JO1(*!$O-1 1*>0(*.-B1D]H".#((W&)(J#@i"%$<Ns1*#=(WC2(W1*(E4•4_] P !5S)#@
321=6MV".6)$O41*(*!J1*>0,(W%-B1D]U"%*7I((W&05(#@ "/)*/?G/M!9(W/M1* P %S]UJ@031=>)" P 4"`6)"(WIJ!%@)!!/21&)".$M&0@)32(W1"%@)32#@0+
%-1*>0&0@)30!$OC#@0+ >?".932]U"%*EVud1*>0*!-R%=#@i1*>)#(,(*o1O@i1*Cf132 P $O/n";60"3L&0@)30!9(D19".@)32#@0+ .-G>0#+%>c$O P $I((W&05(

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 %-J1*>0&0@)30!$OC#@0+n>)"%30]U"%* #@Y"c*5".$ONm1O:(*C2(D1!fE{€0"c% 32!1".#$#3‡(W1*&)30C{.-J1>0 &)@)32!$#CQ#@0+c>)".932]H".;#((*&0(S
*
]U-R\1*>0"%30!V1*e 5rE€#+)E=Ž(*>0_]J(," (*O/0$#232$[.-" ".$ONs1*#(*C(W1*‰O@c1** (\.-<19(,O/M%*1".@Q1\-R&0@)1*#%@)"%$
60$#2982(!
‚±
E J@0$#((7%1*>0*]7I(W@1O@03S?".$#$Z&04(*&06)(*aQ&0@1430#(&)((*O@)(7]U%&0$I3O/0$##!<1$OCf"%((*&0`(W&)9>i"232$mE V6)(*! P 
1>)"_1J#@L€#+)EŽ0S1*>)=(W@)(*%9(U"%*,#@Q1*!*-t"%!3 ]7<1>1*>0`#@0/0&014%@?32<1O@0#@0+ 60$#98kS2]7>0I9>fO@1&0*@fI(J@0@05o1*53;11*>0#@0/0&01
#@Q1*!*-t"%!%EFH>0%&01*/0&21,#@1!*-t"%!%Sk%&21/0&21`@)32O1*#%@0#@0+?Sk"%@)3L1>0 "%1*&)".1*%\".=#@Q1*!*-t"%!3nO@d" !%/0$#!!@Q1"%*Cf ".@)@0!5E
(
qX@1*>),-R%$#$O_]7#@0+)S]U60O!)C:325(*!*#6?\1>0*$O5(U.-1*>0`32Obk!!@Q17-R&0@)1*#%@)"%$'60$O2982(H.-["*5".$ONm1O(*C(W1*

Input Input
Conditioning
Unit Interface
sensor
Human
Real−Time Computer
Computer Interface

Output Output
Conditioning
Unit Interface
actuator
operators
2(
€#+%&0Ž [Š @L232$.-K" l ".$ONXFHO`“C2(D1!

Π$5 /
0
 Šw(W@)(W7%@ P !*1(H(W\/)>QC2(*#".$9>)"%"o1!#(W1*IJ%-O1(7@ P #*@0!@Q17O@Q1$O5o1*I!"%$k(*#+%@)"%$#(E[ŠJ@f^0"./0$#,.-
" (W@)(*%H#(7"/0>0%1*%N P %$O1".I4!!$#$']7>0I9>!%@ P W19(G$#O+>Q1H@0!+%C#@Q1*!$#1*#".$k!@0*+C%E[Š ]7#30 P "%*#1DC %-Z1*/?".1*&0\"%@)3

/0((*&0*,(*!@)(*%9(H".\"%$#(*&?(W53'EŠ 1*/M!9"_1&0\(*!@)(*%U1DC/0I!"%$O$#C;%/M!9"_1(U6)"(W53:@:1>0/0O@)!O/)$O,.-K"  ! 3 / %'5Œ9;5 ¨&
 E
F!/M!9"_1*&)*(*!@)(*%9(U6)"%(*3 %@ ".@C;.1>0!7/)>QC2(*#".$k/0O@?#/0$O5(7".$I(W!^I(W1E[€07^0"./0$#%S2@0\1DCQ/M.-1*/M!9"_1&0`(W@2N
(*%H!/0$#_C2(1>0/0O@?#/0$O\.- P ".#".1*#%@;%-!$#1*#".$k(*#(W1"%@)V]7<1> 1!/M!9"_1*&)*‚t".$#$O53  }D bH}D
"    WoEGŠ /0((W&)*\(W@)(W
&C $H$C C ˆD ˆE
1DC/0I!"%$O$#C4/?".1*(6)"%(*3,@,1*>0  
    G/0#@)#/0$#%ETG*5(*(*&0[(W@)(W(k6?"%(*3,%@%1*>0/0>C2(WI!"%$./0O@?#/0$O5(Z"%$#(*7^2I(D15E

9}! 3£!$5 /
  ŠJ@"%o1&)"_1%U#(H"%@QC 32 P #!41>)"_1U1"%8%(O1(H#@0/0&219(G-R%Œ1>0,%&21/0&21HO@Q1!*-t"%\.-"=/0&21*7".@)3 %@ P !*1(
1>0(*!$#o1*I!"%$[(W#+%@)"%$#(V#@1L(W/0>C2(WI!"%$["%o1O@)(\%@c<19(,!@ P O%@0@15EFH>0/0>C2(WI!"%$["%o1O@)(\ "hCL6? #@n1>0-R%‰.-
.1O@SK9>)".@0+ .-H1*>)!"%$mS!$#1*#".$sS/)@0!&0 ".1*I.SK%`/)>QC2(*#".$G9>?".9"%o1!#(W1*I!(\%-7(*%;62zD1(EŠ /?/0&0$I".="o1*&?"_1*
I(Z"H.1%5EZ•J5"_1!9(".".$I(W P !C4@0$#C4&)(*3'EˆU(*#325(!Sh(* P "%$_>C30"%&0$OI[".@?3,/0@0!&)".1*I"%1*&)".1*('"%*"%$#(*7/?/0&0$I".5E

Œ#&6 <  `5 3# !$#&5 <# <6  <#&!

0




 FH>0f!$#1*#".$7(*O+@)".$I(=/)*232&)!3Y6Cy"c!%/0&21!;".@y9".!$#Ce6?L&?(W53‡1d32#o1$OC
3  P "%@c"o1*&?"_1*E`FH>)!%/0&21!(W#+%@?".$I(4&)(*&)"%$O$#Cf@0!53c!%@)32O1*#%@)O@0+ 6?!-R%=1>0!Cc!".@c6?&)(*3n6QCf1>0 "%1*&)".1*%5EFH>0I(
2
›H}B B IH &H
I(,1**53       %EL“2O#$#"%*$#C%SO@0/)&21@)32O1*#%@0#@0+LI(aQ&0#*53i1i6?;".*#3c%&01`%@{(W@)(*%`(*O+@)".$I(,6?!-R%
1>0!CL!"%@i6M"%/21*53L6C:1>0!%/0&21!5E4€0V!^0"./0$#%Sk".@)"%$O+;(W#+%@)"%$#(4+%@0!9"_13f6CL" /0>0%1*.N P $<19".I$O$K".`@0* ".$#$#C
#@L1*>)`O$#$O P $<19(79".@0+`".@)3L@)!31;6M@)32O1*#%@053f6?!-R%1*>)!Cf!".@L6M=/)*25(*(*36Cf";/)&21*EJFH>0`-R%$#$O_]7#@0+;".
(*%`#/?W19".@Q1J1DC/?5(J%-[!%@)30<1O@0O@)+:!"%*O53%&214@L"h]”(*O+@)".$I(7+%@0!9"_136C(*!@?(W(J"%@)3L32#+%O1"%$(*O+@)".$I(7+%@0!9"_13
6C:!%/0&21!9( )(
– E 058&!267! Á%+3:#¨9;£!$#&5
B „[%$O1"%+%"./0$#<AM!"_1O@f#(4@0% ".$#$OC;aQ&0#3:1*;6M`!"%*O53:&21J1 ".19>1*>)-R&0$#$(!".$#
W( @)(*% P %$O1"%+%`&21*/0&01,]7O1*>n1*>0-R&0$#$(*".$# P %$O1".+`#@0/0&21\1* 1*>0#@1!*-t"%!=.-U":/0&21*E`€)%\^0"./0$#%S'" (W@)(W
O+>1/)*232&)! P $<19".+U#@1*>)JO$#$O P $<19(["%@0+%S.]7>0*5"%(K1>0J#@0/0&21G#@Q1*W-t"7.-"!%/0&21!G "hC*5a&)OU1*>0J#@0/0&01
(W#+%@?".$k$O P $k1* 6M.-Z1>0%9327.-" P %$O1E
*0E 0 58&!267 Š 1 1 0/3# ˆ!$#*
36 „[%$O1"%+% $O P !$H(*>0<-B1O@)+dI(.-B1*@YaQ&0#3d1*e".$##+%@{1>0 P %$O1"%+%;$# P !$U+%@0!9"_13{6C{"
(W@)(*%7]7O1*>f1*>?"_1V"!/21"%60$#,1*1*>)=/)&21*EH€0J^0"./0$#%SM" (W@)(*%7 "hC:/0232&)! P %$O1"%+%,#@f1*>0`9".@)+%,NX‘0E\,`1
 ‘0E\, P %$O1S2]7>0*5"%(U1>0O@)/0&21J#@1!*-t"%!\%-1>0`/0&21*7 "hC:"%!/01 P %$O1"%+%\%@0$#C;#@ 1>09".@0+\%-‘1 – P %$O1E[qX@
1*>0I(7!"(WS1*>0`(*!@?(W P %$O1"%+%\=&)(W1J&0@)32*+$O P !$(*>0O-B1*#@0+ 6M-R%,<14".@6?&?(W53 6C 1>0`/0&21*E

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Ž)E  /  7"<
39 ) 
368 0/3# ˆ!$#*
36 
 ¸#& !$ / #
<6 €0aQ&0@)CY"%@0+%i(*>0O-B1*#@0+‡I(;%-B1*!@j&)(W53 1*‡30&)f1>0n@0#(*
 /M%@)!@Q1(VO@d":(*O+@)".$sE#@i".@C1DC/?5(V%-G@0#(*=2!!&0\O@c@)".*_] 6)"%@)30(,".@)3L1*>0(W#+%@?".$=&)(W1\6M(W>0O-B1*53L-R% 1>0
@0%I(*\6?".@)30(7(*1*>)".1J@0%I(*,".@6?,A?$<1!3 %&215E
 E 0 
#:6 32 5 < `5  / #:5
/ %
1  
C Šƒ1DC/?.-4(*#+%@)"%$G232!%@ P (*#%@c1*>)".1I(`-RaQ&0@Q1*$#Ce".*#3e&2130&0*#@0+d(W#+%@)"%$
@)32O1*#%@0#@0+{#@ P %$ P 5( 9>)".@0+O@)+e30O1 &0!@Q1;O@Q1‡".$O1*!@)".1*#@0+‡&0!@Q1:".@)3 P IN P ("0E‹ŠJ@0%1*>0;1DC/?c(W#+%@)"%$
30J%@ P !9(W#%@1*>)".1GI(K-R*5aQ&0!@Q1*$#C=&?(W53#(!%@ P (*#%@.-'".@)"%$O+,(*#+%@)"%$#(K1`"`@)(W1".@Q1"./0$#O1*&)32V/0&0$I(WH1"%O@ (*&)9>
1*>)".171*>0=/0&0$I(W9"_1%7/0&0$I(*]7#31>L#(4/0%/M%*1*#%@)"%$?11*>0 P %$O1"%+%,$# P $mEH%@ P (*O@:%-K"%@)".$#%+ (*O+@)".$I(U1*;"/0&)$#(*
1*9".#@L#(V.-B1!@i@)5(*(".C;-RV#@0/0&01V1:(WC2(W1*(\(*&)9>n"%( ! /  b5 / %' / 9-5 3: “9;# / 9 3# !

     1*>?"_1\30:@0%1V/)"(*(V32O1
&0!@Q1E

to
D/A D/A output
from register Converter
Processor signal
Bus conditioning
unit
€#+%&0  ([ŠJ@n±V&21/0&21JqX@Q1*W-t"

=!$ / b29-  <#&!


* "%$O$#C; "%@)30(U-R% 1>0UT ”"%*32$O P *53 1*1>0`"%1*&)".1*1>0%&0+>"%@&21*/)&21JO@Q1!*-t"%E
Š4@{%&21/0&21#@Q1*W-t";@ P !*1(\1>0:(W1**53 P %$O1"%+%O@Q1n".@)"%$O+-R% ".@?3d1*>0@{%&21/0&21(`1*>0I(1L1*>):"%1*&)".1*%#!&0<1*CE

FH>0I(7%-[!%&09(*\]U%&)$#3aQ&0#*\1*>) P ".$#&0+%@0!9"_13:1* 6M`]7*O1W1!@f%@i"!+#(W1*`‚t(*!=€#+)E oEGqX@i"%@f%&21/0&214#@Q1*!*-t"%!%S0#@
32U1*/030&)".@f".@?".$#%+=&21*/)&21S21>0UT ”(*!$#1(H"30"_19"!+#(W1*H.-Z1>0,%&21/0&21J#@Q1*!*-t"%!\"%@)3]7*O1*5(1*>0@055(*(".C

30".1"1i<15ELFH>0 1D]UL"%O@e-R&)@)o1O@)".$60$O2982(%-7"%@{%&21/0&21=#@Q1*W-t";".;(*>0_]7@eO@‡€#+)E EfFH>0;#@Q1*!*-t"%!1"%8%(=!".
%-1>0=6)&2bM*#@0+:"%@)31*>)`>)".@?30(W>?".8%`!%@Q1*%$"%(*/?5o1(E7ŠJ@)"%$O+1*:30O+<19".$!%@ P (*#%@#(J-R*5a&)!@Q1*$#C30!/0$#_C%53 #@i".@L#@0/0&01
#@Q1*!*-t"%!%E“#O$I".$OCS032#+%O1".$1* ".@)"%$O+!%@ P (*#%@;I(H-RaQ&0!@Q1$OC;&?(W53 #@L".@%&21/0&21J#@Q1*!*-t"%!%E

qX@ 1*>0,-R$O$#_]7#@0+)S2]U32#(&?(*(U1>0O/M%*1"%@14(W1*/)(H.-[".@?".$#%+`1;32#+%O1".$(*#+%@)"%$%@ P ! 9(W#%@n‚mŠHoE

Voltage

Time
€#+%&0,£( @1O@&0&)(HŠJ@)"%$O+„[%$O1".+

:
<2:586A!$5 #:68#&!2 `5  / $#&5

5  
1 
B
VO+<19".$G!%/0&21!9(`!"%@e@0.1`/025(*("%@)".$#%+L(*O+@)".$I(!E;FH>)!-R%%S".@)"%$O+(*#+%@)"%$#(,@03d1L6?:!%@ P W13i1*i32#+%O1"%$[-R%fE
Š @)".$#%+(W#+%@?".$I(".@:6M@ P !*1*531* 32#+%O1"%$?-R*ƒ&?(W#@0+ 
4 " !O9&)<1*C ]7>0Q(W\60$#298;32#"%+%9".ŒI(U(*>0_]7@ O@f€O+?E2E 4(*O@0+1>0
60$#29830#"%+%9". (*>0_]7@#@:€O+?E[2SQ"%@)".$#%+`(*O+@)".$I("%*7@0* %" $O$#C!%@ P W131*=30O+<19".$0-R* 1*>)*&0+%>1>07-R%$#$#_]7O@0+`1D] ".#@
(W1*/)( )(
 ¶,
“2"./0$#1*>):".@)"%$O+L(W#+%@)"%$J‚t(*>0_]7@eO@‡€#+)E %,".1`*+%&0$I".#@Q1*! P ".$I(!EFH>0I(`(*"%/0$O#@0+i".@e6? 32%@0 6Ce"L!"%/)"%!<1%
#!&0O1*C 1*>)".14(D1%(U1>0 P $<19".+%,$# P !$I(!EFH>0`(W1**53 P %$O1"%+%\$O P !$!".@f6M`32I(*!*!1*#p!3EGŠ7-B1!4("./0$#O@)+1>0="%@)".$#%+
Š,
(W#+%@?".$[‚t(*>0_]7@O@L€O+?E %S0" (D1!/]U" P -R% "%(7(*>0_]7@O@L€#+)E #(7621"%O@)3'E

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Voltage

Time
2(
€#+%&0  [ŠJ@)"%$O+„[%$O1".+=%@ P W13 1;4I(*!*!1*`€)%

Analog Voltage from

signal conditions

Sample and Hold

A/D Converter

Data Register
o o o
16
Binary digits

1(
€#+%&0= G%@ P  (*#%@:%-"%@Š4@)".$#%+;“#+%@)"%$k1*;" – 60O1VˆUO@?".C &06?

 %@ P W1H1>0(W1**53 P "%$O&0=1*:";60O@?".C:@&0=6M!V6C &)(*#@0+:".@i"%@)".$#%+1:32#+%O1"%$@ P !*1*`‚tŠ>,HV"%(J(*>0_]7@L#@i€O+?E

S0"%@)3 (W1**\1>0`32#+%O1".$ P "%$O&0#@f"*+%I(D1!5E

VO+<19".$K1f"%@)".$#%+f@ P !9(*O@n!"%@c6M;!"%*O53i&21,1*>0%&0+>d"/0$O!@Q1"%*Cn(*1%-%/M!9"_1O@)(Eud $O5" P <1="(,".@

!^!#(* 1i1*>) "32!=1*iA?+%&0:&21=1>0301"%O$I(.-71*>)!O9&0O1*Cc1*>)".1".@‡/M!*-R% 1*>0f32#+%O1".$1*d".@)"%$O+i@ P !9(W#%@
‚ JŠ4HoE

 0·†3s Œ¨ ·¸ ¹`»“ I¼7¾kÀÁ ¨‚

ud@0_]{32I(*!&)(("H-R!]e8!CV9>?".9"%o1!#(W1*I!(k%-2*5".$ONm1O(*C(W1* (!EZFH>)(*G9>)".9"%1**I(D1#('32I(D1O@0+&0I(W>"%$<Ns1*#(WC2(W1*! (k-R%
@0@2Nr*5".$ONm1O(WC2(W1*! (E•4_] P Sk1>0 *5"%32V "hCi@).1*1>)"_1="%$O$K1>0 32#(&?(*(*3d9>)".9"%1**I(D1#(4 "hCi@).16?;"%/0/0$##".60$#
1n P !Cn"%$<Ns1*# (*C(W1*fE l "%$<Ns1*# (*C2(D1! (=! P !(W&)9>Y".@‡@0%%&)(9".@)+%;%-4"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(="%@)3{/0232&)1(1>)"_1"
+!@0"%$O#p".1*#%@‡%-V1>0L9>)".9"%1*!I(D1#(=#@Q1*{"e(W!11>)"_1;I( "./)/0$OI!"%60$# 1e"%9> ".@?3y P !C‡(*C(W1* I( 32<†;!&0$<15% E 4Obk!!@Q1
"_1*+%*#(U.-K".$ONs1*#(*C2(D1! (7 "hC;^2>0#60O171*>09>)".9"%1*!I(D1#(G1>)"_1J]UI32!@Q1*O-RC;1;32ObM*@1J!^1*!@Q19(7%7 "hC:@).1J P !@
!^>)O60O14(*%,.-1*>0`9>)"%"o1!#(W1*I!(U"_1J".$#$sE

– E #&%49-5 ! / 2# =!

 ¨±
*
&  P *CV*5".$ONm1O[19"%(*84I("(*(*2I"_13\]7<1>=(*%K1*#@)(W1*9".#@19(!E V@0[-R% .-21*#G@)(W1*9".#@19(
1*>)".1#( P !Ci@cI(32"32$#O@05("%((W2!#".1*3n]7<1>d1"%(*82(!E Š 19"%(*8n32"32$#O@0 (*/?5OA)(\1>01*# 6?!-R%]7>0#9>d1>0
¶±
1"(W8c=&)(W1=/)$O!1*:"%@)3d/0*232&? 1>0;(*&0$<19(!E 41*>01DC/?5(`%-1O#@0+n@)(W1*9".#@19(".;32!$I"hCc"%@)3e32&09"_1O@ ‚m(W
‚±
“1*#%@ – E .oEqr1#(\1>0*5(W/M%@?(W#60#$OO1DCL.-1*>0 "%$<Ns1*#/?".1*#@0+(*C2(D1! ‚ l F ,“)V1*!@)(*&01>)"_1`"%$O$K19"%(*8(\!!1

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 1*>0OU(*/?5o1* P J ‚±
 1*#,@)(W1*9".#@19(!EudV(*>)".$#$?!^0".O@)4#@:$I"_1*9>)"%/21*(G>0_] ." @ l F ,“;!".@:!@)(*&0J1*>?"_1G19"%(*82(G!!1
1*>0O7(*/Mo1 P \ 1*##@0+;!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(1*>0%&)+%>f"./0/0%/)*I"_1419"%(*8:(*9>)32&0$##@0+ (D1 ".1*!+O5(!E
*0E
 =`5 /$/ 19}!&
< &! / #&! / #&5
 FH>0=@0%1*#%@c.-G*1*@05(*(4O@c*5".$ONm1O(WC2(W1*! (V#(,32Obk!!@Q1V-R% 1>)"_1,&)(*3i#@
1*>0!%@Q1*!^Q17%-Z1*9"%30<1O@)".$'(*C(W1* (!EKqX@*5".$ONm1O,(WC2(W1*! (S0*1*@05(*(O/0$##(H@0%1H@0$#C;$O+%I!"%$k!%*5o1@0((G%-Z1>0
*5(W&)$<19(!S260&01J1*>0`1*#"_1J]7>0I9>1*>0(*&0$O1(J"%*,/0232&)53#(7#/?W19".@Q1EUŠ”$O+%I!"%$O$#C:*17*5(W&0$O1J/0232&)53 ".-B1*
1*>0`30"%30$O#@0,]&0$I3:6M`@)(WI32*53 "(7".@O@)!%*5o1H*5(W&)$<15E

Actuators

Real Time Computer

Environment Sensors

2(
€#+%&0  Šg“29>0 "_1*I l !/)*5(W@19"_1O@:.-[ŠJ@.G=6M303253 l "%$<NXFHO`“C2(W1*!

q% Š <
Ž)E  ('    Š P "%(W1".zD%<1DC.-'".$ONs1*#7(*C2(D1! (G"%*7=6M303253O@ @?"_1*&)*` Ž_rEŠ4@;!6?5303253 %/0&01*!(WC2(W1*!
> 2K
#(/0>C2(*#".$#$OC W=6M30303 4O@<19(K!@ P O%@0@1K".@)3=.-B1!@!%@Q1*%$I(<15E€#+)E \(*>0_]J("\(9>0! "_1#G*/0(*!@Q1".1*#%@.-M".@
!6?530323(*C(W1*fEŠ4([(*>0_]7@O@€O+?E 0S.1*>07(*!@)(*%9(Z%-01*>)U"%$<Ns1*#U!%/0&21![$O$#130"_19"J-R%”1>0H!@ P O%@0@15S
/)"%((71>0! @f1*;1>0="%$<Ns1*#=/0&21*4-R4/025(*(*O@)+)EJFH>0%/0&01*!5SMO@L1&0@i/)"%((*(J#@2-R* "_1O@‡‚R/025(*(*3
30"_19"U1 1*>)"%1*&)".1*(H1:!"%*C:&2141>0=@)5(*(".C;]U%8:@L1*>0!@ P O%@)@Q1S)]7>)#9>L(*&0$O1(J#@n!%@Q1*%$#$O#@0+;(*%
9>)".9"%1**I(D1#(.-71>0!@ P O%@0@15Ee“2 P "%$G!^2"%/0$O5(=%-J!6?530323Y(WC2(W1*(]U!:32I(*!&)((W53{O@ “%E – E 2EeŠJ@ \*
^0"./0$#.-7".@d!6?530323e(*C2(D1! 1>)"_1`]U]&0$I3c%-B1*@d-R#(1*>0 @L&)$<1<NXTK%#@Q1€)&0!$GqX@_zD1*#%@v*‚ @iT€qW,(WC2(W1*!
32I(*!&)(*(*3 #@A^0"./0$# %-K“5.E – E 2E \*
 E 0  ˆ!  / # !$#&9-2&#&!
)  9)  €0H1*9"%32O1*#%@?".$'@0@2Ns"%$<Ns1*#(WC2(W1*! (J("_-R!1DC:".@?3 !$#I".60#$OO1DC:"%*,#@)32!/M!@?32!@Q14I(*(*&05(!EG•4_]HN
 P ! 5SO@e ".@Ci"%$<Ns1*#;(WC2(W1*(\1>0(*1D]UI((W&05(`".O@Q1*I!".1*!$#Ci6M%&0@?3n1%+1*>)! ".8#@0+1*>0        
E C ˆE D
$ b
%1*,1*>?"_1V"  (*C2(D1! #(J%@01>)"_1\32(7@0%1V!"%&)(*`".@C 30"% ".+%, P !@f]7>0@L<14-t".#$#(EUŠ W/ 1:#& ¨&
' (WC2(W1*!}%@f1>0
.1>0!>)".@)3SQI(U%@041*>)".1U".@;/?".1*J-R$#%@)+32&09"_1O@)(%-'1*#V]7O1*>0&21H^2>0#60<1O@)+"%@QC-t".#$#&0*5(!E[Š (*".-R1DCQNX<1#".$
(WC2(W1* I( *5aQ&0O3y1*y6?i>)O+>0$OCY*$OI".6)$OL(*O@)!n".@C{-t"%O$#&0L.-,1*>)i(WC2(W1*! !"%@ ".&)(*L^1!@)(* P i30". "%+%(E ud
\,
!$I".6M%9"_141>0#(J#((W&)\#@i“1*#%@ – E 2E
,0E ` 5
39  /R/ 
39 )  Š *5".$ONm1O=(*C2(D1! &)(*&)".$#$OCf@030(41* *5(W/M%@?31* (* P !9".$O@)30!/M!@)32@Q1\ P !@Q19(J]7O1*>0#@ P !C(*>0%*1
." @)3(W1*#1[1*#76M%&)@)30(EK€)%[#@)(W1".@?%SQ@)(WI32"\9>)!#".$2/0$I".@Q1G"%&21*".1*#%@(WC2(W1*}‚t(*! ^0"./0$# – %-'“5.E – E %S \*
]7>0I9>@0<1%9(U1*>0=/0*+%((U.-[" 9>0!I!".$Z*5"%o1O@"%@)3f@1*$#(U1>0`9"_1.-K*5"%o1O@ 6C9>)".@0+O@)+1>0=32Obk!!@Q1
/)".9".!1*!9( %-`*5"%o1O@ (W&?9>j"%( /0((W&0%SH1!/M!9"_1*&)*S4".@)3j9>0!I!".$,@)@Q1*9"_1*#%@ZE FH>05(Wc/)".9".1!9(;".
(W@)(*3;&?(W#@0+ (W@)(*%9(A0^253:#@:1>0`9>0I!"%$k*5"%o1O@ 9>)"%=6M!5EFH>)(*,(*!@?(W( "hC;+%@0!9"_1V30".1""%(*C@)9>0%@0&)(W$#C
"_1K32<bk!!@Q1".1*(EFH>)!-R%%S1*>)"%$<Ns1*#(*C(W1*”=&)(W1/025(*(30"_19"7-R%w".$#$%1>0H(W@)(W(@)&0!@Q1*$#C%S5.1>0!]7#(*
(W#+%@?".$I(K"hC=6?J$#(W1G".@?3=1>0J(*C(W1*  "hC= "%$<-R&0@?o1*#%@ZEFH>05(WJ(*C2(D1! (".@6?J!%@)(*I32!31*6M7@0@2Nr301**#@0I(D1#%S
(W#@)!1*>0=6?>)" P OJ.-K1*>)(*C(W1* 30!/M!@)30(4%@f1>0=!^2"o1J1O#@0+;%-KO1(V#@0/0&219(!EJŠ @0%@2NX32!1*!O@)#(W1*I/)&21".1*#%@
#(J%@0#@L]7>0I9>f1D]&0@)(J&?(W#@0+1*>)=(*"%`(W!1J.-[O@)/0&21V30".1" ".@L/0232&),1D]U;32I(D1O@?o1V(*19(7.-[%&01*/0&21\30"_19"O@f1>0
1D]&0@)(E

– ‘

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

)E 5 # )! / # ' Π!$$
 Œ1 '¨29
%0­! / 39}!& /   qX@f"%@C;*5".$ONm1O,(WC2(W1*(S1*>),30<bk!!@Q14/?@0!@Q1(H%-Z1>0(WC2(W1*!
." @)"_1&0"%$O$#Cn32I(W1*O60&01*3{"((\]7#32$OCe(*/0*5"%3c+%%+%9"./)>0#$#"_1O@)(!E:qX@‡(W&)9>{(*C2(D1! (!SZ1*>0 32<bk!!@Q1= P @19(,.-
O@Q1!(W1\".I(W=".1V1>0+%!+%9"./0>)#".$#$OC(W/)".9"_1`$O2"_1*#%@?(!EFH>0*!-R%%S?1*>05(W P !@Q1(V "hC%-B1*@n>)" P 1*6?>)"%@)32$#3
$O2".$#$OCy"%@)3 (*/?@)(W5(/030&)53y1{1*>)! 1*‡/0 P !@Q1  P *$#"32O@)+c%-\1>0i&0@?32!$OC#@0+‡=&0@0I!".1*#%@ @01D]U%8kE
FH>0!-R*S.1>0V(*!@)(*%9("%@)31*>0\"%1*&)".1*%9([ "hC6?V$O2!".1*53;"_11>04/)$#"(G]7>0!J P !@Q19(G".J+!@0".1*3EŠJ@ ^0"./0$#
.-Z(*&)9> "(*C(W1*Œ#(H"/?!1*%$#!&0ƒA)@)!C/)$#"%@1H32I(D1*#60&213  P !U"=$I".+%4+%!+%9"./0>)#J"%*5"0EKŠU1U5"%9>:3)"_1"(*%&09SO1
 ".8%5(U+%23 325(W#+%@f(*!@)(*\1* $#".$#$OC:/0*2!((G1>0`30".1"6?!-R%,6?O@0+ /?"%((W53:@:1;"!!@Q1*9".$'/)*25(*(*%5E

@i".@Cn30#(W1*O6)&21*53{"%(]U!$#$G"%(=!@Q1"%$O#p!53c"%$<Ns1*# (WC2(W1*! (>?" P  "-R!5326)"%98d(D1*&?o1*&)*;"(`(W>)_]7@d#@‡€O+?E  E:qX@

1*>05(W,(*C(W1* (!SQ1*>)\(*!@)(*%9(&)(W&?".$#$OC (*!@)(*41>0\!@ P O%@0@1U/?*#232I!".$#$#C%E[FH>0,(W@)(W53:30".1"".6M%&21U1*>)V@ P #*@0!@Q1
#(J/0*2!((W53;1;321!#@01>0`*1* P "%1*#%@)(H@)5(*(".C%EFH>0*5(W&)$<19(7.-1*>0=/0*2!((W#@0+ ".,&)(W53 1*;!"%*C;&21
1*>0V@0!((*"%*C*1* P J"o1*#%@?(%@;1*>0\!@ P O%@)@Q11*>0%&)+%>1*>)\"o1*&?"_1*(S%]7>)#9>;#@;1&0@:".+Q".#@;!".&?(W4"9>)".@)+%
1*1*>)*5a&)O39>)".9"%1**I(D1#(G%-1>0`@Q1*%$#$O53;!@ P #*@0!@Q1S0"%@)3 (*%@E

Actuator Sensor

Actuator Computation Sensor

Processing Processing

Environment

€#+%&0  (€0326?"%98 “Q1*&?o1*&)*,.- l 5".$ONrFH#“2C(W1* (

2E  +/ #&!#:9;2:# ! )  F"(W8<1#".$#<1DC`I(G",5"%(*&0*H%-M1>04!(W1.-M-t".#$O&07.-"\19"%(*8MEKF"%(*8O1*I!".$#O1DC`#(321!O@0536QC

^0".#@0#@0+4>0_]Y<1#".$2".G1>0H*5(W&)$<19(/)*232&)!3=6QC,1>0U1"(W8,1V1>0H/0%/M!-R&0@)o1O@0#@0+,.-01>07(WC2(W1*!fEKŠ *5".$ONm1O
(WC2(W1*  "hC>?" P U1"(W82(%- P !C=32Obk!!@Q1U!*O1*I!"%$OO1*#(Eqr1#(1*>0*!-R%7@)"_1&0"%$21*=^2/?5o11*>)".11*>0V<1#".$#<1O5(.-k1>0
32ObM*@141"%(*82(7=&?(D1\6?19".8!@L#@1:@)(*#32".1*#%@f]7>0#$O32(*O+@0#@0+ -R%4-t".&0$O1WNs1*$O"%@)EUFH>)=>0#+%>071*>)O1*I!".$#O1DC
.-V"n1"(W8kS[1>0*!$##"%60$O <1;(*>0%&)$#3y6?f "%32E‡€0&0*1*>)!5SG#@‡1*>) P @1.-\"i-t"%O$#&0 %-V"n>)O+>0$OC‡!*O1*I!"%$U1"%(*8kS
O30#".1*,-t".#$#&0*`301*5o1O@i".@)3 P !C ".O/M%*1".@Q15EG•J_]U P !5S2<1V(*>0&0$#36M`".$##p!3:1*>?"_1J19"%(*8;/0O*O1DC;I(J"
32ObM*@1\%@?!/014".@)319"%(*8 O1*I!".$#O1DC 32(4@0.1\(W$O$OC321!#@01>019"%(*8:/0O*O1DC:71*>)`%932!7#@i]7>0I9> P ".O&)(
1"(W82(H".\1*6?!^2&01*3e‚R1*>05(WI(*(*&05(7(W>)"%$O$'6M!$I".6M%9"_13 O@ 1*>)$#".1*!J9>?"./21!9(E
)E !57% ¶ / " / 
     ŠY".$ONs1*#U(WC2(W1* I(.-B1*@=#/0$O!@Q1*53=@=&)(W1*”>)".932]H".[1*>)".1I((W/M!<A?".$#$OC`30(*O+@03
." @)332 P !$#%/M3-RK1*>07/0&)*/M(*%EK€0[^0"./0$#%SQ"\!!$#$0/0>0@0J32(@0.1&)(*U1*9"%32O1*#%@?".$2#!*/0!((W(E$O$2/0>)%@05(
&)(*/)*25(*(*%9(V]7>0#9>{"%*1*#@C%S(*&0/0/M%*1*#@0+L@0$OCi1*>0Q(W/02((*O@0+f!"%/)".6)O$#<1O5(\1*>)".1=".*5".$#$OCL@055(*(".Cf-R%`!!$#$
/0>0@0V/?".1*#%@:"%@)3(W/M!<A?".$#$OC;30(*O+@03;1*6?,/M_]WNr†;#!@Q11*%@?(W P 46)".1W1**C $#O-R%EFH>0,!"%/)".60#$#<1O5(%-Z1>0
/0!((WV&?(W53c#@{"f!$#$/0>)%@0;"%* (*&06)(W1".@Q1#"%$O$#Cn32ObM*@Q1-R*‰1*>)".1`.-7"+%!@)!9".$[/0&0/M(*/)*25(*(*%5EŠJ@0%1*>0
^0"./0$#=I(41*>0!6?530323n/0!((W4#@c"%? @ @iTG€q4".5EVqX@i1*>0I(,!"%(*%SM1>0/)*25(*(*%4&)(W53i@03n@0.1\6? ";/M_]U!*-R&0$
+%@0!9".$/0&0/?Q(W/02((*%,(W&)9>d"%("TK!@Q1*#&0‰,"%@dŠU1>0$#%@d/0*2!((WE=“%-G1>0Q(D1/M_]W-R&)$K!%/0&21!9(
*
&)(*3{#@ @iT€q@0+%#@05(=". – _NVŽ hNr60<1/0*2!((W(&0@0@)O@0+c"_1"%/0/0h^2O "_1!$#C ?  ‘ @i•4p%Ec•4_] P S&0@0$#O8;1>0
@ P !@Q1*#%@?".$?THU(!S2"/0!((W&?(W53;#@:1>0(*!".U!@)+%#@0(H32@0.1J325".$k]7O1*>/0*2!((W#@0+`-R#$O$I(7(W&?9> "%(H(!@2Nr(" P (
%U"32p!@;.-30<bk!!@Q17"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(*&0@)@0O@)+"_1U1*>)\(".J1OEŠJ$#$?1>)"_1U1*>)V/025(*(*%O@". @ @iT€qG(WC2(W1* @)!3)(
1* 32I(H1* /0&21*,1>0aQ&0#*53;-R&0$#@_zD1*#%@f".1*\1*>?"_1JI(HQ(D17!† !O@Q17-R%J"+% P @(*/?3f".@?3 "!$O".1*#%@E
E Á
 129;!# 1  nl "%$<Ns1*#;(WC2(W1*(=". . -B1*@ ¢DMC vC
    !EŠƒ"o1 P (*C2(D1! #(=%@0 #@{]7>0I9>e"%@e%@2Nr+%O@0+f#@Q1*!9"%1*#%@
¸±
6?!1D]!@1*>)=/)&21*V".@?3:1>0`@ P #*@0!@Q1JI(J ".#@Q1".#@053'E V932#@)".C:(*C2(D1! (J /0&21*`-R&0@)o1O@)(J@1*>0`#@0/0&01

–%–

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 30"_19"L1n+%@0!9"_1 1*>) &21*/0&0130".1" ‚m“ €#+)E – ‘Y‚t"*oEeqX@y%1*>0]U%930(S1*9"%32O1*#%@)"%$U(*C2(D1! (%/0&01*;1>0%&21*N


/0&21 30"_19"n"((*% -R&0@?o1*#%@ .-71>0O@0/)&213)"_1")EdFH>?"_1#(S[%&21/0&21 30"_19"n".@‡ "_1>0! ".1*I!".$#$#Cd6M^2/0((W53‡"%( (
 
 
  !  
‚ 
oE[€)%G!^0"./0$#%S%O-Z(*%430".1" 7#(G+% P @;"%([1>04#@0/0&01S1*>0\(WC2(W1*!Œ/0&21*5( 7"( 
1*>0,(*&0$O1  ‚ !EFZ!$I".6M%9"_1J1>0#(7!%@)!!/215S0@)(WI32H"%@:!^2"%/0$O,#@ P %$ P O@)+"$O#609".C;".&21% "_1O@ (*.-B1D]H".%E
A> MK
qX@ ",$O#609".C`".&21% "_1O@(*.-B1D]H".%S_]7>)!@1*>0Va&)!C`6?8`-R&0@)1*#%@I([O@ P %8%53"%@)3 l 5".$ONrFH#J“C2(D1! ( ,I([@1!3
>
"%(41*>0#@0/0&216MQ8L@)".Sk1*>0@n1>0(*.-B1D]H".=32I(*/0$#"hC2( *Š4&21*>0,@)". l " ;( E @i".$#$sS l "%98 $(
&)=6M! V‘%‘ – S &)=6M!,.-
( K
%/0#( – )E

input data
φ output data
Starting Reactive System
Parameters
Traditional System
(a) (b)
(
€#+%&0 – ‘ KF9"%32O1*#%@)"%$ P !9(*&)( l "o1 P ,“C2(W1*(

qX@ !%@Q1*9"%(W11*d1*>0f1"32O1*#%@)"%$J%/0&01"_1O@Y%-41>0L%&21/0&21:"( "d(*#/)$O-R&0@)1*#%@ .-\1*>)#@0/0&01:30"_19"0SU*5".$ONm1O

(WC2(W1*([30@0.1/0232&)!J".@C`%&01*/0&21U30"_19"V6)&21G!@Q1!#@Q1*".@%@0Ns+%#@0+V#@Q1*"o1*#%@]7O1*>1*>)!#!@ P O%@)@Q1EqX@5"%9>
O@Q1!9"%o1O@:(W1*!/ZS1*>0\*5(W&)$<19(U!%/0&213".4&)(*3:1*!"%*C%&21J(*%\"o1O@)(G@;1>0,!@ P O%@0@15EFH>)\"o1O@;.-
1*>0!@ P O%@)@Q1J#(\(*"%/0$O53L".@)3fI(4-R3L6)"98;1;1*>)(*C(W1*fEJFH>0!-R*1>0!%/0&219"_1O@)(J#@i";"%$<Ns1*#`(WC2(W1*!
!"%@6M!%@)(*I32!3 1*:6?@0%@2Ns1**#@)"_1O@)+)E7FH>0I(J"%1* P @)".1*&0`%-K"%$<Ns1*#`(WC2(W1*(4#(V(*9>)! "_1#".$#$OC(W>0_]7@L#@
1*>0`€#+)E – ‘f‚t6?oE
– ‘0E 0 ­!$ ¨#&&#&!
' ), J@)30! P *$#"3L@)32O1*#%@)(S'*5".$ONm1O(WC2(W1*(\@03n1*L@Q1*#@Q&)=1 !!1,1*>0 325"%32$#O@)(,.-G1*>0(W1
<1#".$219"%(*82(!S1*>0&0+%>1>04325"%32$##@0(G.-@0@2Nr!*O1*I!"%$21"(W82(G"hC@0.1U6?4!1EFH>0I(I(#@:!%@Q1*9"%(W1[1*1>04aQ&0#!!@Q1
.-    D 7C  -RH1*9"%32O1*#%@?".$(*C(W1* (H P @ &)@)32!7 P !$OQ"%3;!%@)30<1O@)(!E
–– E  9-$
 <!$#&5
¶
3&#*
36 @n".@Cf*5".$ONm1O(*C2(D1! (\]*8%&0@)32Nm1>0NX$#298f"%@)3L%-B1*!@d%/M!9"_1=]7O1*>0&21,>Q&)"%@n/2N
!9"_1%9(!E€0%H!^2"%/0$OS0@)(WI32H"(*"%$O$"%&21* "_1*53:9>0#".$k/0$I".@Q1H1*>)".1HI(7(*17&0/ 1*]*8@0@2NX(D1%/EKuv>0@:1>0!
".,@0 >&0 ".@L%/M!9"_1%9(!SQ19".8O@)+;%o1 P "%o1O@)(7@f"-t"%O$#&06?55(J32O†;&0$O1E4 P !@f<-[@0;!%*5o1 P ,"o1O@)(
!"%@6MJ#532#".1*719".8!@S.O1GI(325(W#"%60$#H1*>)".1G"\-t".#$O&0J32(@0.1(*&0$O1O@;"_1"(D1*/0>0IH(WO1*&)".1*#%@)(EKŠ -t".#$O&0J(*>0%&0$I3
6?32!1*5o1*53f".@)3;1*>0`(*C2(D1! (*>0%&)$#3 %@Q1O@&0\1*/?".1*\O@f"+%9"%!-R&0$#$OC;32+%9"%3253;232,".1*>0U1*>)"%@(*>&21W1O@0+%b
".60&0/21$OCE

" ¾Á0»}Y=À º ‚))#¶)I=À

qX@1*9"%30<1O@)".$0(*C2(D1! (!SQ(*".-R1DC="%@)3*$OI".6)O$#<1DC".H@0% ".$#$OC=!%@)(*I32!3=1*6M7O@?32!/M!@)30!@Q1GI(*(*&0(Eqr1#(K1>0!-R*H/M((W#60$#
1I32@1<-RCc":1"32O1*#%@)"%$K(*C2(D1!‰1>)"_1I((*".-R"%@)3c&0@0!$##"%60$O "%@)3n(*C2(D1! (\1*>)".1`".!$##"%60$#60&01`&0@)("_-R%E;%@?(WI32!\1>0
-R$O$#_]7O@)+ 1D]:^0"./0$#(E4Šg]U%93f/02((*O@0+ (W%-B1D]U"%* "hC@0.1\6? P !C*$OI".60$#`60&01\I(4("_-REVŠw-t"%O$#&0=%-[1*>0(W%-B1D]U"%*
325(J@0%14&)(*&)".$#$OCf!"%&)(*=".@C (*#+%@0OA?!"%@Q1430". ".+`%JA)@)".@?I".$Z$#((EUqr1V#(J1*>0*!-R%=".@L!^2"%/0$O=.-".@L&0@)*$OI".60$#`60&01V(*".-R
L±
(*C2(D1!fE V@i1>0.1>0!,>)"%@)3'S" >)".@)3c+%&)@c!"%@n6M&0@)("_-R60&21#(,!$#I".60$#%E`Š >)"%@)3i+&0@c9".!$#C -t".#$#(EŠ >)".@?3n+&0@nI(,".@
&0@?(*".-R:(WC2(W1* 6M".&)(* <-JO1`-t"%O$I(-R=(W;*5"%(*%@S<1!".@{I(DA?* ` P !@{^2/0$#232:"%@)3e!".&?(W:(*#+%@0OA?!"%@Q1=30". ".+%Eqr1
I(,".@n!^0"./0$#%-U".@c&0@)("_-R60&21!$##"%60$O(*C(W1*fE=FH>0(*1D]^0"./0$#(,(*>0_]”1*>?"_1,-R%\1*9"%30<1O@)".$K(WC2(W1*(S("_-R1DCi"%@)3
!$##"%60#$OO1DC ".V#@)32/?@)32!@Q1J@)*@?([| O1UI(1*>0*!-R%V/M((W#60$#41#@)!*5"%(*71*>0("_-R!1DC .-"(WC2(W1*!ƒ]7O1*>)%&21J"_bk1*#@0+<19(
!$##"%60#$OO1DC:".@?3 P I P ("0E

qX@f".$ONs1*#`(*C2(D1! (H%@f1>0.1>0!4>)".@)3S?("_-R1DC ".@)3f!$##"%60#$OO1DC:".`&0/0$#3 1*+%!1*>0EGˆU!-R%`".@)"%$OCp!#@0+]7>C ("_-R!1DC

"%@)3e*$OI".6)O$#<1DCd". @0L$#%@0+!`#@)32/?@)32!@Q1=I((W&05(`#@{*5".$ONm1O;(*C2(D1! (!S]U @0!53d1*LA)9(W1=&0@)32(W1"%@)3d]7>)"_1^0"%1*$#CnI(

– *

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

"%@Q1H6C" b 2#:   b.!£!$ E
N €&Z;V[ ‡ˆOwZ$€ T0OQSxZ$SQT}€ ZOxP$OxSQT}U V OY2rRTo‚p;V XvpLV €¨T}r$SQT}|~T]Lo‚pRT}r0SFpRT0OQPROQSQT;Uª€&Z;V[ O$m=rR?]ZUqZ
-T‚os u-[ ] |~T)O)u-[ S)„
F+% P ,".@^0"./0$#%S1>0,-t".#$<NX("_-R,(D19"_1*%-"]U%93;/02((*O@0+/0%+"% I(7@0,]7>0!41>0`322&)@Q1J6?O@0+/025(*(*3
>)"(76M!!@c(*" P 3%@Q1*1>0=32I(*8ME7Š4$O$1*9"%32O1*#%@?".$@0@L*5".$ONm1O`(*C2(D1! (J32;>?" P %@)`%J*,-t"%O$ONr("_-R`(W1".1*5(J]7>0I9>L>0!$#/
(*!/)"%".1*,1>0`I(*(*&0(4.-("_-R1DC".@)3f!$#I".60#$OO1DC |~ P !@LO-[":(WC2(W1*! I(J8@0_]7@1*;6M=&)@0*$OI".6)$OS)O1V!"%@i".$#]U"hC2(H6M` "%321
-t"%O$#@L"-t".#$<NX(*".-R(D19"_1*S0".@)3@)(*aQ&0!@Q1$OC;O1J]U%&0$I3 (W1*#$#$6?`!%@)(*I32!3:1*6M`"("_-R`(*C2(D1!fE

qr-G@)30"% ".+%!".@c*5(W&)$<1,<-U":(*C(W1*‰!@Q1*(\":-t".#$<NX(*".-R(W1".1*VzD&)(D1,6M-R%<1\-t".#$#(Sk1*>)!@c1*>0%&0+>n!"%*!-R&0$1*9".@)(*<1\1*"
-t"%O$ONr("_-R(W1".1*&0/M%@L"-t".#$#&0*S0O1J#(7/M((*O60$#\1*1&0*@L"%@!^1*!!$#C;&0@0!$#I".60$#`".@)3&0@?(*".-R`(WC2(W1*! O@Q1*;" ("_-R(*C2(D1!fEqX@
 ".@C=1*9"%32O1*#%@)"%$)(*C(W1* ([1*>)#(1*9>)@0#aQ&04#([#@-t"%1-RaQ&0!@Q1$OC"%32/21*531*,1&0*@;"%@ &0@0!$##"%60$#J(WC2(W1*! #@1`"`("_-RJ(*C(W1*fE
€)%,^0"./0$#%S%@?(WI32!," 1*9"_†;$O#+%>Q1`@1*$O$#!V1*>?"_1`@1*$#(41*>)?_]g.-1*9"_†;".1`" "3L#@1!9(W5o1O@E“&)/0/?Q(W1>0
1".† =$O#+%>Q1@1*$O$#!4-t".#$#(4-RaQ&0!@Q1$OCi"%@)3iI(48@0_]7@i1*6?>0#+%>0$#CL&0@0!$##"%60$#%EFH>0%&)+%>i&0@)*$OI".60$#%SkO1,".@d(D1O$#$K6?@2N
(*#30!3(*".-R\O-K]7>0!@0 P J"=1".†;V$##+%>Q1J%@Q1*$O$#!U-t".#$I(!S0O1J!@Q1!9(U"-t"%O$ONX(*".-R\(W1".1*]7>0*".$#$k1*>),1*9"_†;\$O#+%>Q1(7"%*,"%@0+%
"%@)3 60$#O@)8Q#@0+?EKFH>)#(UI(" ˆ #&   ˆ )!$£!
 :  (W#@)!J1*>)V.1%#(W1(G%@:(*!O@)+=60$#O@)8Q#@0+%9".@0+H1*9"_†;J$#O+>Q16M\"h]H".H1*>)".1
¸±
1>01*9"_†;,$#O+>Q14%@Q1*$O$#!7I(7@0%14]*8#@0+ ".@)3/023]7<1>i!"%&21*#%@E 4-%&)(*%S0"-t"%O$ONr("_-R`(W1".1* "hC:@).146M1*  "%8%
"%$O$M$O#+%>Q19(G+*!@SQO@ ]7>0I9>:!"(W4(* P !4"%I32!@Q19(!%&0$I3 2!!&0E“#O$I".$#C%S".$#$?$#O+>Q1(G1*&0@03:*53 I("%$#(*`@0%1H"`-t".#$<NX(*".-R4(W1"_1
|~<1\"hC@0%1V!"%&)(W"%!!#30!@Q1(S)60&01V]U%&0$I3f60O@0+ ".$#$1*9"_†;\1 ";(W1"%@)3L(D1O$#$Z$#"32#@0+ 1*;1*9"_†;HzW". (EJ•J_]U P !5S0O@n"%@C
"%$<Ns1*#,(*C2(D1! (H1>0!`".@0-t".#$ONr("_-R(W1"_1(EFH>0*!-R%%S0"%@QC;-t".#$O&0.-K1>0`(WC2(W1*}!"%@L!".&?(W`(* P !,3)". ".+(EG“&)9>
(*C2(D1! (7".(*"%#3:1*6M   b! w9 / #&!#:9;2 )!$1%
)  )/ + E

NOMZ$€ T)S:P$‡bX}| V SwV XZ[-OxP$OxSQT}U V OY2rRTqoqp$-OxT€&Z;V[\u| T0X)ZrLX)ZuROxTOxT)y$T;| T]ZUqZ
;TO„

Š4@Y!^2"%/0$Of%-\"e(*".-R1DCQNX<1#".$7(WC2(W1* #( "d@)" P #+".1*#%@Y(*C2(D1! @2Nr6?Q".93y".@ ".#99"_-B1E ŠJ@ %@0Ns6M"%3y@)" P O+Q"_1*#%@
*( C2(D1! >)"(H@0-t".#$<NX("_-R,(D19"_1*5(!EKuv>0@1*>0`!%/0&21!H%@2Nr6M".93:"%@"%O99"_-B1U-t".#$I(!S0"-t".#$ONr("_-R,(D19"_1\ "hC;@).176?@0,]7>0!
1>0:@0+%#@0:I((W]7O19>053Nr.bnqX@y"c(*".-R1DCQNX<1#".$G(*C2(D1!fSK1*>0f".6?(W@);%-7-t".#$<NX("_-R:(W1".1*(#/)$O#(=1*>)".1("_-R!1DCe".@{@0$OC
6M`!@?(W&03 1>0*&0+%>#@)"(W53:!$##"%60#$OO1DC%EUFH>Q&?(!S2-R4("_-R1DCQNX<1#".$'(*C(W1* (H1*>0=#((W&)(7%-K("_-R!1DC:".@)3f!$#I".60#$OO1DC;6M!%
#@Q1*!!$I"_1*53f| ("_-R!1DCi!".@d%@)$OCi6M!@)(*&03n1*>0%&)+%>n#@)!*5"%(*3i!$#I".60#$OO1DC%Eqr1=(W>)%&0$I3i@0_] 6? !$O5".,]7>Cn(*".-R1DCQNX<1#".$
(*C2(D1! (H@0!53 1*6?>)O+>0$OC *$OI".6)$OE

 &)(W141* +% P ="%@i^0"%/)$O`%-1*>)=$# P $%-*$OI".6)O$#<1DCaQ&0#*53f.-("_-R!1DCNXO1*I!".$(WC2(W1*! (S'%@?(WI32!41*>0=-R%$#$O_]7#@0+?EV€0

%" @QC)CQNr6QCQNr]7O4"%O99"_-B15S(W1%-<19( P O1"%$?/)"%W19("%*V%@Q1*$O$#36C "=!%/0&21!5EKŠ4@C-t"%O$#&04%-'1*>0,@1*$O$##@0+`/)&21*
I(,$#".$#C @0%1,"!!!/219".60$#%EFH>0(D19".@)3)".93L*$OI".6)O$#<1DCfaQ&0#*!@Q14-R\(*&)9>n"%O99"_-B19(4I(V".1\Q(D1 – -t"%O$#&0=/M! – ‘)C#@0+
>0&09(`‚B1>)"_14I(S?"O$#$#O@LC%"%(H%-K!%@Q1*#@&0%&?(H)CO@)+  oEUuc`!^0".O@)>0_] ";>0O+>0$#C:!$##"%60$O`(*C2(D1! !".@L6M=32 P $O/?53 #@
1>0@0^14(*1*#%@E

  "!#$ %#'&()+*-,.) +0/21

qr-C%%&f".,"%(*8%3;6QC:C%%&)U*+Q".@0#p".1*#%@ 130 P $O/"(*.-B1D]H".4]7>0I9>(*>0&0$#3 6M\>)O+>0$OC:*$OI".60$#%S2>)_] ]&0$I3:C%&:/)*23

1"9>0O P JO143i•J#+%>0$#C *$OI".6)$O\(W%-B1D]U"%*\!".@:6?32 P !$#%/M3;6QC;"32%/01*#@0+"%$O$k.-Z1*>0V-R%$#$O_]7#@0+=1*>0!\O/M%*1"%@11*59>0@0Ia&)( (
  /R/ 5 /  158# < 39;
 
 €0G"%9>0# P #@0+,>0#+%>*$OI".6)O$#<1DCS% P !C`/M((W#60#$OO1DC=%-'&0!@)!U%-M*%9(K(W>)%&0$I36?7#@0##p!53
3 &0O@)+/)*232&)1J32 P !$#%/0!@Q1J"%(H&)9>L"%(H/M((W#60$#%EFH>0I(7!"%@ 6M="9>0O P 53;6C:"%30%/21O@0+ " P ".#1DC .-K"%@)( K&)(*#@0+
2 )(
]$O$ONs-R%&0@)303:(*.-B1D]H".4@0+%#@0!O@0+/09"%1*I(S&)(*O@0+ (*%&0@?3:325(W#+%@1*>)30%$#%+%#(S2"%32/21*#@0+(W&)<19".60$#=UŠV“ Y1*$#(S
".@)3(*@E

  /R/ 5 / !19}!$#&5 4 4%45 2

5

 1  qX@ (W/0O1*\.-&?(W#@0+`1>046M(W17" P "%O$I".6)$OJ*%" P %I30"%@)H19>0@0IaQ&0(S ".@C*%9(
D( 1O$#$' ".@)"%+%\1* ! *!/O@Q1*1>0`232E[FH>0(*!*(@03 1*6M`321o13f".@?3 ! P 3'EKFH>0I(7!".@f6M`"%9>0# P 3;1* "
±
$#"%*+V!^1*!@Q176C ! %@)32&?o1*#@0+1*>)%%&0+>: P O]J(7".@)3:1*5(D1O@)+)E V@)!\*%9(H".\301*5o13'S)1*>0C:!"%@6M"(W#$#CA0^23'E

– Ž

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

  Œ3 !  †58: /  <
9-  ; "_1*1*J>0_] !1*I&0$#%&?(W$#C *%7" P %I30".@)!".@)3!%J32!1*1*#%@1*59>0@0IaQ&0(V".\&?(W53'S)O14I(
P O * *
1 )
& %
" O
$ #
$ :
C #  ?
/ Q
 *
( *
( #6 0 O
$ =
 *
1 ; "%8%=" /)"o1*I!"%$Z(*.-B1D]H".`(WC2(W1*! !@Q1O!$#C *%*Ns-R*%EH€0!]”*%9(J(W1*#$O$/?(*#(W14 P !@i".-B1*
!"%*CO@0+f&21=1>0%%&0+>e* P #!]J(".@)3d1(W1*#@0+)E(*(".&)(*-t".#$O&)*5(!EnFH>?"_1=I(!S-t"%O$#&0(="%*:"%@0O-R(W1"_1O@{.-71>0
!*(4$#".1*@1,#@i1*>)(*C2(D1!fE`FH>0*!-R%`1*f"%9>)O P =>)O+>n!$##"%60O$#O1DC%S' P !@cO@d(WO1*&)".1*#%@)(\]7>0*!*(V"./)*5(W@15S
1*>0,(*C(W1* (W>)%&0$I3;6M\"%60$#41=1%$#!9"_1*41*>0V-t".&)$<19(7".@)3;!%/0&21\1*>0,*1(*&0$<19(!E[FH>0I(U#(H".$#$O53-t".&0$O1WNs1*$O"%@)E
€)"%&0$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@)!\".@6?`"9>0# P 53;6C ".-R&0$#$#C;O@?%/M%9"_1*#@0+*532&0@)30"%@)CE

Legend:
C1,C2,C3: Redundant copies
of the same component
C1
V
O
C2 T
I Majority Result
N
G
C3

(
€O+&0 –– “29>0 "_1*I l !/)*5(W@19"_1O@ %-F @ l

qr14I(J!$I"_1 P !$#C *( O/0$#1:32(*#+%@i" >)"%30]U"%*,aQ&0#/0!@Q1J1;6M`-t".&)$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@Q1EHFH>0`-R$O$#_]7#@0+;".,1D] !1*>0230(41*>)".1

"%*,/M%/0&0$I".$#C &)(W53 *1  "%9>0# P ,>)".932]H".J-t".&)$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@)! ;(

3#&&!

0 1 † )!
 +8 (
0 < ZqX@eˆqW“0F,Sk1*>0 (*C(W1* /M!O232I!"%$O$#Ci/M!*-R%(,(*!$O-G1(W1(,.-HO1(/?@0!@Q1(E J/M%@
3211*#%@L.-"-t"%O$#&0%S01>0=(*C2(D1! ".&21% "_1#".$#$OC *5%@0A)+%&0(HO1(*!$O-[6C(*]7<199>0#@0+ %&2141*>0=-t".&0$O1DC!%/M%@0@14"%@)3
(W]7O19>)O@0+#@f%@0,.-1*>030&0@)30"%@17+Q23/M%@)!@Q1(E

 / # 3: W5 <: / Á

* / < <9


) 8 W ( < %qX@ F @ l SQ"%(K1>07@)"%V(W&0++%5(D19(!Sh1>0*J32&0@?30".@Q1G/0#(K.-"%$O$)!*O1*I!"%$
±
 /M%@)!@Q1(`"%*  "32 1*n*&0@{!%@)!&0*!@Q1$OC ‚t(*!:€#+)E –%– oE V6)(W P 1*>)".1=O@Y€#+)E –%– S[ – S[ 0S"%@)3yUŽi"%*1>0 Y*
*532&0@)3)".@Q14/0O5(J%-1>0=(".=!*O1*I!"%$/?@0!@Q1E7FH>0(WC2(W1*! /M!*-R%( P .1O@)+;.-K1*>)`*5(W&)$<19(J/0232&)53f6C:1>0
*532&0@)3)".@Q1H!%/M%@0@19(1 (W$O5o1U1*>0, "_zD*O1DC*5(W&0$O1E[F @ l !"%@:>0$O/ 1*$O".1*V&0!@)!4.-%@0$#C;"(W#@0+%$#J-t"%O$#&0
"_1".@C1*#%E:‚rU".@nC%&d".@)(*]V]7>Ci" F @ l (9>0!"%@ibk1* P $OCf1%$#!9"_1*"(W#@0+%$#!%/M%@0@1\-t".#$#&0*%@)$OC 3h
ŠJ@y"(*(*&0/21O@{1*>)".1I(O/0$##!<1#@{1*>0fF @ l 19>0@)#aQ&0 #(=1*>)".1".1"%@QCc1*# @0$#Cd@0:%-71*>0:1*>0! *532&0@)3)".@Q1
/M%@)!@Q1(!".@:/0*232&?J*%@0%&)(*5(W&0$O1(E[FH>04 ".zD%<1DC*5(W&0$O1U".-B1* P .1*#@0+`]U%&)$#3 6M4*%@)!%&?([<-Z1D]`G%
/M%@)!@Q1(,!"%@i-t"%O$(*O&0$O1".@)!%&?(W$#C‡‚R%/0I(*!$#C%S'6M-R% ":!/?".#,".@c6? !"%*#3i&219EqX@e(*<1&)"_1O@)(,]7>0!
1D]G%4!%/?@0!@Q19(G".J$#O8!$#C=1`-t"%O$‚R%/030&)V!*@0!&)(K*5(W&)$<19(S%1>0!@;+*5"_1!G"%&0@Q1(G.-32&0@?30".@)!O5(
q*
]&0$I3 6M`aQ&0#*53;1;6M`O@?%/M%9"_1*53'EŠg$OO1W1$O1>0#@08O@0+ !".@L(*>0_]‹1*>)".1V"_1J$#"(D1 .@  – 32&)@)30".@Q1V!%/M%@0@19(
".VaQ&0#3:1*1*$O".1*(W#=&)$<19".@0%&)(U-t"%O$#&0(H.-@L%/M%@0@Q1E
ŠV(4/)".31;>)".932]H".%S)(*.-B1D]H".,-t".&)$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@)!`#(4=&)9>n>)".932!J1* "9>0# P EJFZ:O@ P 5(D1O+Q"_1,1*>0*5"%(*%@f6?>0#@)3
1>0#(S$#1`&)(\A?(W1,30#(&)((\1*>)19>0@)#aQ&05(&0*@Q1*$#CL6?O@0+f&)(*3n1*L"9>0O P (W%-B1D]U"%*=-t".&0$O1WNs1*$O"%@)E=ud 321*>0I(,O@d1>0
-R$O$#_]7O@)+(*&06)(*1*#%@E

    0 *   * .)   #)  *  

   
  

FH]U,!1*>0230(G".U@)_]y/M%/0&0$I".$#C`6?O@)+&)(W53`1`"%9>0# P U(*.-B1D]H".-t".&0$O1WNs1*$O"%@) -(
N P (*O@/)*+%9".O@0+\".@)3! P !C
6 $#298n19>0@)#aQ&05(!EiFH>05(W;1D]L19>0@)#aQ&05(=".;(*O/0$# "30"./219"_1O@)(.-H1>0:6)"(WI19>0@0IaQ&0(=&)(*3e1i/0 P I32 >)"%30]U"%*
0
-t"%&0$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@)!%EKud`32#(&?(*(U1>0(*\1D]1*59>0@0IaQ&0(7#@ 1*>0,-R$O$#_]7O@)+)E

– 

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

   / $#&5  / 586 / 2%'%'# <6

?
 FH>0I(1*9>)@0#aQ&07I([".@"%3)"./219"_1*#%@.-?1*>0JF @ l 19>0@)#aQ&0U-R%[>?".932]U"%*G-t".&0$O1WNs1*$O"%@)E
qX@1>0 N P !9(W#%@/0%+"%#@0+\1*59>0@0Ia&)%SQO@)30!/M!@)32@Q1G1*5". (32 P $O/ 32ObM*@1 P (*O@)(7‚ P "%$O&04.- 32/?@)30(%@1>0
32+%!\.--t".&0$O1WNs1*$O"%@)\*5aQ&0O3?G%-"(*.-B1D]H".V/?@0!@Q1`‚R232&0$#5EGFH>0,*532&0@)3)".@Q17232&)$O5(7".V&0@L@)&0!@Q1*$#C
‚t/?Q(*(*O6)$OCc%@d*532&0@)30"%@Q1`>)".932]H".5oE FH>0(*&0$O1(/0232&)!3c6QCn1*>0;30<bk!!@Q1 P (*#%@)(\.-U1*>) 232&)$O;"%* (*&062zD1*53n1
P .1*#@0+:".14&0@f1*#".@?3f1*>0=*5(W&0$O1V@L]7>0I9>L".zD%<1DC .-[1>0!%/?@0!@Q19(4".+*,#(\"%!/01*3EJFH>0!!@Q1*9".$I325" 6?>0#@)3
1>0#(,(9>0!#(41*>)".1\#@)32/?@)32@1,1". (V]&0$I3iO1,30<bk!!@Q141DC/M(\.-I(D19".8(SM]7>)#9>i]U%&)$#3L6M!$#O#@)"_13i]7>)!@
1>0f*5(W&0$O1(/0232&)!3Y6QCe1>0! ".(*&062zD5o13y1* P .1O@)+)EY•4_] P SK1>0#( (9>0fI(@0.1 P *C‡(*&)((W-R&0$HO@ "%9>0# P #@0+
-t"%&0$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@)!%SG"%@)3y1*>0f/0%60$#! !".@Y6?i".1W1*#60&213y1*      
 IHvDFDMC &H ¯H
  B£DMC
   

 “1"_1#(W1*I!"%$J*!$I"_1O@‡.-
-t"%O$#&0(7"%@)(H1>)"_14 P @ 1>0%&)+%>fO@?32 P I32&)"%$'1*5". (7]U%8%3 #@L#(*%$I"_1O@:1:32 P !$#%/ 1*>032<bk!!@Q1 P !9(W#%@?(%-" (W%-B1D]U"%*
!%/?@0!@Q15SQ(W1*#$O$?1*>)V32ObM*@Q1 P (*O@)(K-t"%O$?-R%#32@Q1*I!".$?*5"%(*%@)(EZqX@:.1*>)!G]U%930(S_1*>)V32ObM*@Q1 P (*#%@)([%-"`/M%@)!@Q1
(*>0_]g(*O#$#"%V-t"%O$#&0/?"_1W1!@)(E=FH>0I(\30Q5(\5".@n1*>)".1\1>0 32ObM*@1,232&0$#(32 P !$#%/M3i6QCL#@)32/?@)32@1`/)*+%9".!9(!S
".-B1*!,".$#$sSM!%@Q1"%O@LI32!@Q1#".$!*(EJFH>0="(W@-R%J1>0I(VI(V@0.1V-t".J1 (*!8MSM/0%+"%(7!%<1\!*(7#@L1>0(*=/)"%W19(
%-"/0%60$#! ]7>)#9>1*>)!C;/M!9 P V16?`32O†;&0$O1H| "%@)3:]7>?"_17#(432<†;!&0$<171%@0\1*5". I(7&)(*&)"%$O$#C:32O†;&0$O171* ".$#$k1*5". (E
“?S2#30!@Q1*I!"%$!*(! ".#@ #@1*>0Q(D1J/0$O!^"%@)3:$#"(D17&0@?32!9(D13 /)"%W19(H.-["(*.-B1D]H".,%/M%@0@Q1E

Legend:
component TB : try block

input TB1 TB2 TB3 TB4 exception

result result

test test test test

success failure failure

success
result

*£(
€O+&0 – [Šg“%-B1D]U"%*,€)"%&0$<1*NrF%$#!9".@?“29>0! 4(*#@0+ l ! P  *C ˆU$O2982(

9-5  / 1 ):5 9
/ qX@{1>0:! P *Ci6)$O298e(*9>0%S1*>0 *532&0@)3)".@Q1/?@0!@Q1(".;!"%$O$#3 ˆDFE+G iH IJ

 9 E G"9>c1*C
6 $#298!%/0&21(J1*>0=(".`@)3f(*&0$<1\"%(H1>0=%1*>0(76)&21VI(J#@Q1*!@Q1O@)".$#$OC ]7*O1W1!@i&?(W#@0+;";32Obk!!@Q1V".$#+%*O1*>)}/)".3
0
1 1>0 .1>0!\1*Ci6)$O2982(!EqX@ N P !9(*O@n/0%+"%#@0+)SM1>0;32ObM*@1 P !9(W#%@)(\%-U"f/M%@)!@Q1,"%*]7<1*1*@c6Cn32Obk!!@Q1
1". (%-\/0%+"%(S]7>0*5"%(#@ ! P *C{60$#298y32ObM*@Q1:".$#+%%O1*>0 (".f&)(W53 O@v32ObM*@Q1 1*C‡60$#982(E ŠJ$I(W?S#@
!%@Q1*9"%(W1`1*c1*>) N P (*#%@{/0%+"%#@0+n"%/0/0"%9>e]7>0*:1*>032&0@?30".@Q1!%/0#(".:&0@y!%@)!&0*@1$OCSKO@y1*>0*5 P N
*
*Ce60$#298‡"./0/0"9>e1*>0Cy".c‚m"%((*>0_]7@‡#@Y€O+?E – &0@y@0f"_-B1* ".@0%1*>0E{FH>0f(*&0$<19(=/)*232&)!3y6QC‡"n1*C{60$#298
*
"%*(W&060zDo13e1d"%@y"%/21"%@):1*(W1L‚t(*!f€#+)E – %oEdqr-J1>0:1(W1-t"%O$I(S[1*>0@‡1>0 @)^11*Ce60$#298e#(1*#3'E{FH>0I(=I(*!N
/M".1*3‡O@y"n(W5a&)!@)!:&0@Q1*#$1*>0 *5(W&0$O1=/0232&)!3{6Ce"L1*Cd60$O298e(W&?!5(*(W-R&0$#$OCe/)"(*(*(1*>0"%!!!/219".@)! 1*5(D15E .1*:1*>)".1
*
#@n€O+?E – ]U`>)" P (W>0_]7@c"%!!!/219".@)!1*5(D19(V(*!/?".9"_1*$OC:-R%,32ObM*@1V1*Cf60$O2982(71:>0$O/n&0@)32(W1"%@)3f1*>?"_1\1*>0=1*(W1(\".
"%/0/0$#O53`1V1>0U1*C60$#982(%@)H".-B1*1>07.1>0!5Sh1*>)%&0+>O1["hC6MH1*>)H"%(*G1>)"_1K1>07(*"%1*5(D1I(K"./0/)$O#3=1*,"9>`1*C`6)$O298kE

ŠV(J]H"%(71>0"%(*]7<1> N P (*#%@f/0%+%9".#@0+)S21>0=! P *C;6)$O2982(4"%/0/0"%9>f".$I(*:32(4@0.1V"9>0# P ==&)9>i(*&)!!((

#@ /)* P I32O@)+!bM5o1* P \-t"%&0$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@)!%E[FH>0,"%(*%@ 6?>0#@)3 1*>0I(H#(4".+"%O@(D19"_1#(W1*I!"%$k!%*$#".1*#%@;%--t"%O$#&0(E,4ObM*@Q1U1*C
6 $#2982(-t"%O$M-R%UI32!@Q1*I!"%$?"(W@)(G"(G]H"%(G^2/0$I".#@03:O@!"(WJ%- N P (*#%@ /0%+"%#@0+`"./)/0*Q"%9>EKˆU(*#30(S%1>0#(H"%/0/0"%9>
0
(*&2bk!9(4-R%‰":-R&0*1*>0\$##O1".1*#%@n1*>)".1\O1`!".@c%@0$#Cf6?&)(*3n<-G1*>01"(W8L325"%32$##@0(,".=&)9>n$I".+%J1>)".@n1*>01"(W8i!%N

– ,

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 /0&01"_1O@i1O(‚tmE %E\1"(W82(V>)" P $#"%*+`$I"_^2<1DC0Sk(*#@)1*>032ObM*@Q1V1*Cf60$#298(\".=/)&21V1 !^2&01*#%@i@0".-B1*!\1>0%1*>0
]7>0@f-t".#$O&)*5(J2!!&0EHFH>0`! P *C;6)$O298 "%/0/0"9> /M(*(V(W/M!#"%$Z32O† !&0$O1DC]7>)!@L&)(*3f]7O1*>L"%$<Ns1*#1"(W82(7]7O1*> P !C
(*>0%*1V(*$#"98:1O‚RsE E\(*>0%*1V325"%32$##@0=".@?3i@)(WI32"%60$O=^2!&21*#%@f1O5S"%(J1*>0=1*C6)$O2982(4"%*1*#3i%&21\%@0=".-B1*41>0
%1*>0J32"32$O#@05(H"hC:6?I(*(*3'EFH>)!-R%%S#@L(W&)9>f!"(W5(U1*>0$I"_1!H1*CQNr60$O2982(U&)(*&)".$#$OC %@Q19".#@ @0$OC (W8!$#1"%$232E
± 4-!%&09(*%SM<1I(4/M((W#60$#=1>)"_1\1*>)$I"_1!V1*CL60$O2982(\%@Q19".#@i%@0$#Ci(*8%!$#19".$232%S'/)*232&)!=@0$OCi"%/0/0h^2O "_1`(*&0$<19(V"%@)3
1>0!-R*\1"%8%,=&?9> $#((U1*#,-R%J/0&21".1*#%@1*>?".@ 1*>0,A)9(W171*C;60$#98kE

  

checkpoints acceptance test



   progress of
computation
rollback recovery
(
€#+%&)* – Ž G>098/M%#@1O@)+"%@)3 l %$#$O6?"%98 l 5 P  *C

 39
"Š57#*
=!$#*
36 
¢Á57& '¨29
19;5 1  / ),

 >0598/?O@Q1*#@0+f".@)3n*$O$ONr6)"%98f P !C I(,".@0%1*>0,/?/0&0$I".\1*59>0@0Ia&)1"9>0# P -t".&)$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@)!%EqX@c1*>0I(\1*59>0@0Ia&)"(

1>0:/0&21".1*#%@e/02!530(S'1*>0 (WC2(W1*! (D19"_1 #(,1(W1*53e"%9>c1*#:"_-B1!=(*% "%@0#@0+.-R&0$G/0*+%((\O@{/0&21".1*#%@eI(
 "%30%E,qX532I"_1*$OCi".-B1*," (D19"_1NX9>0981*5(D1(*&)!!!3)(!SM1*>)(W1".1*.-[1*>)(*C2(D1! I(V6?"%98%53L&0/c%@n"(D19".60$#(W1*"%+%:‚m(W
€#+)E – ŽQoEKqX@ "%(*41>0V@)^1H1*(W1732(U@0.17(*&)!!!3S1>0(WC2(W1* !".@ 6?\ "%32V1*%$#$<Nr6)"%981*1*>)\$I"%(W179>098/M%#@13;(W1".1*E
ŠJ-B1*!7"*$O$#6)"98MS-R%ƒ"9>)98/?O@Q13;(W1".1*,"-R(*> /0&21".1*#%@!".@:6?,#@0<1#".1*53'E[FH>0#(19>0@0IaQ&0\#(U(*/MI".$#$#C &)(W!-R&0$sS
O-1*>)!VI(H"=9>)"%@)41*>)".11>0(WC2(W1*!ƒ(W1".1*\"hC6M\!%*&)/21*53;"%(G1*>0,/0&21".1*#%@ /0*2!!3)(!S(W&?9> "%(U30".1"=!%*&)/21*#%@;
/025(*(*%-t".#$O&)*E

¯À´A ¹`» w¼7½ 40 k 

ud`>)" P `".$#*5"%32C:(*!@1*>)".1V" ".$ONs1*#,19"%(*8:I(7%@)-R%J]7>)#9>LaQ&)".@Q1<19"_1* P !^2/0*5(*(*#%@)(H%-1O="%*@)!3031*;30(O6M
O1(46?>)" P OE7FH>0I(4aQ&)"%@1<19"_1 P ^2/0((W#%@f.-K1O=&?(W&)"%$O$#C "%/0/M".9(7#@L1*>)-R%}%-";@)(D1"%O@Q1J@f1*>01O"_14]7>0I9>
1>01"(W8i/)*232&)!((*&0$O1(E FH>0 (W1-R*5a&)!@Q1*$#Ci2!!&0*#@0+1*##@0+i!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1\I(`"f32"32$#O@0;!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1]7>0#9>dI(&)(*3
1;^2/0((U1*>)".1V"19"%(*8:I(JaQ&0#*53:1;/)&21*`O1(4*5(W&)$<19(J]7O1*>0#@i(W`32"32$O#@0EUud1>0!-R*#/0$OIO1*$#Cf"%((W&0@0$OC
325"%32$##@0`1DC/M=.-K1O#@0+ !%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(J@f1"(W82(J#@L1>0#(\(*o1O@S?1*>0&0+%>L%1*>041DC/M(J%-G@)(D1"%O@Q19(`‚t"(4!^/)$#"%O@053fO@d“%E
– E %G "hC;2&07#@f/0"o1#!%EK*5".$ONm1O\1"(W82(H!"%6f6?`!$#"(*(*<A?3;#@Q1*1>0,-R%$#$O_]7#@0+1*>0!6)*Q"%3:"_1!+%*#( (
Š}*5".$ONm1O:1"%(*8{!"%@‡6?f$I"%((*<A)53{#@1n<1>0!>)".93'S(*.-B15S%=A)* "%$<Ns1*#;1"(W8{32/?@)32#@0+d%@{1>0
!%@)(*aQ&0@)5(H.-"19"%(*8;#((*O@0+O1(7325"%32$##@0%E

qr1[I(K@0.1[@05((".CV1>)"_1G"%$O$19"%(*82(%-M"\".$ONs1*#H"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@6?$O@0+\1*\1*>0J(".H!".1*!+%C%Eqr1I(K/M((W#60$#1>)"_132Obk!!@Q1
19"%(*8(.-Z"=*5".$ONm1O\(WC2(W1*!ƒ".@;6M!$#%@0+=1*32<bk!!@Q17!".1*!+%O5(!Euc\@0_]v$#"%6?".1*71>0(*J1>0*J1DC/M(U.-"%$<Ns1*#J1"(W82(E

¶ / W12  #&%' †
   / ŠŒ>?".93n"%$<Ns1*#19"%(*8nI(,%@01>)"_1`I(`!%@)(W1*9".#@03n1*f/0232&)! <19(*5(W&)$<19(,]7<1>0O@‡!!*1"%O@
/030A)@053f1*#=6M%&0@?30(!EVFH>0(*C2(D1! #(\@)(WI32*53:1:>)" P ,-t".#$O53L]7>0@0 P !V"%@C %-KO1(V>)"%3f"%$<Ns1*#1"(W82(430Q5(J@0%1
/0232&)!\O1(J*5a&)O3 *5(W&)$<19(H6?!-R%V1>0`(*/?5OA)3 1*#6?&0@)3'E

Š4@{^0"./0$#;.-J"i(*C2(D1! >)" P O@)+L>)".93e*5".$ONm1O19"%(*8(`#("f*6?%1ELFH>0 *6?%1=C2$##".$#$OCe!"%*#(,%&01"L@&0=6M!.-

"o1* P <1O5([#@)$#&)32#@0+`=&0@0I!".1*#%@]7O1*>1*>)J>0(W1G(*C(W1*fS%$#%+%+O@)+\"%$O$)!%/0$#13 "%1* P <1O5(!SQ(W@)(W#@0+\1*>)J!@ P O%@)@Q11
32!1*5o14".@C;6)(W1"%!$O5(H/0(*!@Q1S1"98Q#@0+1*>062zD1(H%-#@Q1*!(W1S2/?"_1*>f/0$I".@)@0O@)+)S2bk1*#@0+ @0!^Q1J P %S219.E _]‹@)(*#32
1>)"_11*>0 *6?%1(W&?3032!@)$OCe!@?%&)@1!9(="%@‡%6)(W1"$#%EiFH>0 *6?%1==&?(D1321o1O1".@?3{"%((W%@‡"(`/M((W#60$# 1*Cd1*c(!"./M
!%$#$OI32#@0+;]7O1*>iO1EVqr-<1V-t".#$#(41*;(*/M%@)31:O1\aQ&0I98Q$#Ce‚RsE EJ1*>)@)*@)31"(W82(J"%*=@0.1,%/0$#13L6M-R*`1*>0*5a&)O3

– 

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

1O;6M%&0@?3)\1*>)!@e<1]&0$#3e!%$#$OI32]7<1>e1*>0:%6)(W1"$#"%@)3c1*>0:*6?%1,]U%&)$#3d6M;%@?(WI32!3c1L>)" P -t".#$#3'E:FH>)!-R%
32!1*5o1*#@0+ 6)(D19"%!$O5(U"%@)3*5"%1*#@0+=1 <14"%*\>)"%3 *5".$ONm1O\1"(W82(E

Š4@0.1>0!7"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@>)" P O@)+>)"%3:*5".$ONm1OV1"(W82(U#(7"%@"%@Q1*ONsI(*(*O$#,(WC2(W1*!fE[ŠJ@L"%@1<Nr#((*O$#\(*C2(D1! !%@)(*I(D19(%-Z1>0

-R$O$#_]7O@)+;<1#".$Z"o1* P <1O5(=‚R1"%(*82(EUŠ4@n".@Q1<Nr#((W#$#`(WC2(W1*!}=&)(W1JA)9(W1V3211V".$#$Z#@)O@0+:I((W#$O5(!S)/0*/?*$#C:/M(*O1*#%@
1>0"%@1<Nr#((*O$#`+%&)@S'".@)3f1>0!@iA)*=1*:30(W1*_C:1>0=#@)O@0+ #((W#$#=6M-R%1>0#@)!%O@)+;#((W#$#!"%@i32 "%@C30"% ".+%E
Š4$O$k1>0(*\1"%(*82("%*\>)"%3:*5".$ONm1O\O@ @)"_1&0*,".@?3;1>0".@Q1*ONsI(*(*#$O,(WC2(W1*ƒ]&0$#3:6?!%@)(*#30!3 1>?" P J-t"%O$#3S2<-K".@C .-
O1(H19"%(*82(U-t".#$#(U1!%/0$#16?!-R%V1>0`*(*/M%@)32#@0+32"32$#O@05(!E


Š4/0/0$##"_1*#%@?(J>)" P #@0+;>)"%3f"%$<Ns1*#1"(W82(4"%*,1DC/0I!"%$O$#CL(*".-R1DCQNX<1#".$G‚rU".@LC%&f1*>0#@08i"%@L^0"./0$#`.-G";>)".93f*5".$ON
1O (WC2(W1*‰1*>)".1#(,@0%1,("_-R!1DCQNr!*O1*I!"%$ 3 ‡FH>)#(,"%@)(V1*>)".1`".@Cf-t".#$O&)*.-U" "%$<Ns1*#=19"%(*8kS'O@)!$O&?32O@)+O1(\-t"%O$#&0=1
!!171*>0"(*(*2I"_1*53:325"%32$##@0(S2]&0$I3:(*&0$O1H#@L(W P *,@)(W5aQ&0!@)!(EFH>)#(7 "%8%(U>)"%3 ".$ONs1*#V1"(W82(H!^Q1*!$#C:<1*N
I!"%$mEUO1*I!".$#O1DC;.-["1"%(*8 ".@"%@0+%\-R% !^1*!!$#C !*O1*I!"%$k1* @0%14(W O1*I!".$sEF"%(*8:<1#".$#<1DC:1*>0*!-R%,#(7" 32Obk!!@Q1
32#!@)(*#%@L1>)".@L>)"%3i%4(*.-B1,9>)".9"%1*!#p"_1O@ %-G"1"(W8kE\O1*I!".$#O1DC %-G"1"(W8#(\" "(W&)*`%-K1*>0(W1V%-" -t".#$#&0*|
1>0>0#+%>0H1*>0`!(W1H%--t"%O$#&0%S1>0%,!*O1*I!"%$'#(U1>0,1"(W8kE

€)%U>)".93;"%$<Ns1*#J1"(W82(U#@:/09"%1*I!".$'(*C2(D1! (!SQ1>041O,6M%&0@)3)(H&)(W&?".$#$OC9".@0+J-R% (* P "%$?I(*!%@)30(1"=-R!]

#$O$#(W5@)30(E\qr1, "hCL6?@0%1*3i1*>)".1," >)"%3L"%$<Ns1*#`19"%(*8i32(\@0.1,@03L1 6M%/0$#13n]7<1>0O@c1*>)(*>0%*1*5(D1\1*#
/M((W#60$#%S60&21=O1I(!!$#Cd*5a&)O3n1*>)".1`1*>);1"(W8c=&)(W1!%/0$#1* ]7O1*>)O@{1>0:(*/?5OA)3d1O;6M%&)@)3'EfqX@{.1>0!`]U%930(S
1>0!VI(U@0*]U"%3 #@ !%/0$#1O@0+">)".93;"%$<Ns1*#J1"(W8 &)9> "%>0"3 .-<19(H32"32$O#@0EKFH>)#(UI(7".@:#/?W19".@Q1H%6)(*! P "_1*#%@
"%@)3;1>0I(7]&0$I3;19".8%" !!@Q1*9".$k/)"%W17#@&0J32I(*!&)((W#%@)(H@:19"%(*8:(9>032&)$O#@0+O@1>0@0^171D]U9>?"./21!9(!E

¸# / % 12  #&%'  /  P !C=A) "%$<Ns1*#J1"(W8 I(H"%((W2!#".1*3;]7<1>(*%\/0*532A?@03 32"32$O#@0\6?!-R%V]7>)#9> <17I(

aQ&0#*531*`/0232&)!J<19((*&0$O1(E•4_] P !5S.&0@)$O#8%4"`>)".93*5".$ONm1OH19"%(*8MS P !@ ]7>0@;",A) "%$<Ns1*#H1"%(*832(@).1!%N
/0$#1H]7<1>0O@O1([325"%32$##@0%S_1>0J(*C(W1* 32(@0%1K-t".#$mE[FH>0H$I"_1*U(*&0$<19([".*$OC=30#(!"%3253'EZqX@.1>0!K]U%930(Sh1*>07&21O$#O1DC`.-

1>07*5(W&)$<19(!%/0&2136C="VA)g*5".$ONm1OU1"(W86M!%(Kp!"_-B1*K1*>07325"%32$##@0%EK€O+?E – (9>0".1*I!"%$O$#C`(W>)_]J(Z1>07&21O$#<1DC

%-1>0*5(W&)$<19(H/0*232&?36C:"A) "%$<Ns1*#V19"%(*8 "(7"=-R&)@)o1O@L.-1*#EqX@L€O+?E – <14".@f6M`(W!@ 1*>)".14<-1*>)*5(W/M%@)(*
1OH.-k"J19"%(*8^030(1*>)H(*/MOA)53325"%32$##@0%S_1>0!@1*>)U&01*#$OO1DC`.-?1*>0H(*&0$O1(6?55(p!!,".@)3`1*>0H(*&0$<19(K".U32I(!".93253'E

Utility

100%
Deadline

0
Response Time
€#+%&0 – ( J1*#$OO1DC %- l 5(W&)$<1J%-K"€O l 5".$ONrFH#`F"(W8 ]7O1*>LFH#

€#* *5".$ONm1O19"%(*82(71DC/0I!".$#$#Cf"%6?&0@)3f#@i=&)$<1O30#""./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(EJFH>0`-R$O$#_]7#@0+:".1D]U;^0"%/)$O5(J.-[A?* *5".$ON

(
1O,1"(W82(

 # <15ž9;5
ˆ  / 
<9-#*
36 qX@ " P #32{%@0-R!!@)!O@0+e"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@S P #30!d-R"%( ".@?3‡1>0i"%%/)"%@CQ#@0+e".&)30O{".

@ P !*1*53O@Q1*/)"98%19("%@)31"%@)(WO1W13:1*`1>0,*5 P !G P !U"=@0!1D]*8kEK•J_]U P !5S(*%4-R9".5(G "hC+%!1H32$#"hC3
"_1J32ObM*@Q1H@)30(732&0#@0+1*9".@)(*<17@"/)"98%1*Nr(*]7O19>053;@0!1D]*8;32&),1* @0+%5(D1O@ "_1J32Obk!!@Q1J@0232(E[FH>0I(7 "hC

    ! "#%$&'(%)% *+-,./10"1$ %$& !223546*/ 7%$&$&*8*9$&*$&* (%
:; 0,.$&!#(=<>:,.$&!&%:; 0?-><@%><@8$&!&;$&$ *A8%%  3

– 

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 *5(W&)$<1\O@ P ".CQ#@0+a&)!&0#@0+f32!$I"hC2(4!^/M!#!@)!3i6CL/)"98%!1(41*9" P !$#$#O@0+ ".$#%@0+32<bk!!@Q1%&21(E P @i]7>0@n/)"98%19(
1*9" P (*1*>0(*"%:*&21*SK(*%;/?"%98%!1(`".@e19".8%:=&)9>‡*1O 1*>)"%@e1*>0 .1*>)!=/?"%98%!1(32&0 1i1*>) (*/?5OA?
1*9".@)(*#((*O@Y(W1*9"_1*+%C{&)(*3 "_1 1>0L@02325(!Ew‚*@i%f30#(&)((*O@)(%@Y1*>0I( I(*(*&0f#(;+% P !@YO@j>)"%/21* E uv>)!@v"
W19".#@:-R9".,#(J6?O@0+ /)$#"hC3'S2O-K(*%,/0!32#@0+-R"%`".* P 5(".171*>0!! P !5S1*>)!@1*>0I(H-R9".I(H.-K@0 &)(*,"%@)3
#(730#(!"%3253'BE V&0,1*1>0I(7*5"%(*%@S2]7>)!@L"-R"%\I(J32$#"hC3 6C:%\1*>)"%@f("hC;@0`(W5@)3'S0O1J#(4(W#/0$OC32I(*".9323
"_1H1*>)*5! P WNr!@?3;]7O1*>0&214!"%*CO@0+%&214"%@C;/0!((W#@0+%@<15E

 2!1&:# !  3 $ ! /  9 # <6½5 ¶ <1% ½%45 1%' =!

0 9'  

() 1
 %@)(*I32!:"y(*".1*!$#$#<1L1*>)".1:19".8%5(;/0Io1&0(;%-`".@v!@)!=C
1**<1%Ci".@)3e6M"% (<1=1*i"f+%%&)@)3c(W1".1*#%@{/0&21*-R9". 6Ci-R9".%EFH>0;+%%&)@)3c!%/0&21!`/)*25(*(*(,5"%9>
-R"%[1*4A)@)31>0G/M(*O1*#%@)"%$Q32Obk!!@)!G.-)30<bk!!@Q162zD1(Z.-0#@1!(W1]7O1*>*5(W/M1Z1*J1*>0OK/M(*<1O@O@=1*>0/0* P O&)(
-R"%41301**#@0\1*>0, P !@Q1(U.-1*>0,@0!C%E[uv>0@:1>0,+%%&0@)3 /)&21*7#(H P !$OQ"%3253'S"@0]j#"%+%\ "hC
6?,!! P 3  P !@6?!-R%".@%$I32!H#"%+%,I(U1".8!@&0/-R%7/025(*(*O@)+)EqX@ 1>0I(7!"%(*%S1>0%$I327O ".+VI(H.-K@0%1H&)9>
&)(*%E[•J@),1>0%$I32!7# ".+(U "hC;6?`30#(!"%3253 "%@)3:1*>0!!@Q1*$#C; P 3 O "%+%&0$#3 6M/0*2!((W53'E
€)%HA) "%$<Ns1*#V19"%(*82(!S1>0="%((*!#".1*53 1*#6?&0@)30(71DCQ/)#".$#$OC "%@0+%V-R*}"-R!] O$#$#(*@)30(U1;(W P !9".$k>&0@)30*530(H.-
#$O$#Z(*@)30(E

Utility

100% Deadline

0
Response time
€#+%&0 – ,£( J1*#$OO1DC:%-1>0 l (*&0$O1(JTG*232&?3:6C:";“.-B1 l ".$ONXFHOF"(W8;ŠV(JŠw€0&)@)o1O@%-KFH#

Œ5ˆ!Á12  #&%'†
0  / “2.-B14"%$<Ns1*#1"(W82(J"%$#(* >)" P ,1O`6M%&)@)30(\"%((W2I"_13 ]7<1>L1*>)!fEJ•J_]U P ! 5S0&0@0$#O8`>)"%3
%" @)3A) "%$<Ns1*#J19"%(*8(S.1>0J1O#@0+%@?(D1"%O@Q1(%@:(*.-B1U*5".$ONm1O719"%(*8(".J@0%1G^2/0((W53 "%(".6)(*%$#&21* P ".$#&0(EqX@?(D1"%3S
1>0`@)(D1"%O@Q19(U"%*,!^/)*5(*(*3:!O1*>0JO@1!(H%-Z1>0`" P "%+%4(*/M%@)(*\1*#5(7aQ&0#*53'E

Š4@n^0"%/)$O.-"(W%-B1V"%$<Ns1*#`1"(W8LI(\]6i60_]J(W#@0+?E %"%$O$#C%S'".-B1*!,".@ l
‚
 3# b5 / %  5 / 9- 5 9;2! /

  .
I(7$##983'S1>0*(*/?@)32#@0+=]U!6/)"%+%\#(U-R!19>053"%@)332#(*/0$I"hC%53;]7O1*>0#@L"!%&0/)$O\.-K(W5%@?30(H%@ 1*>0" P !9".+%E•4_] P !5S
]7>0@e<119".8%5((W P "%$#@&21*5(1*L32I(*/0$#"hCc"f*5a&)(W1*3c/)"%+%%S] (W1*#$O$32L@0.1=!%@)(*I32!,1>0;(WC2(W1* 1*f>)" P -t".#$O53'SZ60&01
!!$#C;!^/)*5(*(1*>?"_171*>)/?W-R* ".@?,.-1*>0`(*C2(D1! >?"%(732+%9"%3253'E

Š4@0.1>0![!^2"%/0$OH%-k",(*.-B1".$ONs1*#U19"%(*8`#(G"419"%(*8`>)"%@)32$#O@0+`"\aQ&05(D1K-R%",(*".1*5(W P "_1O@=#@ "V9".#$#]U"hC(*! P "_1*#%@

± 4*
"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@ZE V@);"aQ&0(W1-R%(*! P "_1O@cI(, "%32SZ1>0 *5(W/M%@?(W (*>0%&0$I3d2!&)]7<1>0O@ %‘f(W5%@?30(,%@d1*>);" P !9".+%E
FH>0 (*/M%@)(*"hCn!O1*>06? #@d1*>0 -R* .-7" /)*#@Q1*3c1#981%`"%@e"%/?$O+%CL((".+%%@{"!&0@Q1.-&)@)" P ".#$#"%60O$#O1DCi.-
( ,
(*".1(E=ŠJ$O1**@)".1* P $OCS']O+>1`(W1".1*1*>0 @)(W1*9".#@1\%@c1*>01*I98%!1*#@0+ 1"%(*8i"%( VŠU1$#"(D1,O@e!"(W.-  ’}%-(*! P "_1*#%@
*
aQ&05(D19(!S1>0,1*I98%!17(*>0&0$#3 6M/0*2!((W53 "%@)3:/)*#@Q1*3#@f$O5(*(U1>)".@ .‘(*@)30(E

17&)(7@0_] ".@)"%$OCpV1>0#/?"%o17%-1>0,-t".#$O&)*,.-["(W%-B1J*5".$ONm1O\1"(W8;1*!1V<19(732"32$O#@0S06C 1"%8Q#@0+1*>)`^0"./0$#

*
%-[1*>0"%O$#]U"hC:*5(W P "_1O@1"%(*8kEJqr-[1*>)`1*I98%!1VI(J/0#@13L#@n"%6?&21 .‘:(W5%@?30(!SM]U-R!$Z1>)"_1V1*>0(WC2(W1*! I(4]U%8O@0+A?@0
"%@)3f+%!1V"-R!$Z%-K>?" P #@0+;621"%O@)3O@?(D19".@Q1V(*&0$O1(EHŠV(4"%$O"32C (W1".1*3S)#((*3L325"%32$#O@)(J%-(W%-B14*5".$ONm1O19"%(*82(J32;@0%1
(*&0$O1U#@ (*C2(D1!Œ-t".#$#&0*5(!EK•J_]U P !5S%1>0\&21*#$OO1DC .-Z1*>0\*5(W&)$<19(/)*232&)!3 6C;"(W%-B1U"%$<Ns1*#J19"%(*8-t"%$O$I(H@1O@&0&)(*$OC]7O1*>
, ,
1O"_-B1*41>0=!^2/0OCf.-[1>030"%30$O#@0"(V(*>0_]7@L#@c€#+)E – 2EVqX@n€O+?E – 2S?1*>0&21O$#<1DCf%-1*>0*5(W&)$<19(4/0232&)!3i"%* – ‘%‘’

– 

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

O-/030&)53f6?!-R%1*>032"32$#O@0S?"%@)3i"_-B1!41*>0=30"%30$O#@0=I(J/?"%((W53:1>0=&01*#$OO1DCf.-K1*>0*5(W&)$<19(4(*$O_]7$#C;-t"%$O$I(J%bd]7O1*>L1OE
€)%7(W%-B17*5".$ONm1OV1"%(*82(1*>)".1U1DC/0I!"%$O$#C;2!!&0HO@/09"%1*I!".$'"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@?(!SQ1*>)V1O6M%&0@?30(H&)(*&)".$#$OC 9".@)+%V-R* "=-R9"%1*#%@
%-K"(*@)3:1* "-R!]”(W5%@?30(!E

5 IÁ12 #:%' †

 / Š}@0@2Ns"%$<Ns1*#;19"%(*8dI(@0.1;"(*(*2I"_1*53e]7<1> "%@Cc1Of6M%&0@)3)(!E U"%@yC%&{1>0O@)8‡.-V"%@C
!^2"%/0$O,%-"@0%@0Ns"%$<Ns1*#419"%(*83!@L(W17.-Z1>0#@1!9"%1* P ,%/0&01"_1O@)(HC%& /M!*-R% @0_] "30"hC2(U"%*\>)"%@)32$#36C:(W%-B1
"%$<Ns1*#1"(W82(E•4_] P !5Sh".6M%&211D]V%1*>0!H325!"%30(6)"%98kS_]7>0@/0&21*(]U!G@0%1#@Q1*!9"%1* P U".$#Q(D1K".$#$Q1"%(*82(Z]U!
-(
@0@2Nr*5".$ONm1O%EKŠv-R] ^0"%/)$O5(.-@)%@2Nr*5".$ONm1O719"%(*82("%* Z6)".19>;/025(*(*O@)+7zD%6)(SQNr"%O$sS2".@)3;6)"%98+%%&0@?31"%(*82(G(*&)9>
"( P @1H$#%+%+!9(!E %& "hC >0_]U P "%*+&041>)"_17 P !@:1*>05(W\19"%(*8(SO@ 1*>),(W1*Io1J(W@)(*V%-Z1*>)V1!fS032>)" P \!*1"%O@ 1*#
6M%&0@?30(!E7€)%4!^0"./0$#%S?"%@LNr ".#$#(4^2/Mo131;*5"%9>fO1(430(W1*#@)"_1O@i"_14$#"(D14]7O1*>)O@n" !%&0/)$O`%-[>0%&09(7%-K6M!#@0+:(*!@Q15E
“#O$I".7I(U1*>)`!"%(*\]7<1>f"6)".19>/0!((W#@0+VzD%6L(*&)9>"(U/)"hCQNr(*$O#//0*#@Q1*#@0+)EKuv>)".171*>0@f*5".$#$OC I(U1*>0`30<bk!!@)!,6?!1D]!@
"@0@2Nr*5".$ONm1O\1"(W8".@)3f";(*.-B1J"%$<Ns1*#,1"%(*8 3n€)%J@)%@2Nr*5".$ONm1O\1"(W82(S21*>)="%((W2!#".1*3:1*#`6M%&0@)3)(4".\1DC/0#".$#$OC .-
1>0V30!U.-Z"=-R!] #@Q&01*(S>0%&)(%U P !@ 3)"hC(EqX@ @Q1*9"%(W1S1*>0V1*#V6M%&0@?30(H"%((W2I"_13 ]7O1*>(W%-B1U"%$<Ns1*#J19"%(*8(U".
".1HQ(D1J%-Z1*>)%932!7%-"-R!]”(W5@)30(E

¿º

¹Lº   )ºL¨

ud=>)" P `(W!@L1>)"_1V1*>0*1*@05(*(H%-*5".$ONm1O19"%(*8(V32!/M!@?3L6?%1*>i@f1*>0$O+%I!"%$*1*@05(*(H%-[1*>0*5(W&)$<1V"(J]U!$#$"(
@ 1*>0,("_1*I(W-t"%o1O@;.-'1>0,%(*/?@)32#@0+1*#O@)+!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(EFH>0V1*#O@0+@)(W1*9".#@19(G"(G]UV(*>)".$#$k(W4#@;1*>)#(7“5o1*#%@ZSQ#@
-t"o17"./0/0$#C1*!*1"%O@: P @Q1(O@:"(WC2(W1*E[FH>05(WV P !@Q1( "hC6M\+%!@)!9"_1*536C1>0V1"%(*82(1>0! (*!$ P 5(G1*>)V@ P #*@0!@Q1
%-[1*>0(WC2(W1*!fE4Š4@n!^2"%/0$O=.-G(*&)9>i".@i P @1V#(41*>0 P !@Q14.-G"o1 P "_1O@i.-":%1*E l !=6M!V1*>?"_141>0*5(W&0$O1(4 "hC
6M +%@0!9"_13n".1`32<bk!!@Q1,1*#(`"%@)3c<1` "hCL@0%1,6M #@c1>0-R% .-H"f(W#@0+%$#%@01O (*&0$<15Eud =&?(D1,A)9(D1/0%/M!$#C
9>)"%"o1!OpJ1*>) P @Q1(H#@f"(*C2(D1!fS21*&0@?32!9(D19".@)3:1*>),1*##@0+ 6M!>)" P #%7%-".$ONs1*#(*C2(D1! (!E

   !#     * &( * )     /   

Š4@‡ P !@Q1= "hCn6M:+!@0".1*3d<1>0!6QCc1*>) (*C(W1* `O1(!@ P O%@0@15ELˆU"(W53d%@e1*>)#(@)(WI32".1*#%@S P @Q1(=".@{6M
!$#"(*(*<A?3 O@Q1*1>0,-R%$#$O_]7#@0+1D]U1DC/M( (
­!$#&%< 
0  =! (
 1
 =“Q1*#=&0$#&)( P @19(,".+!@0".1*53i6CL1*>) !@ P O%@0@1".@?3d"o1%@c1*>);(WC2(W1*!fE FH>05(W P !@Q1(,".@
6? /030&)53‡"%(*C@)9>0%@0&)(W$#Cy‚tmE %Ee"./M!O232I!"%$O$#C0oEn€)%^0"./0$#%S"L&?(W/0((*O@0+c"L60&21*1*%@Y%@‡"i1*!$#!/)>0%@0(W!1
+%@0!9"_1(U"(W1*#=&0$#&)(U P !@Q1H1*"%1U@:1>0\1*!$#!/)>0%@0,(*C(W1*fEG“Q1*#=&0$#&)(H P !@Q19(".@f".$I(W6?,+%@0!9"_13:/?*#232#".$#$OCE
Š4(7"%@#@)(W1"%@)S0%@?(WI32!U1>0/?*#232I(W@)(W#@0+.-1*>0,1!/M!9"_1*&)*%-Z1*>)*5"%o1%H#@f"@&)!$O5".7/0$I".@Q1E
Á  5
  =! (
 1
 l (*/?@)(W P !@Q1("%* &)(W&?".$#$OC{/0232&)!3‡6Ce1>0L(WC2(W1*! #@ *5(W/M%@)(*;1d(*%f(D1O&0$#&)( P !@Q1(E
l  (*/M%@)(*J P !@Q1(U"%1@ 1*>0\!@ P #*@0!@Q1EK€0!^2"%/0$OSQ!%@)(*I32!H"=9>0#".$)/)$#"%@1H]7>0*4"((*%@:"([1>041!/M!*N

"_1&0*U^0!!3)( – ‘%‘ VSh1*>)H(*C2(D1!g(*/M%@)30(6C=(*]7<199>0#@0+V%b 1*>0H>05"_1!5E•4!%S_1>0H P @Q1%-)1*/?".1*&0H^032#@0+

– ‘‘ ‹I(J1>0(W1*#=&)$O&)(\".@?3i(W]7O19>)O@0+:.be.-[1*>)=>05"_1*4I(J1>0=(*/M%@)(*%E l (*/?@)(W P !@Q1(V!".@L<1>0!\6M=/M!O232I
%7"./M!#30#%E

Š4@v P @Q1: "hCY<1>0! 6?cO@)(W1"%@Q1".@)!%&?( %; "hC >)" P i!!*1"%O@ 32&)".1*#%@Ew€0:!^2"%/0$OSJ"{60&21*1*@ /0((  P !@Q1:I(
3 5(*!*#6M3c6QCn1*>0;30&0".1*#%@c-R%]7>0I9>d1*>0 6)&21W1%@e]U"(,8%/21`/0((W53'E;“%;".&01*>0(,".+%&)=1>)"_1=32&)".1*#%@)"%$[ P @Q1(".
2
"%$O$#C@).1U"`6)"%(*#71DCQ/M4%- P !@Q1SQ60&21H!".@:6?V^2/0((W53&)(W#@0+`%1*>0 P @19(!EqX@ -t"o1SQO1UI(/M((W#60$#J1@)(*#32G"=30&0".1*#%@
(
 P !@Q1V"(4" %60#@)"_1O@%-[1D]: P @Q1( H":(D19".*14 P !@Q1V".@?3i".@L@)3L P !@Q1EV€0%V^0"./0$#%S?1*>)=60&21*1*@i/0((J P !@Q1V".@i6M
 
325(*!*#6M36C:" =60#@)"_1O@ %- (W1".*1760&21*1*%@L/)*5(*(x0".@)3 !@)360&01W1*@f/0*5(*(x0 P !@Q19(!E•4_] P !5S<1JI(7%-B1*!@L!%@ P @0O@Q1U1
19".#@ 1*>0\@0%1*#%@;%-Z"=32&09"_1O@)".$M P !@Q1EKqX@ 1>0I(G1^1S]UV!%@)(*#30!H32&09"_1*#%@?".$) P @19("("(W/M!#"%$M!$#"(*(G.-Z P @19(!E 4(*#@0+
1>0`/0!$#O#@)".C:@).1*#%@?(4".6M%&014 P !@Q1(J30#(&)((*3f#@f1*>0I(4(*&06)(*1*#%@S?]=!$#"(*(*O-RC P ".O&)(H1DC/M(J%-K1*##@0+:!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(7#@
(*&06)(*1*#%@ – E E – E

– 

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

   ) *   2

*  +         %     *    
ŠŒ$I"%((*<A?"_1O@L.-G1>032<bk!!@Q1,1DC/?5(\.-1O#@0+L%@?(D1"%O@Q1(4#(,#/?W19".@Q1E .1%@)$OCf]U%&0$I3iO1+% P =&?(\"%@n#@)(*O+>1,#@1
1>0 32<bk!!@Q1,1DC/?5(,.-1*##@0+L@)(W1*9".#@19(V1*>)".1".@c^2#(W1O@e"f(WC2(W1*S'6)&21`<1`".@e".$I(W >0!$#/c&?(\1*LaQ&0#98$#CL#30!@Q1*O-RCi1>0
32Obk!!@Q1,1*##@0+i!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(41*>)".1=!".@c^2I(D1,-R% "f!"(W&?".$K^0".#@)"_1O@n%-U"/0%60$#!fEFH>)"_1I(!S#@{"%3030<1O@n16M1*1*
&0@?32!9(D19".@)30O@0+4.-21*>)G6M!>)" P #%%-)"J(WC2(W1*ShO1".@="%$#(*7$O!1&)(]U%84%&01Z1*>)(*/?5OA?!".1*#%@.-)"J*5".$ONm1OG(*C2(D1!”"%!!&09"_1*$OCE

V<bk!!@Q11O#@0+i@)(D1"%O@Q19(\"(*(*2I"_13c]7<1>e""%$<Ns1*#(*C2(D1! !".@d60"32$OCn6?;!$#"(*(*<A?3cO@Q1*L/M!*-R% ".@)!"%@)3

6M!>)" P #%9".$'@)(W1*9".#@19(!E

2T;|i€ 1|ˆUqZrvX T0X  r$OxSF|~Z;Vr$SQOYZ}|~TSFp$T0X  r$OxSF|~Z;Vr$SQO SFpRZ$SYZ}|~T"VU{};OMT]L2r0SFpRTL| TO {}2rROxT}€<SFp$TOxP$OxSQT}U`„­T;pRZ$y;V 1|~Z[

X)2rROQSF| Z;VrSQO¸Z;| TSFpRT0X 2rROQSF| Z;Vr$SQO SFpvZ$S†Z;|~T`VU{};OMT]L2r0SFpRT0OQSwVUu[ V -T}rRT}| Z$SQT] ‹ P0SFpRT0T}r$y;V|  r-U‚T;rS)„

ˆU!>?" P #%9".$0!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1([@)(*&0*H1>)"_11*>0V!@ P O%@)@Q1.-Z"`(*C2(D1! #(G]$O$M6?>)" P 53'S%]7>)!"%(/?W-R* ".@?J@)(W1*9".#@19(

@)(W&)*\1*>?"_171*>)`%/0&01*!J(*C2(D1! /M!*-R% (7(*".1*I(D-t"o1%O$#C%E

"%9>:%- C D  H}D  IC".@)3 GIC  &HvD 
@)(D1"%O@Q19(U".@

 -R&0*1*>0J6?`!$#"(*(*OA)3 O@Q11>0,-R%$#$#_]7O@0+1>0*\1DCQ/M( (
 4$#"hCf%@)(W1*9".#@Q1

 45"%32$##@0=%@)(W1*9".#@Q1

 4&)".1*#%@i%@)(W1*9".#@Q1

ud@0_] !^/)$#"%O@1*>)(*V1>0!`$I"%((*(U.-[@)(D1"%O@Q19( )(
5 1&
), Š 32!$I"hC{%@?(D1"%O@Q1"./21&0(=1*>0     LB
1*#{‚m32!$I"hC0,1*>?"_1 =&)(W1!$I"./)(*:6M1D]U!@y1>0 2&0*@) .-J1D]U
 

"%*60O1*9".C P @Q1( "%@)3.E`ŠJ-B1* 2!!&0(S'O-=2!!&09(V5".$O#!41*>)"%@n1>0     `B -C vE

 _S1>0!@e"32!$I"hC P #%$I"_1O@iI(
(".I3;1 2!&)E[Šw32$#"hC:!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1U@:1>0 P !@Q1!".@6M^2/0((W53:%V-R%"%$O$#C:"(U-R%$#$O_]J( (
‚    ‚ !
 

  
uv>0* ‚ G".@)3 ‚ "%*H1>0J1OV(W1"%/)(@1*>0V P @Q1(J"%@)3 (*/?5o1* P $OC".@)3 
I([1*>)    


 (W/M!<A?3
-R%.EŠ”32$#"hC !%@)(W1*9".#@Q1U@;1*>)\ P @19(\]7O1*>*5(W/M11=1>0, P !@Q1 I(U(*>0_]7@ /0#1**I".$#$OC #@f€#+)E – 0EKqX@€#+)E – )S
LB -C vE
32@0.1(V1*>)"o1*&?".$[(W/)".9"_1O@LO@n1*#6M1D]U!@i1>02&0*@).-1>01D] P !@Q1(! "%@)3".@)3c3iI(41>0*5a&)O3 
#@0O&0}(*!/?".9"_1*#%@ 6?!1D]!@1*>),1D] P !@Q1(‚m32!$I"hC0oEKqr1JI(7"(WC 1 (WV1>)"_" 1 ,&)(D1J2&0J".-B1*!J".17$O5"%(W143:1O&0@)<19(
>)" P V$#"%/)(*3(W#@),1>02!!&0*!@?\.#
- 
S2.1>0!]7#(*,](*>)".$#$'>)" P ,"32$#"hC P #%$I"_1O@E

>= d

d
t=0 t(e1) t(e2)
€#+%&0 –  ( V!$I"hC@)(D1"%O@Q1JˆU1D]U!@FH]U  P @19(H – ".@?3: R*
5 1<:#*
3 LB
Š 30"%30$O#@0%@?(D1"%O@Q1\"./21&0(41*>0/M!I((W#60$#$ &%    (W/)".9"_1O@L6?!1D]!@e".@C1D]f".60O1*9".C  P @19(
"%@)3 ELqX@‡%1*>0=]U%930(S1*>) (*@)3e P !@Q1 ‚tmE %E  =&?(D1`-R$O$#_] 1*>0:A)9(D1= P @1‚RsE E o]7O1*>0#@{1>0:/M!#((W#60$# 
  
' 

"%@)3),(*/Mo1 P !$#C "%@)3 I(H1*>0


 "_^2#=&0 (W/)".9"_1O@n1OEL@)(WI32,1*>)".1 ‚ `".@)3 ‚  ".1*>0 1O:(W1"%/)(%@d1>0 2!&)*!@)!.-H1*>0: P @Q1((
;C 7C

 "%(J(*>0_]7@f#@f€#+)E – EGqX@i€#+)E – 2S 32@0.1(H1>0="o1*&?".$(*!/)"%".1*#%@6?!1D]!@
1>0;1O;%-J&0!@)! .-H1*>0:1D]L P @19 ( "%@)* 
3 .S[".@)3{3‡#(`1*>0:30"%30$O#@0%EiŠ}32"32$#O@0 %@?(D1"%O@Q1`#/)$O#(=1*>)".1+

*.‘

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

&)(D1\2!&)4]7O1*>0#@n3f1O=&)@0<19(4%-  x (J2!!&0*!@?%E7ud".@i"%$<1!@)"_1 P !$#C (W1"_1`1>)"_1  ‚  4".@)3  ‚
 h7&)(W1V(*".1*I(D-RC1>0
!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1 (
 ‚  ‚ !
   

<= d

d
t=0 t(e1) t(e2)
€#+%&0 –  £( V"32$#O@0@)(W1*9".#@17ˆU1D]U!@FH]U; P @Q1(U – ".@?3  R*
FH>0,325"%32$#O@),"%@)3:30!$I"hC;%@?(D1"%O@Q1(U!"%@;-R&0*1*>)!H6?!$#"(*(*<A?3;#@Q1*1D]U`1DC/?5(H"9>:6)"(W53;%@ ]7>01>0!U1>0%@?(D1"%O@Q1
I(HO/M(*3%@ 1*>)`(D1O&0$O&?(7%7@:1>0*5(W/M%@?(W, P !@Q1E[FH>0I(7>)"(H6?!@f^2/0$I".#@053:]7O1*>L(*%,^0"./0$#(H#@i“%EE 2E \*

Public
Switched
Telephone
Network
(PSTN)

Telephone
System

Call
Call Receiver
Initiator
Environment

2(
€#+%&0 –  “29>)! "_1# l /0*5(W@Q1"_1O@ %-" F!$#!/0>)%@0`“C2(W1*!

5  / £!$#&5

B Š‰32&)".1*#%@ %@?(D1"%O@Q1%@v".@  P !@Q1;(W/M!<A)5(1*>)f1*#L/M!#3  P !]7>0#9> 1>0L P !@Q1;"%o19(!E Š‰30&0".1*#%@
! %@)(W1*9".#@Q1[".@!O1*>)!6MJO@)O&0 1DC/M7%[ "_^2#=&0 1DC/?EKFH>)7#@0#=&0 1DC/?V32&09"_1*#%@@)(W1*9".#@1[aQ&0#*5(1*>)".1G%@?
1>0: P !@Q1=(W1"%W19(!S1*>0  P !@Q1==&?(D1=@).1=@)3{6M-R%;"i!!*1".#@{O@)O&0 32&09"_1*#%@Z[]7>0!"(`"f "_^2O&0 1DCQ/M 30&0".1*#%@
!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1UaQ&0#*5(U1*>)".1J%@)!\1*>0 P !@Q1J(W1".*1(S1*>) P @Q1H&)(W1H@)36?!-R%" !*1"%O@ "_^2#=&0 30&0".1*#%@!$I"./)(*(E

   
* 2)+       

   /         %
     *-   
ud:#$O$#&)(W1*9"_1 1*>032ObM*@1$I"%((W5(.-71O#@0+n@)(W1*9".#@19(6Cc&?(W#@0+L1>0:!^2"%/0$O5(-R% "f1*$O/0>0@0:(*C(W1* 32#(&?(*(*3
#@j – sEcŠ (9>0! "_1#:32#"%+%9". .-J"f1*$O/0>0@0 (*C2(D1! #(=+% P !@{#@y€#+)E – )E %1* 1>)"_1q>)" P  #@Q1*!@Q1O@)".$#$OCe329"h]7@{".@
$#3Y(D1DC$#3y1*!$#!/)>0%@0S6M!"%&)(*O1(/?".1*#%@yI("(W#!1*d&0@)30!9(D19".@)3"Y•J!%SG1*>01!$#!/0>0@0>)".@)3)(W!1 "%@)3{1>0LT&06)$OI
“]7O19>)3LF!$#!/0>0@0 !1D]*8c‚tT“0F 7"%*@)(*#32*53f"%(J!%@)(W1*O1*&21O@)+1*>0=!%/0&21!4(*C2(D1! ".@)31>0&)(*!9(J"%(H-R*#@0+
1>0V@ P #%@0!@Q15EqX@:1*>0V-R%$#$#_]7O@0+?S]V+% P V"=-R!]‹(W#/0$O\^0"%/)$O\%/M!9"_1O@)(%-1*>0\1!$#!/0>0@0,(WC2(W1*! 1#$O$#&)(W1*9"_141>0
32Obk!!@Q171DC/?5(H.-1*##@0+;!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(E

* –

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

5 1<:#*
3"9-5
)! / 2#*
=!& qX@=1*>0-R%$#$O_]7#@0+?S]UU30#(&)((Z-R%&0K32ObM*@11DC/?5(%-)32"32$#O@0U@)(D1"%O@Q19('1*>?"_1K"hC,6MI32@1<A?3
#@{":"%$<Ns1*#(*C2(D1! 30!/M!@)32#@0+L@c]7>0!1*>0,1*>01D]Uf P @Q1(\O@ P %$ P 3nO@{"f325"%32$#O@)!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1,"%*(W1*#=&0$#&)(\1DC/? 
(*/?@)(*V1DC/M%E

­!$#&%< 
0 !#:%(3* 8 00<

0 qX@1>0#(G!"%(*%S.1*>07325"%32$#O@)7#([32!A)@0536M1D]U!@=1D]U(D1O&0$#mE[FH>0I(K#(["\6M!>)" P #%9".$2@)(W1*9".#@15S
(W#@)!41>0\!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1UI(UO/M(*3:%@;1>0(W5@)3; P !@Q1H]7>0I9>:I(U"(W1*#=&0$#&)(EŠJ@:!^0"./0$#V%-".@f“0“1DC/M,.-325"%32$##@0
8(
@)(D1"%O@Q1H#(U1>0,-R%$#$#_]7O@0+
 7‘ œ;¢— ˜=¡}-–žœ;™R” •8¦--’2 ¡ ¤7}—£¦1¦2$‘“— ¤7=R’s§Á  ”2˜=¡v’“¤7}—£¦’2›‘21’“¤7=$’›­R’­‘ª’- ‘ 1’ 
¡;2œ;™;‘2¤8¡  ’- -–­-¡;›—;‘ v¤2¦›’2™}‘ ¬¡ •1–2™¤-˜=œ}¤
qX@:1>0I(7^0"./0$#%S1>0`32I".$#O@)+1D]@)(W5&21 P 32O+<19(H*/0(*!@Q1(U1>0,1D](W1*#=&0$#'1*1>0,1*$O/0>0@0(WC2(W1*!fE
­!$#&%< 
­  Š5
"8 0Œ
0 < qX@,1*>0I(Z"%(*%S!1*>0G30"%30$O#@0I(32!A)@03,@\1*>0(*/M%@)(*[ P !@Q1S5"%(*&034-R* 1>02!!&0*!@?
.-U1*>0 %(*/?@)32#@0+(W1*#=&)$O&)(` P @Q1E FH>)#(I(="f/M!*-R% ".@)! %@?(D1"%O@Q1S(W#@)!1*>0:!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1#(#/?Q(W53d%@{"
(
*5(W/M%@?(W\ P !@Q1E[ŠJ@L!^0"./0$#\%-"%@L“ l 1DC/M.-[32"32$O#@0@)(W1*9".#@17I(U1*>0,-R$O$#_]7#@0+
7‘ œ;’ ¢
 –2 ;œ  R¥2-– -™ š“’2›2—;‘2¤¬¡;-’W¡¢¦ vš’£¤s§’ ¢¤7v—£¦’2™;‘ '” ˜=¡R’ Ÿ2¢•£–£™¤-˜=œ;-¤ Ÿ£©“’ ¯¡v©7¡v’£R”
­$’­$‘ ¬¡; ;œ ™}‘2¤8¡<§ ;™ ’ -–=¡;›—›Ÿ 1;•=$‘¬¡;™;˜‘2¤¬¡4•£–2™¤-˜7œ;¤ ˜1‘1’=;¦’  —;‘£¤8¡;-’ž¡ –2;• ¦— œ;¤
qX@1*>)#(^0"%/)$OSh1*>0$OO-B1*#@0+\.-01>0!! P Z>)"%@)3`(*1!/)*5(W@19(Z"\(D1O&0$#&)(1J1>0G1!$#!/0>)%@0H(WC2(W1*”"%@)3/0232&)1*#%@
.-1*>0`32I".$1*%@)\I(U1*>)*5(W/M%@)(*%E
Á  5
0­!$#&%<  8QA0< •J*;1*>0:30"%30$O#@0;I(`@e1*>0 /0*232&?o1*#%@e%-J*5(W/M%@)(*;&0@Q1*53d-R* *1 >) *(*/M%@)32#@0+
D( 1O&0$#&)(!E\FH>0I(4I(V":6?>)" P O"%$Z@)(W1*9".#@15S?(*O@?`1>0%@?(D1"%O@Q14I(4#/?Q(W53L%@i1*>0(D1O&0$O&?(4 P ! @Q15EVŠJ@c^0"./0$#
8(
.-K".@ l “:1DCQ/M.-[325"%32$#O@),!%@)(W1*9".#@Q17#(U1>0,-R%$#$O_]7#@0+
7‘ œ;’  ¤7}—£¦’2™}‘  —;•1• 1—;–7¡<§Á’2 š8R–7¡v’“¤77R’4” ˜=¡v’¢Ÿ  ¤7}—1¦¤­R’-­$‘ª®1°¬¡; œ;™}‘2¤8¡<§ ™;’ -–=¡; ’2

¡v©8¡v’2R”ž;‘1’2-–7¡ —;‘ v¤2¦-ª¡v’2—-’2 —;‘£¤ª—}‘v¤£¦›’2™;‘ ¬¡4•£–2™¤;˜=œ;¤
Á   5
 Á  Š5
$ 8xÁA<2 ŠJ@ lJl 1DCQ/M.-H32"32$O#@0 @)(W1*9".#@1\#(30A)@053d%@i1D]U*5(W/M%@)(* P @Q1(EqX@c1*>0I(!"(WS
%@)!41>0\A)9(D17(*/?@)(W\ P !@Q172!&)(SQ1*>0(*@)3 *5(W/M%@)(*\ P @Q1U&)(D172!!&0H6?!-R%"!!*1"%O@32"32$O#@0EFH>0#(HI(H"
/?W-R* "%@)=!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1S'(*O@)!`1>01*##@0+f@)(D1"%O@Q14>?"%(\6?!@d32A)@)3i@c":*5(W/M%@)(*= P @15EŠJ@n!^0"./0$#%-G".@
8(
lJl 1DCQ/M.-[325"%32$#O@),!%@)(W1*9".#@Q17#(U1>0,-R%$#$O_]7#@0+
‘ 7œ;’ ¢–=$‘ ’2™}‘ ¬ ¡=R¥2;‘“’2™¢’ ¯œ;—1¦1¦1 §’- ¯œ;™-–1–22¡R• ™;‘2¤8$‘4–=$‘¢Ÿ — œ“’£™;‘ '” ˜=¡v’¢Ÿ =R¥£;‘ ’2™
’2¬œ}—£¦1¦-–›=R’­$‘ -’  ™¯¡; œ;™;‘£¤8¡<§™-’2-–­¡} ’ ¯œ;—£¦¦¬-¡’2;–}”<$‘ —;’2¤
•J*,O@0+6)"981*@0`".@)3:1*>)`%(*/?@)32#@0+#@0+1*%@),"%*\1>0,1D](*/?@)(*V P ! @Q19(!E

5 1& ) ` 5
! / 2#*
=!

ud4!"%@#32@Q1*O-RC@0$OC%@)H1DCQ/MJ%-k32$#"hC@)(D1"%O@Q1J‚m“)“1DC/?hKO@1>071*$O/0>0@04(*C(W1* !^2"%/0$OJ1*>)".1G]J"%*7!%@)(*#30!O@0+?E
•4_] P !5S%#@.1*>)!U/0*60$#! (U<1H "hC 6?\/?Q(*(*#60$OV1*I32!@Q1*O-RC;32ObM*@Q1U1DC/M(U.-32!$I"hC %@?(D1"%O@Q1(EKŠJ@“)“ 1DC/MV%-"30!$I"hC
!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1UI(J"6?>)" P O*I".$'!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1E[ŠJ@f^0"%/)$O,.-K".@i“0“:1DC/?%-32$#"hC %@?(D1"%O@Q1H#(H1>0,-R%$#$#_]7O@0+ 8(
‘=œ; — ¤7=$’ -¡¤8}—£¦1¦-¤s§’ ‘ ’ª¤8=R’¬¡R2™;˜8¦-¤›Ÿ ¢¤7}—1¦1¦¤ —š-’2-–ª—-’¯¦1— ¡R’›¡; œ}™;‘2¤
  ’ -–-­¡; §—
Ÿ 1;•=$‘¬¡;™;˜‘2¤¬¡4•£–2™¤-˜7œ;¤ ˜1‘1’=;¦’ ¯œ;—£¦¦¬‘­R’=}—;’2™-–›–2}•8¦— œ;2¡ ’ › —;‘2¤ ¡;-’
•4!1>0 32!$I"hCn!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1\I(`32!A)@03c%@d1>0 P @Q1,%-H30#"%$O$#O@)+%-G1>0 @0^1=32#+%O1;‚t(W1*#=&0$#&)(9,"_-B1!`"f32#+%O1`#(32I".$#$#3
‚m".$I(W "(D1O&0$#&)(E

5  / £!$#&5
B
Š 3 &09"_1O@n@)(D1"%O@Q14@c"%@i P !@Q1\(*/?5OA)(V1>0=1OO@Q1! P "%$ P !V]7>0#9>n1*>0 P !@Q1\"o19(!EŠJ@c^0"./0$#=%-G" 30&0".1*#%@
2
!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1UI(H1*>),-R%$#$O_]7#@0+ (
 š ©2™;˜ •£–2 ¡¡ ’- Ÿ1˜£’1’2™}‘ª™š“’-  —;‘2¤8¡}-’ š£™-–¯¦ ¡¡ ’- —;‘¬¡; œ;™;‘£¤8¡<§nR’Wœ;™;‘‘  œv’7¡ ’2™ ’- “¦™ œ;—£¦¢™;•2-–2—-’2™;–
 š ©2™;˜ •£–2 ¡¡ ’- Ÿ1˜£’1’2™}‘“š£™-–ª—;‘£©ª¤-˜£–2—;’=}™;‘ª¦-— ¡v’=$‘›Ÿ -’ ;‘¢’2™“®1°ž¡} œ;™;‘2¤ ¡<§nR’Wœ;™;‘1‘2 œv’7¡ ’£™ ’2
$‘£’2;–‘ —-’=v™;‘ —£¦'™;• -–£—-’2™-–  š¢©2™;˜ 21;•“’2›Ÿ˜£’1’2™;‘¢•1–2 ¡1¡;-¤¢š£™-– ”=™-–2›’2—;‘¯®1°ž¡} œ;™;‘2¤ ¡<§Á’ }‘¬™}‘¯–21¦1— ¡£‘
R’  ™;˜8¦-¤•1–2™¤-˜=œ}’ ¢¤7}—£¦’2™}‘ 

*;*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Timing Constraints

Performance Constraints Behaviorial Constraints

Delay Deadline Duration Delay Deadline Duration

RR SR SR RR RS SS SS RS
(
€#+%&)* –  [$I"%((*<A?"_1O@ %-FH##@0+ @)(D1"%O@Q19(

Š $I"%((WOA?"_1*#%@Y.-J1>0L32ObM*@11DC/M(.-V1*##@0+{@)(W1*9".#@19(`1>)"_1 ]U30#(&)((*3‡#@Y1*>0I( (W5o1O@yI( (W>0_]7@yO@ €O+?E

–  E %1*;1>)"_1"L/?W-R* "%@):!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1=!"%@{!O1*>0=6M 32$#"hCS325"%32$##@0%SK%32&09"_1O@)".$[1DC/M%EnFH>):32!$I"hCd%=325"%32$##@0
!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(H%@f/M!*-R% ".@)!,".@f!O1*>)!J6M lJl % l “ 1DCQ/M%EU“O#$#"%*$#C%S01*>0`6M!>?" P #%I".$@)(W1*9".#@19(H!".@f<1>0!J6M=32$#"hCS
325"%32$##@0%S?%V30&0".1*#%@)"%$'1DC/?E7FH>032$#"hC %430"%30$O#@0=!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(7@L6?>)" P OJ.-[!@ P #*@0!@Q14!"%@L!O1*>046M l “fV“0“
1DC/M%E

¹ ¶q))º
½) )º

¹`ºŒ  ºL3

qX@y1*>0I((W5o1*#%@Y]32(#6?>0_]Œ1*>) 1O#@0+e%@?(D1"%O@Q1(=#30!@Q1*OA)3Y#@ “5.E – E E Žn".@‡6Mf30!$#$O53'E+@L232!$#$#O@0+c1*#
!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(`I( P !CdO/M%*1".@Q1(W#@) %@)! "n232$H.-71*>):1O !%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(=O@ "n(*C(W1* #(@)(D1*&?o1*53'S[O1".@‡(*! P 
"(\":-R% ".$[(*/?5OA?!".1*#%@d.-G1>0 (WC2(W1*E€0&0*1*>)!5S'<-7".$#$1*>01*#O@)+f!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(\#@d"(WC2(W1* ".=232!$#$#3d"%!!&09"_1*$OCS
1>0!@fO14 "hC; P !@f6?&?(W53:1;".&21% "_1#".$#$OC:+%!@)!9"_1*,232,-R%}<15EGˆU(*#30(7(*! P #@0+ "%(7" (*/MOA?"_1*#%@ZS030!$#$O#@0+1*#
!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(H!"%@ >0$O/1 P !O-RC:".@)3 &0@)30!9(D19".@)3"*5".$ONm1O(WC2(W1*E



FH>0232$O$#O@)+;"./0/0"9> ]U`32I(*!&)((7>0!I(76)"%(*3@   bC C
 7C
    ‚t€[“ @n(EUŠ4@i€K“@ #(V"/?_]U!*-R&0$k1*$
]7>0I9>;>)"($#%@0+=6?!@;&)(*3 1*=232$)1"32<1O@)".$M(WC2(W1*(EqX@:".@:€[“ @‡SQ"`(W1".1*V#(U32A?@03 #@ 1!(G.-'1>0 P ".$#&05("(*(*&03
6C (WV"_1*1*O6)&21*5(!E[€0!^0"./0$#%SQ1*>0,(W1"_1(.-"%@;!$# P ".1*% "hC6M,32!@0%1*53;#@;1** (.-O1(H32#*5o1O@)(G%-.1*#%@ZEK•4!
32#o1O@ I(H1>0`"_1*1*O60&01*%S26?"%(*3%@]7>0I9>:1>0`(D19"_1(7&0/ZS032_]7@S)"%@)3 (W1".1*#%@0*C ".\32!A)@053'E

qX@‡"%@‡€K “ @ 30!$sSK".1"%@QCc/?O@Q1.-H1*# "i(*C2(D1! !".@{6M:#@‡".@Cd%@0:.-J"‡‚R/M((*O60$#CeO@0A)@0O1*5`@&0=6M!.-J(D19"_1(E

Šƒ(W1".1*#(,!/)*5(W@13c6Cn"f#!$OEFH>)(*C2(D1! 9>?".@0+(,(D19"_1;32&01*L P !@Q19(41>)"_1=9>?".@0+=1>0 P ".$#&0(,%-DSZ%,!$I"_1O@)(
"%@0+ 1*>0;(W1".1* P ".#"%60$O5(!EŠƒ(D19"_19>?".@0+I(".$I(Wf!"%$O$#3d"f(D19"_11"%@)(*<1O@EŠ 1"%@)(WO1*#%@e!"%&)(*O@0+ P !@Q1 "hCL!O1*>0
6M".@:#@Q1*W-t"\ P @Q11>)"_1J".V1*9".@)(*<1*1*3 6M1D]U!!@:1*>0,@ P #*@0!@Q17".@)3;1*>0/0&21*7(WC2(W1*! %U<1J&0$I3 "%$#(*=6M".@
#@Q1*!@)"%$ P !@Q1\1*>)".1\I(\+%@0!9"_13i"%@)3i@)(*&03n(*%$#!$#Cf]7<1>0#@n1>0(*C2(D1!fE`Š 1*9".@)(*<1O@L-R%‰%@)(W1".1*`1"%@0.1>0!\I(
*
!/0(*!@Q13`6C=30"h]7#@0+,"\30O1*3".9-R*w1*>)H(*%&)!G1,1*>07325(D1O@)".1*#%@f‚t(*!J€#+)E .‘EFH>07 P @1[!"%&)(*O@0+"V1*9".@?(WO1*#%@
I(V"%@0@0%1"_13f@f1*>0".9.EJud=8!!/L&0V30#(&)((*O@)(J%-[€[“ @ 1* 1>0=6?".`O@0#=&) (W#@)=]"%((W&01>)"_1V1*>0*5"%32JI(
-t"%#$##"%7]7<1>6?"%(*#,€[“ @ 30!$#$O#@0+ .-1*9"%32O1*#%@?".$(*C(W1* (!E

 C ;C

ud;&)(*:".@ %   C  bC  =C
   e‚*G€[“ @c,1*n232$1O !%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(E €[“ @ ^1*@)30(`1*>0:1*9"%32O1*#%@)"%$
€[“ @ 6C‡#@)*/M%9"_1O@0+c1*>)i"%o1O@Y%-,(*1*1*#@0+{"d1*#!;".@?3y1>0L^2/0#C‡ P !@Q1 .-\"c1O!5E FH>0L@0%1".1*#%@)(]Uf&)(Wf-R
!%@)(W1*&)o1O@i.-G€[“ @i(,".(*#/)$O".@)3c(D1"%O+>Q1W-R%]H".93'EVFH>0*!-R%=9"_1>0!V1*>)"%@n#@Q1*30&)#@0+ 1*>0 -R%"%$O$#C%S']U=>?" P 
Š* Š*
#$O$#&)(W1*9"_13 1*>0 1>0*&0+%>f".@^0"%/)$O#@L€#+)E %‘0E[FH>0!^2"%/0$O`(*>0_]7@ O@i€#+)E .‘325(*!*#6M(U1*>?"_1JO-K"%@ P @17 – 2&09(
]7>0@f1*>0&0!@Q1V(W1"_1`.-K1>0=(*C(W1* #(V( – S01*>)!@n"%@i"%o1O@f]7O$#$6M19".8%@L6C(*1*1*#@0+:"1O!V1*:^2/0#*#@L1*>)=@0!^Q1 .‘ *
#$O$#Z(*@)30(7"%@)3;1>0`(*C(W1* 1"%@)(WO1(U1 (D19"_1*( 2E I*
*.Ž

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 e1/set timer(20 ms)

s1 s2

* 2(
€#+%&0 .‘ G@ P ! @Q1*#%@?( V(W53O@A49"h]7#@0+ ".@AG€[“ @

(
udJ>)" P J".$#*5"%32C32#(&?(*(*31*>?"_1 P @19(!"%@ 6?V%@?(WI32!31`6?V.-k1D]U,1DCQ/M( K(D1O&0$O&?( P !@Q1(".@)3(*/M%@)(*7 P !@Q1(E
ud=>)"3i".$I(*;32#(&?(*(*3i30<bk!!@Q141DC/M(4.-[1*#O@)+ @)(W1*9".#@19(J#@c“5o1*#%@ – E 2E Ž)E _w ] ]U`^2/0$I".#@i>0_] 1>0(*=@)(W1*9".#@19(
".@6?232!$#$#36C;&)(*O@0+ €[“ @i(E

0 !#:%(3* 0­!$#&%< A8 00<k9-5
)! / 2#*
=!& !1V&)(\@)(*#32J1>0!^0"./0$#=.-G"%@c“0“L1DCQ/M=%-G32"32$#O@0@)(D1"%O@Q14]U=>?"%3

32I(&)((W53”O@ “2o1O@ – E E Ž2(  ‘=œ;›’ ¢š7R–8¡v’“¤7=R’›2— ¡'Ÿ 1;‘ª¤7}—1¦1¦¤ ™;‘ª’ ›’21¦;•1 ™}‘ 4 —;‘£¤8¡;-’Š§k’ ›‘ 1’
¤7=$’”2˜=¡v’›Ÿ  ¤7}—£¦¦¤­R’-­$‘ ’ ‘ 1’  ”<}¦1¦ ¢¡; œ;™}‘2¤8¡ ‹FH>0I(=>?"%(6?!@‡232!$#$#3‡#@Y€#+)E * – EdqX@y€#+)E * –
6)(W P ,1*>)".1V"%(V(W@i"%(H1>0`A)9(W1V32#+%O1VI(432I".$#$O53'S?1*>0=(*C2(D1! !@Q1*(J1*>0+>*Š4]U"%<1V“5@)3.4#+%O1wK (D19"_1=".@)31>0`1O4I(
(*1J1.* ‘#$O$#K(W5%@?30(!EHqr-K1*>)=@0!^Q1\32O+<1\32(J@).1V"%/0/?5".J]7O1*>)O@+*%‘O$#$OK(*@)30(S01>0!@f1>0`1O!\".$I". !^/)O(J"%@)3
1>0;(WC2(W1* !@Q1!9(\1*>0 > ŠJ]H".O1U".$#$O`V ± @2Ns>)Q8£K (W1".1*;".@?3c"f6M!/0O@)+i(W&0@)3d#(,/)*232&)!3'E:qr-1>0:(*@)3d32O+<1`2&09(
6M-R*.* ‘#$O$#Z(*@)30(S1*>0@1*>0`(*C2(D1!ƒ1"%@)(WO1(U11*>0¶> ŠJ]H".O1 ^1VO+<1I K (D19"_1*E

Await
Next
second digit/ Digit
set timer (5 ms)

timer alarm/beeping
first digit/ Await
set timer (5 ms) Second
Digit Await
Caller
On−hook

€#+%&0 * – ( @i30!$%-".@L“0“FCQ/M.- 45"%32$##@0%@)(W1*9".#@Q1

$ Š5
$0 !#:%(3* 8Q 0< 9;5
)! /  *#
=! qX@v“%E – E E Ž0S]Uf>)"%3 @)(WI32*53‡1>0-R%$#$O_]7#@0+d^0"./0$#f.-\"%@ l “‡1DC/M
%-325"%32$#O@),!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(  ‘=œ}¢’- ¢¤7}—£¦’2™;‘2“—}•1• 1—-–8¡<§Á’  š7R–8¡v’ ¤7=$’”2˜=¡v’¢Ÿ ¢¤7}—£¦-¤­R’=$‘¯®1°¯¡; œ;™;‘£¤8¡<§
™-’ ;–­¡;4’ ¯¡v©7¡v’£R”ž;‘£’2;–7¡ —;‘ v¤2¦¯¡v’2—;’2 —;‘2¤“—;‘ v¤2¦›’2™;‘2ž-¡4•1–2™¤-˜=œ}¤
FH>0 €K“@ 232$k-R%71>0#(7!%@)(W1*9".#@Q17#(7(*>0_]7@O@L€O+?EŠ*;0 * EqX@f€O+?EŠ*;0* S0"%(7(*Q@"(732I".$k1*@0"./0/M"%(S0"1*#!JI(7(W!1
1!^/)OV#@fŽ%‘(W5%@?30("%@)3:1*>0(*C(W1*Œ1*9".@)(*O1(1*1*>0> ŠJ]H".O1H€#(W14V#+%O1w K (D19"_1%EKqr-Z1>0\1*#7^2/0#*5(G6M-R*V1*>)VA?(W1
32#+%O1U"%* P (S_1>0!@ 1>0,(WC2(W1*! 1*9".@?(WO1(1*"%@ #30$O\(D19"_1*V]7>0!4"%@;#30$O71%@0V#(/0232&)53'Es4 ± 1*>0*]7I(WSO-'1*>)V32#+%O1U"%/0/?5".9(
A)9(W1S1*>)!@f1*>),(*C2(D1! 1*9".@)(*<19(U1*1*>)%K ŠJ]H".O14“!%@)3AVO+<1I K (D19"_1*E
0 !#:(
% 3*  Á  Š5
$" 8 0Œ <2 qX@n“%E – E 2E Ž)S0]U`>)"%3f!%@)(*#30!3 1*>0=-R%$#$O_]7#@0+ !^2"%/0$O%-".@n“ l 1DC/M`.-325"%32$#O@)=@2N
(W1*9".#@Q1(  ‘7œ;›’ ›–2 œ; R¥2-–“™š¢’2¢ —}‘2¤¬¡;-’W¡¢¦ vš’2-¤s§’ ¢¤7}—1¦›’£™;‘ '” ˜=¡v’¢Ÿ •£–£™¤-˜=œ;-¤Ÿ£© ’ ¬¡v©7¡v’2$”
­R’=$‘ 1°¬¡; œ;™;‘£¤8¡<§ ™-’- -–­-¡;›—›Ÿ 1;•­‘ ¬¡;™;˜1‘£¤¬¡ •1–2™¤-˜=œ}¤ ˜1‘£’7;¦’  —;‘2¤ ¡;-’ž¡ –2;•8¦-— œ;¤
FH>0 G€[“ @‰232$)-RG1>0#(H!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1G#(U(*>0_]7@ O@€O+?E %* Ž0EKŠ4(U(W@:"%(G1*>0V>)".@?30(W!1I(G$#O-B1*3S0"1*#!U#(U(*1U1*=!^2/0O
".-B1*!†, * (W57".@)31>0J(WC2(W1* 1"%@)(WO1(1 *> Š4]U"%<1BVI".$)F%@0$K (D19"_1%Eqr-M1>0432I".$01*%@)J"./0/M"%(KA?(W1S%1*>0@1*>04(*C2(D1! 1*9".@)(*<19(

*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Await
Second
Digit

first
digit

Await
First timer alarm / idle tone
dial tone / Digit
set timer
(30 s) Idle

€O+&0**-*£(,@L232!$Z.-[".@ l “FGC/M\%- V"32$#O@0@)(W1*9".#@1

A> IK ± >
1 ŠJ]H".O1J€#9(D1VO+<1 (D19"_1*E 41*>0*]7I(*%S2O171*9".@)(*<19(U1* *Š4]U"%<1 l 5 P ! V@2Nr>0%8 (D19"_1*Eq± £K

Await
First
Digit

dial tone

Await timer alarm / beeping

Dial
handset lift / Tone
set timer Await
(2 s) Receiver
On−hook

* 2(
€O+&0* %Ž ,@L232!$Z.-[".@L“ l FGC/M\%- V"32$#O@0@)(W1*9".#@1

 $ Š5
$­  Š5
"8Q < qX@ “5.E – E E Ž0S=]‡>?"%3w@)(*#32*53 1*>0y-R%$#$O_]7#@0+v!^2"%/0$Oy.-:".@ l4l 1DC/?‡%-:@2N
(W1*9".#@Q1(  ‘=œ;›’ ›–=‘ ’2™;‘ ¬¡ =R¥2}‘ ’2™ ’- ¯œ;—£¦1¦ §’ ¯œ;™-––2 ¡R• ™}‘2¤7$‘ –=$‘¢Ÿ —2œ ¢’2™;‘ '” ˜7¡v’¢Ÿ  7R¥2;‘
’2™¢’ ¯œ;—£¦1¦--–›­R’=$‘ ’ ™¬¡; œ;™}‘2¤8¡<§ ™;’ -–=¡; ’2¬œ}—£¦1¦¯¡ ’2-–}”<‘ —-’2¤
FH>0 G€[“ @ 232$Z-RJ1*>)#(,@)(W1*9".#@1V#(\(W>)_]7@LO@n€#+)E*  E4qX@c€O+?E*  Sk"%(4(*%@i"(J1>0=O@)+ 1*@0=I(4/)*232&)!3'SM1>0
(*C2(D1!‰1"%@)(WO1(V1f"h]H".O1,*#@0+.Nr6)"98 1%@0 (W1".1*".@)3d" 1*##((*1,1!^2/0OO@ f * “(!Eqr-G1>0*#@0+.Nr6)"98 1%@0 "%/0/?5".9(
A)9(W1S1*>)`(WC2(W1*! 1*9".@)(*<19(1* *> Š4]U"%<1J€O9(W1 V#+%O1w K (D19"_1%S2!$I(*\O1J!@Q1!9(`> ŠJ]H".O1 l !! P !‚V± @2Nr>0%8£K (D19"_1%S0".@?3;1>0!".$#$'I(
1!#@)".1*3E

5 1& `5 ! / 2# =!
) 

Š 32!$I"hCn@)(W1*9".#@1`6M1D]U!@d1D]L P !@Q19(,#(=%@0 ]7>0*;".-B1*=".@e P !@Q1`2!!&0(S"f#@0#=&0 1*#
&)(D1\!$I"./)(*`6M-R*1>0=%1*>04 P !@Q1V".@i2&05E7uc>)"%3n%@?(WI32!3 1>0`-R$O$#_]7O@)+;^0"./0$#`%-G32!$I"hC!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1JO@d“%E
( £š’2-–“— ¤7 7R’W¡›¤8}—£¦¤ §Á’ ›‘  1’“¤7 =R’¬¡R ™}˜8¦-¤Ÿ  ¤7}—£¦-¤‘ ™¬¡;™1™;‘ ;–¢’ —;‘ R°4”<;¦1¦2›¡; œ;™;‘£¤8¡
– E 2E Ž
   
FH>0# s*;, *-,
 G€[“ @ 232!$M-R%HO1UI(7(*>0_]7@;#@€#+)E 0EqX@€O+?E 2SO-Z1*>)V@0!^1730O+<17"./0/M"%(6M-R%V1*>0".$I".fSQ1*>0@;1*>)\6M!/0#@0+
> £K
(*%&0@?3:I(7/0232&)53 "%@)3 1*>0(*C2(D1! 1"%@)(*<19(U1* *"h]H".O1H".$#$O7%@2Nr>0%8 (D19"_1%E

5  / £!$#&5
<   `5
)! / 2*#
=! qX@"%(*G.-M"432&09"_1O@)".$@)(W1*9".#@15S_".@` P !@Q1K#(aQ&0#*53\1*\2!&)Z-RK"V(W/M!<AM32&)".1*#%@EFH>0

!^2"%/0$O%-K" 30&0".1*#%@)"%$@)(D1"%O@Q17]U>)"%3f@)(*#32*53:#@n“5.E – E 2E ŽI(H1*>)-R%$#$O_]7#@0+8(  š“©2™}˜“•1–2 ¡1¡'’2¢Ÿ1˜1’1’2™;‘ª™š
’  —;‘£¤8¡;-’ š£™;–¬¦- ¡1¡4’ —; ‘ ¬¡; œ}™;‘2¤8¡ R’žœ;™}‘1‘  œv’8¡'’2™›’ ª¦™ œ;—£¦›™}• -–2—-’£™-–  š“©2™}˜“•1–2 ¡1¡'’2¢Ÿ1˜1’1’2™;‘
š£™-–ª—;‘£©ª¤-˜£–£—-’=}™;‘“¦— ¡v’=‘ ›Ÿ -’21; ‘ ¢’2™“®1°¬¡; œ;™;‘£¤8¡<§nR’Wœ;™;‘‘  œv’7¡ ’2™ ’- ¬$‘£’2-–-‘ —-’=}™}‘ —£¦'™;• -–2—;’2™-–  š
©2™;˜ 21}•ª’- ¢Ÿ˜£’1’2™;‘¢•1–2 ¡1¡;-¤›š£™-–”=™-–2›’2—;‘¯®1°¯¡; œ;™;‘£¤8¡<§’ }‘¬™}‘ª–££¦1— ¡1$‘ ¬R’  ™;˜ ¦-¤•£–2™¤;˜=œ;’  ¤7}—1¦
*;,

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Await
First
Digit

ring−back tone

Await timer alarm / terminate call

Ring−back
ring tone / Tone
set timer Await
(2 s) Receiver
On−hook

€#+%&0*  ( @i30!$%-".@ lJl FCQ/M.- 45"%32$##@0%@)(W1*9".#@Q1

Await
Next
Digit
timer
alarm

next digit / beeping

Await
Next
first digit / Event
set timer Await
(10 ms) Caller
On−hook

€#+%&0 *;,2( @i30!$%-K"%@f“0“FC/?,.-,V!$I"hC%@)(W1*9".#@Q1

’2™;‘ 
"*
FH>0 G€[“ @ 232$-R%\1*>0I(\^0"./0$#=I(,(W>)_]7@iO@d€O+?E 0E .1*1*>?"_1,]>)" P =O@Q1*232&)!3L1D]U:#@Q1**30#".1*(D19"_1*5(
>ŠJ]H".O1 K 4> ‚*;K
 P @1 ".@?3 ŠJ]H".O1  P @1 =1232$Z"32&09"_1O@)".$!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1E

¾
³ 
 FH>0 ".#@L".# .-K1>0#(\>)"./21!J]H"%(U1 O@Q1*232&)!C%& 1;(W P !C;6)"(WI@)/21(4".@)3 1**#@0%$#%+O5(H"%((W2I"_13
]7<1>f*5".$ONm1O,(WC2(W1*! (H1>)"_17]U%&0$I36?&?(W53;1>0*&0+%>)%&21H1*>)#(76M%8kE

 Šg(*C(W1*}I(\(*"%#31;6? DMC 
  ^C7]7>0@naQ&)".@Q1*O1".1* P !^/)*5(*(*O@)(7%-1O".`@0!((*"%*C;1* 30(O6M1*>)`6?>)" P O

.-1*>0`(*C2(D1!fE

 Š *5".$ONm1O\1"(W8;I(7@0\1*>)".1J#(7"(*(*2I"_1*53:]7O1*>L(*%\1*#`%@?(D1"%O@Q1(E

 Šw".$ONs1*#`1"%(*8:I(4!$#"(*(*OA)3f#@Q1*;<1>0!V>)".93'S0A?*fSM%4(*.-B14"%$<Ns1*#1DC/?32!/M!@)30O@0+ %@f1>0=@)(*aQ&0!@?(J.-"
1"(W8 -t"%O$##@0+1*!1JO1(71*##@0+;!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(E

 Šƒ(*".-R1DCQNX<1#".$[(WC2(W1* I(%@0]7>0I9>{32(@).1`>)" P "-t"%O$ONr("_-R (W1".1*;".@?3d"%@CL-t".#$O&)*.-U1*>):(WC2(W1* !"%@e".&)(*

(W P *,30". "%+%%E @i"%@QC:>)".93:"%$<Ns1*#(WC2(W1*! (7"%*("_-R1DCQNX<1#".$k#@@?"_1*&)*E

 FH>0f1DC/0I!".$V9>)".9"%1*!I(D1# -R".1*&0(;.-"e>)".93 *5".$ONm1Oi(*C(W1* #@)$#&)32n!=6M3)323'SU-R326)"98Y"%@)3v32I(D1*#60&213

(D1*&?o1*&)*S".@?3{(*".-R1DCQNr!*O1*I!"%$OO1DC%E:qr1=#(`/?Q(*(*O6)$O1>0%&0+>e1*>)".1=(W >)".93d*5".$ONm1O;(*C(W1* ( "hCn@0%1=>)" P 1>0(*
-R".1*&0(E

*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Local
Operator
button
release

button
press
Await Inter−
set Event1 national
alarm Operator
(15sec) button
release

timer
alarm
set Await Dial
alarm Tone
(15sec) Event2 button
release
dial tone
timer
alarm Await
Button
Release

€#+%&)**  (Š @i30!$%-K" V&0".1*#%@)"%$%@)(W1*9".#@Q1

 (
FH>0!"%*G1D]\ ".#@"_1*+%*#(Z.-01O7@)(D1"%O@Q19(Z#@==6M303253=>?".93`".$ONs1*#U(WC2(W1*( /M!*-R% ".@)!@)(W1*9".#@19(
".@)3‡6?>)" P O"%$G@)(D1"%O@Q19(!EnTKW-R* "%@);!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(="%*;1*##@0+d%@?(D1"%O@Q1(=O/M(*3{@{1*>):(*/?@)(W .-71>0
@1*$O$##@0+;/)&21*V(*C(W1*fS?]7>0*5"%(46?>)" P O*I".$Z!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(J"%*`1*##@0+%@?(D1"%O@Q1(4O/M(*3L@f1*>06?>)" P O
.-1>0\!@ P O%@0@15E[FH>0V/M!*-R% ".@)!V!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1("hC @).1H6?,+%&?".9".@Q1*3O-Z1*>)V6M!>)" P #%#"%$M!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(U".4@0%1
(*".1*I(DA?3'E

 ucU32I(*!&)(*(*3`>0_]e1*\30!$1*>0U/?W-R* "%@)G"%@)3`6M!>?" P #%I".$_1DC/M(.-)!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(&?(W#@0+V"%@ [^1!@)3253=€#@0<1H“1"_1

@i"%9>)O@0*‚ G€[“ @cK1*>?"_1H^1*@)30(G1*>041*9"%32O1*#%@)"%$?€[“ @‰]7O1*>:1*>0\@)/21(.-Z(*1*1*#@0+="1OU"%@)31*>)V*(*/M%@)32#@0+
+%@0!9"_1O@%-Z",1*#!H".$I".  P @15E“&)9>:"232$?#@:"%3)32<1O@ 1*(W P 4"%("`(*/?5OA?!".1*#%@ 19>0@0IaQ&0%S!"%@:".$I(*`>0!$#/
O@ P *&0-R&)!".1*#%@f".@)3".&21% "_1#!232,+%!@)!9"_1*#%@ZE



 ¾ ¾
– E4“Q1".1*;]7>)1*>)!C%%&{!%@)(*#30!`1>0 -R$O$#_]7O@)+n(D19"_1!!@Q1(`1*i6M "  %   0 E  &?(D1<-RCeC%&0="%@)(W]U!=O@‡5"%9>
!"(WE
‚t"Q:Š”>)"%3 ".$ONs1*#"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@I(H"32&0/f.-%@0$#C;>)"%3 ".$ONs1*#\19"%(*8(E
‚R6?  P !C;("_-R1DCQNX<1#".$k".$ONs1*#(*C2(D1! >)"(7"-t".#$<NX(*".-R(D19"_1*E
‚tŠ 32"32$#O@0@)(D1"%O@Q146M1D]U!@L1D]U (W1*#=&0$#[!".@n6?%@?(WI32!3L1*:6M":6?>)" P O*I".$@)(D1"%O@Q14@L1*>)@ P ON
%@0@17%-1>0`(WC2(W1*E
‚t3)•V".932]U"%*V-t".&)$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@)!419>0@0IaQ&0(4!".@"(W#$#C;6?`"30"./01*3:1*/0 P #30,(*.-B1D]H".V-t".&0$O1WNs1*$O"%@)E
‚R5Š +%23;"%$O+%<1>0 -R%7(*9>)32&0$##@0+>?".93 *5".$ONm1OV1"(W82(=&)(W1H1*C1*%/0$#1V5"%9> 19"%(*8 O@ 1*>)\(*>0%*1*5(D1U1*#
/M((W#60$#%E
‚B-fŠ4$O$>?".93:"%$<Ns1*#,(*C2(D1! (7".(*".-R1DCQNX<1#".$kO@f@)".1*&0%E

*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 R‚ +:TKW-R* ".@?7@)(D1"%O@Q19([%@;""%$<Ns1*#J(WC2(W1* @)(W&)*H1>)"_11*>0J@ P #%@0!@Q1G%-k1*>04(*C2(D1! #(G]$O$ONr6?>)" P 53'E
‚R>?f“%-B1J*5".$ONm1O\1"(W82(7"%*V1*>0Q(W]7>)#9>f32@0.1J>?" P ,".@C 1*#6?&0@)30(4"%((W2I"_13:]7<1> 1>0!fE
‚tI @L#@0#Op5"_1*#%@c.-G" P !9".+%,19"%(*8f*5(W/M%@)(*1O(\I(J1>0%62zD5o1* P =.-"%@QC+%23L>)"%3i*5".$ONm1O`19"%(*8QNr(9>030&0$O#@0+
"%$O+%<1>0fE
‚ z* qr1(*>0&0$#3e6M 1>0;+%Q".$%-H"%@Cn+%23d*5".$ONm1O /?".1*#@0+i(WC2(W1* 1i%/0$#1; P !Ci>)"%3e"%$<Ns1*#1"%(*8c"(
"%>0"3:%-O1(7325"%32$##@0`"%(H/M((W#60$#%E
*0E7uv>)"_1[32\C%&=&0@)30!9(D19".@)3=6QC,1>0U1** >**5".$ONm1OK 3;•4_]‡#(1>0H%@?!/01K%-)".$ONs1*#H32ObM*@Q1-R%”1>0U1*9"%32O1*#%@)"%$
@0.1O@ %-Z1O 3?[^2/0$I".#@ C%&07"%@)(W]U!H&)(*#@0+;"(W&0O1"%60$#\!^0"./0$#%E
Ž)E7uv>)"_1J325(H1*>0,1! >W"%$ K#@f""%$<Ns1*#,(*C2(D1! (*#+%@0O-RC 3.[^2/0$I".#@ ]7>?"_1J32 C%&:"%@f6QC ""%$<Ns1*#(WC2(W1*!fE
 E 4(*O@)+"60$#298:32I".+%9".ƒ(*>0_]v1>0O/M%*1"%@1H>)"%32]H".V!%/M%@0@19(H.-K"="%$<Ns1*#,(*C2(D1! "%@)3;1>0!#7#@1!9"%1*#%@)(E
[^2/0$I".#@;1>0*$O5(H.-1*>0`32Obk!!@Q14/M%@)!@Q1(E

,0E7qX@Y"c*5".$ONm1O(WC2(W1*!fS9"h] (*!@)(*%(W#+%@?".$I(=@03‡1*d6?f/0!/025(*(*3e6M-R* 1*>0C‡!"%@y6M&?(W53‡6C‡"n!%/0&21!5E

uv>C:I(7<1V@0!((*"%*C1 /0*/0!((U1*>0="h] (W@)(W7(W#+%@)"%$#(J6?!-R%,1*>0C !"%@f6?&)(*3f6C" %/0&01*! 3!^2/0$#"%O@1>0
32ObM*@1,1DC/M(%-/0!/025(*(*O@)+;1*>?"_1=".@0% ".$#$OCi".*#3n%&21@e(*!@?(W,(*#+%@)"%$#(V1*f ".81*>0 (*&0<19".60$#1*L6M
&)(*332O1*$#C;6C "/0&21*E
)E7qD32!@Q1<-RCL1>08%Ci32<bk!!@?(,6M1D]U!@n>)"%3c".$ONs1*#S(W%-B1*5".$ONm1O%S"%@)3LA?* "%$<Ns1*#(*C2(D1! (E
\ P  "_1,$O5"%(W1
%@0\^0"%/)$O\.-*5".$ONm1OJ19"%(*82(U!%*5(W/M%@?32O@)+`1*1>0(*41>0!!".1*!+%O5(!EqD32!@Q1<-RC 1>0\1*#O@0+ !%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(O@C%&0
1"(W82(H".@)3zD&)(W1*O-RC:]7>C 1>0,1"(W82(7(*>0%&)$#36M`!"_1!+%Op3 #@Q1*1*>)`!"_1!+%O5(GC%&>)" P \O@?32#"_13'E
2E [ ^2/0$I".#@d1*>0 8%!Ce32ObM*@)5(=6M1D]U!@e1*>09>)".9"%1**I(D1#(,.-4"i(*.-B1*5".$ONm1O 19"%(*8d(*&)9>‡"(`]U!6{60_]J(W#@0+i"%@)3{"
@0%@0Ns"%$<Ns1*#419"%(*8:(W&?9>"(HNr"%O$30!$# P !C%E
)E\ P :".@y^0"./0$#:%-4"n(*.-B1"%$<Ns1*#;19"%(*8d"%@)3‡"i@)%@2Nr*5".$ONm1O 19"%(*8kE([^2/0$I".#@e1*>) 8!Ce32<bk!!@?6?!1D]!@{1>0
9>)".9"%1**I(D1#(G%-Z1>0(*,1D]1DC/M(H.-1"(W82(E
 E "%".@Cf1D]U #/?W19".@Q1(W@)(W\30 P #!(,".@?3L1D]U"o1*&?"_1*\30 P #!(\&)(*3cO@d".$ONs1*#"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(,".@?3i^2/0$I".#@
1*>0/)>QC2(*#".$k/0O@?#/0$O5(76M!>0#@)3 1*>0O4]*8#@0+)E
– ‘0E 4  9"h]w" (9>0".1*I`232!$[(*>0_]7#@0+ 1*>)#/?W19".@Q1,!%/M%@0@19(4%-G";1DC/0I!"%$>?".93L*5".$ONm1O(WC2(W1*!fE [^2/0$I".#@L1>0
]*8#@0+:%-1>0 %&01*/0&21`#@Q1*W-t"&)(*O@0+L"f(*&0<19".60$# (*9>)! "_1#32#+%9".fE;[^2/0$I".#@n&)(*#@0+i"f(W&0O1"%60$#!O9&)<1=32I".+"%
>0_]‹30O+<19".$k1* "%@)".$#%+f‚*JŠ4HH!%@ P (*#%@ ".@6?`"9>0# P 53;#@L".@f%&21/0&21J#@Q1*!*-t"%!%E
–– E 4 9"h]w" (9>0".1*I`232!$[(*>0_]7#@0+ 1*>)#/?W19".@Q1,!%/M%@0@19(4%-G";1DC/0I!"%$>?".93L*5".$ONm1O(WC2(W1*!fE [^2/0$I".#@L1>0
]*8#@0+.-'1>04#@0/0&01U#@Q1*!*-t"%!4&)(*#@0+="=(*&0O1"%60$O\(*9>)! "_1#J30O+"%E [^2/0$I".#@;&)(*#@0+"`(*&0O1"%60$O\#!&0O1U32I".+"% >0_]
".@)"%$O+`1;32O+<19".$‚m
Š H7@ P !9(W#%@:#(J"9>0# P 53;#@L".@O@0/)&214#@1!*-t"%!%E
*
– 2EHqX@c" >)".93i"%$<Ns1*#(*C2(D1!fS'I(VO1@0!((*"%*C1>)"_1 P !C1"%(*8L#@i1*>)(*C2(D1!‰6M.->?".93L*5".$ONm1O1DC/?
3 ^/)$#"%O@
C%&07".@)(*]H&)(W#@0+ "(W&)<19".60$#^0"./0$#%E
– Ž0EHqX@;1>0\!%@Q1*!^1U%-Z/0 P I32#@0+(*C2(D1!Nr$O P !$?-t".&)$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@)!%S]7>C"%*\>)"%32]H".7-t"%O$#&0(*\/032Io19".60$#V"%@)3;5"%(*O
1*i>?".@)32$#:!%/)".3d1n(*.-B1D]H".-t".#$O&0(43 ^/)$#"%O@e1>0 N P !9(W#%@{(9>0! 1i/0 P I32;(*.-B1D]H".-t".&0$O1WNs1*$O"%@)E
uv>)"_1".1*>0(W>)%*1O@0+Q(4%-G1>0#(,(9>0!
3 •J_] 32(V1*>0! P !C60$O298f19>0@0IaQ&0"_1W1!/21,1* P !%`O143
45(H<14(*&)!!!53 3.[^2/0$I".#@C%%&)H"%@)(*]E

– E [ 
 ^2/0$I".#@=1>049>0598/?O@Q1*#@0+".@?3*$O$#6)"%98! P *C`(9>0!H1/0* P I32U-t".&0$O1WNs1*$O"%@Q1*5".$ONm1O7/)&21*#@0+)E,^/)$#"%O@
1*>0`1DCQ/M(4.-K-t".&)$<19(4O1V!"%@L>0!$#/L1%$#!9"_1*`"%@)31*>)`-t".&)$<19(JO1\!"%@f@0.1V1*%$#!9"_1%E4[^2/0$I".#@f1*>0(WO1*&)".1*#%@)(4O@n]7>0#9>f1>0I(
1*59>0@0Ia&)\I(7&)(*-R&)$mE
,
– 2E7ŠJ@)(*]U!U1*>0,-R$O$#_]7#@0+ a&)(W1*#%@)(7!%@)!!@0O@)+=-t"%&0$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@)!,.-"%$<Ns1*#(WC2(W1*! (E
‚t"Q^/)$#"%O@]7>C;>)".932]H".4-t"%&0$O1WNs1*%$#!9".@?\#(75"%(*OU1*;"%9>)O P ,%/)"%*53 1;(W%-B1D]U"%*V-t".&0$O1WNs1*$O"%@)E

*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ‚R6?   ^/)$#"%O@ 1*>0 "%O@1*59>0@0IaQ&0(7" P ".#$I".60$#41;"%9>0# P V>?".932]U"%*V-t".&)$<171%$#!9".@)!%E
‚t uv) > ".1\"%*1>0= "%O@L19>0@)#aQ&05(V" P ".#$I".60$#,1*"%9>0# P =(W%-B1D]U"%*,-t"%&0$O1WNs1*%$#!9".@? 3{uv>)"_1".1*>)(*>0%*1!%O@)+(
%-1>0(*\1*9>)@0#aQ&05( 3
– 0E7ˆU*#)C !^2/0$#"%O@ >0_] >)"%30]U"%*7-t"%O$#&0(‚t%E +)EK/0!((W-t"%O$#&0(9".@ 6?\1*$O".1*53;#@("_-R!1DCNXO1*I!".$M>)"%3:*5".$ONm1O
"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(E[@)(*#321>04-t"o11*>)".1U>)"%3"%$<Ns1*#J19"%(*8(G>)" P V(D1*#@0+%@Q1U325"%32$#O@)(]7>)#9> =&)(W16MV!1&0@)30!H".$#$
#!&0 (D19".@)!(E
n> K
– EHuv>)"_1\32;C%&L&0@)32(W1"%@)3f6C:1>0 W-t".#$<NX("_-R (W1".1*`%-G";(WC2(W1* 3y“2"_-R!1DCNXO1*I!".$Z*5".$ONm1O`(*C(W1* (432;@).14>)" P `"
-t".#$<NX("_-R,(D19"_1*E[uv>)"_1JI(H1>0O/0$#I!"_1O@ %-1>0I( 3
– 0E [ ^2/0$I".#@ ]7>C("_-R!1DC ".@)3 !$#I".60#$OO1DC ".J@0%1U#@)32/?@)32!@Q1H#((*&0(O@ (*".-R1DCQNr!*O1*I!"%$)>)"%3;*5".$ONm1O4(*C2(D1! (!E,^/)$#"%O@
1*>06?"%(*#V1*59>0@0IaQ&0(HC%&]&0$#3"%30%/21H1*;30 P $O/ " (*.-B1D]H".4/0232&)171*>)".1J#(HaQ&0#*53;16?>0#+%>)$OC *$OI".60$#%E
–  H
E qD(<1/?Q(*(*#60$O 1*d>)" P  ".@Y^1*!$OC‡("_-R60&21 &0@0!$#I".60$#(*C2(D1! 3 qr-\C%%&)"%@)(W]U!I(".† * "_1 P %SK1>0!@ %+ P ".@
^0"./0$#.-[(*&)9>i" (WC2(W1*EUqr-[C%&f"%@)(*]7O@f1>0`@0+"_1 P %S21>0!@zD&?(D1<-RCf]7>C:O14I(J@0%1J/?Q(*(*O6)$O-R4(*&)9>L" (WC2W( 1*!
1*^2I(D15E
*%‘0EHuv>)"_1JI(J"("_-R1DCQNX<1#".$(*C2(D1! 3 \ P `"-R!]”/09"%1*I!"%$'^0"./0$#(7("_-R!1DCNXO1*I!".$k>)"%3"%$<Ns1*#,(*C2(D1! (EGŠJ".$#$
>)".93 *5".$ONm1O(WC2(W1*(4(*".-R1DCQNr!*O1*I!"%$ 3Lqr-K@).1S)+% P "_14$#"(D17@0^0"./0$#.-[">)"%3 *5".$ONm1O`(*C2(D1! 1>)"_1JI(7@0%1
(*".-R1DCQNX<1#".$sE
* – E [ ^2/0$I".#@e]7<1>{1*>0:>0!$#/{.-J"i(9>0! ".1*I;32I".+%9". >0_] 1*>0;! P *Ci6)$O298c(9>0 !".@{6M;&)(*3d1n"%9>)O P -t".&)$<1*N
1*$O"%@).-U*5".$ONm1O1"%(*82(!Euv>)".1=".=1>0;(W>)%*1O@0+Q(\.-G1>0I((*9>0 3 [^2/0$I".#@e(WO1*&)".1*#%@)(\]7>0*O1=!"%@c6M
(*".1*I(D-t"o1%O$#C 6?&?(W53 "%@)3f(WO1*&)".1*#%@)(H]7>)!\O14!"%@ @).1J6M&)(W53'E
*-*2EHqD32!@Q1<-RC".@)3!/)*5(W@1G1*>071O#@0+!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1([#@1*>)J-R%$#$#_]7O@0+`"%O*NX32-R@)(WJ(*C2(D1!Œ6C5".@)([%-Z".@ !^Q1!@)303 (W1"_1
 "%9>0#@032I".+%9".fE$#"(*(*O-RC;"9>!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1U#@Q1* !O1*>)!7/M!*-R%"%@),U6M!>?" P #%I".$'@)(D1"%O@Q15E
 P !C{O@)!%#@0+eI((W#$OL&)(W1;6?n301*5o13 ]7<1>0#@ ‘0E\d * “2@)30( %-VO1(:!@Q1**#@0+d1*>0L9"%3)".  P !9".+%".")E FH>0
O@Q1!9!/014#((W#$#(*>0%&0$I3L6M=@0+"%+%3f]7O1*>)O@+, “!%@)3)(J.-G301*5o1O@i.-[1>0=19".+%!14#((W#$#%E4FH>0O@Q1!9!/01V#((*O$#
(W>)%&0$I3:6M,A)3"_-B1!4‘)E – “!%@)3)(H.-K<19(7!@0+Q".+!!@Q1H60&21J@0 $I"_1!U1*>)"%@ – “2.E
*%Ž0E l ! /)*5(W@17"]U"(W>0Ns "%9>)O@0V>)" P O@)+=1>0\-R%$#$O_]7#@0+(W/M!<A?"_1O@ 6C;"%@)(U.-K".@^1*@)323(W1"_1,"9>0#@032#"%+%9".fE
FH>0]U"(W>2Nr "%9>0#@0 ]U"%<19(`-R1>0 A¡v’£—-–1’ e(W]7O19>y1*d6?f/0((W53'E‡Š7-B1!1>0f&)(W/)*5(*(*(=1*>0 A¡v’2—-–’
e(*]7<199>S1>0
 "%9>0#@0A)$#$#(\1>0 ]U"(W>c1*&)6d]7O1*>e<1>0!`>).1%`!%$I3n]H"_1!`32/?@)32#@0+L&0/M%@c1*>0;(*1*1*#@0+L.-1*>0
 i(W]7O19>ZE ™-’ 2— ¡R
FH>0J]H"_1![A)$#$#O@0+%@Q1O@&05(&0@Q1*#$?1*>0J>)O+> $O P !$?#((W@)(*3'E[FH>0J "9>0O@)4(D19".*1(K1>0V"%+%O1".1*#%@.1*"%@)3 @1O@&05(
".+<19"_1*#@0+L1>0]U"(W>e1&06y&0@Q1O$H!O1*>)!1*>0/0(*1=1O!^/)O(=%1*>0&)(*!=/)*5(*(*(`1*>0 +¡v’£™;•
{(W]7O19>ZEdŠJ-B1*!1>0
".+<19"_1*#%@ (W1*%/?(!SU1*>)L"9>0#@0L]U"%<19(-R%;1*>0i&?(W 1*{/0((1*>) ¡v’£—-–1’ 1–1©=‘
 ‡(*]7<199>E‹ŠJ-B1*;1*>)i&)(*! /0((W5(
Á¡v’£—-–1’ 1–©=$‘
1*>0   (W]7O19>S?1*>)= "%9>0#@0=(W1"%W19(71>0=>0%1V".#46)$O_]U!4"%@)3i!%@Q1*#@&0(76)$O_]7#@0+;>0%1\"%OJ#@Q1*:1*>032*C#@0+
?¡v’2™}•
9>)".6?H&0@Q1*#$!O1*>071*>)&)(W7/0((W5(G1>0 :(*]7O19>%H1*>)/0*5(W!1H1*#J^2/0#(E
* EHqX@d""%$<Ns1*#(*C2(D1! ]7>?"_1#(1*>0;32Obk!!@)!6M1D]U!@d"/M!*-R% ".@)!!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1,"%@)3d" 6M!>?" P #%I".$[@)(D1"%O@Q1 3
\ P ,/0"o1#".$k^0"./0$#(H%-5"%9> 1DC/?,.-[@)(W1*9".#@15E
*-,2E l ! /)*5(W@1K1>0H1*#O@0+`!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(#@"!%$#$OI(*O@" P % I30".@)!19"%(*8=#@"%@"%O(*&0 P O$#$#"%@)H(*C(W1* "([".@^1*@)323A?@0<1
(D19"_1\ "9>0O@)‚ G€[“ @nH30#"%+%9".fE[FH>0%$#$##(*O@" P % I30".@?V1"%(*8:!%@)(*#(W1(U%-1>0,-R%$#$O_]7#@0+"%1* P O1*#(E

 FH>0HA?(W1G(W&)621"(W8@)".39"%30"%(W#+%@)"%$2/0!((WK/0*2!((W5(Z1>0J9"%30"%[(W#+%@)"%$2%@ ",(W#+%@?".$0/025(*(*%1*+!@0".1*
1>0,1*9"%98;!%93;#@1*! (H.-1*>0,19".+%15x (H$#2!".1*#%@f".@)3 P $O2O1DC;]7O1*>0#@ – ‘‘;“5\.-K*5!#/217.-1*>)`(W#+%@)"%$mE
 FH>0V1*9"%98 !%93#(1"%@)(WO1W13:1*1*>0,30"_19"=/)*25(*(*%]7<1>0#@ – ;“\"_-B1!U1*>0\1"98!%93 I(U301**#@03E
 Šv(*&06219"%(*8`%@1*>0730".1"\/02((*%[*!$I"_1(Z1*>07!! P 3`1*9"%98!%93`]7O1*>1*>0U1"98`*530(.-M.1>0!K19".+%19(
q,
1>)"_14!%$#(*V1;3211J/?%1*!@Q1#"%$%$#$##(*O@:1>)"_1J#+%>Q172!&)7]7<1>0O@1>0@0^1 %‘%‘ “2.E
 qr-" $O$##(*#%@LI(V"%@1#!O/?"_1*53'SM1*>0@i1>0!%*5o1* P `"o1O@i#(\32!1*!O@)3i]7O1*>)O@ – ‘ ;“5`6CL".@0%1*>0\(*&06219"%(*8
&0@0@0#@0+%@1>0`30"_19"/0*2!((WE

*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

  FH>0`!%*5o1 P \"o1*#%@I(U1*9".@)(*<1*1*3 11>0,1*9"%98 %o1O@;19"%(*8;]7<1>0#@ ¶*-, “2.E
* 0E4%@)(*I32!U1*>),-R%$#$O_]7#@0+L‚R/)"%W1#"%$IU(*/?5OA?!".1*#%@.-["*5".$ONm1O(WC2(W1* (
FH>0 P !$#2O1DCe.-V"d(W/?"%!Nr!".-B1&)(D16Mf("./0$#3y6C‡"c!%/0&21!%@2Nr6M".93d1*>)f(*/)"NX9"_-B1"_1$O5"%(W1@)  P !C
(W5@)3v‚B1>0 ("./0$#O@)+i P !@Q1I(=32@0.13{6C‡“0EŠJ-B1*!("./0$#O@0+i1*>0 P $O2O1DC%S1*>)!&0*!@Q1=/M(*O1*#%@{I(!%/0&213
‚t32@0.13f6C: P @1\H7]7<1>0O@ – ‘%‘% (W5.S2/)"%"%$O$#!$#$OC:1*>0=^2/?5o13f/M(*<1O@%-K1*>0=(*/)"NX9"_-B17I(J1*# P 3:-R* 1>0
›*
30"_19".6)"(W:]7<1>0O@ .‘‘. (W5i‚t30!@0%1*3y6Cd P @1 l E V(W#@0+n1*>05(Wf30"_19"0SK1>030 P #".1*#%@{-R% 1>0 @)%"%$U!%&09(*;.-
1*>0,(*/)"%!NX9"_-B1G&)(D1H6M,301**#@03:]7<1>0#@ – ‘%‘ (*‚t32@0.13;6C  P !@Q4 1 \U".@?3:*1* P  P !$#2O1DC"3hzD&)(W1*!@Q19(
=&)(W1H6?,!"%*O53 %&01U6M-R*\"=@0] P $O2!<1DC P ".$#&0\#(H("./0$#3;#@c‚R1*>0 P !$#!<1DC "3hzD&)(W1*!@Q1H P @Q1UI(H32!@0%1*53;6C ŠVoE
U".$I&0$I"_13/?Q(WO1*#%@?([=&)(W16M71*9".@)(*<1*1*53=1,1*>075".*1*> (W1"_1O@".1$O5"%(W1%@)!7 P !C`O@&21`‚R/M(*<1O@1"%@)(*I((W#%@
 P !@Q17#(732@0.136C 1*>) P @Q17FJE

qD32!@Q1<-RCL1>0;32ObM*@Q11*##@0+L@)(W1*9".#@19(\O@d1*>);(WC2(W1*!fE:$I"%((WO-RCf1*>05(W #@Q1*f!O1*>)!/M!*-R%"%@)%6M!>?" P #%I".$

@)(D1"%O@Q19(!E%@)(W1*&)17"%@ €[“ @ 1* 232!$k1>0`(WC2(W1*E
*QE4%@)(W1*&)1U1>0G€[“ @ 232!$%-K"1!$#!/0>0@0(WC2(W1* ]7>0Q(W ‚R/?".*1*I".$BG6M!>?" P #%HI(J325(*!*#6?53:6M!$#_] 0(
*
Š7-B1!=$#O-B1*#@0+i1>0:!! P !>?".@)30(*15S1*>0:30#"%$G1%@0:(*>0&0$#3{"%/0/M".=]7<1>0O@ .‘L(*@)30(Efqr-4"L32#"%$G1%@0 !".@e@0%16M
*
+% P @i]7<1>0#@ %‘:(*@)30(SM1*>0@d"%@nI32$O1*@0#(\/0232&)!3'E`ŠJ-B1*!,1>032#"%$1*%@)"%/0/?5".9(!SM1>0A)(W132O+<1(*>0%&0$I3L1
6? 32I".$#$#3i]7O1*>)O@ – ‘(*@)30(\".@)3n1*>)(*&06)(*aQ&0@Q1\A P 32O+<19(,]7<1>0#@ ,
(W5@)30(\.-U"%9>c.1>0!5E=qr-1*>0 32I".$#$O#@0+.-
".@C:%-[1*>032#+%O1(JI(\32!$I"hC%53'S01>0!@n"%@L#30$O=1*%@)`#(4/030&)53'E4FH>0`I32$#`1%@0%@Q1O@&05(7&0@Q1*#$Z1>0=!! P J>)".@?30(W!1
#(H!/)$#"3E
*0EHuv>)"_1J"%*\1*>)`32<bk!!@Q171DC/M(H.-1*#O@)+;%@?(D1"%O@Q1(1>)"_14".@&07#@L"(WC2(W1*!fE \ P ,^0"%/)$O5(H.-5"%9>E

»;  ‚º·¸
)(
 – `ˆ\E \"%(".9"_1>C%E7FHO#@0+ ! %@)(W1*9".#@Q1(7%-[*5".$ONm1O=(*C2(D1! ( 4@)(D1*&?o1(7-R%\^2/0((W#@0+1*>)!fSk!1*>0230(J-R% P ".$##30".1*#@0+
1*>)!fE
   2D
       &H "H ­H vDMC  =CIC D
    F( ,
 .S0„[$mE –%– ‚ ?E – %‘  0S  "%@Q&?".C –   2E
 *h=“Q1 P `•4".1*>E  ^GIC ;C 8 E  C  LC    )E G$#(* P #!5S2*.‘%‘Ž0E
 Ž_`ˆU*I".@L“2"%@1)E,6?5303253 6?"_1W1$O,_C"%$OE     C  :DFB S/)".+(7Ž    *2S 45=6M!q*%‘%‘ – E

Ž%‘

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 
 

 !"

#%$'&(*)+-,/.0&213( ,54*&)768)9:)7; $*)<9',6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)F&3,?.GH,/.JI/$*)K&( ,5&( ,/..I?DE)1I?$L.0&=6=,?CM$N&=.,?.=.IO17C-,5&)<9H8PCA&=('CM&>QFRS:&I?T*&( )U&=(*6)>)

V 6=I/,/9W1+X,?.=.Y)<.PI5T2&C-DE)Z17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&=.P8)'9:CX.17S .=.Y)<9\[L9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)'1I/$ .Y&63,5C-$/&I/$W&=,/.YG:.CX.P&=(*)'DEIN.0&17I?DEDEI?$]Q^#%$_,?+M+.YS V .Y)<`/S )7$N&
9:CX.=1S .=.YC-I?$L.F8)P&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)bC-DE4*+MCX1CM&+-cd,?.=.YS De)bI?$*+-cd9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)f1I?$L.0&=6=,?CM$N&=.FI?$6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)P&=,/.YG:.>[/S*$ +M)<..U8K)De)>$N&C-I?$I?&(*)>68PCX.Y)/Q
gP)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)H&3,?.GO.i?)&i?)7$ )763,j&)<9kC-$l6=)>.4LI/$ .Y)H&=Ik.I?DE)m)7n/)7$N&=.^&=( ,j&DE,oc)7CM&(*)>6 V )p)qO&=)76=$ ,5+]I/6C-$/&=)76=$ ,5+]&Id&=(*)'.cO.Y&)>DWQ
r I?6E)q*,5DE4*+-)?[K,_&3,?.GsDeC-i?(N&di?)7&ei/)7$*)>6=,5&)<9t9:S*)&Iu,5$vC-$/&=)76=$ ,5+)7n/)7$N&d.YS 13(w,?.e,u1+-I:13GxC-$N&)>66=S*4:&dI:1717S*66=C-$*iy)>n?)76=cxTa)78
DEC-+M+-CP.Y)<1I?$L9*.m&=Iy4z)76=CMI:9:CX17,?+M+-c{4zI?+-+K&(*)k&)7DE4z)763,j&=S*6)I5Tb,{13(*)7DECX17,5+K4*+X,5$N&>Qx|$*I?&(*)>6'&3,?.G{DEC-i?(N&Zi/)&Zi/)7$*)>6=,5&)<9s9:S*)&=I
,?$_)qO&)>6$L,5+)7n?)>$N&H.S 13(y,/.&=(*)ZSL.Y)>64*6=)>.=.CM$*i,k.8PCA&313(]Qm}~(*)>${,d&3,?.Gli?)7&=.i?)7$ )763,j&)<9\[zCA&HC-.H.=,5CX9W&I( ,on/)j€ € ƒ‚j„3ZI?6m†/‡5ˆ
€„7‰M„3oŠ7„3jQF‹Un?)>6cE6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)f.Yc:.Y&)>D S .YSL,5+-+Mc17I?$ .C-.Y&=.I?T,'$OS*D V )>6^I5TJ6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&=,/.YG:.>QŒ^(*)b&=CMDE) V I?S*$ 9 .^I?$9*CAŽ)76=)7$N&&=,?.G:.
Dd,oc V )f9:CAŽ)76=)7$N&<Q}x)b(L,?9,?+M6=)>,/9:c'4zI?C-$N&)>9I?S:&F&=( ,j&K&(*)f1I/$ .Y)<`NS*)7$ 17)>.UI5T],H&=,/.YGEDECX..CM$ ipCA&3.F&=CMDE) V I/S*$ 9*.UDE,ocE,5+X.Ipnj,56=c
Ta6=I?D &3,?.Gd&IE&3,?.GQ2Œ^( C-.PCX.^I5Tƒ&=)7$W)q:4*6=)>.=.)>9k,/.&(*)p176CM&CX17,?+MCM&0cI?T2,Z&=,/.YGQ
#%$s&=(*)k+X,?.Y&e13(L,54:&=)76<[8)k(L,?9s4zI?C-$N&)>9I?S:&Z&( ,5&e,?4*4*6=I?4*6=C-,5&)k.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iyI5TP&=,/.YG:.ZC-.'&( ) V ,/.YCX1DE)>13(L,5$*CX.YD‘,?9*I?4:&=)>9
V cW,d6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)pI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*ik.c:.0&=)7D’&IDE)7)7&b&=(*)p&=CMDE)Z17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&=.PI?TU,E&=,/.YGQŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[z.Y)>+M)<1 &C-I?$lI?TU,5$_,?4*4*6=I?4*6=C-,5&)H&3,?.G
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ix,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*DC-.e1)>$N&63,5+K&I_&=(*)4*6I/4L)>6pTaS*$L1 &C-I?$ CM$*ixI5Tb,y6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)k.c:.0&=)7DWQx#%$t&( C-.e13( ,54*&)76e8)9:CX.17S .=.Z.I?DE)
TaS*$L9*,5DE)7$N&3,5+^&=,/.YGt.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i{&)<13(*$*CX`NS*)>.Z&(L,j&,56=),onj,?CM+X, V +-)?Qt|b$“S $ 9:)763.Y&=,5$L9:CM$ i{I?Tb&( )>.)&=)>13(*$ C-`NS*)<.Z8I?S +-9(*)7+-4“SL.
$*I?&I?$*+-c&=Ik.=,j&CX.YT”,?1 &=I?6=CM+-c9:)<.YC-i?$l,E6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)p,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$][ V S:&f,5+X.YIES*$ 9*)763.0&3,5$ 9W,5$L9,?4*4*6=)>17C-,5&)f&(*)pTa)>,j&=S*6=)>.PI?TDEI:9:)76=$
17I?DEDE)7631CX,5+6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)HI?4z)763,j&=CM$ iE.c:.0&=)7Dd.P9:CX.17S .=.Y)<9kC-$W+-,5&)7613(L,54:&=)763.7Q
Œ^(*CX.J13(L,54:&=)76C-.JI?6=i/,5$ CM•>)>9m,?.]TaI?+-+MIj8.>Q]}x)U;L6=.Y&JC-$/&=6I:9:SL1)K.I?DE) V ,?.C-1K1I?$L1)74*&=.J,?$ 9H&=)76=DeC-$*I/+MI/i?C-)>.J,/..I:1CX,j&=)>9f8PCA&=(p&3,?.G
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iLQe–OS V .Y)<`/S )7$N&+-c?[]8)E9:C-.=1SL..&08IDd,j—0I/6m1+X,?.=.Y)<.I?TF&=,/.YG_.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.7˜H1+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$y,?$ 9_)>n?)>$/&@™9*6C-n?)>$]Q'rCM$L,5+-+Mc/[
8)H)q:4*+X,5C-$.I?DE)mC-De4zI?6&=,?$N&^CX.=.YS*)<.&( ,5&D'S .Y& V )p17I?$ .CX9:)76=)>98P(*C-+M)p9:)>n?)>+MI/4*CM$ iZ4*63,?1&CX17,?+],54*4*+-CX17,j&=CMI/$ .>Q
š ›kœZž Ÿ]¢¡xœ'£¤2¥p¦e¤¨§œZ¦W©Pžb¡¤2ª
#%$d&=(*CX..)>1&C-I?$8)bC-$N&6=I:9:S 1)f,HTa)78«CMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&^1I?$L1)74*&=.,5$ 9E&=)76=DECM$*I/+MI/i?C-)>.8P( C-13(8KI/S*+-9 V )fS .Y)7TaS*+CM$kS*$ 9:)>6=.Y&=,?$ 9:C-$*ip&=(*)
6=)>.Y&PI5T&(*CX.13( ,?4:&)>6>Q
¬­*®>¯{°±®7²<­*±³?´zµ ‹U,/13('&=CMDE)P,5$E)>n?)7$N&I:1717S*6=.>[jCM&&6=CMi/i?)763.&(*)&3,?.Gm&( ,5&F( ,5$L9:+M)<.&(*CX.)>n?)7$N&2&IH6=S*$]Q#%$EI5&( )7628KI/6=9 .7[?,&3,?.G
CX.bi/)7$*)>6=,5&)<9W8P(*)7$x.YI/De)e.Y4z)>17CA;z1p)7n/)7$N&I:1>1S*63.7QfgP)>,?+A@B&C-DE)p&3,?.GO.b&( )76=)TaI?6=)p$*I/6Dd,?+M+-c6=)>17S*6H,d+-,?6i/)p$OS*D V )76fI5TU&C-De)<.,5&
9:CMŽ)76=)7$N&FCM$L.0&3,5$N&=.2I?TL&=CMDE)9:)>4L)>$ 9:C-$*imI?$Z&(*)P)>n?)>$/&I:1717S*6=6)>$ 1)&C-DE)>.>Q#™&FCX.4zI/.=.YC V +-)&( ,5&F6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&=,/.YG:.26=)>1S 62,5&F6=,?$ 9:I/D
C-$ .Y&=,5$N&3.7QH¶Ij8)7n/)76<[ DEI/.Y&6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)m&=,/.YG:.6)<1S*68PCA&=({1)>6Y&3,5C-$l;*q:)>9_4L)>6C-I:9*.7QHr*I/6)7q*,5DE4*+-)?[,d&)>DE4L)>6=,5&S*6=)Z.)7$ .C-$*i&3,?.G
C-$y,k13( )7DEC-1>,5+4*+-,?$N&DECMi/(N&6=)>1S 6CM$L9:); $ CA&=)7+-cl8PCA&=(y,k17)76&=,5C-$l4z)76=CMI:9 V )>1>,5S .)m&( )'&=)7DE4L)>6=,5&S*6=)pCX..=,5DE4*+-)>9_4L)>6C-I:9:C-1>,5+-+Mc/[
8P(*)>6)<,?.P,e&3,?.G( ,?$ 9:+-CM$ i,d9:)7nOCX1)mC-$/&=)76=6S 4:&bDECMi/(N&6)<1S*6b,5&6=,?$ 9:I/D·C-$ .0&3,5$N&=.>QK‹K,?13(&C-DE)',e&=,/.YG6)<1S*63.>[*CA&C-.1>,5+-+M)<9W,5$
ƒ¸ Š3ˆ%j¸¹3„HI5T&(*)&=,?.GQkŒ^(*)E; 63.Y&m&C-De),&=,?.G_I:1717S*63.7[CA&'CX.p1>,5+-+M)<9y&=(*)E; 63.0&pC-$ .Y&=,?$ 1)dI?TK&=(*)d&=,/.YGQkŒ^( )d$*)qO&pI:1717S*66=)7$L1)
I?T&(*)'&=,?.GWC-.f17,?+M+-)>9WCM&=.f.)>1I/$ 9lC-$ .Y&=,5$L1)?[,5$L9_.YIkI?$]QfŒ^(*)—%&=(yC-$ .0&3,5$ 17)pI5TU,&=,/.YGº\»F8I?S*+X9 V )Z9:)>$*I5&=)>9_,/.bº\»Y¼-½O¾ Q‹K,?13(
C-$ .Y&=,5$L1)dI5TP,W6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)e&3,?.G_C-.',?.=.YI:1CX,j&=)>9{8PCA&=(t,l9:)>,/9:+-CM$*) V c_8P( C-13(sCM&p$*)7)<9*.H&=I_1I?DE4*+-)&=),5$ 9x4*6=I:9:S 17)d6)<.YS*+M&=.>Q}x)
.( ,5+-+,j&&C-De)<.6)7Ta)76&I'&=,?.GdC-$ .0&3,5$ 17)>.,?.K4*6=IO17)>.=.Y)<.K,?$ 9dS .)&(*)<.Y)&08KI'&)>6Dd.CM$N&=)76313( ,5$*i/)>, V +McZ8P(*)7$$*IE1I?$*TaS .YC-I?$,56=C-.)>.>Q
¿ ´NÀh­:²>Á”ÂL´ÄôN­ ÅÀhÁ”±´ÄÂL´NÆj®>Ç®wÈÉ2®>ÊzÀ”Dz>´ÄôN­ ÅÀhÁ”±´Lµ Œ^(*){, V .I?+-S:&)x9:)>,/9:+MC-$*){I5Tp,s&3,?.G“CX.&=(*){, V .I?+-S:&)y&C-De){nj,5+-S*)
¼h1I?S $/&=)>9uTa6=I?D‘&=CMDE)WË/¾ V cu8P(*CX13(t&=(*)k6=)>.S*+M&=.'Ta6I/D‘&(*)k&=,/.YGs,56=)k)7q:4L)<1 &)<9\QsŒ^(OS .7[F, V .I?+-S:&)9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)C-.Z)>`NS ,?+U&=Iy&=(*)
Ì

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 absolute deadline of Ti(1)
= Φ+d

relative
deadline of Ti(1)
=d

Φ
Ti(1) Φ+ d Ti(2)
0 Φ+ pi

arrival of Ti(1) deadline of Ti(1)

r C-i?S*6=) Ì ˜gP)7+X,j&=CMn/)m,5$ 9W| V .YI/+MS:&=)
b)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.^I?T2,EŒ,?.G

C-$N&)76=nj,5+:I?Tz&=CMDE) V )&08)7)>$Z&=(*)P&=CMDE)Ëm,5$L9'&=(*),?1&S ,?+*C-$ .0&3,5$N&U,j&F8P( C-13(e&( )9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)PI:1717S*63.,?.DE)>,/.YS 6)<9 V c'.I?DE)P4*(Oc:.YCX17,?+
17+MI:13GQ}~( )76=)>,?.>[N6)>+-,5&C-n?)b9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)bCX.F&=(*)&C-De)CM$N&=)76=no,?+ V )&08)7)>$d&( )f.Y&=,?6Y&UI?T\&(*)&=,/.YGE,5$L9E&(*)fC-$ .0&3,5$N&,5&K8P(*CX13(k9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)
I:1717S*63.7Q#%$uI?&(*)>6p8KI/6=9 .7[]6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)d9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)dCX.H&( )d&C-DE)CM$N&=)76=no,?+ V )7&08K)>)7$x&( )k,56=6C-nj,5+I?T^,&3,?.Gy,5$ 9{&=(*)k1I/66=)>.4zI?$ 9:C-$*i
9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?QdŒ^(*)d9:CMŽz)>6)>$ 1) V )&08)7)>${6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)e,?$ 9x, V .I?+-S:&)d9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.HCX.HCM+-+-S .0&=6=,5&)<9yC-$srC-i Q Ì QZ#™&'1>,5$ V )dI V .Y)>6n/)>9WTa6=I?D
rC-i Q Ì &( ,5&P&(*)m6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)f9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)mI5T&(*)H&3,?.GkŒ^C™¼ Ì ¾CX.9\[:8P( )76=)>,?.^CM&=.P, V .I?+-S:&)m9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )mC-. LQ
¿ ´N® UÊz±®<´W¬pÁ ´Lµ Œ^(*)m6=)>.4LI/$ .Y)&C-DE)pI5T2,e&=,/.YGCX.&( )m&C-DE)mCA&P&3,5G?)<.m¼”,/.^De)<,?.S*6=)>9kTa6I/D &(*)p&=,?.Gk,?66=CMnj,?+L&=CMDE)o¾KTaI?6P&=(*)
&3,?.GW&I4*6I:9:SL1)'CM&=.H6=)>.S*+M&=.>Qm|b.m,5+-6=)>,?9*c6=)7Dd,56=G?)<9\[z&=,/.YGWC-$ .0&3,5$ 17)>.fi?)7&fi/)7$*)>6=,5&)<9_9:S*)Z&II:171S 66=)7$ 17)'I?TU)7n/)7$N&=.>QmŒ^(*)>.)
)>n?)7$N&3.2DE,oc V )C-$N&)>6$ ,?+O&IH&=(*).Yc:.Y&)>D.YSL13(E,/.1+-I:13GpCM$N&=)76=6S*4*&=.>[5I?6)7qN&=)76=$ ,5+*&If&(*).Yc:.Y&)7D .YSL13(e,/.,H6I V I?&2)>$ 1I/S*$N&)>6C-$*i
,?$I V .0&3,?17+M)/Q
 !" #$ !
%'&(*) ,+-.'/$0211&(34150+6$05798(*) 8$
):;<$= !=$):"2%&415 ! <;&(> <?

r I?6b(L,5639l6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)'&=,?.G:.7[,?.+-I?$*ik,/.,?+M+&( )7C-6H9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.f,56=)pDE)&<[&(*)>6)ZC-.$*I.Y4z)>17C-,?+,/9:nj,5$N&=,?i?)pI?TK1I/De4 +M)7&C-$*i&=(*)

&3,?.GO.^)<,56=+Mc/QU¶Ij8)7n/)76<[NTaI?6b.I5Tƒ&6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&3,?.G:.7[ ,on/)763,5i/)b6=)>.4LI/$ .Y)f&=CMDE)pI?T&3,?.GO.C-.,?$WCMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&PDE)&=6CX1H&IdDE)<,?.S*6)f&=(*)
4z)76TaI?6=Dd,5$ 17)dI5T,l.13( )>9:S*+-)76<QW| .13( )>9:S*+-)76pTaI?6'.I5Tƒ&'6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)E&=,/.YG:.p.(*I?S +-9x&=6cy&I_)7qO)<1S:&=)E&(*)k&=,/.YG:.mC-$t,5$uI?639:)>6m&( ,5&
DEC-$*CMDEC-•7)<.^&(*)p,on/)763,5i/)b6=)>.4LI/$ .Y)&C-DE)mI5T&=,/.YG:.>Q
¬­*®>A¯ @HÆj´O³?´OÅ´N±³?C´ B |w&=,/.YGZC-.U.,?C-9e&=Im4*6)<1)<9:),5$*I?&(*)>6&=,/.YG[/CAT&( )P; 63.0&F&3,?.G'DZS .0&U17I?DE4*+-)&=) V )7TaI?6=)^&(*).Y)<1I?$L9'&3,?.GZ1>,5$
.Y&=,?6Y&<Q}~( )7$l,Z&=,?.Gº\»4*6=)>1)<9:)>.P,?$*I5&=(*)76&3,?.GEº Dj[*&(*)>$)<,?13(CM$ .Y&=,?$ 1)HI?Tº\»24*6=)>1)<9:)>.K&=(*)p1I/66=)>.4LI/$ 9:C-$*i'C-$ .Y&=,?$ 1)HI5TEº D?Q
Œ^( ,5&fCX.>[zCMTUGº FH4 6)<1)>9*)>.Iº H?[z&(*)>$yGº Fj¼ Ì ¾b4*6)<1)<9:)>.bIº H/¼ Ì ¾ [\Gº Fj3¼ J?¾P4 6)<1)>9*)>.Iº H/K¼ J/¾ [\,5$ 9{.YII?$]QH| 4*6)<1)<9:)7$ 17)'I/6=9:)>69:)7; $*)<.
,4 ,56&CX,5+2I/6=9:)>6m,5DEI?$*ik&=,/.YG:.>QZgP)<1I?+-+-)>1 &fTa6=I?D ,k; 63.0&p1I/S*63.Y)ZI?$u9:C-.=16=)&=)ZDd,5&(*)>DE,5&CX17.f&=( ,j&p,4 ,56&CX,5+2I?639:)>66=)7+X,j&=CMI/$yCX.
6=5) L )7q:CMn/)?[F,5$N&=C-.cODeDE)7&6=C-1?[U,5$ 9t&63,5$ .CM&C-n?)?Qs|b$)q*,?De4 +M)4 ,56&CX,5+I?639:)>6C-$*i{,?DEI?$*iy&=,?.G:.'CX.E.Y( Ij8P$tCM$wrCMiLMQ J:Qt¶b)76=)kGº F
4*6=)>17)>9:)<.fº H [ V S*&p8K)d17,?$*$*I?&f6=)7+X,j&=)eº F 8PCM&(u)7CM&(*)>6mOº NZI/6HCº P/QE}{).( ,5+-+2+-,5&)>6mS .Y)e&3,?.G_4*6=)>1)<9:)7$L1)e6)>+-,5&C-I?${&Il9:)7n/)7+-I?4
,?4*4*6=I?4*6=C-,5&)&=,/.YGk.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*id,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.7Q
í:²>M­ QGR­:ÆjÁ”T± SJµ Œ,?.G:.PI5Tƒ&=)7$l$*)>)>9&=I.Y( ,?6)H&=(*)7C-66=)>.S*+M&=.b,?DEI?$*iE)>,/13(WI5&( )768P(*)>$lI?$*)p&=,?.Gk$ )7)>9 .^&Ik.( ,?6)H&=(*)p6=)>.S*+A&3.
4*6=I:9:S 17)>9 V ck,5$*I?&(*)>6^&=,/.YIG U 17+M)<,56=+Mc/[O&(*)p.)>17I?$ 9&=,/.YGkD'S .Y&4*6=)>1)<9:)H&( )H; 6=.Y&P&=,/.YGQ#%$T”,?1&>[L4*6)<1)<9:)7$ 17)H6)>+-,5&C-I?$ V )7&08K)>)7$
&08Id&=,/.YG:..YI/De)7&C-DE)>.CMDE4*+-CM)<.9 ,j&=,k.Y( ,?6C-$*i V )&08)7)>$W&(*)Z&08Id&=,/.YG:.'¼”)?Q i QP;L6=.Y&b&3,?.G4 ,/..C-$*ik.I?DE)p6=)>.S*+A&3.&=Id&( )e.)>17I?$ 9
&3,?.G:¾Q_¶Ij8)7n/)76<[]&( C-.'C-.'$*I5&E,5+-8,oc:.f&6=S*)/Q_| &=,/.YG{Dd,oc V )k6=)>`NS*C-6)<9{&I_4*6=)>17)>9:),5$*I?&(*)>6p)7n/)7$s8P(*)>$u&(*)>6)CX.Z$*Iy9*,5&=,
.( ,56=C-$*i Qmr*I/6)7q*,5DE4*+-)?[CM$x,13( )7DEC-1>,5+4*+X,5$N&fCM&HDE,oc V )e6)<`/S CM6=)>9W&=( ,j&f&( )Z6=)>,/1 &C-I?${13( ,5D V )>6DZS .0& V )'; +-+-)>9{8PCA&=(y8^,j&)>6
V )TaI/6)k13( )7DEC-1>,5+X.p,56=)dC-$/&=6I:9:SL1)>9]Q#%$u&=(*CX.'17,/.Y)/[J&=(*)&3,?.Gy( ,?$ 9:+-CM$ il; +-+MC-$*i_S*4u&=(*)k6=)>,/1 &=CMI/$x13( ,?D V )76p8PCM&(8,5&)76'D'S .Y&
17I?DE4*+-)&)/[ V )TaI/6)&(*)&3,?.Gs( ,5$ 9*+MC-$*iuCM$N&=6I:9:S 1&C-I?$“I5Tb&=(*)l13(*)7DECX17,?+-.eCX.e,/1 &=CMnj,j&=)>9\Q“#™&dC-.e&=(*)76=)TaI/6)$*I5&d,54 4*6I/4*6=C-,5&)&=I
J

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 T2
T1

T4 T3

r C-i?S*6=)
J:˜
F6=)>17)>9:)>$ 1)HgP)>+-,5&C-I?$W|DEI?$*iŒ,?.G:.
6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&P9*,j&3,E.Y( ,?6C-$*ieS .CM$*iE4*6=)>17)>9:)>$ 1)H6=)7+X,j&=CMI/$]Qr*S*6&(*)>6>[*9 ,j&=,E.( ,56=C-$*iZDd,ocI:1>1S*6^$*I?&I?$*+-c8P(*)>$I/$*)f&=,?.G4*6=)>17)>9:)<.
&=(*)I5&=(*)76<[ V S*&UDECMi/(/&FI:1>1S*6U,?DEI?$*if&6=S*+-cZ17I?$ 17S*66=)7$N&2&=,/.YG:.>[?,5$L9ZIjn/)76=+-,?4*4*C-$*i&=,?.G:.7Q#%$EI5&=(*)76F8I?639*.>[?9*,5&=,H.Y(L,56=CM$*im,?DeI/$*i
&3,?.GO.U9:IO)>.F$ I5&F$*)<1)>.=.=,56=CM+-c'C-DE4LIN.Y),?$Nce4 ,?6Y&=C-17S*+-,?6I?639:)76=C-$*im,5DEI?$*iH&3,?.G:.7Q2Œ^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[?9*,5&=,p.( ,56=C-$*iH6)>+-,5&C-I?$d,5DEI?$ iH&=,?.G:.
$*)>)>9*.&I V )Z6)>4*6)<.Y)>$N&)>9S .C-$*i,9*CAŽ)76=)7$N&f.cOD V I?+BQP}{)e.Y(L,5+-+J6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&9*,5&=,.( ,?6C-$*i,5DEI/$*iE&08KI&=,?.G:.S .C-$*ik,9*,/.Y( )>9
,?66=Ij8mQ^#%$l&(*)e)q*,?De4 +M)pI?TU9*,j&3,.( ,56=CM$ ik,5DEI?$ iE&=,?.G:.6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&=)>9WC-$yrCMiL=Q J:[zOº HmS .)>.b&(*)Z6)<.YS +A&3.I5TFº N [ V S*&fOº H',?$ 9Wº N
Dd,ocE)q:)>17S:&)H1I/$ 1S 66=)7$N&+-c?QOº HbDd,ocE)7n/)7$.0&3,56&K)q:)<1S:&=CM$*iZ; 63.0&<[:,jTƒ&)>6P.YI/De)7&C-DE)>.KCA&PDd,ocE6)<1)7C-n?)f.YI/DE)9*,5&=,mTa6=I?D º N [O,?$ 9
17I?$N&C-$OS*)HCA&3.P)q:)>17S:&C-I?$J[*,5$ 9W.IeI/$]Q
  ¡xžª·œ  ž¥ >ž¥mªª·¥p¦Wž7£§W¥m£¥m©¤2ž£
ªJ¤7©Pª
^,?.)>9ZI?$Z&( )P8,ocp6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)U&3,?.G:.26)<1S*6Ijn/)76,f4L)>6C-I:9'I?TL&=CMDE)?[/CA&FCX.4zI/.=.YC V +-)&Ip1+X,?.=.CATacH&=(*)7D CM$N&=I&=(*6=)7)PDd,5C-$e1>,j&=)7i?I/6C-)>.>˜
4z)76=CMI:9:CX15[5.4zI?63,?9:CX15[5,?$ 9',?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1U&=,/.YG:.>QJ#%$'&(*)TaI?+-+-Ij8PCM$*iL[o8K)^9:CX.17S ..&=(*)^CMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&13( ,563,?1&)>6CX.0&=C-1>.]I?T*&(*)<.Y)K&( 6)>)KDd,j—0I/6
1>,j&)>i?I/6C-)>.I5T6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)f&=,/.YG:.>Q
@´/ÆjÁhÊ]ÅÁh³¬­*®7¯]®/µ |4z)76=CMI:9:CX1P&3,?.GZCX.UI/$*)&=( ,j&^6=)74z)>,j&3.U,5Tƒ&)76^,p17)76&=,5C-$d;*q:)<9E&C-DE)C-$N&)76=nj,5+BQŒ^( )b4*6=)>17C-.)&=CMDE)bC-$ .Y&=,?$/&3.K,5&
8P(*CX13(k4z)76=C-IO9*C-1&=,?.G:.U6=)>17S*6^,56=)bS .S ,5+-+-cE9*)7Dd,56317,5&)>9 V cd17+MI:13GECM$N&=)76=6S*4*&=.>Q2r I?6K&(*CX.6)<,?.I?$][/4L)>6C-I:9:CX1&3,?.GO.,56=)b.I?DE)&=CMDE)<.
6=)Ta)>66=)>9&I,?.17+MI:13GN@™9*6C-n?)>$&3,?.G:.7QPŒ^(*)m; qO)<9&C-DE)'C-$/&=)76=nj,5+J,5Tƒ&)768P(*CX13(_,E&=,/.YG6)>4L)<,j&=.bC-.17,?+M+-)>9&=(*)  „€ ”‡<pI?T2&(*)'&=,?.GQ
#™Tº » CX.,d4z)76=CMI:9:CX1H&3,?.Gz[ &(*)>$W&(*)'&C-DE)mTa6I/D Ëe&=CM+-+&(*)pI:1>1S*6=6)>$ 1)mI?T2&(*)m;L6=.Y&bC-$ .0&3,5$ 17)mI5Tº » ¼”ChQ )?Q^º » ¼ Ì ¾Y¾PC-.9:)7$*I?&)<9 V c
z» U],5$ 9yC-.f17,?+M+-)>9_&(*)e4*( ,/.Y)ZI5T&( )'&3,?.GzQmŒ^(*)e.Y)<1I/$ 9lC-$ .0&3,5$ 17)¼”ChQ )?QHº\»Y3¼ J?¾¾I:1717S*63.,50& zO» L»QHŒ^( )p&( CM639_C-$ .Y&=,5$L1)W¼aCBQ )/Q
º\»Y¼ /¾¾I:1717S*63.,50& zO»  J"!z»K,?$ 9y.IkI/$]Qmr*I/6Dd,5+-+-c?[,k4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m&3,?.GWº»17,?$ V )Z6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&=)>9 V cl$, #k&S*4 +M)WK¼ z»%[ L»0'[ &o»Y[ /»™¾
8P(*)>6) L»FCX.P&=(*)'4z)76=C-IO9WI?T2&=,?.G[ &o»CX.b&(*)p8I?63.Y&17,/.Y)m)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$W&C-DE)'I5T2&=(*)p&3,?.Gz[z,5$ 9 /»UC-.&(*)Z6)>+-,5&C-n?)p9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )pI5T&=(*)
&3,?.GzQ2}x)p.Y(L,5+-+\S .Y)H&=(*CX.P$*I5&3,j&=CMI/$)7qN&=)7$ .C-n?)7+-cC-$&(*)m6=)7Dd,5C-$ 9:)>6^I5T&(*CX. V INI/GQ
ŒIWCM+-+MSL.0&=6=,5&)e&(*), V Ijn?)e$*I5&3,j&C-I?${&Il6=)74 6)<.Y)>$/&m6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)e4z)76=C-IO9*C-1e&3,?.GO.>[]+-)&pS .'1I?$L.YCX9:)76H&=(*)E&63,?13G{1I?6=6=)>1 &=CMI/$_&3,?.G
&0cO4*CX17,?+M+-ckTaI/S*$ 9lC-$y,d6=I:13G?)7&b1I?$N&=6I/+J.YI?Tƒ&08,?6)/Q|b.=.YS De)p&(*)'TaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*ik13( ,?6=,/1 &=)76=C-.Y&CX17.^I?T&(*)m&=6=,/13G17I?6=6)<1 &=CMI/$&3,?.GQŒ^(*)
&=6=,/13Ge17I?6=6)<1 &C-I?$e&3,?.Ge.Y&=,?6Y&3. J5Ë/Ë?ËHDEC-+M+-C–:)>1I/$ 9*.K,jTƒ&)>6U&=(*)b+X,5S $ 13(I5T&=(*)b6=I:13G?)&<[N,?$ 9ECM&K4z)76=CMI:9:CX17,?+M+-cE6)<1S*63.)7n/)76=)c (?ËmDECM+-+-C
–O)<1I/$ 9*.^&=(*)7$WI?$JQU‹U,/13(C-$ .Y&=,5$L1)mI5T&( )H&=,?.Gk6=)>`NS*C-6=)>.P,e4*6=IO17)>.=.YC-$*ie&C-DE)mI5+T *EDECM+-+MC2–O)>17I?$ 9 .P,5$ 9CM&=.P6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)H9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)mCX.
(?ËEDeC-+-+MC–O)>17I?$ 9 .7Q^gP)>1>,5+-+]&=( ,j&&=(*)'4 ( ,?.)mI5TF,E&3,?.GkCX.b9:)7; $*)>9 V c&( )pI:171S 66=)7$ 17)H&C-DE)pI5T2&( )p; 63.0&C-$ .Y&=,?$ 1)pI?T2&(*)'&=,?.GQ
Œ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[o&=(*)P4*( ,/.Y)^I5TL&(*CX.2&3,?.GmC-. J?Ë?Ë/ËDECM+-+-C .Y)<1I/$ 9*.>QŒ^(*CX.&=,/.YG'1>,5$ZTaI?6=Dd,5+-+Mc V )^6)>4*6=)>.)7$N&)<9',?.P3¼ J5Ë/Ë?ËDd–:)>15,[ (5ËfD–O)>1?[
*fD–O)>1?,[ (?ËD–O)<1>¾Q2Œ^( C-.2&3,?.GpCX.4*CX1 &I/6CX,5+-+-c'.Y( Ij8P$ZC-$drC-i Q *Q}~(*)>$Z&=(*)9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )PI5T\,b&3,?.Gp)>`NS ,?+-.2CM&=.F4L)>6C-I:9¼”ChQ )?-Q  /» .  » ¾[
8)Z1>,5$_I/DeCM&f&(*)'TaI?S*6&(y&S*4*+-)?QH#%$l&=(*CX.f1>,?.)?[z8K)e17,?$_6)>4*6=)>.)7$N&b&=(*)p&3,?.GW,/.bº 0» . K¼ J5Ë/Ë?ËdD–O)<15'[ (5ËkD–O)>1?-[ *kD–O)>1<¾ QmŒ^(*CX.
8I?S*+X9,5S:&=I?Dd,j&=C-1>,5+-+McEDE)>,?$ z» . N» . (?Ë'D–O)<15QU–OC-DECM+X,56=+Mc/[O8P(*)7$ z» . Ë [:CA&1>,5$ V )HI?DECM&Y&=)>98P(*)7$$*Id1I/$:TaS .CMI/$,?6CX.Y)<.7Q–OIL[
º\» . K¼ J?2Ë 143+&6587 Ì Ë?9Ë 13+&657¾F8KI/S*+X9kC-$ 9:CX17,5&)',e&3,?.G8PCA&=( z» . Ë*2[ z» . Ì Ë?Ë5D–O)<15:[ &o» . J?Ë5D–O)<15[ ,?$ 9 /» . Ì Ë/Ë5D–O)>1?Q}~(*)7$ )7n?)>6
&=(*)76=)HC-.P,?$Nc.17I?4z)TaI/6P1I?$*TaS .YC-I?$J[:8K)m.( ,5+-+\)q:4*+-C-17CA&=+Mc8P6CM&)HI/S:&^&(*)m4 ,?6=,?DE)&)>6=.Kº\» . ;¼ L» . (5ËpDEC-+M+-C–O)<17.>:[ &o» . *'DEC-+M+-C–O)<17.>[
N» . #NË'DEC-+M+-C–O)<17.3¾ [*)7&=1?Q

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ei

Φ =2000  di



 
0 Φ Φ + pi Φ + 2*pi
r C-i?S*6=) *˜FŒ6=,/13GKI?6=6)<1 &C-I?$Œ,/.YG{¼KJ5Ë/Ë?Ë913+&6587  » 7 & » 7  » ¾I?T,EgPI:13G?)7&
|Änj,?.Y&PDd,j—0I?6=CM&0cdI5T&(*)H&3,?.GO.^4 6)<.Y)>$/&PC-$l,'&0cO4*CX17,?+\6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)m.cO.Y&)>D’,?6)f4L)>6C-I:9:CX15QFŒ^(*)m6=)>,/.YI/$TaI?6^&=(*CX.PC-.P&( ,5&DE,?$Oc
,/1 &C-nOCA&=CM)<.^17,56=6=CM)<9I?S*& V c6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f.c:.0&=)7Dd.^,56=)4z)76=CMI:9:CX1CM$$ ,j&=S*6=)?[OTaI?6^)7q:,?DE4*+M)fDEI?$*CM&I/6C-$*iE1)>6Y&3,5C-$1I/$ 9:CM&C-I?$ .>[O4LI/+M+-C-$*i
C-$:TaI?6=Dd,j&=CMI/$sTa6I/D .Y)>$ .I?63.',j&e6)>i?S*+X,56ZCM$N&=)76=no,?+-.'&Iu17,?66=cxI?S:&d1)>6Y&3,5C-$,?1&C-I?$,5&e6=)7i/S*+-,?6'C-$N&)76=nj,5+X.¼h.YSL13(“,?.e9:6=CMn/).I?DE)
,/1 &SL,j&I/6=.3¾ Q}{).Y( ,?+M+K1I?$L.YCX9:)76')q*,5DE4*+-)>.mI?T.YS 13(x&3,?.GO.mTaI?S*$ 9uC-$t,&0cO4*CX17,5+13(*)7DECX17,?+F4*+X,5$N&>Q#%$t,l13(*)7DECX17,?+F4*+X,5$N&Z.)7nN@
)>6=,?+&)7DE4z)763,j&=S*6)mDEI/$*CA&=I?63.7[:4 6)<..S*6=)DEI?$ CA&=I?63.7[*,?$ 9W13(*)7DECX17,5+]17I?$ 17)7$N&63,j&=CMI/$DEI/$*CA&=I?63.^4L)>6C-I:9:CX17,5+-+-ck.,?DE4*+M)H&=(*)p1S 66=)7$N&
&=)7DE4L)>6=,5&S*6=)?[N4*6=)>.=.YS 6)/[N,?$ 9d13(*)7DECX17,?+z17I?$ 17)7$N&63,j&=CMI/$dno,?+MS )>.F8P( C-13(k,?6)&(*)>$1I/DED'S*$*CX17,5&)<9e&Ip&=(*)f4*+-,?$N&1I/$N&6=I?+-+M)>6>QŒ^(*)
C-$ .Y&=,5$L1)>.UI5T&( )P&)>De4z)763,j&=S*6=)?[N4*6)<..S*6=)?[?,?$ 9d13(*)>DeCX17,?+L17I?$ 17)7$N&63,j&=CMI/$ZDEI?$ CA&=I?6=CM$*iH&3,?.G:.U,56=)P$*I/6Dd,5+-+-c'i?)>$*)763,j&=)>9Z&( 6I/S*i?(
&=(*)bC-$N&)76=6=S*4:&=.K6=)>1)>CMn/)>9eTa6=I?D ,m4z)76=CMI:9:CX1P&=CMDE)>6>QŒ^(*)<.Y)CM$*4 S:&=.^,56=)S .)>9d&IZ17I?DE4*S:&=)17I?6=6)<1 &C-n?),/1 &=CMI/$ .F6=)>`NS*C-6)<9e&IZDE,?CM$*@
&3,5C-$&=(*)p13(*)>DeCX17,?+\6)<,?1&C-I?$,5&b,E1)76&=,?CM$63,j&)/QŒ^(*)p1I/66=)>1&C-n?),/1 &=CMI/$ .P,56=)f&(*)>$W1>,56=6C-)>9kI?S:&P&=(*6=I?S*i/(,?1&S ,5&I/6=.>Q
Œ^(*)b4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&=,/.YGeCM$&(*)f, V Ijn?)P)q*,?De4 +M))7q:C-.Y&=.UTa6I/D &=(*)&=CMDE)I5TJ.cO.Y&)>D C-$*CM&CX,5+-CM•<,j&=CMI/$]Q¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&=,/.YG:.F1>,5$
,?+-.I1I/De)mC-$N&I)7q:C-.Y&)>$ 1)'9*cN$L,5DEC-1>,5+-+Mc/QŒ^( )'1I/De4 S:&=,5&C-I?$&( ,5&bI:1717S*6=.CM$y,?CA&P&=6=, 1mDEI?$*CM&I/6=.>[*I?$L1)', L C-i?(N&bCX.b9*)&)<1 &=)>9
V cd&=(*)m6=,/9*,56&=CM+-+\&( )m6=,/9*,56^)q:CM&=.^&=(*)m63,?9*,?6.CMi/$ ,5+\•>I?$*)HCX.,5$)q*,?De4 +M)HI5T,E9:cO$ ,5DECX17,?+M+-ck16=)>,5&)<9k4z)76=CMI:9:CX1&=,/.YGQ
Q UÊLÆo­ ÅÁh³¬K­ ®7¯ B | .Y4zI?63,?9:CX1^&3,?.GeCX.KI?$*)b&( ,5&6=)>17S*6=.K,j&6=,?$ 9:I?D C-$ .0&3,5$N&=.>Q|.4zI?63,?9:CX1^&=,/.YGEº » 1>,5$ V )fC-.K6)>4*6=)>.)7$N&)<9 V c
,Z&( 6)>)H&S*4*+-)?˜
º\» . ¼ &o» 7 ?» 7/»™¾
8P(*)>6") &<»CX.&( )8I?63.0&U1>,?.))q:)<1S:&=CMI/$d&C-DE)bI5TJ,?$C-$ .0&3,5$ 17)I5T\&=(*)&3,?.G[ ?»9:)7$*I?&)<.F&=(*)bDEC-$*CMDZS*D .)74 ,?6=,5&C-I?$ V )7&08K)>)7$d&08I
17I?$ .)>17S:&C-n?)fCM$L.0&3,5$ 17)>.^I5T&(*)H&3,?.G[ /»2CX.&(*)m6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)f9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?QŒ^(*)mDEC-$*C-D'S*D .Y)>4 ,563,j&=CMI/$y¼ ?»™¾ V )7&08K)>)7$&08KIE1I/$ .)>1S*&C-n?)
C-$ .Y&=,5$L1)>.I5T&(*)m&3,?.GkC-DE4*+MC-)>.&( ,5&I?$ 17)p,5$WC-$ .0&3,5$ 17)pI5T,d.4LI/6=,/9:C-1&3,?.GkI:1717S*6=.>[:&=(*)p$*)7qN&C-$ .Y&=,?$ 1)'1>,5$*$ I5&I:1717S*6 V )7TaI?6=)
?»^&=CMDE)S*$*CM&=.p(L,on?)d)7+X,54L.Y)<9\QŒ^(L,j&'CX.7[ ?»P6=)>.Y&6=C-1&=.H&=(*)k63,j&=),j&p8P(*CX13(t.4LI/6=,/9:C-1e&3,?.G:.p17,?$t,56=C-.)?Q|b.'9*I?$*)dTaI/6p4z)76=CMI:9:CX1
&3,?.GO.>[O8K)H.( ,5+-+LSL.Y)&(*)m17I?$On?)>$/&=CMI/$d&(L,j&&(*)f; 63.0&^C-$ .0&3,5$ 17)I?T,e.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1P&3,?.Gdº\»JCX.^9:)7$*I?&)<9 V cdº\»Y¼ Ì ¾,5$ 9&(*)H.YSL171)<..C-n?)
C-$ .Y&=,5$L1)>. V cº » K¼ J/¾ [:º » ¼ /¾[:)&=1?Q
_,?$Ock.Y4zI?63,?9*C-1b&=,/.YG:.P.S 13(l,?.^)7DE)>6i/)7$ 17cdDe)<..=,5i/)f,?66=C-no,?+-.^,?6)H(*C-i?(*+-c176CM&CX17,?+\CM$W$ ,5&S*6=)?QFr I?6P)7q:,?DE4*+M)/[:CM$l,e6=I V I5&,
&3,?.G&(L,j&i?)7&=.Pi/)7$*)>6=,5&)<9&=I( ,5$L9:+M)p,?$WI V .Y&=,/1+-)&=( ,j&f.YS 9 9:)7$*+-c,?4*4z)>,563.^CX.b,d.4LI/6=,/9:C-1&3,?.GzQU#%$_,eT”,?1 &=I?6=c?[O&=(*)m&=,/.YGk&( ,5&
( ,?$ 9:+-)>.; 6=)m1I/$ 9:CM&C-I?$ .PCX.P,E.Y4zI?63,?9*C-1&=,/.YGQŒ^(*)H&=CMDE)mI5TI:171S 66=)7$ 17)HI5TJ&=(*)>.)H&=,/.YG:.P1>,5$$*I5& V )m4*6)<9:CX1 &)<9\Q
Œ^(*)d176CM&CX17,?+MCM&0c_I5TP.4LI/6=,/9:C-1'&=,/.YG:.Hnj,56=C-)>.fTa6=I?D (*C-i?( +Mcx16=CA&=C-1>,5+2&IWDEI:9:)763,j&=)7+-cy16=CM&CX17,5+BQr*I/6m)q*,5DE4*+-)?[,5$x# ?R 9*)7nOC-17)
C-$N&)76=6=S*4:&>[I?6p, _| C-$/&=)76=6S 4:&mC-.mDEI:9:)>6=,5&)7+-cy176CM&CX17,?+hQ¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[],&=,/.YG_(L,5$ 9:+-C-$*iW&(*)d6=)74zI?6&C-$*iWI5TK; 6=)1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$ .HCX.
(*C-i?( +Mck176CM&CX17,?+hQ
È U´NÆoÁhÊ]ÅÁ”³¬­*®>¯ B |b$,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&=,/.YGECX.KC-$kDd,?$NcE8^,oc:.U.CMDEC-+-,?6U&=Ie,Z.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1P&3,?.GQ2|b$,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&=,/.YGd17,?$,?6CX.Y),j&^6=,?$:@
9:I/D·C-$ .Y&=,5$N&3.7Q¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[:C-$l17,/.Y)mI?T2,?$W,?4L)>6C-I:9:CX1f&=,?.G[:&( )pDECM$*C-D'S D .)74 ,?6=,5&C-I?$ ?» V )7&08K)>)7$W&08Id1I?$L.Y)<1S:&=CMn/)mCM$ .Y&=,?$ 1)<.
1>,5$ V )lË*QsŒ^( ,j&eC-.>[&08IyI/6ZDEI?6=)kC-$ .Y&=,?$ 1)<.'I?T,5$,?4L)>6C-I:9:CX1&3,?.GxDEC-i?(N&ZI:1>1S*6d,j&Z&(*)W.=,5DE)k&=CMDE)CM$L.0&3,5$N&>Qs|+X.I [&=(*)
9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)pTaI/6,5${,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1H&=,/.YG:.C-.)q:4*6=)>.=.)>9W,?.)7CM&(*)>6f,?$_,on?)>6=,?i?)Hnj,5+-S*)'I/6bCX.b)7qO4 6)<..)>9l.Y&=,5&CX.0&=C-1>,5+-+Mc/Q|4z)76=C-IO9*C-1p&=,?.G:.
#

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ,?6)Hi?)>$*)763,5+-+-c.YI?Tƒ&^6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f&=,?.G:.7Q
#™&dCX.d)>,/.Ycu&=Is6)<,5+-CM•>)8P(Oc,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&3,?.GO.E$ )7)>9&I V )_.YI?Tƒ&6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&=,/.YG:.>Qw|b4L)>6C-I:9:CX1&=,?.G:.E17,5$v6=)>1S 6dCM$~`NS*CX13G
.S 1717)>.=.YC-I?$JQl#™&'&( )76=)TaI?6=) V )>17I?DE)>.Zn?)>6cx9:C 17S*+A&e&IyDe)>)&Z&(*)W9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.pI?Tb,5+-+UC-$ .0&3,5$ 17)>.'I5Tb,5$“,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1E&=,/.YGQ_}~( )7$
.)7n/)763,5+J,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1m&=,?.G:.6=)>17S*6bC-$y,k`NS*CX13GW.YS 1>1)<..CMI/$][*&=(*)76=)'CX.f, V S*$ 13( CM$*iI5T&=(*)p&3,?.GC-$ .Y&=,5$L1)>.f,5$L9WCA&fDeC-i?(N&f+M)<,?9W&=Ik,
Ta)>89:)<,?9:+-CM$ )DECX..)>.>Q|b.^,5+-6)<,?9:cd9:CX.=1S .=.Y)<9\[:.YI?Tƒ&P6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&3,?.G:.1>,5$k&I?+-)763,j&=),'Ta)78 9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)fDEC-.=.Y)<.7Q|b$)7q:,?DE4*+M)fI5T,5$
,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1f&3,?.GCX.b,E+-I?i/i?C-$*iE&=,/.YGCM$_,k9:C-.Y&6=C V S:&)<9l.Yc:.Y&)>DQPŒ^(*)'+MI/i?i?C-$*iE&3,?.G17,?$ V )Z.0&3,56&)>9 V cW9:CAŽ)76=)7$N&&3,?.G:.P6S $*$*C-$*i
I/$E9*CAŽ)76=)7$N&U$*I:9:)<.7Q2Œ^(*)+-I?i/i?C-$*iH6)<`NS*)>.Y&=.2Ta6=I?D 9:CMŽz)>6)>$/&U&=,?.G:.Dd,ocZ,?66=CMn/),5&F&( )+MI/i?i/)76,5+-DEI/.Y&U,j&F&=(*)b.=,5DE)^&C-DE)?[NI?6&=(*)
6=)>`NS*)<.0&3.KDd,oc V )m.Y4 ,/1)<9kI/S:&PCM$&C-DE)?QKRb&( )76^)q*,5DE4*+-)>.I?T,54z)76=C-IO9*C-1b&=,/.YG:.CM$L1+-S 9:)mI?4z)763,j&=I?66)<`NS*)>.Y&=.>[OG?)7c V I/,?6=9d4 6)<..)>.>[
DEI?SL.Y)HDEIjn?)>De)>$N&=.>[:)&=1?Q#%$kT”,/1 &<[ ,5+-+]C-$/&=)763,?1&C-n?)H1I?DEDd,5$L9*.^C-.=.S*)>9 V ckS .)763.^,56=)f(L,5$ 9:+-)>9 V ck,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&3,?.GO.>Q

¥mª  ›k© Wž 4 7¦ 
gP)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)'&=,?.Gl.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*ik)<..)7$N&CX,5+-+-c6=)Ta)>6=.&IW9:)&=)76=DeC-$*C-$*i&=(*)'I/6=9*)76bC-$y8P( C-13(l&=(*)eno,?6C-I?SL.P&=,/.YG:.f,56=)m&I V )Z&=,?G?)>$_S*4
TaI/6P)q:)>17S:&C-I?$ V cd&(*)mI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*id.Yc:.Y&)>DQ‹Un?)76=cdI?4z)763,j&=CM$ ie.c:.0&=)7D·6=)7+-C-)>.I?$WI?$ )fI/6^DeI/6)f&3,?.Gk.13( )>9:S*+-)763.K&Id4*6=)74L,56=)b&=(*)
.=13(*)>9*S*+M)'I5TF)q:)<1S:&=CMI/$_I5TFnj,56=C-I?S .^&3,?.G:.CM&$*)>)>9*.b&I6S*$JQb‹U,/13(W&=,?.GW.13(*)<9:S*+-)76C-.f13( ,563,?1&)>6C-•7)<9 V c&(*)e.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i,?+Mi/I5@
6=CA&=(*DCA&)7DE4*+-Ijc:.7Q2| +X,56=i?)$OS*D V )>6UI?TJ,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*Dd.2TaI/6.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ip6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)P&=,/.YG:.U( ,on?).ImT”,56 V )7)7$9:)7n/)7+-I?4z)>9\Q2gP)>,?+A@B&C-DE)
&3,?.G.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*iEI?$WS*$*C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?63.KCX.,eDd,j&=S*6)p9*C-.=1C-4*+-CM$*)'$*Ij8«8PCM&(lDEI/.Y&PI5T&(*)'CMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&6=)>.S*+M&=.^( ,onOC-$*i V )>)7$l8I?6=G?)>9
I/S:&mCM${&(*)d)<,56=+Mc Ì   Ë .7Q'Œ^( )e6=)>.)>,?6=13(y6)<.YS*+M&=.m,onj,?CM+X, V +-)E,j&m4*6=)>.)7$N&fC-$x&(*)E+-CA&=)763,j&=S*6)d,?6)en?)>6cl)7qN&=)7$ .C-n?)E,5$ 9{CA&p8I?S +-9
C-$ 9:)>)>9 V )bi?6=S*)>+M+-CM$ iH&I'.Y&S 9*c'&=(*)7D)q:( ,?S .Y&C-n?)7+-c?Q#%$E&( C-.U&)7qN&<[/8)P&=(*)76=)TaI/6)17+-,/..CATac'&(*)f,onj,5C-+-, V +M).=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*ip,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.
C-$N&Id,eTa)78 V 6IN,?91+X,?.=.Y)<.^,5$ 9W.Y&S 9:c&(*)p13( ,?6=,/1 &=)76=C-.Y&CX17.I5T2,ZTa)78 CMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&I/$*)>.^C-$)<,?13(W1+X,?.=.7Q
  !#"%$&')(&*+,-$/.102)35467$&"98:"9;9:<
 )TaI/6)ZTaI:1S .=.CM$*iI?${&(*)E9:CMŽz)>6)>$N&m17+-,/..)>.I5T^.13( )>9:S*+-)763.DeI/6)E1+-I/.)7+-c?[+-)&mS .; 63.0&mC-$N&6=IO9*S 1)E,Ta)>8 C-De4zI?6&=,?$N&m17I?$ 17)74:&3.
,?$ 9&=)76=DECM$*I/+MI/i?C-)>.8P(*CX13(W8KI/S*+-9 V )mS .Y)<9CM$WI?S 6+X,j&=)769:CX.=1S .=.YC-I?$L.7Q
= ­*ÀhÁ”/ Å Q]³ R´NÅÇÀ”C´ B | no,?+MCX9y.=13(*)<9:S*+-)pTaI?6H,k.)&fI5T&3,?.GO.CX.bI/$*)'8P(*)>6)e,j&fDeIN.0&fI?$*)'&=,/.YGWCX.f,/..C-i?$*)<9&I,k4*6=IO17)>.=.YI/6b,j&H,
&=CMDE)?[?$*If&=,?.GmCX..=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9 V )7TaI?6=)KCM&=.,?66=CMnj,?+?&=CMDE)?[N,5$ 9p&(*)^4*6=)>17)>9:)>$ 1)^,5$L9'6=)>.I?S*631)1I/$ .0&=6=,?CM$N&3.JI?Tz,5+-+N&=,/.YG:.2,56=)K.=,j&=C-.Y; )>9]Q
> ´N­ ®>Á”ÉÀhA ´ QJ³ R´OÅÇÀ”C´ B | nj,?+MCX9_.=13(*)>9:S +M)pCX.f17,5+-+-)>9l,ETa)<,?.C V +-)'.=13(*)>9*S*+M)/[LI/$*+-cCMTU,5+-+J&3,?.G:.PDE)7)&&(*)>CM6f6=)>.4L)<1 &C-n?)p&C-De)e1I/$:@
.Y&63,5C-$N&=.^C-$&=(*)m.13( )>9:S*+-)?Q
@HÆj@Ê ?³/Á”´O±" ² Q]³ R´OÅÇÀ”´NÆ B |w&3,?.GZ.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6 ACBD<E^CX.F.=,5CX9Z&I V G) FE‡5€
„ z€7‡ HK¹7”„¸Lˆ*&=( ,5$,?$*I5&=(*)76F.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6 ACBID JL[5CM-T ACBD<E^1>,5$
Ta)<,?.C V +-cE.13(*)<9:S*+-)b,5+-+*&3,?.Ge.)&3.&=( ,j/& A BID5Jm1>,5$ETa)>,/.YC V +-ce.=13(*)<9:S*+-)?[ V S:&K$ I5&b‚<”¹3„H‚o„7€3Š7jQŒ^( ,5&KCX.7@[ ACBD<EP1>,5$ETa)<,?.C V +-cE.13(*)<9:S*+-)
,?+M+\&3,?.G.)&3.^&( ,5G& ACBD5Jd1>,5$][ V S:&&=(*)76=)m)q:CX.0&3.,j&+-)>,/.0&I/$*)f&=,?.G.)&P&=( ,jK& A BID5Jd1>,5$$*I5&Ta)<,?.C V +Mc.13(*)<9:S*+-)?[*8P( )76=)>,?L. ACBID<E
1>,5$]Q^#™T ACBID)Ep17,5$WTa)<,?.C V +McW.13( )>9:S*+-)',?+M+J&=,?.G.)&3.P&=( ,jM& A BID5Jd1>,5$WTa)>,/.YC V +-c.=13(*)<9:S*+-)',5$ 9u‚<”¹3„e‚o„7€3Š7j[L&(*)>N$ ACBID)E',5$ O9 ACBID5J
,?6)m17,?+M+-)>9uQ„ PSR 5‰ƒU‰ T€:‡ H¹”„7¸ ˆKŠ7W¹ V „=XR:‰M„7€3Š3Q
Y ²<Á t­*#À QJ³ R´OÅÇÀ”´NÆ B | 6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)H&3,?.G.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6CX.b17,?+M+-)>9s‡ zˆBZ FE5‰ [CATFCM&17,?$WTa)>,/.YC V +-c.=13(*)>9:S +M)',?$Oc&=,/.YG.Y)7&&(L,j&1>,5$
V )kTa)<,?.C V +Mcs.=13(*)>9:S +M)<9 V cu,?$Oc{I?&(*)>6e.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6>Q{#%$tI5&=(*)76e8I?639*.7[CM&e8I?S*+X9s$*I?& V )4zI/.=.C V +-)&=I_; $L9,lDEI?6=)k4 6I?;L1C-)7$N&
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*il,5+-i?I/6CM&( D &( ,?$x,?$uI?4:&=CMDd,5+F.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Qd#™T^,?${I/4:&C-Dd,5+U.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6p17,?${$*I?&'.13( )>9:S*+-)d.YI/DE)Z&3,?.Gy.)&>[J&(*)>$u$*I
I?&(*)>6.13(*)<9:S*+-)76.(*I?S +-9 V )p, V +-)&=Id4*6=IO9*S 1)m,ZTa)>,/.YC V +-)p.13(*)<9:S*+-)fTaI?6^&(L,j&P&=,/.YG.Y)7&>Q
QJ³ R´OÅÇÀhÁ”T± S @ÊLÁh±²>®/µ Œ^(*)m.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ie4LI/CM$N&3.^I5T,E.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6,?6)&(*)H4zI?C-$N&=.^I?$k&C-DE)f+-C-$*)m,j&P8P(*CX13(&( )H.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76^Dd,5G?)<.
9:)<1CX.YC-I?$L.^6)>i/,5639:C-$*i'8P( C-13(&=,/.YGkC-.^&=I V )m6=S*$W$*)qO&<Q#™&C-.PC-DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&^&Id$*I?&)H&=( ,j&b,Z&=,/.YG.13(*)<9:S*+-)769:IO)<.^$*I5&$*)>)>9&IE6=S*$
17I?$N&C-$OS*I?S .+-c?[zCA&fC-.f,?1&C-no,5&)<9 V c&=(*)'I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*ik.cO.Y&)>D I?$*+-cl,j&&=(*)e.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*ik4LI/CM$N&=.b&IDd,5G?)p&(*)e.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ i9:)<1CX.YC-I?$
,/.^&I8P( C-13(W&3,?.Gk&=I V )'6S*$l$ )qO&>QP#%$_,17+MI:13GN@%9:6C-n?)>$.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<[*&( )'.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i4zI?C-$/&3.b,?6)p9:)7; $*)<9l,j&&=(*)p&=CMDE)pC-$ .Y&=,5$N&3.
Dd,56=G?)<9 V cC-$N&)>66=S*4:&3.i?)>$*)763,j&=)>9 V cl,4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m&=CMDE)>6>QfŒ^(*)Z.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*i4LI/CM$N&=.C-$y,5$_)>n?)>$/&@™9*6C-n?)>$W.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76H,56=)'9:)&=)76@
(

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 DEC-$*)>9 V cI:1717S*66=)7$L1)HI5T21)76&=,?CM$)7n/)7$N&=.>QŒ^(*CX.^&I/4*C-1fCX.9:CX.17S .=.Y)<9kDEI?6=)H)7+X, V I?63,j&=)7+-cdCM$_–O)<15Q J:Q *Q
@HÆj´O´ ²<ÁaÂz´MQ]³R´NÅÇÀ”´NÆOµ |4*6=)7)>DE4:&C-n?)E.13( )>9:S*+-)76mCX.HI?$ )e8P( C-13(x8P(*)7$u,(*C-i?(*)>6m4*6C-I?6=CM&0cW&=,?.G_,56=6=CMn/)>.>[].YS .4z)7$ 9*.m,?$Oc
+-Ij8K)>6U4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cZ&=,/.YGe&(L,j&KDd,oc V ))7qO)<1S:&=CM$ iZ,5$L9E&=,?G?)>.KS*4d&=(*)f(*CMi/(*)764*6=CMI/6CM&0cZ&=,?.GeTaI?6K)q:)>17S:&C-I?$]QŒ^(OS .>[OCM$,m4*6=)7)7DE4:&=CMn/)
.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6>[/CA&^17,?$d$*I5& V )b&(*)f17,?.)^&(L,j&,p(*CMi/(*)76K4*6=CMI/6CM&0cp&3,?.GZCX.U6=)>,/9:cZ,?$ 9d8^,5CM&C-$*iHTaI?6K)q:)>17S:&C-I?$J[N,?$ 9E&( )+MIj8)76U4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
&3,?.GfCX.)q:)>17S:&C-$*i Q2|“4*6)>)7DE4:&=)>9m+-Ij8K)>6J4*6=C-I?6=CA&0c&=,/.YGm17,?$p6=)>.S*DE)UCM&=.)q:)>17S:&C-I?$'I?$*+-cm8P(*)7$'$*I( CMi/(*)764*6C-I?6=CM&0c&3,?.GHC-.6)<,?9:c/Q
²>ÁhÀ”Á /­:²>ÁhÊL±Kµ Œ^( )f4 6I:1)<..I?6S:&=CM+-CM•<,j&=CMI/${¼aI/6P.YC-DE4*+MckS:&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$L¾KI?T,Z&=,?.GdCX.U&=(*)m,on?)>6=,?i?)P&=CMDE)fTaI?6^8P(*CX13(CM&P)q:)>17S:&)<.4L)>6
S*$ CA&&=CMDE)^CM$N&=)76=no,?+hQ#%$e$*I5&3,j&C-I?$L.7˜\TaI/6F,b4z)76=C-IO9*C-1K&=,/.YGmº\»[j&( )S*&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$ z» . [?8P(*)>6) &o»C-.&=(*)P)q:)>17S:&C-I?$'&C-DE),5$ "9 L»zCX.



&=(*)b4z)76=CMI:9EI?Tº\»YQ2r I?6,p.Y)7&UI5T\4z)76=CMI:9:CX1^&3,?.GO. >º\» N˜J&=(*)&=I5&=,?+ S:&=CM+-C-•>,j&=CMI/$9:S*)b&I',?+M+ &=,?.G:. . » F Q#™&KCX.&=(*)bI V —0)>1&C-n?)

  


I?T,?$NcZi?IOI:9E.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ ip,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*D &=ImTa)>,/.YC V +-cZ.=13(*)>9*S*+M)P)>n?)>$Z&=(*I/.)^&=,/.YGe.Y)7&=.2&=( ,j&K( ,on?)Pn/)76=cp(*C-i?(ES:&C-+-CM•<,j&C-I?$J[/CBQ )/QS*&C-+MC-•>,5@

    


&=CMI/$Z,54 4*6IN,?13(*C-$*i Ì Q2RbTL17I?S*63.)?[oI?$e,S*$*C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6JCM&C-.$*I?&4zI/.=.YC V +-)U&=If.=13(*)<9:S*+-)F&=,/.YGp.)&3.J(L,onNC-$*iS:&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$ZDeI/6)U&( ,?$ Ì Q

Áa²>²>´NÆOµ CM&Y&=)76eC-.Z&=(*)9*)7nOC-,5&C-I?$tI?T,_4z)76=C-IO9*C-1k&=,/.YGxTa6=I?D‘CA&3.E.0&=6CX1 &e4L)>6C-I:9:C-1 V )7( ,onOC-I?6<QxŒ^(*)W,56=6=CMnj,5+U&C-DE)'—0CM&Y&=)76EC-.Z&=(*)
9:)>nOC-,5&C-I?$WI5T2&( )p&=,/.YGkTa6I/D ,?66=C-nNC-$*id,j&b&(*)p4 6)<1CX.Y)m4z)76=CMI:9:CX1H&=CMDE)'I?TF,56=6C-nj,5+BQU#™&bDd,oc V )'1>,5S .)>9 V cCMDE4*6=)>17C-.)'1+-I:13G:.7[*I/6
 

I?&(*)>6bT”,/1 &I/6=..YSL13({,?.b$*)&08I?6=Gl1I/$*i?)<.0&=CMI/$ .7QH–OC-DeC-+X,56=+Mc/[17I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$l&C-DE)b—0CM&Y&=)76HC-.b&( )e9:)>nOC-,5&C-I?$_I?TF&(*)E1I/DE4*+M)7&C-I?$_I?TU,

&3,?.GlTa6I/D 4*6=)>17C-.)E4L)>6C-I:9:CX1E4LI/CM$N&=.>QkŒ^(*)17I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$y&=CMDE)m—0CM&Y&=)76pDd,oc V )k17,?S .)>9 V cy&(*).4z)>1CM;L1d.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*il,5+-i?I/6CM&( D
)>De4 +MIjc/)>9d8P(*CX13(d&3,5G?)<.FS*4,m&3,?.GZTaI/6.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*ie,?.K4L)>617I?$On?)>$*C-)7$ 17)b,5$ 9&(*)f+-I/,?9d,5&^,?$C-$ .0&3,5$N&>[O63,j&=(*)76U&( ,?$.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i
,5&P.I?DE)m.Y&6=C-1&P&C-De)mC-$ .Y&=,?$/&3.7Q CM&Y&)>6=.P,?6)fS*$ 9*)>.CM63, V +-)fTaI?6.I?DE)m,54*4 +MCX17,5&C-I?$ .>Q lI?6=)m9:C-.=1SL..CMI/$ .^I?$&( C-.P+X,j&=)76<Q


 O87 C L' * :"9$ "

   )8 I0O74  02  <. &87$ ;  8:; "935 * &46
! #"%$ '& )( *&

–O)>n?)>6=,?+J.13( )7DE)>.bI5TF1+X,?.=.YCM;L1>,j&C-I?$WI?T26=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)m&=,/.YGW.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*ik,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.P)q:CX.0&<Q| 4zI?4*S*+X,56.13(*)>DE)'1+X,?.=.YCM; )<.P&( )p6)<,5+M@

&=CMDE)&=,?.G.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*iZ,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd. V ,?.)>9dI/$k(*Ij8w&=(*)f.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iZ4LI/CM$N&3.,?6)f9:);L$*)>9\QFŒ^( )b&=(*6)>)Dd,?CM$d&0cO4z)>.I5T.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.
,/171I/6=9*CM$*iZ&Ie&=(*C-.b1+X,?.=.YCM;L17,5&C-I?$.13(*)>DE)p,56=)?˜21+-IO13GN@%9:6=CMn/)7$][O)7n/)7$N&Y@%9:6=CMn/)7$][:,?$ 9(Nc V 6=CX9\Q
 14> 214:,+-%'  7  14 %'& > ;) .,$( -!  14 $, 1%& >  8   <!) .% <3  %/.,0
$  <3K&  < 1 7 % +-.'/)1>  1:(?21 
$
57 + %'  7 ,43 $014 %'&(>  8   <)
%(, 5O %6.,0 15  )   57<7-!  14A.14> &4%  "1>  1:  <3K&  <? # 408.   %A & /. $
1>  1:
 <33&(<)9 - > > ) 7   2114& 3. 19< % :5O=$ G14 %'&(>  8 2  <?

|Ta)78 C-De4zI?6&=,?$N&De)>D V )763.^I5T)>,?13(I5T&( )>.)&=(*6=)7) V 6=I/,/9k1+X,?.=.)>.^I5T2.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*id,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*Dd.^,56=)f&(*)HTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ i ˜

Ì Q K+MI:13G 6C-n?)>$]˜
Œ, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$
Kc:1+-CX1
;

J*Q‹Fn/)7$N& 6=CMn/)7$]˜
–OC-DE4*+-)m4*6C-I?6=CM&0c/@ V ,/.Y)<9
g,5&) lI/$*I5&=I?$*CX1f|$ ,?+Mc:.C-.p¼hg _|f¾
;

‹K,56=+MC-)>.Y& )>,/9:+-CM$*)prC-6=.Y&'¼”‹ r¾

;

 Q¶c V 6=C-9]˜
; gPI/S*$ 9O@™6=I V C-$
#%DE4zI?6&=,5$N&De)>D V )763.I5T17+MI:13GN@™9*6C-n?)>$k.13( )>9:S*+-)763.U&( ,5&8)f9*C-.=1S .=.CM$k&(*CX.K&)7qN&,?6)b&=, V +M)7@™9:6=C-n?)7$,5$ 91c:1+-C-1f.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.>Q
K+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$k.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.,?6)f.YC-DE4*+-)H,?$ 9) 1C-)7$N&>QŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[N&( )>.)H,?6)Ta6=)>`NS*)7$N&=+McdS .)>9C-$)>D V )>9*9:)<9,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$ .7Q2}x)
C-$On?)>.Y&C-i/,5&)&(*)<.Y)H&08Id.13( )>9:S*+-)763.CM$l.I?DE)m9:)&3,5C-+]C-$l–:)>15Q J*Q #LQ

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 #%DE4zI?6&=,5$N&)7q:,?DE4*+M)<.PI5T)>n?)7$N&@™9:6=C-n?)7$l.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.b,56=)p‹U,56=+-CM)<.0& )>,?9*+MC-$*)'rC-6=.Y&Z¼”‹ r¾b,5$ 9lg,5&) lI/$*I5&=I?$*CX1p|b$ ,5+-c:.YCX.
h¼ g _|¾Q:‹Fn?)>$N&Y@%9:6C-n?)>$d.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.U,?6)DEI/6)f.YI/4*(*CX.0&=C-1>,j&)<9e&( ,?$17+MI:13GN@™9*6C-n?)>$E.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.U,5$L9dS .S ,5+-+McE,56=)DEI?6=)b4 6I?;L1C-)7$N&
,?$ 9 LL)q:C V +M)E&=( ,5$u1+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$x.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.7QEŒ^(*)<.Y)d,56=)eDeI/6)E4*6=I5;z1C-)7$N& V )>1>,5S .)e&(*)>c{1>,5${Ta)>,?.C V +Mc{.13(*)<9:S*+-)d.YI/De)e&3,?.G
.)&3.8P(*CX13(_1+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$W.13( )>9:S*+-)763.1>,5$*$*I?&>QPŒ^(*)<.Y)',?6)mDEI/6)L )7q:C V +-) V )>1>,5S .)m&( )7cW17,5$WTa)<,?.C V +McW.13( )>9:S*+-)p.4LI/6=,/9:C-1m,?$ 9
,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&3,?.GO.C-$,/9*9:CM&C-I?$&IE4z)76=CMI:9:CX1&=,/.YG:.>[N8P( )76=)>,?.^17+MI:13GN@™9*6C-n?)>$.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.^17,?$.=,j&=C-.YT”,?1&I/6C-+McE( ,?$ 9:+-)HI?$*+-c4z)76=CMI:9:CX1
&3,?.GO.>Qk‹Un?)7$N&@™9:6=C-n?)7$x.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*ilI5T^6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)E&3,?.GO.HC-$t,WS*$*C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6H)7$OnOCM6=I?$ De)>$N&H8^,?.',.S V —0)<1 &'I?TC-$N&)>$ .Y)d6=)>.)>,?6=13(
9:S 6C-$*i')<,56=+Mc Ì C 5Ë .>[5+-)>,?9*CM$*i'&Ip4 S V +-C-1>,j&C-I?$I5TJ,m+X,56=i?)b$NS D V )76I5T]6=)>.)>,56313(E6)<.YS +A&3.7QFRS:&KI?T\&(*)f+X,56=i?)P$OS*D V )76I5T]6=)>.)>,?6=13(
6=)>.S*+M&=.K&( ,5&P8K)>6)f4*S V +-CX.Y(*)<9\[O&( )TaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*i'&08Ie4LI/4*S*+X,56P,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.,56=)b&=(*)H)>.=.Y)>$ 1)fI5T,5+-+&(*IN.Y)f6)<.YS +A&3.7˜‹U,?6+-C-)>.Y9& )>,?9:@
+-CM$ )HrC-6=.Y&p¼”‹ r¾ [L,5$ 9g,j&=) lI?$*I?&I/$*C-1f|$L,5+-cO.CX.f¼hg _|f¾ Q #™T8K)HS*$L9:)763.0&3,5$ 9&(*)<.Y)f&08Id.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.8K)>+M+B[O8K)H8I?S*+X9ki/)&P,
i/INI:9i?6=CM4I?$6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)f&3,?.Gk.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*iEI?$S*$*C-4*6I:17)>.=.YI/6=.>Q2–:)7n?)>6=,?+no,?6CX,j&=CMI/$ .K&IE&=(*)>.)H&08KI V ,/.YCX1H,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*Dd.^)q:CX.0&<Q
|b$*I5&=(*)761+X,?.=.CA;L1>,j&=CMI/$pI5Tz6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)K&=,?.Gp.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*iH,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*Dd.17,5$ V )^Dd,?9*) V ,?.)>9pS 4LI/$'&=(*)&0cN4z)I5T &3,?.Gp,?1>1)74*&=,5$L1)
&=)>.Y&&=( ,j&F,b.=13(*)<9:S*+-)7617,?66=CM)<.]I/S:& V )TaI/6)CM&&3,5G/)>.S*4Z,b&=,/.YGfTaI?6.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iLQŒ^(*)^,?1>1)74*&=,5$L1)K&)>.Y&2C-.S .)>9p&IH9:)>17C-9:)8P(*)7&(*)>6
,Z$*)78P+-ck,?66=CMn/)>9e&3,?.Gd8KI/S*+-9,j&P,5+-+ V )f&3,5G?)>$kS*4TaI?6P.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ieI?6 V )f6=)0—0)<1 &=)>9\+Q ^,?.)>9kI?$&=(*)f&=,/.YG,/171)>4:&=,?$ 1)&)<.0&PS .)>9][
&=(*)76=)m,56=)&08I V 6=I/,?917,5&)7i/I?6=CM)<.I5TJ&3,?.Gk.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.>˜
; F+X,5$*$ CM$*i?@ V ,?.)>9
; )>.Y&^)7ŽzI/6Y&
#%$4*+-,?$*$*C-$*i5@ V ,/.Y)<9d.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.7[N8P(*)>$,m&3,?.Gd,56=6C-n?)<.&( )f.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6F; 63.Y&^9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)>.K8P(*)&=(*)76&=(*)b&3,?.Gd17,5$kDe)>)&^CA&3.^9:)>,/9O@
+-CM$ )>.>[:CAT2CA&CX.&=,?G?)>$S*4TaI/6)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$]Q#™T2$*I5&<[:CA&CX.^6=)0—0)>1&)<9\Q#™T&=(*)f&=,/.YGk1>,5$DE)7)&CM&=.P9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)p,5$L99:IO)<.^$*I5&17,?S .)fI?&(*)>6
,?+M6=)>,/9:ck.=13(*)>9:S +M)<9k&3,?.G:.&IdDEC-.=.^&=(*)7C-66=)>.4L)<1 &C-n?)p9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.>[:&=(*)7$W&=(*)H&=,/.YGC-.,/1717)74:&=)>9TaI?6b.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQRb&( )76=8PC-.)?[*CM&CX.
6=)0—0)<1 &)<9\Qp#%$ V )<.0&H)ŽI?6&m.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.7[\$ I,/171)>4:&=,?$ 1)'&)<.0&mCX.f,?4*4*+-CM)<9\Q'|b+M+2&3,?.GO.b&(L,j&p,56=6C-n?)Z,56=)p&=,?G?)>$yS*4{TaI?6m.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i
,?$ 9 V )>.Y&)ŽI?6&CX.2Dd,?9:)K&IfDE)7)&CM&=.9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.>Q S:&<[5$*Ifi?S ,?6=,?$/&=)7)KC-.i?C-n?)>$Z,/.J&=I8P( )&( )76F,b&=,?.'G .9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )8I?S +-9 V )^DE)&<Q
|&( CM639&0cO4z)mI5T21+X,?.=.YCM;L17,5&C-I?$I5T6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)b&3,?.G:.KCX. V ,/.Y)<9kI/$k&=(*)H&=,?6i/)&^4*+-,5&YTaI/6D I/$k8P(*CX13(&(*)f&3,?.GO.^,?6)f&I V )H6S*$JQ
Œ^(*)p9*CAŽ)76=)7$N&1+X,?.=.Y)<.^I5T2.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ iE,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.^,?1717I?639:C-$*i'&=IE&(*CX..=13(*)7DE)m,56=)?˜
;  $*C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6
; lS*+M&C-4*6=IO17)>.=.YI/6
; bCX.Y&6=C V S*&)>9
b$*CM4 6I:1)<..I?6.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*im,5+-i?I/6CM&( DE.2,?6)^4zI/.=.YC V +-cm&(*).C-De4 +M)<.0&FI?T &( )^&(*6=)7)17+-,/..)>.I5T\,5+-i?I/6CM&( DE.>Q]#%$d1I/$N&63,?.Y&&=ImS*$*C-4*6I?@
17)>.=.YI/6,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.7[OC-$DZS*+A&=CM4 6I:1)<..I?6P,?$ 9k9:CX.Y&6=C V S*&)>9W.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iE,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.K; 63.0&,e9:)>17C-.C-I?$( ,?.K&I V )HDE,/9:)H6)>i/,?6=9:C-$*i


8P(*CX13(&=,/.YG$*)7)<9*.^&Id6=S*$WI?$W8P(*CX13(l4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6P,5$ 9&=(*)7$W&=(*)>.)H&=,/.YG:.,?6)m.=13(*)>9:S +M)<9\QU#%$l1I/$N&63,?.Y&&=IdD'S*+M&C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?63.7[O&=(*)

4*6=I:1)<..I?63.C-$x,9:CX.0&=6C V S:&=)>9u.cO.Y&)>D 9:I$*I5&m4zI/.=.Y)<..H.( ,56=)>9lDE)>DeI/6c/QZ|b+-.IC-$u1I?$N&=6=,/.0&&IWD'S*+M&C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?63.7[L&(*)>6)ECX.f$*I
i/+MI V ,5+S*4:&I:9*,5&)E.0&3,j&=)'C-$:TaI?6=Dd,j&C-I?${,ono,?CM+X, V +M)pC-${9*C-.Y&6=C V S:&)<9y.cO.Y&)>Dd.7QHŒ^(*CX.Dd,?G?)>.bS*$*C-4*6=IO17)>.=.YI/6.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ik,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.
&=( ,j&P,?.=.YS De)f,'17)7$N&63,5+z.0&3,j&)fC-$:TaI?6=Dd,j&C-I?$dI?T,5+-+L&=,?.G:.K,?$ 9d4*6=I:1)<..I?63.2&IZ)q:CX.0&^S*$ .S*CM&=, V +M)TaI?6KS .Y)fC-$9:CX.0&=6C V S:&=)>9.Yc:.Y&)7Dd.>Q
r S*6Y&=(*)762C-$Z9:CX.Y&6=C V S*&)>9Z.Yc:.Y&)>DE.>[<&(*)P17I?DED'S*$ C-1>,j&C-I?$Z,5DEI?$*i&=,?.G:.JCX.&(*6=I?S i?(pDE)>.=.=,5i?)U4 ,?.=.YC-$*iLQ KI?DEDZS*$*CX17,j&=CMI/$m&( 6I/S*i?(
DE)>.=.=,5i?)H4 ,/..C-$*idC-.1IN.0&=+Mc/QKŒ^(*CX.DE)>,?$ .^&=( ,j&,k.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ i,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*D·.(*I/S*+-9W$ I5&bC-$ 1S 6P&IOIDZS 13(l1I?DEDZS*$*CX17,j&=CMI/$WIjn?)76@
(*)<,?9\Q–OI17,?6)7TaS*+M+-ck9:)<.YC-i?$ )>9W9:CX.0&=6C V S:&=)>9W,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.P,?6)H$*I/6Dd,5+-+-ck1I/$ .YCX9:)>6)<9.S*CM&=, V +M)HTaI/6S .)mCM$l,d9:CX.0&=6C V S:&=)>9W.cO.Y&)>DWQ
}x)p.0&=S 9:cD'S*+M&C-4*6=IO17)>.=.YI/6P,5$ 99:CX.0&=6C V S:&=)>9W.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*id,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*Dd.CM$l13( ,?4:&)>6 # Q
#%$&(*)HTaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*id.Y)<1 &C-I?$L.7[:8)m.0&=S 9:c&=(*)p9:CMŽz)>6)>$N&b1+X,?.=.Y)<.KI?T.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.^C-$WDEI?6=)H9*)&=,?CM+BQ
§ œk
©  

£ Zž¦ ›k© Wž 4 7¦ 

K+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.UDd,5G?)&(*)>CM6P.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i'9:)<1CX.YC-I?$L.U6=)7iN,5639:CM$ im8P(*C-13(&=,?.Ge&IZ6S*$k$*)qO&^I?$*+-cd,j&U&=(*)H1+-IO13GeC-$/&=)76=6S 4:&
4zI?C-$N&=.>Q K+-I:13GN@™9:6=C-n?)7$d.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.U,56=)P&(*IN.Y)TaI?6U8P( C-13(E&=(*).=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ip4zI?C-$N&=.,56=)9:)&=)76=DECM$*)<9 V c'&=CMDE)>6KC-$N&)76=6=S*4:&=.>Q K+MI:13GN@
9:6=C-n?)7$.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.U,?6)b,?+-.I'1>,5+-+M)<9dI5Žz@B+-C-$*).=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=. V )<17,?S .Y)b&(*)<.Y)f.13( )>9:S*+-)763.U;*qE&(*)f.13(*)<9:S*+-) V )TaI/6)b&(*)H.Yc:.Y&)>D.Y&=,?6Y&3.


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

&=IZ6=S*$]QFŒ^( ,5&CX.>[O&(*)m.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6K4*6=)@%9:)7&)76=DECM$ )>.8P(*CX13(&=,/.YGd8PC-+-+\6S*$8P(*)7$JQFŒ^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[/&=(*)>.)H.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.CM$ 17S*6^n?)>6cE+-CA&&+-)
6=S*$W&C-DE)pIjn?)>6( )>,?9]QK¶Ij8)7n/)76<[ ,E4*6=I?DEC-$*)7$N&.(*I?6&=17I?DEC-$*iEI5T2&(*CX.f1+X,?.=.PI5TF.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.PCX.P&=( ,j&b&(*)>c1>,5$l$*I?&.,5&CX.0T”,/1 &=I?6=CM+-c
( ,?$ 9:+-)m,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1H,5$ 9.Y4zI?63,?9*C-1&=,/.YG:.^.CM$ 17)f&(*)m)7q:,/1 &^&C-DE)mI5TIO1>1S*6=6=)7$ 17)fI?TJ&=(*)>.)f&=,?.G:.P17,?$$*I?& V )m4*6=)>9*C-1&)>9]QFr*I?6^&=(*CX.
6=)>,/.YI/$][N&(*CX.^&0cO4L)mI?T.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.P,?6)H,5+X.IE1>,5+-+M)<9,E.Y&=,5&CX1m.13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Q
#%$&(*CX.E.Y)<1 &C-I?$J[F8K).0&=S 9:cs&=(*) V ,?.C-1Ta)>,5&S*6=)>.eI5Tb&08KI{CMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&d1+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$t.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.>˜d&3, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$,?$ 9t1c:17+MCX1
.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.>Q
 02
/87 
! 3@9<$   . &87$&;
$ & (

Œ, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$s.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.mSL.YS ,?+M+-cx4*6)<1I/De4 S:&)d8P(*CX13(u&=,/.YGx8I?S*+X9u6S $s8P(*)7$t,?$ 9s.0&=I?6=)E&(*CX.e.13(*)<9:S*+-)dCM$“,W&=, V +M),j&p&=(*)

&=CMDE)&(*)f.Yc:.Y&)7DCX.K9*)>.CMi/$*)>9dI/6K17I?$:; i/S*6=)>9\Q2g,j&=(*)76K&(L,5$k,?S:&I/DE,5&CX1b17I?DE4*S:&3,j&C-I?$kI5T\&( )f.=13(*)>9*S*+M) V ce&=(*)f.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<[?&=(*)
,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&C-I?$y4*6I/i?63,5DEDE)76b1>,5$ V )Zi/CMn/)7$l&=(*)pTa6=)7)<9:I?D &=I.)7+-)>1&(*CX.bIj8P${.13(*)<9:S*+-)pTaI/6b&=(*)Z.)&HI5T&3,?.GO.bCM$y&(*)E,54 4*+MCX17,5&C-I?$
,?$ 9.Y&I/6)f&=(*)p.13( )>9:S*+-)HCM$l,Z&=, V +-)¼”17,?+M+-)>9yŠ7W¹ V „3 R:‰M„Zˆ% 7‰M„¾^&I V )mSL.Y)<9 V cd&=(*)p.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6,j&P6S $&=CMDE)/Q
|b$d)q*,5DE4*+-)I5T],p.=13(*)<9:S*+-)^&=, V +M)CX.U.(*Ij8P$dC-$Œ, V +-)?Q Ì Q2Œ, V +-) Ì .Y( Ij8.2&( ,5&U&3,?.GZ!Œ F^8I?S +-9 V )&=,?G?)>$eS 4dTaI?6F)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$
,5&U&C-DE)bC-$ .Y&=,5$N&^Ë*[NIº H8KI/S*+-9k.0&3,56&U)q:)>17S:&C-I?$ 'DECM+-+MC.)>1I/$ 9*.K,jTƒ&)>6U8^,5639*.>[N,?$ 9d.YI'I?$]Q|$kCMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&^`/S )>.Y&C-I?$E&(L,j&K$ )7)>9 .
&=I V )',/9*9:6=)>.=.Y)<9,5&&( C-.b4LI/CM$N&CX.8P( ,5&8KI/S*+-9 V )m&( )'.YC-•7)mI?T&=(*)'.=13(*)>9*S*+M)H&3, V +-)m&=( ,j&b8I?S +-9 V )p6)<`NS*CM6=)>9kTaI?6.YI/De)mi/CMn/)7$
.)&HI5TF4z)76=CMI:9:CX1Z6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)p&3,?.G:.&=I V )Z6=S*$yI/$y,k.c:.0&=)7D w|$x,5$ .8)76&I&=(*CX.f`NS*)<.0&=CMI/$y17,?$ V )Zi/CMn/)7$y,/.TaI/+M+-Ij8.>˜PCATK,.Y)7&
–:Œ . <º\» bI5T\$E&3,?.GO.UC-.&I V ).=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9\[5&=(*)7$&(*))7$N&6=CM)<.C-$E&(*)b&=, V +M)8PC-+-+ 6=)74*+-C-1>,j&=)^&(*)>DE.)7+-n?)<.U,5Tƒ&)76  t;¼ IF87 EH97 7  ¾
&=CMDE)mS*$*CM&=.>[*8P(*)>6) IF87 CH27 7  ,56=)b&=(*)m4L)>6C-I:9*.^I5TGº F67YOº H87-QFr*I?6P)7q*,5DE4*+-)?[:CMT8)H( ,on?)&(*)fTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ iZ&=(*6=)7)f&=,/.YG:.>˜^¼ &F . (



Dd.)>17.>9[  F . J?ËEDE.)>1>.=¾[¼ & H6. J5ËEDd.)>17.>9[  H . Ì Ë?ËeDd.Y)<17.3¾ [2¼ &N . /ËEDE.)>1>.7[ EN . J9(5ËeDd.)>17.3¾ QPŒ^(*)>$][L&(*)'.=13(*)<9:S*+-)p8PCM+-+J6=)74z)>,5&


,5Tƒ&)76b)7n?)>6$c (?Ë?ËeDd.Y)<17.>QU–OI [*TaI?6,5$Oci?C-n?)7$&=,/.YG.Y)7&CA&CX..S 1C-)7$N&P&I.Y&I/6)H)7$N&=6C-)>.^I/$*+MckTaI?6  t¼  F 7  H 7 7  ¾P9*S*6=,5&C-I?$

C-$&(*)p.=13(*)>9*S*+M)f&3, V +-)?Q  t¼  F 7  H 7 7  ¾CX.P17,?+M+-)>9&( ) FE 7‡j€Z¹ T?¹‰-„^I5T&(*)p.)&I?TJ&3,?.GO.–*ŒHQ



/=)3 T1,01> , + )5 +  )5: ;)    <  74) >+  !, $0 ; >  ,5&414"$)=  )41
;)   1 0414> #
 3 $
%2 I ) :! 1&(  %    1 ) > > 0 ?

#%$&(*)H6=)>,/.YI/$*CM$ i'8)f4 6)<.Y)>$/&=)>9, V Ijn?)bTaI?6^&( )H17I?DE4*S:&3,j&=CMI/$I?TJ&( )H.C-•7)HI5T2,e.=13(*)<9:S*+-)&3, V +-)?[:I/$*)m,?.=.YS De4*&C-I?$&=( ,j&P8)

C-DE4*+MCX1CM&+-ckDd,/9:)mC-.&=( ,j&;z» . Ë*QŒ^( ,5&C-.>[*,5+-+\&3,?.GO.P,?6)fC-$4 ( ,?.)?Q
–N&3,56&Œ^CMDE)
Œ,/.YG C-$DEC-+M+-C–O)<1I/$ 9*.
ºF Ë
ºH 
Oº N ÌË
Iº P ÌJ
º  IÌ 
Œ, V +-)?Q Ì ˜F|b$l‹q*,5DE4*+-)I?T2,EŒ, V +-)-@ 6C-n?)>$W–:13( )>9:S*+-)
¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[\&3,?.GO.'I5Tƒ&=)7$t9:I_(L,on?)d$*I/$:@B•>)76=Il4*( ,/.Y)/Q#™&Z8KI/S*+-9 V )kC-$N&)>6)<.0&=CM$*iW&=Iy9:)7&)76=DECM$ )8P( ,j&Z8KI/S*+-9 V )&=(*)Dd,j—0I/6
17cO17+M)f8P(*)>$&=,/.YG:.K( ,on?)$*I?$*@B•>)76=Ip4*( ,/.Y)/Q2Œ^( )6=)>.S*+M&=.I5T,?$kC-$On?)>.Y&C-i/,5&C-I?$dC-$N&IZ&(*CX.C-.=.YS )( ,/. V )>)7$ki/CMn/)7$k,/.^Œ^(*)7I/6)>D J*Q Ì Q
¬ R´OÊ Æj´  BCB! V „ Fd 7‡5€'S¹ T?¹7‰M„e‡ "peŠ7„7ˆ‡ "Hˆ%oŠ #j%Š $ '& <ºGF 7YOº H87 7º X%Š (*),+.- OF67 EH27 7  /E„7‚o„71¸ 0 V „¸{Zˆ V „mˆ%oŠ #oŠ


V j‚j„e5€ ƒˆB€5€ T V oŠ ƒ¸N†5Š 2

 

@HÆjÊ]4Ê 3=µ |.K4z)76^I/S*69*); $*CM&C-I?$I5T,pDd,j—0I/617cO17+M)/[O)7n?)>$k8P(*)>$&3,?.GO.( ,on/)b$*I/$:@™•7)76=Ip4*(L,?.CM$*iN.7[N&3,?.GeC-$ .Y&=,?$ 1)<.K8I?S +-9d6=)74z)>,5&

&=(*).=,5DE)b8^,oceCM$)<,?13(dDd,j—0I/6K17cO17+M)/5Q ])&S .1I?$L.YCX9:)76,5$)7q*,5DE4*+-)CM$k8P(*C-13(&(*)fI:171S 66=)7$ 17)>.I?TJ,m&3,?.GZº\»CM$k,'Dd,j—0I?6K1c:1+-)
V )Z,/..Y( Ij8P$C-$yrC-i Q # QP|b.f.(*Ij8P$WCM$W&=(*)')7q:,?DE4*+M)'I5TFrCMiLQ #L[*&=(*)76=)',56=)mGN@ Ì IO1>1S*6=6=)7$ 17)>.^I5T2&=(*)p&3,?.Gkº\»U9:S 6C-$*ik,EDd,j—0I/6
17cO17+M)/QFŒ^(*)H; 63.0&I:1>1S*6=6)>$ 1)fI5T2º\».0&3,56&=. _&C-DE)mS*$*CM&=.^Ta6=I?D·&(*)p.Y&=,?6Y&PI5T&( )mDE,5—0I?617cO17+M)/QFŒ^(*)mDd,j—0I/61c:1+-)H)7$ 9*.Pqk&C-DE)
S*$ CA&3.,5Tƒ&)76&( )'+X,?.Y&Z¼aCBQ )/QZ¼”G/@ Ì ¾%&(L¾I:171S 66=)7$ 17)mI5T&=(*)p&3,?.Gº\»FC-$l&=(*)'Dd,j—0I/617cO17+M)/QfRbTF1I/S*6=.)?[L&( C-.D'S .Y& V )'&=(*)Z.=,5DE)pC-$
*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Φ+ x= pi

M M

Ti(1) Ti(2) Ti(k−1) Ti(k) Ti(k+1) Ti(2k−1)

Φ x Φ x

rCMi/S*6)#L˜ y,j—0I?6 K c:17+M)H}~(*)>$W| Œ,?.Gº » ¶b,/.
I/$:@)76=I U( ,?.CM$ i

time

)<,?13(DE,5—0I?6P1c:17+M)/Q
|..S*DE)f&( ,5&&=(*)m.YC-•7)fI5T)>,/13(kDd,j—0I/617cO17+M)HCX. sQ*Œ^(*)7$J[:Ta6I/D ,5$CM$ .4z)>1 &=CMI/$I?TrC-i Q# [OTaI/6K&=(*)f&=,/.YGE&=Ie6=)74z)>,5&CX9:)>$/&=C-1>,5+-+Mc
C-$W)>,?13(Dd,j—0I/6^17c:1+-)?Q
 . ¼ Ì ¾ z»'M s¼KJ Ì ¾
bIj8m[?TaI/6F&( )b&3,?.GZº\»\&=I'( ,on/)CX9:)7$N&CX17,?+LI:1>1S*6=6)>$ 1)&C-De)<.UC-$)<,?13(dDd,j—0I/6K1c:17+M)/[ = WD'SL.0&)>`NS ,5+ &I"L»¼”.)7)rC-i Q J:Q #N¾Q
–OS V .0&=CA&=S:&C-$*iE&=(*C-.CM$l‹q:4*6<Q J:Q Ì 8)mi?)7&>[  . ¼  Ì '¾ ! LE»  L» .  ! L»
–OIL[&(*)DE,5—0I?6e1c:1+-) 17I?$N&=,?CM$ .Z,5$sC-$N&)7i/6=,?+UDZS*+A&=CM4 +M)I5
T L»QyŒ^(*CX.e,56=i?S*DE)7$N&'( I?+X9*.mTaI/6')>,/13(u&=,/.YGuC-$s&(*)k&=,/.YGu.Y)7&
C-66=)>.4z)>1 &=CMn/)I?TCM&=.4*( ,?.)?QŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[  .  t¼ IF 7 EH97 7  o¾ Q


  87   . &87)35
$ & (

Kc:1+-CX1k.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.e,56=)n?)>6cu4zI?4*S +-,?6e,?$ 9t,56=) V )7C-$*i{)qO&)>$ .YC-n?)>+McuS .)>9CM$&(*)C-$ 9:S .Y&6=c?Qu|·+X,56=i?)kDE,5—0I?6=CA&0cuI?Tb,5+-+.Dd,5+-+

)>D V )>9*9:)<9{,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$ . V )>CM$*iDd,5$OS:T”,/1 &S 6)<9_4*6=)>.)7$N&+-c_,56=) V ,?.)>9yI?${17c:1+-C-1E.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.>Q Kc:1+-C-1E.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.f,56=)e.C-De4 +M)/[
) d17CM)>$N&>[/,?$ 9e,56=)K)<,?.cm&IH4*6=I?i/6=,?DQ|$E)q*,5DE4*+-)P,54*4 +MCX17,5&C-I?$e8P(*)76=)P,f17c:1+-C-1^.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6CX.$*I/6Dd,?+M+-cmS .)>9ZC-.,&)>DE4L)>6=,5&S*6=)
17I?$N&6=I?+-+M)>6>Qd| &=)7DE4L)>6=,5&S*6=)d1I/$/&=6I/+M+-)76H4z)76=CMI:9:CX17,?+M+-cy.=,5DE4*+-)>.f&=(*)E&)>De4z)763,j&=S*6=)dI5T,W6=IOI?D ,?$ 9{DE,?CM$N&3,5C-$ .HCA&e,j&p,W4*6=)>.)&
nj,5+-S*)/QU–OS 13(&)7DE4z)763,j&=S*6)p17I?$N&6=I?+-+-)763.K,?6)H)7D V )<9*9:)<9C-$&0cO4*C-1>,5+]17I?DE4*S:&=)76@™17I?$N&6=I?+-+M)<9,5C-61I/$ 9:CM&C-I?$*)>6=.>Q

Task Number Frame Number

T3 F1

T1 F2

T3 F3

T4 F2

r CMi/S*6=) (*˜|$l‹q*,5DE4*+-)p–:13(*)<9:S*+-)pŒ, V +M)fTaI/6, Kc:17+MCX1p–:13(*)<9:S*+-)76

| 1c:1+-C-1e.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6b6=)74z)>,j&3.,k4*6=)>1I/DE4*S:&)<9_.=13(*)>9:S +M)/QfŒ^(*)e4*6=)>17I?DE4*S:&=)>9_.=13(*)>9*S*+M)Z$*)7)<9*.&I V )E.0&=I?6=)>9WI/$*+McWTaI/6bI/$*)
Fd7‡5€Z¹ST?¹7‰M„ ,?.9:CX.=1S .=.Y)<9kC-$y–O)<15Q J*Q #LQ Ì Q2‹K,?13(&=,/.YGC-$W&( )H&=,?.Gk.)&P&=I V )'.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>96)>4L)<,j&=.C-9:)>$N&CX17,5+-+-cCM$l)>n?)>6cdDd,j—0I/6
17cO17+M)/Q{Œ^(*)Dd,j—0I?6e1c:1+-)kCX.e9:CMnOCX9:)>9tCM$N&I{I?$*)I?6ZDeI/6)kDeC-$*I/6e17cO17+M)<.k¼h.Y)>)rCMiLQ N¾ Qu‹U,?13(uDEC-$*I?6E1c:1+-)kCX.e,5+X.YIy1>,5+-+M)<9s,
"3€XFE„7Qx#%$t&( )k)q*,?De4 +M).Y(*Ij8P$sC-$“rC-i Q *[2&( )kDd,j—0I/6Z1c:17+M)( ,?. V )>)7$9*CMnOCX9:)>9CM$N&IyTaI?S*6ZDECM$*I/6e17c:1+-)>.¼ƒTa63,5DE)>.3¾ QxŒ^(*)

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 .=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*i4zI?C-$N&=.bI5TF,d1c:1+-CX1p.13( )>9:S*+-)76bIO1>1S*6f,j&Ta63,5DE) V I?S $ 9*,56=C-)>.>QŒ^(*CX.DE)<,5$ .&( ,5&,E&=,/.YG17,?$_.0&3,56&b)q:)>17S:&C-$*idI/$*+Mc
,5&&=(*) V )7i?C-$*$*C-$*idI?T2,ZTa63,5DE)?Q
Œ^(*)Ta63,5DE) V I?S*$L9*,56=CM)<.^,56=)9:)7; $*)>9&(*6=I?S i?(&=(*)fCM$N&)>66=S*4:&3.i?)7$ )763,j&)<9 V c,p4z)76=CMI:9:CX1b&C-De)>6>QF‹K,?13(d&3,?.GEC-.^,?.=.CMi/$*)>9E&=I
6=S*$xCM$xI?$*)EI/6fDEI/6)ZTa6=,?DE)>.>QZŒ^(*)d,?.=.CMi/$*DE)7$N&fI?TU&3,?.GO.&=ITa63,5DE)<.CX.m.Y&I?6=)>9yCM$s,yŠ7¹WV „=XR:‰M„kˆ™ ‰M„7QE|$u)q*,5DE4*+-)E.13(*)<9:S*+-)
&3, V +-)mC-.P.(*Ij8P$CM$ (*Q
Major Cycle Major Cycle

Minor
cycle

r C-i?S*6=) *˜ _,5—0I?6,5$L9lC-$*I/6 KcO17+M)<.^CM$l, Kc:1+-C-1p–*13(*)>9:S +M)>6

f1 f2 f3 f4 f4n f4n+1 f4n+2 f4n+3


Œ^(*)m.CM•>)I?TJ&=(*)fTa6=,?De)f&=I V )HS .)>9 V c&(*)m.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6CX.P,5$C-De4zI?6&=,?$N&^9:)<.YC-i?$4 ,?6=,?De)7&)>6,?$ 9k$ )7)>9 .&I V )m13(*IN.Y)>$kn/)76=c
1>,56=)TaS*+-+Mc/Q| .Y)>+M)<1 &)<9Ta6=,?De)m.CM•>)m.Y(*I/S*+X9.=,j&=C-.YTacd&=(*)HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*iZ&(*6=)7)p17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&=.>Q
Ì Q
Á”±Á xÇTZÊz±²>´\² QEÁ”²>³ RÁ”T± SGB Œ^(*CX.d1I/$ .Y&63,5C-$/&eC-.EC-DE4LIN.Y)<9t&=I{DEC-$*C-DeC-•7)&=(*)W$NS D V )76dI5Tf1I?$N&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13(*)<.
I:171S 66=CM$ iW9*S*6C-$*i&=,/.YG{)q:)>17S:&C-I?$JQŒ^(*)k.C-De4 +M)<.0&pC-$N&)76=4*6=)&3,j&C-I?$uI?TK&=(*C-.Z1I/$ .0&=6=,?CM$N&mCX.H&( ,5&Z,&=,/.YG{CM$L.0&3,5$ 17)dD'S .Y&
1I/De4 +M)7&)6=S*$*$*C-$*iZ8PCA&=(*CM$kCA&3.K,/..CMi/$*)>9eTa63,5DE)/Q b$*+-)>.=.U,m&3,?.Ge17I?DE4*+-)&=)>.K8PCA&=(*CM$kCA&3.K,?+M+-I:17,j&=)>9ETa63,5DE)/[?&=(*)&3,?.GZDEC-i?(N&
( ,on?)k&I V )_.YS .4z)7$ 9:)<9“,?$ 9“6)<.0&3,56&)>9CM$~,{+-,5&)>6ETa6=,?De)/QvŒ^( C-.E8I?S*+X9“6)<`/S CM6=),x1I/$N&)qO&.8PCA&313(“C-$On?I?+-nOCM$ ix.I?DE)


4*6=IO17)>.=.YC-$*ieIjn?)>6(*)<,?9\Q2ŒIE,on/I?CX9S*$ $*)>17)>.=.,?6ck17I?$N&)7qO&P.8PCM&=13(*)<.7[O&=(*)p.Y)>+M)<1 &=)>9Ta6=,?DE)H.C-•7)m.Y( I?S*+X9 V )m+X,56=i?)>6K&=( ,5$&=(*)

)q:)>17S:&C-I?$u&=CMDE)I?T)>,/13({&3,?.G[2.IW&(L,j&Z8P( )7$t,W&3,?.Gx.Y&=,?6Y&3.p,j&Z,lTa6=,?De) V I/S*$ 9*,?6cxCA&e.Y(*I/S*+X9 V ), V +-)d&I{1I?DE4*+-)&=)
8PCA&=(*C-$y&=(*).,?DE)'Ta63,5DE)?QEr*I/6Dd,?+M+-c?[]8)d17,?${.Y&=,j&=)e&(*CX.p1I/$ .Y&63,5C-$/&m,?.>˜ 1  ¼ &o» j¾ ·8P(*)76=)) &<»^CX.f&( )e)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$
&C-DE)>.KI5T\&( )I?T\&=,?.GEº\»0[:,5$ 9kr{CX.K&(*)bTa6=,?DE).CM•>)?Q I?&)&=( ,j&&( C-.1I/$ .0&=6=,?CM$N&UC-DE4LIN.Y)<.K,'+MIj8)76@ V I/S*$ 9EI?$Ta6=,?De).YC-•7)/[


ChQ )?Q2&=(*)HTa63,5DE)m.YC-•7)mrtDZS .Y&$*I5& V )p.YDd,5+-+-)76^&(L,5$ 1  ¼ &o» o¾ Q

J*
Q Á”±Á Á ?­*²>Á”Êz± Ê 3¬K­*ÉÀh´ QJÁ /E´ B Œ^(*CX.1I/$ .Y&63,5C-$/&d6=)>`NS*C-6)<.Z&( ,5&&(*)l$OS*D V )>6dI5TH)7$N&6=C-)>.EC-$“&=(*)y.=13(*)>9*S*+M)&3, V +-)
.Y( I?S*+X9 V )fDEC-$*C-D'S*D C-$kI/6=9*)76K&IeDeC-$*C-DECM•>)&=(*)H.0&=I?63,5i?)6)<`NS*CM6=)7DE)>$/&I5T]&=(*)m.13( )>9:S*+-)&3, V +-)?QFg)7DE)7D V )>6K&=( ,j&P1c:17+MCX1
 

.13( )>9:S*+-)763.p,?6)SL.Y)<9sCM$“.YDd,5+-+)7D V )>9 9:)>9t,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$ .p8PCM&(“n?)76=c{.Dd,5+-+.Y&I/6=,?i?)1>,54 ,/1CM&0c?Q{–OIL[&(*CX.Z17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&'CX.

CMDE4zI?6&=,?$/&b&Id&=(*)Z17I?DEDE)7631CX,5+.S 1>1)>.=.I?TF,d4*6=IO9*S 1 &<Q lC-$*CMDEC-•>,5&C-I?$_I?T&(*)Z$NS D V )76bI?TF)7$N&6=C-)>.^&=I V )Z.Y&I?6=)>9WC-$l&=(*)
.13( )>9:S*+-)H&=, V +-)p17,5$ V )',?13( CM)>n?)>98P(*)>$W&(*)pDEC-$*I?61c:1+-)p.`NS ,?6)>+Mc9:CMnOCX9:)>.P&(*)pDd,5—0I?61c:17+M)/QK}~(*)>$W&(*)mDEC-$*I?61c:1+-)
.`NS ,?6)>+Mcl9:C-nOC-9*)>.f&( )eDd,5—0I?6m1c:1+-)?[]&(*)EDd,j—0I/6H17c:1+-)e17I?$N&=,?CM$ .H,?${C-$N&)7i/6=,?+2$NS D V )76mI5TKDeC-$*I/6p1c:1+-)>.E¼a$ ITa63,?1&C-I?$ ,?+
DECM$*I/6F1c:1+-)>.3¾ Q $ +M)<..2&=(*)DEC-$*I?6U17c:1+-)^.=`NS ,56=)7+-c'9:C-nOC-9*)>.2&=(*)Dd,j—0I/6F1c:1+-)?[N.0&=I?6=CM$*if&=(*).13( )>9:S*+-)^TaI?6UI?$*)^Dd,j—0I/6F1c:1+-)
8KI/S*+X9$ I5& V )'.S 1C-)7$N&>[,?.^&=(*)'.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<.C-$W&(*)'DE,5—0I?6b17c:1+-)p8KI/S*+X9$ I5&b6=)74z)>,5&,5$ 9&=(*C-.8I?S*+X9DE,?G?)H&=(*)'.CM•>)pI5T


&(*)p.=13(*)<9:S*+-)&3, V +-)H+-,?6i/)?Q2}x)p17,5$TaI?6=D'S +-,5&)f&(*CX.17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&^,/.7˜

 
 .
#%$sI5&=(*)76Z8KI/6=9*.>[CAT^&( ) L IOI?6'I5T  5r«)<`/SL,5+X.  5rK[J&(*)>$s&( )Dd,j—0I?6Z1c:1+-)8I?S*+X9s1I/$/&3,5C-$t,5$sC-$N&)7i/6=,?+F$OS*D V )76ZI5T
Ta6=,?DE)>.>Q
 Q Q]­*²>Á”® 3™­*³5²<Á”Êz±wÊ 3P¬­*®>¯“ôN­ ÅÀhÁ”±´EB Œ^(*CX.&(*C-6=91I/$ .Y&63,5C-$/&^I?$kTa6=,?DE)H.C-•7)fC-.^$*)<1)<..=,56=ce&IEDE)7)&^&=(*)f&=,?.G9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )>.>Q
Œ^(*CX.17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&CMDE4zI/.)>.b&( ,5& V )&08)7)7$_&(*)E,56=6C-nj,5+]I?TU,d&3,?.G,?$ 9lCM&=.f9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/[L&=(*)76=)pDZS .0&f)q:CX.0&H,j&+-)>,/.0&fI?$*)pTaS*+M+
Ta6=,?DE)?QPŒ^(*CX.17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&C-.b$*)>17)>.=.,?6c.YC-$ 1)Z,E&=,/.YGW.Y( I?S*+X9W$*I5&DeCX.=.bCM&=.9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/[ V )>1>,5S .) V ck&=(*)p&=CMDE)ZCA&17I?S*+X9 V )
&=,?G?)7$kS*4TaI/6^.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iL[N&(*)H9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)f8^,?.KCMDEDECM$ )7$N&>Q KI/$ .YCX9:)>6U&=(*C-.>˜F,m&3,?.G17,?$I?$*+-c V )b&3,5G?)>$kS*4kTaI?6P.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i
,j&&=(*)b.Y&=,56&UI?T\,fTa63,5DE)/Q#™T V )&08)7)7$E&=(*)b,?66=CMnj,?+ ,5$ 9E17I?DE4*+-)&C-I?$dI?T],f&=,?.G'$ I5&U)>n?)7$dI/$*)^Ta63,5DE)P)q:CX.0&3.7[O,m.YCM&SL,j&C-I?$,/.
.Y( Ij8P$CM$WrCMiLQ  DEC-i?(N&P,56=C-.)?Q#%$k&=(*CX.P17,?.)?[N&=(*)f&=,?.G,56=6=CMn/)>.U,Z+-CA&&+-)p,jTƒ&)>6&(*)HGN&(kTa6=,?De)H( ,/.^.0&3,56&)>9]QFR V nOC-I?S .+McECM&
17,?$d$*I5& V )b&=,?G?)7$kS*4dTaI?6^.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i'C-$d&=(*)GN&=(dTa6=,?DE),5$L917,?$I?$*+-c V )b&=,?G?)7$kS*4kC-$d&( )e¼”G  Ì ¾™&=(dTa6=,?DE)?+Q S:&>[N&( )7$
CA&Dd,oc V )m&=IOId+-,5&)H&IdDE)>)&bCM&=.9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)p.CM$ 17)H&(*)')q:)>17S:&C-I?$&C-DE)pI5T,e&=,/.YG17,?$ V )mS*4:&=Id&( )p.YC-•7)mI?T,ZTaS*+-+]Ta63,5DE)/Q
Œ^(*CX.HDeC-i?(N&m6=)>.S*+A&pC-${&(*)E&3,?.G_DEC-.=.YC-$*iWCM&=.p9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)d.YC-$ 1)E&=(*)E&=,/.YGyDeC-i?(N&p1I/DE4*+M)7&)dI/$*+Mc{,j&H&(*)d)>$ 9xI5TH¼a'G  Ì ¾%&(
ÌË

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Task arrival
Deadline
∆t

t d

0 kF (k+1)F (k+2)F
rCMi/S*6)  ˜U–:,j&=C-.YT”,?1&C-I?$I5T,eŒ,?.G )>,/9:+MC-$*)
∆t Task arrival Deadline

t d

(k+1)F

0 kF (k+2)F
r CMi/S*6=)* ˜F| r*S*+-+Jr 6=,?De)m‹FqOCX.Y&=. )&08)7)>$k&=(*)p|6=6C-nj,5+],?$ 9 )>,/9:+-CM$*)mI?T,dŒ,?.G
Ta6=,?DE)'D'SL13(y,jTƒ&=)76&(*)E9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)e9l( ,/.b4 ,/..)>9]Q}x)'&=(*)76=)TaI/6)'$*)7)<9y,dTaS +M+Ta63,5DE)p&=Ik)q:CX.0& V )7&08K)>)7$l&=(*)E,56=6C-nj,5+JI?TU,
&=,/.YGk,?$ 9CA&3.9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)m,/.P.Y(*Ij8P$C-$WrC-i
Q * [*.YIe&(L,j&P&=,/.YG9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)<.P1I?S +-9 V )mDE)7&>Q
lI?6=)eTaI?6=Dd,5+-+Mc/[]&( C-.Z1I?$L.0&=6=,?CM$N&p17,?$ V )dTaI/6DZS*+-,5&)<9x,/.fTaI?+-+MIj8.>˜Z–OS 4*4LIN.Y),&3,?.G{,?6CX.Y)<.m,jTƒ&=)7
6
f&C-DE)dS*$*CM&=.p(L,on?)
4 ,?.=.)>9k.C-$ 1)H&=(*)H+-,/.0&PTa63,5DE)d¼”.)7)mrCMiL
Q */¾QFŒ^(*)7$][*,/..S*DEC-$*ie&( ,5&b,e.C-$*i?+-)fTa6=,?De)HCX.P.YS d17CM)>$N&P&Id1I/De4 +M)7&)H&( )H&=,?.G[
&(*)&=,?.G{1>,5$t17I?DE4*+-)&) V )TaI/6)kCA&3.'9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )CAŽ J 
 N»I/6>[ J NG» 
 QlgP)>De)>D V )76'&( ,5&p&(*)kno,?+MS )I5T

mDeC-i?(N&eno,?6c{Ta6=I?D‘I?$*)CM$L.0&3,5$ 17)kI5TP&=(*)&=,?.G{&I{,?$*I5&=(*)76<Q{Œ^( )k8I?63.0&Z1>,?.).=1)>$ ,56=CMIt¼”8P(*)76=)&=(*)&=,?.GuC-.Z+-CMG/)7+-c
&IWDEC-.=.mCM&=.p9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)<¾I:1717S*63.fTaI?6H&( )d&=,/.YG_C-$ .Y&=,?$ 1)E( ,onOC-$*i&(*)dDEC-$*CMDZS*D nj,?+MS*)dI?T
 [.YS 13({&(L,j
&
 Ë QŒ^(*CX.
C-.&=(*)^8KI/6=.Y&1>,?.)K.=1)7$L,56=CMIL[o.C-$ 1)^S*$ 9*)76&(*CX.&(*)&3,?.Gm8KI/S*+-9'( ,on?)U&If8,?CA&&( )+-I?$ i?)>.Y& V )7TaI?6=)KCM&=.2)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$Z1>,5$Z.Y&=,?6Y&<Q
#™&^.(*I/S*+-9 V )m17+M)<,56K&( ,5&^CMT,p&=,/.YG,?66=CMn/)>.]—0S .0&,5Tƒ&)76P,'Ta6=,?DE)( ,/.^.0&3,56&)>9][/&=(*)7$&( )b&3,?.Gd8KI/S*+-9k( ,on?)b&Ie8,?CA&TaI?6&=(*)
TaS*+-+9:S*63,j&=CMI/$lI5T2&( )Z1S 66=)7$N&PTa63,5DE) V )TaI?6=)mCM&f17,?$ V )p&=,5G/)7$lS*4WTaI/6b)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$]Q^#™TU,E&=,/.YG,j&,?+M+DEC-.=.Y)<.CM&=.9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/[
&(*)>$17)76&=,5C-$*+-cdCA&P8I?S*+X9 V )fS*$ 9:)>6.YS 13(.YCM&SL,j&C-I?$L.7Q2#%$kI?&(*)>6^8KI/6=9*.>[/&(*)H8I?63.0&^17,?.)H.17)7$ ,?6C-ImTaI?6P,'&=,/.YGE&=IZDE)7)7&PCA&3.
9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)bIO1>1S*63.TaI/6UCM&=.KCM$L.0&3,5$ 17)P&( ,5&K( ,/.&=(*)bDEC-$*CMDZS*D .)74 ,?6=,5&C-I?$eTa6I/D &=(*).Y&=,?6Y&KI5TJ,HTa63,5DE)?QŒ^(*)9:)&=)76=DeC-$ ,5&C-I?$
I5Tf&(*)lDEC-$*C-D'S*D .Y)>4 ,563,j&=CMI/$nj,5+-S*)t¼”ChQ )?QDeC-$J¼ Y¾¾ETaI/6,x&=,?.G,?DeI/$*is,5+-+C-$ .0&3,5$ 17)>.dI?T&=(*)W&=,/.YG“8KI/S*+X9(*)>+M4~C-$
9:)&=)76=DECM$*C-$*iE,ZTa)>,?.C V +M)fTa63,5DE)H.YC-•7)/Q}{)m.(*Ij8 V ckŒ^(*)>I?6=)7D J:Q J'&( ,5& 1 F¼
Y¾KCX.^)>`NS ,5+z&=I %55z¼ 7 L»™¾ KI?$ .)>`NS*)>$/&=+Mc/[
&(*CX.P1I/$ .Y&63,5C-$/&1>,5$ V )m8P6=CA&&)>$W,/.7˜TaI/6P)7n?)>6ckº»Y˜
J  %55z¼ 7 z»B¾ N» >¼3J (?¾
Ì?Ì

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 I?&)&=( ,j&e&( C-.d17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&Z9:);L$*)>.E,5$S*4*4z)76@ V I?S*$L9tI?$Ta6=,?DE).CM•>)kTaI/6e,_&=,?.Gsº\»0QsŒ^( ,5&eCX.7[UCAT&=(*)Ta6=,?De)W.CM•>)kCX.
,5$Oc+-,?6i/)76P&=( ,5$y&(*)e9:); $ )>9_S 4*4L)>6Y@ V I?S*$ 9][L&=(*)7$y&=,/.YG:.DEC-i?(N&DECX..b&( )7C-6f9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.>Qf‹Fq:4*6>Q=J:Q (9:)7; $*)>.b&( )'Ta63,5DE)
.YC-•7)/[ Ta6=I?D &=(*)e17I?$ .CX9:)763,j&=CMI/$lI5TFI?$ )p&=,/.YGI?$ +Mc/Q bIj8 1I?$L.YCX9:)76=C-$*ik,5+-+&=,?.G:.7[L&( )'Ta63,5DE)Z.C-•7)'DZS .Y& V )e.Dd,5+-+M)>6&(L,5$
Dd,jq]¼aiN179]¼hrK[  » ¾ = » ¾ J*Q
¬
R´OÊ Æj´  B  B V*„ Feƒ¸ Z F2R+F Š7„ *5€jˆB”‡j¸w‡ "dˆ V*„kˆ™jŠ #_j€ € ƒ‚jj4‰ "3€‡ F‘ˆ V*„¹=‡5€ €„Š  ‡j¸jƒ¸O† "3€= Fd„dŠ ˆ%j€ ˆbˆBZ Fd1„ - Feƒ¸ -
 / /
¹3‡j¸ Š ”?„7€ ƒ¸N†Wj‰ƒ‰ƒ¸*Š ˆ™5¸z¹3„Šm‡ "'dˆ%oŠ #pº»bXŠ'W„ P R j‰Jˆ™‡Z†/¹3 - z» /2



@HÆjÊ]4Ê 3=µ J)&mi . iN179]¼hrK[ L»h¾ [J8P( )76=)eiN179{C-.f&=(*)eTaS*$ 1&C-I?$s9:)&=)76=DECM$*C-$*i&( )di?6=)>,j&=)>.Y&H17I?DEDEI?$u9:C-nNCX.I?6HI5TCA&3.m,56=i?S*DE)7$N&3.7Qe#™&

TaI/+M+-Ij8.Ta6I/D &=(*)p9:);L$*CA&=CMI/$lI5T2i/1>9&=( ,j&biEDZS .0&b.=`NS ,56=)7+-ck9:C-nOC-9*)m)>,?13(I5Trv,5$ 9 L»YQ ])7&º\» V )p,e&3,?.G8PCM&(l•7)>6IE4*(L,?.CM$*iLQ
bIj8m[N,/..S*DE)P&(L,j&U&=(*CX.KŒ^(*)>I?6=)7D C-.KnOCMI/+-,5&)>9eTaI/6K17)76&=,5C-$dC-$/&=)7i/)763.D ,5$ 9d$J[N.S 13(d&=( ,j&K&(*)º»¼ J¾FIO1>1S*63.FC-$E&( )D'&(dTa63,5DE)
,?$ 9&=(*)p9:CMŽz)>6)>$ 1) V )&08)7)>$k&=(*)p.Y&=,56&^&C-DE)mI5TJ&=(*)mDp&=(Ta6=,?De)m,?$ 9&=(*)p,56=6=CMnj,5+z&=CMDE)mI5T&(*)m$N&=(&3,?.GCX.^+M)<..&=( ,5$Wi QŒ^( ,5&
CX.7[LË Ä¼ 1!  !  » ¾ Q
CMnOCX9:C-$*iE&(*CX.P)7qO4 6)<..CMI/$&=(*6I/S*i?( I?S:& V ci [:8)Hi?)7&>˜
 

 Ë Ä¼ 1 !  ! z» :¾ Ì s¼KJ N¾


¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[/r jiZ,5$L9  » oie,56=) V I?&(CM$N&=)7i?)>6=. V )<17,?S .Y)iZCX.Ki/179J¼  » [ r2¾Q:Œ^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[/8)1>,5$k8P6=CM&) . F ,?$ 9 » . H

TaI/6.I?DE)mCM$N&=)7i?63,5+Jno,?+MS )>. F ,5$L9 5H Qb–:S V .Y&CM&S:&=CM$*ik&(*CX.C-$y‹FqO4 6;J:Q *[L8K)pi/)&Ë 1 ! Ì  $! 5H Ì QP–:CM$ 17) 1 ! F ,?$ 9
  

! 5H ,56=) V I5&=(ECM$N&)>i?)>6=.>[j&( )7C-6U9:CMŽz)>6)>$ 1)1>,5$*$*I?& V ),fTa63,?1&C-I?$ ,?+:no,?+MS )P+McOC-$*i V )7&08K)>)7$dËm,5$ 9 Ì QŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[o&=(*C-.U)q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$

 

1>,5$$*)7n/)76 V )p.,5&CX.0; )<9\Q

#™&'1>,5${&(*)>6)7TaI?6=) V )1I/$ 1+-S 9:)<9{&( ,5&m&(*)dDEC-$*CMDZS*D &=CMDE) V )&08)7)>$x,Ta63,5DE) V I?S*$ 9 ,56=cy,5$ 9{&=(*),56=6C-nj,5+2I5T&( )1I?6=6=)@
.4LI/$ 9:C-$*iECM$L.0&3,5$ 17)mI5Tº\»1>,5$$*I5& V )m+M)<..&=( ,5$WiN179]¼hrK[ L»B¾ Q 

r I?6,ei?C-n?)>$k&3,?.Gk.Y)7&CA&CX.P4zI/.=.YC V +-)f&( ,5&DeI/6)f&=( ,5$WI?$ )Ta63,5DE)m.CM•>)p.,5&CX.0; )<.P,5+-+&(*)H&=(*6=)7)p1I/$ .Y&63,5C-$/&3.7Q2#%$l.S 13(1>,?.)>.>[

CM&UCX. V )&Y&=)76K&Ip13(*IOIN.Y)^&=(*)b.(*I?6&)<.0&FTa63,5DE).CM•>)?Q2Œ^(*CX.FCX. V )>17,?S .)I5T&( )PT”,?1&F&( ,5&F&( ).=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0c'I5T],f&3,?.Ge.)&UC-$ 176)<,?.)>.
,/.^DeI/6)H$OS*D V )>6PI5TTa6=,?De)<. V )<1I/De)m,onj,5C-+X, V +-)Ijn/)76P,eDd,j—0I?617c:1+-)?Q
#™&^.Y(*I/S*+X9d(*Ij8)7n?)>6 V )6=)7DE)7D V )>6)<9e&( ,5&U&=(*)DE)>6)bT”,?1 &K&( ,5&,Z.YS*CM&=, V +-)Ta63,5DE).CM•>)1>,5$ V )f9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)>99*IN)<.U$ I5&KDE)<,5$
&=( ,j&,ZTa)>,/.YC V +-)H.=13(*)<9:S*+-)f8I?S +-9 V )HTaI/S*$ 9\Q#™&Dd,oc.IZ( ,?4*4z)7$&( ,5&^&(*)>6)HCX.^$*I5&P)7$ I?S*i/($OS*D V )>6PI5TJTa63,5DE)<.,onj,?CM+X, V +-)fCM$W,
Dd,j—0I/6P1c:1+-)H&I V )p,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9d&=I,5+-+&(*)H&3,?.GCM$L.0&3,5$ 17)>.>Q
}x)m$*Ij8 C-+M+-S .Y&63,j&=)m(*Ij8,?$,?4*4*6=I?4*6=C-,5&)Ta6=,?DE)H.C-•7)m17,?$ V )p.Y)>+M)<1 &=)>9TaI?617cO17+MCX1H.13( )>9:S*+-)763.&( 6I/S*i?(W,ZTa)78 )q*,5DE4*+-)>.>Q
]­ 2À”´ CB |’1c:1+-CX1d.13(*)<9:S*+-)76pCX.m&=I V )S .)>9x&Iy6S*$x&=(*)TaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ iW.)&ZI5TP4L)>6C-I:9:CX1E&=,/.YG:.mI/$t,WS*$*C-4*6I:17)>.=.YI/6>˜pGº F .
¼ & F . Ì [  F . #O¾ [:º H . ¼ & H . Ì [  H . (?¾ [ Iº N . ¼ &N . Ì [ CN . J5ËN¾ [OIº P . ¼ & P . J:[ 'P . J?Ë/¾Q–:)7+-)>1 &b,?$,?4*4*6=I?4*6=CX,j&)Ta63,5DE)m.YC-•7)/Q


QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz± B r*I?62&=(*)i/CMn/)7$Z&=,?.GZ.)&<[/,?$E,?4*4*6=I?4*6=CX,j&)KTa63,5DE).YC-•7)PCX.2&=(*)PI?$*)^&=( ,j&.,5&CX.0; )<.,5+-+:&( )^&(*6=)7)P6=)>`NS*C-6)<9Z17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&=.>Q

#%$&( )HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i [O8)p9:)&=)76=DECM$*)m,E.S*CA&3, V +-)HTa63,5DE)m.YC-•7)mrt8P( C-13(l.=,j&CX.Y; )>.P,?+M+&=(*)H&(*6=)7)H6=)>`NS*C-6)<917I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&=.>Q
ZÊz±®>²7Æj­*Áh±² CB ])&br V )p,?$,?4*4*6=I?4*6=CX,j&)Ta63,5DE)m.YC-•7)/[:&(*)> $ 1  6&o» EQFr 6I/D &( C-.17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&>[O8)mi?)
& Ì ( 

ZÊz±®>²7Æj­*Áh±²  B Œ^(*)mDd,j—0I?6P17cO17+M)  TaI?6^&=(*)mi?C-n?)>$k&3,?.Gk.)&CX.^i?C-n?)7$ V c  .  t¼ #L[ (*[ J?Ë/¾ . J?Ë*Q

‘.(*I?S*+X9 V )p,?$C-$N&)7i/6=,?+\D'S*+M&C-4*+-)mI5T&(*)fTa63,5DE)p.CM•>)Hr[*CBQ )?Q  1 4 . Ë Q
Œ^(*CX.b17I?$ .CX9:)763,j&=CMI/$C-DE4*+MC-)>.&( ,5&rv17,5$&3,5G?)mI/$&(*)pnj,?+MS*)<!. J:[ # -[ (:[ Ì Ë*E[ J?Ë*QKr 6=,?DE)'.YC-•7)mI?T Ì ( ,?. V )7)>$l6S +M)<9WI?S:&b.CM$L1)pCM&


8I?S*+X9nNC-I?+X,j&=)f&(*)p17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N& Ì Q
ZÊz±®>²7Æj­*Áh±² B ŒI.=,j&CX.YTac&( C-.17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&>[*8)m$*)>)>9&I13(*)<13Gk8P(*)7&(*)>6b,d.)7+-)>1 &=)>9Ta63,5DE)p.YC-•7)prv.=,j&CX.Y; )>.^&=(*)mC-$*)>`NS ,?+MCM&0c˜
J  5L¼ 7  » ¾  » TaI/6P)>,?13(  » Q


ÌJ

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 J)&S .; 63.Y&P&6=cdTa6=,?DE)H.C-•7)
J:Q
r I?6r . Je,5$ 9&=,/.YGkº Fj˜
J ! J  %55L¼3J%7 #N¾ #
#  J #
Œ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[NTaI?+6 OFb&(*)mC-$*)<`/SL,5+-CA&0cCX..=,j&=C-.Y; )>9]Q
J)&S .&=6ckTaI?6r . Je,5$ 9k&=,/.YGOº H?˜
J ! J  %55L¼3J%7 (?¾ #
#  Ì (
Œ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[NTaI?+6  H &(*)mC-$*)<`/SL,5+-CA&0cCX..=,j&=C-.Y; )>9]Q
J)&S .&=6ckTaI?6r . Je,5$ 9k&=,/.YGOº N?˜
J ! J  55z¼KJ:7J?Ë/¾ #
#  J J5Ë
r I?+6  N &=(*)mC-$*)>`NS ,?+MCM&0cCX.P.,5&CX.0; )<9\Q
Œ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[NTaI?6r . Je,?$ 9&3,?.Gº P ˜
J ! J  55z¼KJ:7J?Ë/¾ #
#  J J5Ë
r I?+6 'PH&=(*)mC-$*)>`NS ,?+MCM&0cCX.P.,5&CX.0; )<9\Q
Œ^(OS .>[*1I/$ .0&=6=,?CM$N& eC-.P.=,j&=C-.Y; )<9 V ck,?+M+&3,?.G:.TaI?6^Ta63,5DE)m.YC-•7),J*Q
–OIL[OTa6=,?DE)p.YC-•7
) Je.,5&CX.0;L)>.P,5+-+&( )H&(*6=)7)m1I/$ .Y&63,5C-$/&3.7Q¶b)7$ 17)?E[ JZCX.P,eTa)>,?.C V +M)fTa63,5DE)m.YC-•7)/Q
J)&S .&=6ckTa6=,?De)m.CM•>) # Q
r I?6r . #d,5$ 9&=,/.YGkº Fj˜
J ! #  %55L¼ # 7 #N¾ #
* # #
Œ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[NTaI?+6  F &(*)mC-$*)<`/SL,5+-CA&0cCX..=,j&=C-.Y; )>9]Q
J)&S .&=6ckTaI?6r . #d,5$ 9k&=,/.YGOº H?˜
J ! #  %55L¼ # 7 (?¾ ( *  Ì (
r I?:6  H &(*)UCM$*)<`NS ,5+-CA&0cC-.J$*I5&J.=,j&=C-.Y; )<9\QJ}x)F$*)>)>9H$*I?&\&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)+MIOI?Gf,5$OcTaS 6Y&=(*)76<Q K+-)>,?6+-c?[<r . #PCX.]$*I?&J,.YS CA&3, V +-)2Ta6=,?DE)F.YC-•7)/Q
J)&S .^$*Ij8«&6=cTa63,5DE)m.YC-•7) (*[O&I13(*)<13GdCAT2&(L,j&PC-.b,5+X.YIZTa)>,/.YC V +-)?Q
r I?6r . (e,5$ 9&=,/.YGkº F [*8)H( ,on?)
J ! (  5L/¼ (%7 #O¾ # Ì Ë  Ì #
Œ^(*)mC-$*)<`/SL,5+-CA&0cCX.^$*I?&b.,5&CX.0; )<9TaI/6PGº FoQ}x)m$*)7)<9$ I5&P+MIOI/Gk,5$OcdTaS*6&( )76<Q K+M)<,56=+Mc/[Or . (eCX.^$*I5&b,E.S*CM&=, V +M)fTa63,5DE)m.YC-•7)
J)&S .^$*Ij8«&6=cTa63,5DE)m.YC-•7) Ì Ë*Q
r I?6r . Ì ËE,5$L9&3,?.Gº F [*8)H( ,on?)
J ! Ì Ë  5L¼ Ì :Ë 7 #N¾ #
J5Ë  J #
Œ^(*)mC-$*)<`/SL,5+-CA&0cCX.^$*I?&b.,5&CX.0; )<9TaI/6PGº FoQ}x)m$*)7)<9$ I5&P+MIOI/Gk,5$OcdTaS*6&( )76<Q K+M)<,56=+Mc/[Or . Ì ËZCX.P$*I?&,e.S*CM&=, V +M)HTa63,5DE)m.CM•>)
J)&S .&=6cCAT J5ËZC-.b,'Ta)<,?.C V +M)fTa63,5DE)p.YC-•7)/Q
r I?6r . J5ËE,5$L9&3,?.GGº Fo[*8)H( ,on?)
J ! J5Ë  5L3¼ J5:Ë 7 #N¾ #
#/Ë  # #
Œ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[:r . J5ËZCX.,5+X.YIe$*I?&b.YS*CM&=, V +-)?Q
–OIL[:I?$*+-cd&=(*)HTa6=,?DE)H.C-•7,) JZC-.P.S*CM&=, V +M)HTaI/6.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i Q 

‹Un?)7$p&(*I/S*i?(mTaI/6‹q*,5DE4*+-9) J*Q Ì 8K)^1I/S*+-9Z.YSL171)<..YTaS*+-+McH;L$ 9',f.YS CA&3, V +-)UTa63,5DE).YC-•7)K&( ,5&2.=,j&=C-.Y; )<.,?+M+N&( )K&=(*6=)7)K17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&=.>[
CM&UCX.F`NS*CA&=)4*6=I V , V +-)K&=( ,j&U,m.S*CM&=, V +M)Ta6=,?De)P.CM•>)PDd,oc'$*I?&F)q:C-.Y&FTaI/6DE,?$Oc'4*6=I V +-)7Dd.>Q#%$d.S 13(d17,/.Y)<.7[?&IH; $ 9d,Ta)<,?.C V +-)PTa63,5DE)
.CM•>)E8K)eDECMi/(/&m( ,on/)'&=Il.Y4*+-CM&m&(*)e&=,/.YG“¼aI?6m,Ta)78 &=,/.YG:.3¾&=( ,j&mCX.d¼”,?6)o¾1>,5S .C-$*inOC-I?+X,j&=CMI/$yI5TK&(*)17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&=.CM$N&=IW.Dd,5+-+M)>6
.S V @B&=,/.YG:.K&( ,5&b17,?$ V )p.=13(*)>9:S +M)<9kC-$l9:CAŽ)76=)7$N&^Ta63,5DE)>.>Q
Ì

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ]­ 2À”´  B ]µ KI/$ .YCX9:)>6H&(*)ETaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ i.)&pI?TK4z)76=CMI:9:CX1E6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)Z&=,/.YG:.f&I V ).13( )>9:S*+-)>9 V cy,W1c:17+MCX1E.13(*)<9:S*+-)76<˜Hº F .
¼ &4F . Ì [ IF . #O¾ [:ºOH . ¼ &H . J:[ EH . (?¾ [ º N . ¼ & N . (*[  N . J5ËN¾ Q6b)7&)>6DEC-$*)p,d.YS CA&3, V +-)fTa6=,?De)m.CM•>)HTaI?6^&=(*)H&=,/.YGk.)&<Q


QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz± b.CM$*iE&=(*)H; 63.0&17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&>[:8)f(L,on?) (:Q

.YC-$*iE&( )p.Y)<1I?$L917I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&>[:8)m( ,on?)f&( )mDE,5—0I?617cO17+M)  .
 ¼ # 7 (:7J5ËN¾ . J?Ë*QU–OIL[:&(*)m4z)76=DEC-.=.C V +-)mnj,5+-S*)>.^I?T ,56=)
 

(*[ Ì ËZ,?$ 9 J?Ë*Q K(*)>13GOC-$*iZTaI?6^,pTa63,5DE)H.YC-•7)&( ,5&^.=,j&=C-.Y; )<.U&=(*)f&(*C-639k1I/$ .Y&63,5C-$/&<[/8)H17,5$k; $ 9k&( ,5&$ IZnj,5+-S*)HI5T C-.^.S*CM&=, V +M)/Q


ŒIEIjn?)7631I/DE)P&(*CX.^4*6=I V +-)7DW[:8)$ )7)>9k&Id.4*+-CA&^&( )H&=,?.GE&(L,j&PC-.^Dd,?GNC-$*iZ&(*)H&3,?.G.Y)7&PS*$ .=13(*)>9:S +-, V +M)/Q2#™&^CX.^)>,/.YcE&=IEI V .)76=n?)

&=( ,j&f&(*)Z&=,/.YGWº N ( ,?.b&(*)E+X,56=i?)<.0&b)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$l&=CMDE)d,5$ 9y1I?$L.Y)<`/S )7$N&+-cl9:S*)Z&I&(*)E1I/$ .0&=6=,?CM$N& Ì Dd,5G/)>.b&(*)ZTa)>,/.YC V +-)'Ta63,5DE)
.CM•>)>.P`NS*CM&)m+X,56=i?)/Q
}x)E&6=cy.4*+MCM&Y&=CM$ ilº N C-$N&I&08KIWI/6H&(*6=)7)e&=,/.YG:.>Qd|PTƒ&)>6'.4*+MCM&Y&=CM$ ilº N C-$N&I&(*6=)7)e&3,?.GO.>[]8)E( ,on?)/˜fº N F . K¼ J?Ë*[ Ì [ J5ËN¾ [\º N H .
3¼ J5Ë*[ J:[ J5ËN¾ [Oº N N . K¼ J5Ë [ J*[ J?Ë/¾Q
bIj8 &( )4LIN..C V +M)dnj,?+MS*)<.HI5Tr«,?6) JW,?$ 9 # Q}x)k17,?$s13(*)>13Gl&=( ,j&',5Tƒ&)>6'.Y4 +MCM&Y&=CM$*i_&(*)E&3,?.GO.>[r . JW,?$ 9ur . # V )>17I?DE)
Ta)<,?.C V +-)fTa6=,?DE)H.C-•7)>.>Q 

#™&CX.Pn?)>6c9:C 17S*+A&b&I1I/DE)fS 4l8PCA&=(W,d17+M)<,56.)&I?Ti/S*C-9*)7+-CM$*)<.^&IdCX9:)>$/&=CATack&(*)')q*,?1&&3,?.G&=( ,j&CX.^&I V )p.4*+MCM&>[z,5$ 9&=(*)

4 ,?6Y&3.HCM$N&=I8P( C-13(uCM&p$*)7)<9*.f&I V ).Y4 +MCM&>QŒ^(*CX.f&( )76=)TaI?6=)E$*)7)<9*.f&I V )9:I/$*) V c_&6=C-,?+F,5$ 9x)76=6=I?6<Qer S*6Y&=(*)76<[J,/.f&(*)d$OS*D V )>6
I?TU&=,/.YG:.&I V )d.13(*)<9:S*+-)>9{CM$L16=)>,?.)>.>[&( C-.HDE)&=(*I:9yI?TU&=6CX,5+F,?$ 9y)>66=I?6 V )>1I/DE)>.fCMDE4*63,?1&CX17,?+F.YC-$ 1)e)>,/13(y&3,?.Gl$*)7)<9*.f&I V )
13(*)<13G?)<9y.)74 ,?6=,5&)7+-c?Qe¶Ij8)7n/)76<[z8P( )7$x&(*)e&3,?.Gy.Y)7&p1I?$L.YCX.0&3.fI5T^I?$*+-c_,Ta)78 &3,?.G:.H8K)d17,?$y)<,?.CM+-cy,54 4*+Mc_&(*CX.f&)<13(*$*CX`/S )Z&=I
; $L9,ZTa)<,?.C V +-)HTa63,5DE)m.YC-•7)fTaI?6,E.)&I?TJ&=,/.YG:.^I?&(*)>68PCX.Y)HS*$L.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-) V ck,d1c:1+-CX1f.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Q
 <$&)3 87 <. 02-  &<. /8:)3 #" $ & (

}x)'( ,on/)p,5+-6)<,?9:c.0&3,j&=)>9W&=( ,j&H1c:1+-C-1'.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.,56=)pIjn/)76=8P(*)7+-DECM$*i/+Mc4LI/4*S*+X,56CM$l+-Ij8^@™17I/.Y&6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)',?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$ .7Q¶bIj8^@

)>n?)76<[\I?S 6H9*C-.=1S .=.CMI/$_I?$u1c:1+-CX1Z.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.f8^,?.H.IkT”,?6f6=)>.Y&6=CX1 &)<9l&=I.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*i4L)>6C-I:9:CX1Z6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)'&3,?.G:.7QeR${&( )eI?&(*)>6
( ,?$ 9\[]Dd,?$Ncl4 6=,/1 &CX17,?+,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$ .&0cN4 C-1>,5+-+Mc_17I?$ .C-.Y&HI5TK,DECAqO&=S*6)eI5T^.Y)>n?)>6=,?+J4z)76=CMI:9:CX15[J,?4L)>6C-I:9:CX15[],5$L9y.4LI/6=,/9:C-1'&=,/.YG:.>Q
#%$&( C-..)>1&C-I?$][:8)m9:CX.17S ..^( Ij8,54z)76=C-IO9*C-1H,5$L9.4zI?63,?9:CX1&3,?.G:.P17,5$ V )p,?1717I?DEDEI:9*,j&=)>9 V c1c:1+-C-1H.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.>Q
gP)<17,?+M+2&=( ,j&m&=(*)k,56=6=CMnj,5+&=CMDE)>.pI5TP,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1E,5$ 9u.4LI/6=,/9:C-1Z&3,?.GO.m,?6)E)7qO4 6)<..)>9x.0&3,j&=C-.Y&CX17,?+M+-c?QŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[\&=(*)76=)dCX.H$*I
8^,oce&IE,?.=.YC-i?$,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1b,?$ 9.4zI?63,?9:CX1P&3,?.GO.K&=I'Ta63,5DE)>.8PCM&(*I/S:&P.YC-i?$*CM;L1>,5$N&+-cd+MIj8)76=C-$*im&( )fIjn/)763,5+-+z,/13(*C-)7nj, V +-)bS*&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$
I?TJ&( )H.c:.0&=)7DWQ2#%$,Zi?)>$*)763,5+-C-•7)>9.13( )>9:S*+-)76<[OCM$ CA&=C-,?+M+-ck,e.13(*)<9:S*+-)e¼h,?.=.YC-i?$ De)>$N&I?TJ&=,/.YG:.K&IZTa63,5DE)>.3¾UTaI?6^I?$*+-cd4z)76=CMI:9:CX1&=,?.G:.
CX.P4*6=)74 ,?6)<9\QFŒ^(*)p.4LI/6=,/9:CX1f,?$ 9W,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1&=,/.YG:.P,56=)m.13( )>9:S*+-)>9C-$W&(*)p.+X,?13Gd&=CMDE)>.P&( ,5&DE,oc V )p,onj,?CM+X, V +-)HCM$&=(*)mTa63,5DE)>.>Q
–O+X,?13Gp&C-De)bCM$,Ta63,5DE)PC-.&(*)P&=CMDE)P+-)Tƒ&UC-$E&( )^Ta6=,?De),5Tƒ&)>6U,H4L)>6C-I:9:CX1&=,?.G',?+M+-I:17,j&=)>9Z&IH&=(*)^Ta63,5DE)1I/De4 +M)7&)>.FCA&3.)q:)>17S:&C-I?$JQ
bI?$:@™•7)>6Ie.Y+X,?13Ge&C-DE)HCM$,pTa63,5DE)H17,5$)q:CX.0&^I?$*+-cd8P(*)>$k&=(*))7q:)>1S*&C-I?$&=CMDE)HI5T&(*)&=,/.YG,?+M+-I:17,5&)>9&IeCA&PCX.^.YDd,5+-+-)76K&( ,?$k&=(*)
Ta63,5DE)m.YC-•7)/Q
| ® UÊ Æj­*ÅÁ”³ &=,/.YGsCX.e&=,?G?)>$S*4“TaI?6d.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*ixI?$*+-csCATf)7$*I/S*i?(v.Y+X,?13Gx&=CMDE)lCX.e,onj,?CM+X, V +-)TaI/6e&(*)l,56=6=CMnOC-$*i{.4LI/6=,/9:CX1&3,?.G
&=I_1I?DE4*+-)&=) V )7TaI?6=)dCA&3.'9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?QkŒ^( )76=)TaI?6=)?[,W.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1e&=,/.YGyI?$uCA&3.p,56=6=CMnj,5+CX.p.S V —0)<1 &)<9x&I_,?$u,/1717)74:&3,5$ 17)Z&=)>.Y&>QŒ^(*)
,/171)>4:&=,?$ 1)&)<.0&b13( )>13G:.8P(*)&=(*)76^&=(*)H&=,/.YGdCX.^+MC-G?)>+Mc&I V )p17I?DE4*+-)&=)>98PCA&=(*CM$WCM&=.P9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)m8P(*)7$)q:)<1S:&=)>9CM$&( )H,onj,?CM+X, V +-)
.+-,/13Gy&=CMDE)<.7Q_#™TCM&ZCX.Z$*I5&e4LIN..C V +M)d&=IyDE)7)7&'&=(*)&3,?.G .'9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?[&=(*)7$&(*).13(*)<9:S*+-)76Z6)Y—0)>1 &3.pCM&e,?$ 9u&( )1I/66=)>.4zI?$ 9:C-$*i
6=)>17Ijn?)76=c6=I?S:&=CM$ )>.PTaI/6&=(*)m&=,/.YGW,56=)p6=S*$]Qb–OC-$ 17)Z,54z)76=C-IO9*C-1H&3,?.G:.9:Ik$ I5&b( ,on/)p.0&=6CX1 &H9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.7[ &(*)>cl17,5$ V )p&3,5G/)7$lS*4lTaI/6
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*i8PCA&=(*I?S:&m,5$Ocl,?1>1)>4:&=,?$ 1)'&)>.Y&m,5$ 9 V )<.0&H)ŽI?6&H1>,5$ V )eDE,/9:)Z&IW.13(*)<9:S*+-)p&=(*)7D C-$_&=(*)d.Y+X,?13G&C-DE)>.H,onj,5C-+-, V +M)/Q
Œ^(*I/S*i?(_TaI?6m,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1m&3,?.G:.b$*IW,?1>1)>4:&=,?$ 1)'&)>.Y&mC-.H9:I/$*)?[ V S*&H$ Iki?SL,563,5$N&)>)'CX.i/CMn/)7$lTaI/6f,k&=,/.Y'G .17I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$_&C-DE)e,?$ 9
V )>.Y&)ŽI?6&PC-.PDd,/9:)f&I1I/DE4*+M)7&)f&( )H&=,?.Gk,/.^)>,56=+-ck,?.^4zI/.=.YC V +-)?Q
|b$x) 1C-)7$N&mCMDE4*+-)7DE)7$N&3,j&C-I?$uI?TU&( C-.p.=13(*)>De)ECX.H&(L,j&m&( ).Y+X,?13GW&=CMDE)>.',56=)e.Y&I/6)<9yC-$s,k&3, V +-)d,5$ 9u9:S 6C-$*il,?1>1)74*&=,5$L1)
&=)>.Y&P&(*CX.^&=, V +-)fCX.PS .)>9k&I13( )>13Gd&=(*)p.13( )>9:S*+X, V CM+-CA&0ckI5TJ&=(*)p,56=6=CMnOC-$*i'&3,?.G:.7Q
|b$*I5&=(*)764LI/4*S*+X,56H,5+M&)76=$ ,5&C-n?)mCX.&=( ,j&f&(*)e,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1p,?$ 9_.4LI/6=,/9:C-1m&=,?.G:.b,?6)',/1717)74:&=)>9l8PCM&(*I/S:&f,?$OcW,/1717)74:&3,5$ 17)m&)<.0&<[
,?$ 9 V )>.Y&)ŽI?6&CX.^DE,/9:)H&IEDE)7)7&P&(*)>CM6b6)<.Y4z)>1&C-n?)H9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)<.7Q
Ì#

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 @m®<´OÇÅ
Ê 3³?Ê]Å1 ´ 3™ÊLÆ­ ´O±´NÆj­*ÀhÁ ?´OÅ QJ³ R´OÅÇÀh´NÆ B Œ^(*)mTaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*iEC-.&(*)p4L.Y)>S 9:I5@%1I:9:)HTaI/6,Ei/)7$*)>6=,?+MC-•7)<917cO17+MCX1p.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6
8 )'9:CX.17S .=.Y)<98P( C-13(_.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<.4z)76=CMI:9:CX15[z,54z)76=CMI:9:CX15[z,5$ 9l.4zI?63,?9:CX1f&=,/.YG:.>Q#™&C-.,?.=.YS*DE)<9&( ,5&&(*)Z4*6=)>1I/DE4*S:&)<9W.13(*)<9:S*+-)


TaI/6P4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&3,?.GO.^CX.P.Y&I?6=)>9kCM$l,E.=13(*)>9:S +M)f&=, V +-)?[*,5$L9kCMT6=)>`NS*C-6=)>9d&=(*)p.4LI/6=,/9:C-1b&=,/.YG:.^( ,on/)f,?+M6=)>,/9:c V )7)7$l.S V —0)<1 &)<9&=Id,5$

,/171)>4:&=,?$ 1)f&=)>.Y&b,5$ 9I?$*+-cd&=(*I/.)H8P(*C-13(W( ,on/)4L,?.=.Y)<9&=(*)H&)<.0&b,?6)m,onj,5C-+-, V +-)bTaI/6.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ i Q
B B
 B ACBD 
B 5A "!"#5BID  $ &%'(*)
+!,.- / E)
+!,1032 145) A D
66748 9 7
2
90 $
:2 ;,
  5A A
66 <:
D CA BD
9
$
A BID +B A
3 =
  
>
 ?@3A)
ACBID +A B 5A A 5A B
  = 2
3 > < BB)C66D
 
 , 20 =
1  5E
A B 5A @A B
66 =
2
 3 F
  :$ 7

,=HG
ACBID B +A @A D D
 = I2  >
  AJB)K66L,
""2;:
,;
0IEM ,/<N D
A A
66
 O =
0
=
*EP;7 2 20 =
5G B

 QAE 5A
6674
2, ,
21 &E
5G
R
Œ^(*)p17c:1+-C-1m.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6P6I/S:&C-$*) B B
 B ACBD *JC-.,?1&C-no,5&)<9,5&P&(*)')7$ 9I5T2)7n/)76=cTa63,5DE) V c,E4z)76=CMI:9:CX1H&C-DE)76<QU#™T
&=(*)d1S*6=6)>$N&&3,?.GlC-.f$*I?&m17I?DE4*+-)&=) V cW&( )e)>$ 9{I5TU&=(*)eTa6=,?DE)?[&( )7$xCA&mCX.f.S .4L)>$ 9:)<9{,?$ 9l&=(*)e&=,?.GW&I V )E6S*${CM${&( )e$ )qO&
Ta63,5DE)HC-.P9*C-.4 ,j&313(*)>9 V cCM$On/I?GOCM$ i'&=(*)H6I/S:&C-$*)2B@B  B+ACBID  ?NQ#™T&=(*)f&=,?.Gk.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9kC-$W,'Ta63,5DE)H1I/De4 +M)7&)>.^)<,56=+Mc/[
&=(*)7$l,5$Oc)7q:C-.Y&C-$*id.Y4zI?63,?9*C-1fI?6P,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&3,?.GC-.P&=,5G/)7$S*4TaI?6P)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$]Q
#"%4 (/-357 "9$ "  877   * 0M
L8:
 *& !  35%<$  &<. /877$&;
%$ & (

I5&=(t&3, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$,?$ 917cO17+MCX1.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.Z,?6)CMDE4zI?6&=,?$/&E1+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.7Qs| 1c:1+-C-1.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6Z$*)>)>9*.Z&=Ix.)&d,

4z)76=CMI:9:CX1H&=CMDE)76fI?$ +McI?$ 17)',j&&(*)',?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$lCM$*CM&CX,5+-C-•>,j&=CMI/$W&C-DE)?QbŒ^(*CX.P&=CMDE)>61I/$N&C-$NS )>.P&=Ii?C-n?)p,?$lCM$N&=)76=6S*4*&)q*,/1 &+-c,5&
)>n?)76=cTa6=,?DE) V I?S $ 9*,56=c?Q KS*&HC-${&=, V +M)7@™9:6=C-n?)7${.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ i [J,k&C-DE)76H( ,?.f&=I V )d.Y)7&m)7n?)>6c&=CMDE)d,&=,?.G_.Y&=,56&=.&=I6=S*$]QeŒ^(*)
)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$&C-De)'I5T,e&0cN4 C-1>,5+]6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&3,?.GkCX.PS .S ,5+-+-ckI5T2&=(*)mI?639:)76PI?TF,eTa)78 DeC-+-+MC2–O)>17I?$ 9*.>QKŒ^( )76=)TaI?6=)?[*,d1>,5+-+\&I,e&=CMDE)>6
CX.^Dd,?9:)H)7n/)76=cETa)78 DECM+-+–O)<1I?$L9*.7QŒ^(*CX.P6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&3.K,E.CMi/$*CA;z17,5$N&PIjn?)>6( )>,?9k,5$ 96)<.YS +A&3.^CM$l9:)>i?63,?9:)<9k.cO.Y&)>D 4z)76TaI?6=DE,?$ 1)/Q
Œ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[J,W17cO17+MCX1E.13( )>9:S*+-)76mCX.mDEI?6=)E) 1C-)7$N&H&(L,5$s,&=, V +M)7@™9:6=C-n?)7$u.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6>QdŒ^(*CX.m4*6=I V , V +-clC-.p,6=)>,/.YI/$y8P(Ocy1c:17+MCX1
.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.,56=)Z.IIjn?)>68P( )7+-DeC-$*i/+Mc4LI/4*S*+X,56)>.4L)<1CX,5+-+McWC-$y)7D V )<9*9:)<9y,54 4*+MCX17,5&C-I?$ .>Q¶bIj8K)>n?)>6>[LCATF&=(*)eIjn?)76=(*)<,?9I5TU.)&&C-$*i
,&=CMDE)76p1>,5$ V )dCMi/$*I?6=)>9\[,&=, V +M)7@™9:6=C-n?)7$u.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6mC-.mDEI/6)E4*6=I5;L17CM)>$N&f&=( ,5$s,l17cO17+MCX1E.13( )>9:S*+-)76 V )>1>,5S .)E&( ).YC-•7)dI?TK&=(*)
Ta63,5DE)Z&( ,5&p$*)7)<9*.f&I V )13( I/.)7${.(*I/S*+-9 V ),5&m+M)<,?.Y&H,/.+-I?$ iW,/.&(*)d.CM•>)eI?TU&=(*)E+-,?6i/)>.Y&f)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$_&=CMDE)dI5T^,&3,?.GlCM$x&=(*)
&3,?.Ge.)&<Q2Œ^( C-.UC-.K,p.YI/S*631)I?TC-$*) d17CM)>$ 1c/[N.C-$ 1)b&(*CX.F6=)>.S*+M&=.FC-$4*6=I:1)<..I?62&=CMDE) V )7C-$*iZ8,/.0&=)>9eCM$17,?.)I?Tz&=(*I/.)P&3,?.GO.U8P(*I/.)
)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$k&=CMDE)<.,56=)m.YDd,5+-+-)76&( ,?$&(*)p13(*IN.Y)>$kTa63,5DE)m.CM•>)?Q
S T MU
  W£ ›k© Wž 47ž£ª
}x)H( ,?9.Y)>)7$&( ,5&^TaI?6P1+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$k.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.7[N&( )p.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ iZ4zI?C-$N&=.P,56=)H9:); $ )>9k&(*6=I?S*i/(17+MI:13GC-$N&)76=6=S*4:&=.^,?$ 9kC-$W17,?.)
I?T)>n?)7$N&@™9:6=C-n?)7$.13( )>9:S*+-)763.K&(*)<.Y)p,?6)m9:)7; $*)<9 V c)>n?)>$/&3.P.YSL13(,/.P,56=6C-nj,5+\,5$ 9W17I?DE4*+-)&C-I?$I5T&=,/.YG:.>Q2#%$(Oc V 6=C-9.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.>[
&=(*)'.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*iE4LI/CM$N&3.b,56=)m9:);L$*)>9 V I5&=(&=(*6=I?S*i/(&=(*)'17+MI:13GC-$N&)76=6=S*4:&=.b,5$ 9&( )p)7n/)7$N&PIO1>1S*6=6=)7$ 17)>.>QF#%$&(*)mTaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*i [:8)
9:CX.=1S .=.&C-DE)@%.Y+-C-17)>96=I?S*$ 9:@B6=I V C-$.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*Wi V,e4zI?4*S +-,?6P(Nc V 6=CX9.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6>Q
¬pKÁ t´$QJÀ”Áh³?´OÅ ¿ ÊLDZŠ¿ Ê É2Á”± QJ³ R´OÅÇÀ”Áh± Sµ
Œ^C-DE)@%.Y+-C-17)>96=I?S*$ 96=I V C-$l.13( )>9:S*+-)763.P,56=)mn?)>6c1I?DEDEI?$ +McS .Y)<9CM$W&=(*)m&63,?9*CA&=CMI/$ ,5+\I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*i.Yc:.Y&)>DE.>[ ,?$ 9W,56=)m4*6I?TaS .)7+-c
9:CX.=1S .=.Y)<9mC-$'&=(*).Y&=,?$ 9*,?6=9mI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*ib.c:.0&=)7Dd. V IOI?G:.,5$ 9'CM$'&(*)^,onj,5C-+-, V +-)U+-CA&=)763,j&S 6)/QJ}x)U&=(*)76=)TaI/6)KG?)7)>4pI?S 69:CX.=1S .=.YC-I?$'I?$
&=CMDE)@%.+MCX1)<96=I?S $ 96I V CM$l.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iE&=IE&(*)pDEC-$*C-D'S*DWQ^Œ^CMDE)@%.+MCX1)<96=I?S $ 96I V CM$l.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iECX.b,E4*6=)7)>De4*&C-n?)p.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i
DE)&=(*I:9\Qb#%$y6I/S*$ 9W6=I V C-$y.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i [ &(*)e6=)>,?9*c&=,/.YG:.,56=)p(*)7+X9lC-$y,k17CM631S +-,?6b`NS*)7S*)/QŒ^(*)'&=,/.YG:.b,?6)p&=,5G/)7$lS*4yI?$*)',5Tƒ&)>6
Ì(

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

&=(*)ZI?&(*)>6C-${,.Y)<`NS*)7$ 17)pTa6=I?D &( )e`NS*)>S*)?Q'R$ 17)Z,d&3,?.GlC-.b&=,?G?)>$_S*4][\CM&f6=S*$ .bTaI?6H,k17)76&=,?CM$l; qO)<9_C-$N&)76=nj,5+I5T&=CMDE)E17,5+-+-)>9
CM&=.'ˆhZ Fd„'Š3‰A”¹=„7Q^#™TU,e&=,/.YG9:IO)>.$ I5&17I?DE4*+-)&)m8PCM&( CM$_CM&=.,5+-+MI:1>,j&)<9&C-De)Z.Y+-C-17)?[LCA&fC-.PC-$ .)76&)<9 V ,?13GCM$N&IE&=(*)Z17CM631S +-,?6`/S )7S*)/Q
| &=CMDE)@%.+MCX1)<9y6=I?S*$L9O@B6=I V CM$x.13(*)<9:S*+-)76mCX.H+M)<..p4*6I?;L1C-)7$N&f&( ,?$x&=, V +M)7@™9:6=C-n?)7${I?6p17cO17+MCX1E.13( )>9:S*+-)76HTaI/6p.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*iW6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)
&3,?.GO.>QE#™&mC-.m63,j&=(*)76H)<,?.cl&Il.)7)E8P(Ocl&(*CX.mCX.m.YILQd| &C-De)7@™.+-C-17)>9{6I/S*$ 9{6I V CM$u.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6&=6)<,j&3.m,5+-+2&=,?.G:.H)>`NS ,?+M+-c?[J,?$ 9x,5+-+
&3,?.GO.',56=),?.=.YC-i?$*)<9xC-9:)>$N&CX17,5+U&C-DE)k.Y+-CX1)>.'CM6=6=)>.4L)<1 &C-n?)dI?TK&=(*)7C-6'4 6C-I?6=CA&0c/[176CM&CX17,?+MCM&0c?[I?6Z1+-I/.)7$*)<..mI?T9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/Ql–:I [&=,?.G:.
8PCM&(l.(*I?6&9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)<.^DeC-i?(N&PT”,?CM+&=I1I?DE4*+-)&=)HI?$&C-DE)?Q
¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[CA&C-.k4LIN..C V +M)l&=I“17I?$ .C-9*)76d&3,?.G“4*6=C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.dCM$ &(*)y&C-De)7@™.+-C-17)>9w6=I?S*$ 9:@B6=I V C-$~.13( )>9:S*+-)763.d&=(*6=I?S*i/( ,sDECM$*I/6
)7qN&=)7$ .C-I?$t&=Ix&(*) V ,/.YCX16I/S*$ 9t6=I V CM$v.13(*)>DE)?QwŒ^(*).=13(*)<9:S*+-)7617,?$“,/..CMi/$+X,56=i?)>6'&=CMDE)l.Y+-CX1)>.Z&=Ix( CMi/(*)76E4*6=CMI/6CM&0cu&=,/.YG:.>Q
#%$xT”,?1&>[&(*)d$OS*D V )>6pI5TP.+MCX1)<.p,5+-+MI:1>,j&)<9_&=I_,&=,/.YGy1>,5$ V )Dd,?9:)E4*6=I?4zI?6&C-I?$ ,?+2&IW&=(*)d4*6=CMI/6CM&0c_I5T&( )d&=,/.YGQ‹Fn/)7$u8PCM&(
&=(*C-.bDEIO9*CA;L1>,j&=CMI/$][:&C-DE)@%.Y+-CX1)>9W6=I?S $ 9O@™6I V CM$W.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*idCX.^T”,56bTa6I/D’.=,j&CX.YT”,?1 &=I?6=cdTaI?6b6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)f&=,/.YG.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ i_¼ ,5$lc/I?S
CX9:)7$N&=CATacl&=(*)E6)<,?.I?$ . o¾ Qp#%${&( C-.m1>,?.)?[&( )e( CMi/(*)76H4*6=CMI/6CM&0c&=,/.YG:.H,56=)ZDd,/9:)'&=Il1I?DE4*+-)&=)d,?.f)>,?6+-cl,?.f4LIN..C V +M)/QZ¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[
4*6=I5;z1C-)7$N&K6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE).=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=..Y( I?S*+X9E&6=cE&IZDE)7)&&( )H9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.KI5T,?.KDE,?$OcZ&3,?.G:.K,/.U4zI/.=.YC V +-)?[O63,j&( )76F&=( ,5$1I/De4 +M)7&C-$*i
&=(*)m(*C-i?(*)>6P4*6C-I?6=CM&0cE&=,?.G:.^CM$&=(*)p.Y( I?6&)>.Y&^&C-DE)?Q

ežb¦e' ¤ l
£  Zžb¦ ›k© Wž 4 >¦ 
Kc:1+-CX1e.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.f,?6)En/)76=cl) 1C-)7$N&>Qd¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[\,4*6I/DECM$*)>$N&m.(*I/6Y&31I?DEC-$*iI5TU&=(*)1c:17+MCX1E.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.fC-.f&=( ,j&pCM& V )<1I?DE)<.
n/)76=cW17I?DE4*+-)qW&I9:)&=)76=DECM$*)E,.YS*CM&=, V +-)pTa63,5DE)Z.CM•>)e,/.b8)7+-+2,?.f,Ta)<,?.C V +-)Z.=13(*)<9:S*+-)'8P(*)>$_&( )Z$OS*D V )>6fI?TF&=,/.YG:.CM$L16=)>,?.)>.>Q
r S*6Y&=(*)76<[]C-$x,?+MDEIN.0&m)7n/)76=cTa6=,?De)d.I?DE)e4*6I:17)>.=.YC-$*i&C-De)ECX.H8,/.0&=)>9v¼”,/.b&=(*)ETa63,5DE)e.C-•7)EC-.H+X,56=i?)>6b&=( ,5$u,5+-+2&=,/.YGl)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$
&=CMDE)>.3¾m6=)>.S*+M&C-$*iyC-$.S V @™I?4:&=CMDd,?+K.=13(*)>9:S +M)<.7Qx‹Fn?)>$N&Y@%9:6C-n?)>$s.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.mIjn?)>6=17I?DE)E&( )>.).(*I?6&=17I?DECM$ i/.>Q_r*S*6&(*)>6>[)>n?)>$/&@
9:6=C-n?)7$d.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.U17,5$E( ,?$ 9:+-)b,54z)76=C-IO9*C-1P,?$ 9d.Y4zI?63,?9*C-1&3,?.GO.FDeI/6)P4 6I?;L1C-)7$N&+-c?QR$E&(*) L CM4.CX9:)?[N)7n/)7$N&Y@%9:6=CMn/)7$E.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.
,?6)+M)<..e) 17CM)>$/&d,?.'&( )7ct9:)>4*+MIjcsDEI/6)1I?DE4*+-)q.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*ix,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.>QsŒ^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[)7n?)>$N&Y@%9:6C-n?)>$.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.Z,56=)+-)>.=.
.S*CM&=, V +M)fTaI?6^)>D V )>9*9:)<9,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$ .^,?.K&(*)<.Y)m,?6)6)<`/S CM6=)>9&I V )HI?T.YDd,?+M+].CM•>)?[O+-Ij8«1IN.0&<[*,5$ 91I?$L.YS*DE)HDECM$ CMDd,5+],?DEI?S*$N&
I?T4zIj8K)>6>Q
#™&H.Y(*I/S*+X9_$*Ij8 V )e17+M)<,568P(NcW)>n?)7$N&@™9:6=C-n?)7$_.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.,?6)pC-$Onj,56=C-, V +McWS .)>9_CM$x,5+-+DEI:9:)763,j&=)Z,?$ 9_+X,56=i?)7@™.CM•>)>9W,54 4*+MCX17,5@
&=CMI/$ .m( ,onOC-$*iWDE,?$Oc_&=,/.YG:.>[J8P(*)>6)<,?.m17cO17+MCX1d.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.m,?6)E4*6=)>9:I/DECM$ ,?$N&+-cyS .)>9xC-$u.Dd,5+-+U,54 4*+MCX17,5&C-I?$ .>Q#%$s)>n?)7$N&@™9:6=C-n?)7$
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iL[]&( )k.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*iW4LI/CM$N&=.Z,56=)d9:); $ )>9 V c_&=,/.YGx1I/De4 +M)7&C-I?$s,5$ 9{&3,?.G{,56=6=CMnj,5+2)>n?)7$N&3.7QkŒ^( C-.Z1+X,?.=.HI5TP.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.
,?6)$*I?6=Dd,5+-+Mcu4*6=)7)>De4*&C-n?)?Q“Œ^( ,j&EC-.>[U,{(*C-i?(*)>6Z4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cx&=,/.YGs8P( )7$ V )>17I?DE)>.e6=)>,/9:c?[F4 6)>)7DE4:&=.E,?$Ncu+-Ij8K)>6Z4 6C-I?6=CA&0cx&3,?.G
&=( ,j&Dd,oc V )p6=S*$*$*C-$*i Q}x)p9:CX.17S .=.^&(*6=)7)HC-DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&)q*,5DE4*+-)>.^I?T)>n?)>$/&@™9*6C-n?)>$.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.>QFŒ^(*)p.CMDE4*+-)>.Y&I5T&(*)<.Y)mCX.^&=(*)
TaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$ 9:@ V ,/13GOi?6=I?S*$ 9m.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<[?8P(*CX13(E8K)9:CX.=1S .=.$*)7qN&<Q2#%$.Y)<1 &C-I?$ J*Q  8)9:C-.=1SL..F‹ rx,5$L9ZC-$.)>1 &=CMI/$ J:Q *8)b9:CX.=1S .=.
g y|pQ
> Ê Æj´ S ÆjÊzDZAÅ e­*³<¯ S ÆjÊzDZŠQJ³ R´OÅÇÀh´NÆNµ | TaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$L9O@ V ,?13GOi?6=I?S*$L9'.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6UCX.U4zI/.=.YC V +-ce&(*)f.YC-DE4*+M)<.0&4*6=CMI/6CM&0cN@™9:6=C-n?)7$
4*6=)7)>DE4:&C-n?)d.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6>Qe#%$xTaI?6=)7i?6=I?S $ 9O@ V ,?13GOi?6=I?S $ 9W.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ i [\&=(*)d6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)Z&=,/.YG:.HC-$x,?$x,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&C-I?$u,56=)e6S*$u,?.fTaI/6)7@


i/6I/S*$ 9E&3,?.GO.>Q2Œ^(*)m.Y4zI?63,?9:CX15[O,54z)76=C-IO9*C-1?[O,?$ 9d$*I/$:@™6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&3,?.G:.K,?6)6S*$,?. V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$ 9e&=,/.YG:.>Q|DEI?$*i'&(*)fTaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$ 9

&3,?.GO.>[2,j&')>n?)76=c{.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*il4zI?C-$N&'&=(*)(*C-i?(*)<.0&Z4*6C-I?6=CM&0c_&=,/.YG{C-.p&=,?G?)7$sS 4uTaI?6Z.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQ| V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$ 9y&=,?.Gu17,5$u6=S*$
8P(*)>$W$*I?$*)HI?T&=(*)HTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$ 9d&3,?.G:.KCX.P6=)>,/9:c?Q2#%$I5&( )76P8I?639*.7[O&=(*) V ,/13GNi/6I/S*$ 9E&3,?.G:.^6S*$l,5&&=(*)m+-Ij8K)<.0&P4*6=CMI/6CM&0c?Q
J)&KSL.U,?.=.S*DE)&(L,j&KC-$k,p17)76&=,?CM$6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)b.cO.Y&)>DW[?&=(*)76=),?6) WTaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$L9'&3,?.G:.F8P(*CX13(k,56=)b9:)>$*I5&=)>9d,/.7˜Gº Fo[ Iº H?[MQ-Q-QM[ º Q
|.m,5+-6)<,?9:clDE)7$N&=CMI/$*)>9\[]&(*)eTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$ 9W&3,?.G:.m,56=)e,?+M+24z)76=CMI:9:CX15Q ])7&pº V )E&(*)EI?$ +Mc V ,?13GOi?6=I?S*$L9W&=,/.YGQ J)& & V )E&=(*) 

4*6=I:1)<..CM$ i'&=CMDE)m6=)>`NS*C-6)>De)>$N&^I?Tº Q#%$&=(*C-.b17,?.)?[O&=(*)p1I/DE4*+M)7&C-I?$&C-DE)¼ 5  ¾KTaI?6^&( ) V ,?13GOi?6=I?S $ 9d&3,?.GC-.^i/CMn/)7$ V cz˜

 
 

u¼3J  ¾
&
5 .


Ì  » F L&o»»





Œ^(*CX.m)7qO4 6)<..CMI/$yCX.m)>,/.Yc_&IlC-$/&=)76=4*6=)&>Qk}~(*)7$s,5$OcyTaI?6=)7i?6=I?S $ 9l&3,?.G_C-.p)q:)>17S:&C-$*i [J&(*) V ,?13GOi?6=I?S $ 9l&3,?.G_8,?CA&3.7QŒ^(*)

,on/)763,5i?)  S:&=CM+-CM•<,j&=CMI/$y9:S*)'&I&=(*)pTaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$L9k&3,?.Gº\»UC-. &o» L»%[\.CM$ 17) &o»U,?DEI?S*$N&bI?TF4*6I:17)>.=.YC-$*id&=CMDE)'CX.6)<`/S CM6=)>9WIjn/)76
)>n?)76=c L»24z)76=CMI:9\Q2#™&^TaI?+-+-Ij8.U&=( ,j&,?+M+zTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$ 9E&3,?.G:.U&=I?i/)&( )76^8KI/S*+X96=)>.S*+A&^C-$  S*&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$kI?T » TF QŒ^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[

    


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 &=(*),on?)>6=,?i?)m&=CMDE),onj,5C-+-, V +-)ZTaI/6m)q:)>17S:&C-I?$xI5TK&(*) V ,?13GOi?6=I?S*$L9l&=,/.YG:.fC-$x)>n?)>6clS*$ CA&pI?TK&=CMDE)dCX. Ì  » F Qr 6I/D &(*CX.>[
‹FqO4 6>6Q J:Q  TaI/+M+-Ij8.)>,?.C-+Mc/Q}x)^$*Ij8tC-+M+-S .Y&63,j&)&=(*)P,54*4*+-CX17, V CM+-CA&0c'I5Tz‹Fq:4*6>Q6J:Q  &=(*6=I?S*i/(p&( )^TaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i&(*6=)7)P.CMDE4*+-)^)q*,5DE4*+-)>.>Q
  


]­ 2À”´ OB ]µ KI?$ .CX9:)76f,6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)Z.Yc:.Y&)7D C-$_8P(*CX13(l&=,/.YG:.f,56=)'.=13(*)>9:S +M)<9lS .CM$*ikTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$ 9O@ V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$ 9k.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQ
Œ^(*)>6)^CX.2I?$*+-c'I/$*)^4L)>6C-I:9:CX1UTaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$L9m&=,/.YG'
º ˜K3¼  . Ë [  . (5ËfDd.Y)<159[ & . Ì Ë/ËbDd.)>15([  . Ì Ë/ËbDd.)>1>¾2,?$ 9'&(*) V ,/13GOi?6=I?S*$ 9
 

&3,?.G V )mº . ¼ & . Ì Ë?Ë/2Ë 1 &657¾Q KI/DE4*S:&)H&=(*)p1I/DE4*+M)7&C-I?$&C-DE)HTaI?6 V ,/13GNi/6I/S*$ 9&=,?.GQ

 

QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ cS .CM$*iE&=(*)m)q:4*6=)>.=.CMI/${K¼ J*Q  ¾U&I1I/DE4*S:&)f&=(*)H&=,/.YGk17I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$&=CMDE)/[*8K)H( ,on/)

5  . Ì Ë/Ë?(5Ë Ë 1 &65 . J5Ë/Ë?2Ë 1 &65
Ì  Ì Ë?Ë


–OIL[O&(*) V ,?13GOi?6=I?S*$L9d&=,/.YGkº v8I?S*+X9k&=,5G/
) J5Ë?Ë/Ë'DEC-+M+-C–O)<1I/$ 9*.&Id17I?DE4*+-)&)/Q

 

]­ 2À”´ OB Jµ #%$d,H.CMDE4*+-)P4*6=CMI/6CM&0cN@™9:6=C-n?)7$'4*6)>)7DE4:&=CMn/)^.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<[j&08KIf4z)76=CMI:9:CX1&=,/.YG:.2Gº FK,5$ 9ZOº HP,5$ 9e, V ,?13GOi?6=I?S $ 9m&3,?.G
,?6)'.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9\QfŒ^(*)'4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m&3,?.GGº Fm( ,?.&(*)e(*C-i?(*)<.0&f4*6C-I?6=CM&0c,5$L9l)q:)>17S:&)<.bI/$ 1)')7n?)>6c J5ËDeC-+-+MC2.Y)<1I/$ 9*.f,5$ 9W6=)>`NS*C-6)<.


Ì Ë'DEC-+M+-CJ.)>1I/$ 9*.^I?T)q:)<1S:&=CMI/$k&=CMDE)m)>,/13(&=CMDE)?QOº Hf6=)>`NS*C-6)<. J?ËeDeC-+-+MCJ.)>17I?$ 9 .KI?T4*6=I:1)<..CM$ iZ)>n?)76=$c (5ËZDECM+-+-CJ.Y)<1I/$ 9*.>Qº N CX.

, V ,?13GOi?6=I?S $ 9Z&=,?.Gd,5$ 96)<`/S CM6=)>. Ì Ë?Ë?DECM+-+MCz.Y)<1I/$ 9*.U&IZ17I?DE4*+-)&=)?Q|b.=.YS DeC-$*i'&( ,5&^,?+M+L&(*)b&=,/.YG:..0&3,56&,j&K&C-DE)fË [N9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)
&=(*)H&C-DE)p,j&8P(*CX13(º N 8PC-+M+]17I?DE4*+-)&=)?Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ Œ^(*)H&I?&=,?+\S:&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$l9:S*)H&=Ie&(*)HTaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$ 9&=,/.YG:.>˜ H» F . HF  H .F  Q
Œ^(*CX.PC-DE4*+MC-)>.&=( ,j&P&=(*)HTa63,?1 &=CMI/$I?T&=CMDE)m6=)7Dd,5C-$*C-$*ieTaI?6^&=(*) V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$ 9E&3,?.Gd&Id)7qO)<1S:&=)HC-.Pi/CMn/)7$ V c Ì  H» TF . F F
   


Œ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[&=(*) V ,?13GOi?6=I?S $ 9W&=,/.YGyi?)&3. Ì DEC-+M+-CF.)>1I/$ 9{)7n?)>6c Ì ËkDEC-+M+-CF.)>1I/$ 9*.>QZŒ^(OS .>[\&( ) V ,?13GOi?6=I?S $ 9W&=,/.YGl8I?S +-9y&=,?G?)
   


Ì Ë?Ë *¼ Ì Ë  Ì ¾ . Ì Ë?Ë?ËfDEC-+M+-CJ.)>1I/$ 9*.&=IE17I?DE4*+-)&=)?Q 

]­ 2À”´  B]µ –OS*4*4zI/.)ZC-$u‹q*,5DE4*+-) J*Q  [],5$yIjn/)76=(*)>,/9WI5T Ì Dd.)>1ZI?${,/1717I?S*$N&HI5TU)>n?)76=cl1I/$/&=)qO&m.Y8PCM&=13({C-.f&=I V )e&=,5G/)7$

C-$N&Id,?1>1I?S $/&<Q KI?DE4*S:&=)H&(*)p17I?DE4*+-)&C-I?$&C-DE)pI5Tº Q



QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ Œ^(*)n?)>6c{; 63.0&e&C-DE)k&=(*)kTaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$L9x&=,?.Gu6S $ .¼h,j&e&C-DE)ËN¾ [FCM&eC-$ 17S*6=.e,y17I?$N&)7qO&e.8PCA&313(*CM$ iyIjn?)>6( )>,?9uI?T Ì

Dd.)>15QEŒ^(*CX.H( ,?. V )7)>$x.(*Ij8P$u,?.H,W.Y(L,?9:)<9y6=)>1&=,5$ i?+-)ZC-$xrC-i Q  Qd–OS V .)>`NS*)>$N&+-c_)>,/13(y&=CMDE)e&(*)ETaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$L9W&=,/.YG_6=S*$ .>[]CM&
4*6=)7)>DE4:&=.2&=(*) V ,/13GOi?6=I?S*$ 9'&=,/.YGZ,5$ 9EC-$ 1S 6=.I/$*)1I/$N&)qO&U.8PCA&313(]QFR$E17I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$eI?T\)>,?13(eC-$ .0&3,5$ 17)I5Tz&( )PTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$ 9'&=,?.G[
&=(*) V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$ 9l&3,?.G_6=S*$ .p,?$ 9yC-$ 17S*6=.',5$*I?&(*)>6p1I?$N&=)qO&p.Y8PCM&=13(]Qk}~CA&=({&=(*CX.mI V .)76=nj,j&=CMI/$][\&I_.C-De4 +MCMTacyI/S*6p1I/De4 S:&=,5&C-I?$
I?T&(*)E,?1&S ,?+17I?DE4*+-)&C-I?$y&C-DE)ZI?TFº b[8K)e17,5$yCMDd,5i/CM$ )p&(L,j&f&(*)e)q:)>17S:&C-I?$_&C-De)eI5TK)7n?)>6cTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$ 9&3,?.GCX.CM$ 176)<,?.)>9
V c_&08Il1I/$/&=)qO&'.8PCA&313(y&=CMDE)>.¼aI/$*)9:S*)E&=IlCA&3.Y)>+ATP,5$ 9{&=(*)I5&=(*)76p9*S*)E&IW&=(*) V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$ 9y&=,?.G_6=S*$*$*C-$*i_,5Tƒ&)76m)<,?13(x&C-DE)


CM&E17I?DE4*+-)&=)>.3¾ QsŒ^(OS .7[F&(*)$*)&E)Ž)>1&eI?Tb1I/$/&=)qO&d.Y8PCM&=13(*)<.Z1>,5$ V )CMDd,5i/CM$ )>9u&=I V )1>,5S .C-$*i_&=(*))7q:)>1S*&C-I?$s&=CMDE)I5T&=(*)

TaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$ 9l&=,?.GW&IWC-$ 16=)>,/.Y) V c Jk17I?$N&)7qO&m.8PCM&=13({&C-De)<.7[JChQ )?Q'&I ( JkDECM+-+MCU–:)>1ZTa6I/D (5ËkDECM+-+MC–O)>1>.7QeŒ^(*C-.H(L,?.f4*CX1 &I/6CX,5+-+-c
V )7)>$W.(*Ij8P$CM$lrC-i Q  Q 

Context Switching Time

    
 Foreground  Back  Foreground  Back  Foreground
ground ground
    
01 51 52 100 time in milli Secs
rCMi/S*6)  ˜FŒ,/.YGk–:13( )>9:S*+-)HTaI?6‹Fq*,5DE4*+-)0J*Q 

ÌI

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 bIj8«S .CM$ iE‹Fq:4*6>Q J*Q  [:8K)Hi?)7&^&(*)H&=CMDE)m6=)>`NS*C-6)<9 V cd&=(*) V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$ 9d&3,?.Gd&Id17I?DE4*+-)&)/˜
Ì Ë/Ë?Ë . J5Ë9*  # 1  &65  
Ì  Ì ( Ë?J Ë

 

#%$k&(*)fTaI?+-+-Ij8PCM$*iZ&08Ie–O)<1 &C-I?$L.7[:8))7q*,5DECM$ )b&08IZC-DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&^)7n?)>$N&Y@%9:6C-n?)>$k.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.>˜‹ r«¼”‹U,?6+-C-)>.Y&9)>,?9*+MC-$*)mrCM63.0& ¾

,?$ 9yg y|’¼hg,j&=) lI/$*I5&=I?$*CX1'|b+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D¾ Qp‹ rwCX.&(*)eI?4:&=CMDd,?+9:cO$ ,?DEC-1Z4*6=CMI/6CM&0cW6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)p&3,?.Gl.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ i,5+-i?I/6CM&( D
,?$ 9g _| CX.&(*)mI/4:&C-Dd,5+].Y&=,j&=C-1H4 6C-I?6=CA&0cd6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f&=,?.Gk.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*id,5+-i?I/6CM&( DQ

¥m
£ žªJ¤
ž¥  7¦Wž £ªJ¤
·›k© Wž 4 7¦ 
 


#%$k‹K,56=+MC-)>.Y& )>,?9*+MC-$*)rC-6=.Y&f¼h‹ fr¾F.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i [O,j&)7n/)76=cZ.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*ip4zI?C-$N&U&( )b&3,?.GZ( ,onOC-$*iH&( ).(*I?6&)<.0&K9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)bCX.U&=,5G/)7$

S*4ZTaI?6F.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQŒ^(*) V ,/.YCX1K4*6C-$ 17CM4*+-)^I5TL&(*CX.,5+-i?I/6CM&(*D CX.2n?)>6cHC-$N&S*CM&C-n?),?$ 9'.CMDE4*+-)&IHS*$ 9*)763.0&3,5$ 9\Q2Œ^(*)P.=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0c
&=)>.Y&fTaI/6m‹ fr~C-.m,?+-.I.C-De4 +M)/Qe| &=,/.YG_.)&mCX.H.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)eS*$ 9:)>6p‹ frK[\CMT,?$ 9{I?$*+-clCATCA&p.=,j&=C-.Y; )>.&=(*)d1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$y&=( ,j&H&=(*)
&=I5&=,?+*4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6S:&=CM+-CM•<,j&=CMI/$9:S*)P&=IH&(*)P&3,?.GZ.)&UCX.F+-)>.=.2&=( ,5$ Ì Qr I?6U,m.)&UI?T\4L)>6C-I:9:C-1^6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)^&=,/.YG:. <º F67YOº H27 7º /[/‹ r
.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0ck16=CM&)76=C-I?$W17,5$ V )m)q:4*6=)>.=.Y)<9k,?.>˜ 

&»
» F L» . » F z» Ì x¼3J */¾
 

 

8P(*)>6) »2C-.b,on?)763,5i/)bS:&=CM+-C-•>,j&=CMI/$_9:S*)H&=IE&(*)H&3,?.Gkº F,?$ 9 {CX.^&( )m&I?&=,5+\$OS*D V )>6I5T&=,/.YG:.^C-$W&(*)H&3,?.G.)&<QU‹q:4*!6 J*Q *eCX.

V I5&=(W,e$*)<1)<..=,56=c,5$ 9,d.S 1C-)7$N&1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$TaI?6,E.Y)7&I5T&=,?.G:.&I V )p‹ fr.=13(*)>9:S +-, V +M)/Q


‹ r“( ,?. V )>)7$_4 6Ijn/)7$&I V )',?$_I?4*&C-DE,?+JS*$ CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6b.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*D J BQŒ^(*CX.De)<,5$ .&( ,5&CMTU,.)&bI?T&=,?.G:.

CX.bS $ .13( )>9:S*+X, V +M)eS*$ 9:)>6f‹ r[z&( )7$y$ IkI5&=(*)76H.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D 17,?$lTa)>,/.YC V +-cW.=13(*)<9:S*+-)p&( C-.&=,/.YGl.)&<Qf#%$y&(*)E.CMDE4*+-)


.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0cH&)<.0&2TaI?6‹ rs¼h‹q:4*6<TQ J:Q */¾[58),/..S*DE)>9p&( ,5&&=(*)^4L)>6C-I:9'I?T )>,/13(p&=,/.YGmCX.&(*)P.=,5DE)^,?.CA&3.29:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/Q¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[

C-$Z4 6=,/1 &CX17,?+/4 6I V +M)>Dd.J&=(*)^4L)>6C-I:9'I?TL,b&=,?.GmDd,ocp,j&2&C-DE)>. V )P9:CAŽ)76=)7$N&Ta6I/D CA&3.9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q#%$E.S 13(Z1>,?.)>.>[o&(*)P.=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0c
&=)>.Y&$*)>)>9*.b&I V )e13( ,5$*i/)>9\QP#™T L»  N»Y[L&(*)>$y)<,?13(W&=,/.YG$*)>)>9*. &o»U,5DEI/S*$N&bI5TU17I?DE4*S:&=CM$*ik&C-DE)')7n/)76=cDEC-$J¼ z» 7/»™¾9*S*6=,5&C-I?$
I?T&=CMDE)?QFŒ^( )76=)TaI?6=)?[O8)p17,?$6=)78P6=CA&=)m‹q:4*6<Q J*Q *e,?.>˜
&<»
» F 1 F¼; » 7  » ¾ Ì u¼KJ  ¾




¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[CAT L» N»[\CA&mCX.H4LIN..C V +M)Z&( ,5&p,.)&mI5TU&=,?.G:.fC-.H‹ fr .=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)?[\)7n/)7${8P(*)7${&(*)Z&=,/.YG_.)&HT”,?CM+X.&IWDE)7)&H&=(*)

‹FqO4 6 J*Q  QfŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[‹q:4*06 J:Q  CX.H1I?$L.Y)>6nj,j&=CMn/)p8P(*)>$][ L» /»^,?$ 9lCX.$ I5&f,$*)<1)>.=.=,56=c17I?$ 9:CM&C-I?$J[ V S:&fI/$*+-c_,k.S 1C-)7$N&


17I?$ 9:CM&C-I?$TaI?6,Ei/CMn/)7$k&=,?.Gk.)&P&=I V )p‹ rt.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?Q



]­ 2À”´  B Jµ KI?$ .CX9:)76P&=(*)mTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ iE&(*6=)7)m4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)H&=,?.G:.^&I V )'.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9WS .CM$*i‹ r“I?$_,ES $*CM4 6I:1)<..I?6<˜
º F. ¼ & F . Ì Ë [  F . J5ËN¾ [Oº H . ¼ & H6. (:[  H . (?Ë/¾[:Iº N . ¼ &N . Ì Ë*[ EN . ,(?¾ Q )&=)76=DeC-$*)m8P(*)7&(*)>6P&( )H&=,?.Gk.)&PCX..13( )>9:S*+X, V +M)/Q
 

QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ
Œ^(*)H&=I5&3,5+\S:&=CM+-CM•<,j&=CMI/$W9*S*)f&IE&( )H&(*6=)7)f&=,/.YG:.^CX.Pi?C-n?)>$ V c˜ N» F . HF     NF . Ë * 
Œ^(*CX.PCX.^+M)<..&=( ,5$ Ì Q2Œ^( )76=)TaI?6=)?[O&=(*)H&=,/.YG.Y)7&^CX.‹ r“.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?Q
   



| nj,56=C-,?$N&ZI5TH‹ fr .=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*ixC-. Áh±KÁ {ÇT U­ ]Á”² > Á”Æj®7² > –:13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQ#%$ 1Jr[F,5&e)>n?)76=ct.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i
4zI?C-$N&>[L,E+X,jq:CM&0cknj,5+-S*)mCX.b17I?DE4*S:&=)>9TaI?6)>n?)>6cd&3,?.GkC-$W&(*)Z.Yc:.Y&)7DW[ ,?$ 9&( )m&=,/.YG(L,onNC-$*iE&=(*)pDECM$ CMDZS*D’+X,jq:CM&0ckCX.P)q:)<1S:&=)>9
    

; 63.Y&>Q J,jq:CM&0clI5T^,k&3,?.GlDE)>,?.S*6=)>.&( )E,?DEI?S*$N&mI5TK&C-De)e&=( ,j&p8I?S*+X9_6=)7Dd,?CM$xCATK&(*)e&3,?.G_C-.f&3,5G/)7$yS 4{TaI/6H)q:)>17S:&C-I?$x$*)qO&<Q

‹K..)7$N&CX,5+-+-c?[\+X,jq:CA&0clCX.H,5DE)>,/.YS 6)eI5TF&=(*) L )7qOC V C-+MCM&0c_,onj,5C-+-, V +-)'TaI/6H.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iW,&=,/.YGQZŒ^( )eDd,?CM$x9:CAŽ)76=)7$L1) V )7&08K)>)7$ 1Jr
,?$ 9‹ rC-.P&( ,5&S*$*+-CMG/)H‹ r[  Jrs&3,5G/)>.CM$N&=I1I?$L.YCX9:)763,j&=CMI/$&=(*)m)q:)>17S:&C-I?$&C-DE)mI5T,Z&=,?.GQ
Ì*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Œ^(*I/S*i?(v‹ fr CX.d,u.YC-DE4*+M)l,/.E8K)>+M+,/.e,?$“I/4:&C-Dd,5+,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*DW[UCM&( ,?.E,{Ta)78 .Y( I?6&=1I/DECM$*iN.'8P( C-13(w6=)7$ 9:)>6ECA&k,?+MDEI/.Y&
S*$OS .=, V +M)pC-$_4*63,?1&CX17,?+,54 4*+MCX17,5&C-I?$ .>QŒ^(*)ZDE,?CM$y4*6I V +-)7Dd.8PCM&(y‹ rw,?6)'9*C-.=1S .=.)>9WC-${–O)>1?Q;J:Q  Q *Q b)qO&>[8)'9:CX.17S .=.&=(*)
17I?$ 17)74:&PI5T&=,/.YGk4*6C-I?6=CM&0cdCM$l‹ fr,?$ 9k&(*)>$W9*C-.=1S .=.P(*Ij8 ‹ frt17,?$ V )m4*63,?1&CX17,?+M+-cdCMDE4*+-)7DE)>$/&=)>9\Q

    )88    $&4  3@:" 35:*   <. &87$ ;  8:; " 3@ * &4
$ '& )( *&

}x)e.Y&=,5&)<9_C-$x–O)<1 J*Q &( ,5&m‹ rwCX.f,9:cO$ ,?DEC-1Z4*6=CMI/6CM&0c.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iW,5+-i?I/6CM&( DQf}u,?.fCA&m,jTƒ&=)76m,5+-+21I?6=6=)>1 &fI?${I?S*6f4 ,56&b&=I

,/..)76&^&( ,5&b‹ frCX.,d9:cO$ ,?DeCX1H4*6=CMI/6CM&0cd&3,?.Gk.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i,5+-i?I/6CM&(*D _#™T2‹ r“8K)>6)f&=I V )p17I?$ .C-9*)76=)>9W,E9:cO$ ,5DECX1H4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D ,5+-i?I/6CM&( D[/8K).(*I/S*+-9 V )b, V +M)9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)^&(*)b4*6)<1CX.Y)P4 6C-I?6=CA&0c'no,?+MS )PI5T],f&=,/.YGe,j&U,5$OcZ4LI/CM$N&UI?TL&=CMDE)b,?$ 9E,5+X.YI V )
, V +M)&IE.(*Ij8~(*Ij8 CM&^13(L,5$*i/)>.K8PCA&=(&C-DE)?Q#™T8K)f6) L )>1&I/$I?S 6^9*C-.=1S .=.CMI/$ .UI?T‹ fruC-$k&=(*C-.P–O)<1 &=CMI/$][*‹ frs.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*iZ9:IO)<.
$*I?&F6)<`NS*CM6=)P,5$Ocp4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cpnj,?+MS*)^&=I V )b17I?DE4*S:&=)>9ZTaI?6F,?$Ocp&=,/.YGZ,j&U,5$Ocm&=CMDE)/Q#%$eT”,/1 &>[N‹ fr_( ,/.$*IH$*I?&C-I?$EI5T\,H4*6=CMI/6CM&0cmnj,5+-S*)
TaI/6p,k&3,?.GQEŒ,?.G:.H,56=)E.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9x.YI/+M)>+Mc V ,?.)>9{I?${&(*)d4*6=Ioq:CMDECM&0clI5TK&(*)>CM6'9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?Qd¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[&( )d+MI/$*i?)>6H,&3,?.G_8,?CA&3.
C-${,d6=)>,/9:cl`NS*)7S*)/[z&(*)Z(*CMi/(*)76fCX.&=(*)e13(L,5$ 17)k¼a4*6=I V , V C-+MCM&0c*¾PI?T V )>CM$*i&=,?G?)>$_S*4lTaI/6f.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iLQf–OIL[z8)Z1>,5$_C-Dd,5i/CM$*)'&( ,5&
,knNC-6&S ,?+4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cnj,5+-S*)Z,/..I:1CX,j&)<9W8PCA&=({,&=,?.GWG?)>)74 .CM$L16=)>,?.C-$*i8PCM&(_&=CMDE)ZS*$N&C-+&=(*)Z&=,?.GWC-.b&=,?G?)>$_S*4_TaI/6f.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQ
¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[NCA&PCX.KC-DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&&IeS*$ 9:)>6=.Y&=,?$ 9d&=( ,j&PC-$‹ rx&=(*)f&=,?.G:.$*)7CM&(*)>6^( ,on?)f,5$Ocd4*6=CMI/6CM&0cEno,?+MS )f,/..I:1CX,j&)<98PCM&(k&(*)>D[
$*I/6U9:IO)>.&=(*)b.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6F4z)76TaI?6=D ,5$Oc'4 6C-I?6=CA&0cZ1I?DE4*S*&=,j&=CMI/$ .2&=Ip9:)&=)76=DeC-$*)^&=(*)b.=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0cpI5T],&=,/.YGe,j&F)7CM&( )76F6=S*$E&C-DE)
I/61I?DE4*C-+-)&=CMDE)/Q

4 (L8:<4 <$%*+ * :"9$ "    

| $ ,?CMn/)bC-De4 +M)>De)>$N&=,j&=CMI/$kI?T‹ fru8I?S*+X9 V )b&=IEDE,?CM$N&3,5C-$k,5+-+z&=,?.G:.K&( ,5&^,?6)f6)<,?9:ceTaI/6)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$kC-$,e`NS*)7S )?Q|$OcETa6=)>.(*+Mc

,?66=CMnOC-$*i&=,?.Gp8I?S*+X9 V )PC-$ .)76&)<9e,5&&(*)P)>$ 9eI5Tz&(*)`NS*)>S*)?Q‹Un?)76=cm$*I:9:)PC-$e&(*)`NS*)>S*)P8KI/S*+X9Z17I?$N&=,?CM$e&( ), V .I?+-S:&)P9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)
I?T\&(*)b&=,?.GQ|&)7n/)76=cZ4*6=)7)>DE4:&C-I?$4zI?C-$N&>[/&(*))7$N&C-6=)`NS*)7S )b8I?S*+X9 V )f.1>,5$*$ )>9eTa6=I?D &(*) V )>i?C-$*$*C-$*ip&=IZ9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)P&( )b&3,?.G
( ,onOC-$*im&=(*)f.(*I/6Y&=)>.Y&K9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[?&(*CX.KCMDE4*+-)7DE)7$N&3,j&C-I?$k8KI/S*+-9 V )n?)76=ceCM$*) 1C-)7$N&>Q J)&KSL.K,?$ ,5+-cO•7)P&=(*)f17I?DE4*+-)q:CM&0c
I?T&(*CX..=13(*)>De)/Q‹U,/13(W&=,?.GCM$ .)76&C-I?$l8PC-+-+ V )Z,/13(*CM)>n?)<9C-$xRe¼ Ì ¾PI/6b1I/$ .Y&=,5$N&&=CMDE)/[ V S:&b&3,?.GW.)7+-)>1&C-I?$t¼a&Ik6=S*$l$*)7qO&3¾,?$ 9
CM&=.9*)7+-)&C-I?$8I?S*+X96)<`/S CM6=)mRe¼”$L¾K&C-DE)?[*8P( )76=)f$WCX.^&( )m$NS D V )76PI5T&=,/.YG:.^C-$&=(*)p`NS*)7S )?Q
|DEI?6=)b) 17CM)>$/&^C-De4 +M)>De)>$N&=,j&=CMI/$kI?TJ‹ frs8KI/S*+X9 V )H,?.UTaI?+-+-Ij8.7Q‹ frs17,?$ V )C-DE4*+M)>DE)7$N&)<9 V cEDd,5C-$/&3,5C-$*C-$*ie,?+M+z6=)>,?9*c
&3,?.GO.^C-$W,d.YI/6Y&=)>94 6C-I?6=CA&0c`NS*)>S*)?QF| .I?6&)<9k4 6C-I?6=CA&0c`NS*)>S*)m17,?$) d17CM)>$N&+-c V )mCMDE4*+-)7DE)7$N&=)>9 V cS .CM$*id,e(*)<,54l9*,j&3,E.0&=6S 1@
&=S*6)/Qb#%$y&(*)Z4*6C-I?6=CM&0c`NS*)>S*)?[z&( )p&=,/.YG:.f,56=)',5+-8^,ocO.G?)74*&f.I?6&)>9l,/1717I?639:CM$ id&Ik&(*)Z4*6Ioq:C-DECA&0cI5T&=(*)7C-6f9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?Qf}~(*)>$y,
&3,?.G,?66=CMn/)>.>[L,k6)<1I?639TaI?6fCA&H17,?$ V )ZCM$L.Y)>6Y&=)>9lC-$N&I&=(*)'( )>,54yCM$xRe¼ H J¾&C-DE)'8P(*)>6)Z$_CX.&=(*)p&=I5&=,?+$OS*D V )>6I?T&=,/.YG:.C-$
&=(*)H4*6C-I?6=CM&0c`/S )7S*)/QF|&^)>n?)>6c.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ie4LI/CM$N&<[O&(*)m$*)7qO&&3,?.Gd&I V )m6S*$W17,?$ V )HTaI?S*$L9,5&&=(*)f&I/4I?TJ&( )m(*)>,?4]Q2}~(*)7$W,


&3,?.GC-.P&=,5G/)7$S*4TaI?6b.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iL[:CA&$*)>)>9*.&=I V )m6=)7DEIjn/)>9dTa6=I?D &(*)m4*6=C-I?6=CA&0c`NS*)>S*)?QFŒ^(*CX.P17,?$ V )p,/13(*CM)>n?)<9C-$_Re¼ Ì ¾U&C-DE)?Q

|v.0&=CM+-+:DEI?6=)U) d17CM)>$N&2C-DE4*+-)7DE)7$N&=,5&C-I?$ZI5T &=(*)P‹ frl17,?$ V )^,/13(*C-)7n?)<9p,?.TaI/+M+-Ij8.JS $ 9:)76&=(*)P,?.=.YS*DE4:&=CMI/$p&=( ,j&2&( )K$OS*D V )>6
I?TJ9:C-.Y&C-$ 1&^9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.U&( ,5&U&3,?.GO.KC-$k,5$k,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$k17,?$( ,on?),56=)6)<.0&=6CX1 &=)>9\Q2#%$d&=(*CX.K,?4*4*6=I/,?13(J[?8P(*)>$*)7n/)76K&=,?.GE,56=6C-n?)<.7[/CA&3.
, V .YI/+MS*&)m9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)mCX.17I?DE4*S:&=)>9Ta6I/D CM&=.P6=)7+-)>,/.Y)f&C-DE)p,5$ 9CM&=.P6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)m9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/QU| .Y)>4 ,563,j&=)fr#0r2R `NS*)>S*)mC-.^Dd,?CM$N&=,?CM$ )>9
TaI/6)>,/13(W9*C-.Y&C-$ 1 &6)>+-,5&C-n?)m9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)p&( ,5&&=,/.YG:.P17,?$l( ,on?)/QUŒ^(*)'.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76C-$ .)76&=.,E$*)>8P+Mc,56=6C-n?)<9&3,?.G,5&P&(*)p)>$ 9WI5T2&=(*)
17I?6=6)<.Y4zI?$ 9*CM$*if6=)7+X,j&C-n?)9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)`NS*)7S )?Q K+M)<,56=+Mc/[5&=,/.YG:.2C-$d)>,/13(E`NS*)>S*),56=)^I?639:)76=)>9e,?1>1I/6=9:C-$*if&IH&=(*)7C-6K, V .I?+-S:&)P9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )>.>Q
ŒIk;L$ 9u,&3,?.G_8PCA&=(x&(*)E)>,?6+-C-)>.Y&H, V .YI/+MS*&)d9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/[\&( )E.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76HI?$*+-c_$*)>)>9*.f&=Il.Y)<,56313({,5DEI/$*ik&=(*)e&(*6=)>,/9*.fI5T^,5+-+
r#0rR `NS*)7S*)<.7QU#™T&=(*)m$OS*D V )76PI?T4*6=C-I?6=CA&0ck`NS*)>S*)>.^Dd,?CM$N&=,?CM$ )>9 V ck&(*)p.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76PCX. Z[O&(*)>$&(*)mI/6=9:)>6PI5T.Y)<,56313(*C-$*iZ8I?S +-9
V )ZRe¼ Ì ¾ QFŒ^(*)f&C-DE)H&IdC-$ .)76&P,Z&3,?.G8KI/S*+X9,?+-.I V )ZRe¼ Ì ¾ Q
$2& " 3+* '"946$ ;9"    
#%$E&=(*C-.U.YS V .Y)<1 &C-I?$J[?8)P(*CMi/(*+-CMi/(/&U.I?DE)PI?TL&=(*)C-De4zI?6&=,?$N&U.Y(*I/6Y&31I/DeC-$*iN.2I5T\‹ fry8P(*)>$ES .Y)<9eTaI?6U.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iH6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)^&=,?.G:.
C-$W4*6=,/1 &=C-1>,5+\,54*4 +MCX17,5&C-I?$ .>Q

Ì

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ¬KÆj­*±®<Á”´O±² Y ÂL´NÆjÀ”Êz­*Å @HÆjÊLÉÀh´ µ Œ63,5$ .CM)>$N&Ijn?)76=+-I/,?99:)7$ I5&)<.P&=(*)pIjn?)>6+-I/,/9I?T,d.c:.0&=)7D’TaI?6b,n?)76=ck.(*I?6&P&C-DE)?QPŒ6=,?$:@
.CM)>$N&ZIjn?)>6+-I/,/9xIO1>1S*63.Z8P(*)7$.I?DE)k&=,?.Gx&=,?G?)>.'DEI?6=)&C-DE)k&=I{17I?DE4*+-)&)k&( ,?$8P( ,5&Z8^,?.ZI?6=CMi/CM$L,5+-+Mc{4*+-,?$*$*)<99:S*6=C-$*i_&=(*)
9:)<.YC-i?$&C-DE)?Q| &=,?.GkDd,ocd&3,5G/)f+-I?$ i?)76^&=Id1I?DE4*+-)&=)p9:S*)H&=IdDE,?$Ock6=)>,?.I?$L.7Qr*I/6P)q*,5DE4*+-)?[ CA&DEC-i?(N&)7$N&)>6,5$WC-$:; $*CM&)m+-IOI?4
I/6)7$ 17I?S*$N&=)76,?$lS*$OS .S ,5+1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$_,5$ 9W)>$N&)76f,d63,56=)7+-ckS .)>9 V 63,5$L13(_9:S*)m&=Ik.YI/DE)', V $ I?6=DE,?+]C-$*4*S:&fno,?+MS )>.>QP}~(*)7$y‹ r
CX.fS .Y)<9l&=I.=13(*)>9*S*+M)e,.)&HI5TK4L)>6C-I:9:C-1Z6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)'&=,/.YG:.>[,k&=,/.YGWIjn/)763.Y(*IOI?&C-$*iCM&=.H1I/De4 +M)7&C-I?$_&=CMDE)E17,?${17,?S .)Z.I?DE)ZI?&(*)>6
&3,?.G¼h.=¾P&IDEC-.=.&=(*)7C-6m9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.7Qf#™&HC-.S .S ,5+-+McWn/)76=c9:C 1S*+M&H&I4*6)<9:CX1 &m9:S*6=CM$*i4*6=I?i?63,5D 9:)>.C-i?$_8P(*CX13(_&3,?.GWDeC-i?(N&fDeCX.=.
CM&=.^9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )b8P(*)>$,m&=6=,?$ .CM)>$/&KIjn?)76=+-I/,?9eI:1717S*63.UC-$&=(*).c:.0&=)7D 9:S*)b&IE,p+-Ij8w4*6C-I?6=CM&0cZ&3,?.GZIjn/)763.Y( INI?&C-$*imCM&=.^9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/QŒ^(*)
I/$*+Mcx4*6=)>9:CX1 &=CMI/$u&( ,5&Z17,?$ V )kDE,/9:)CX.m&=( ,j&p&=(*)&3,?.Gv¼a&=,/.YG:.3¾&( ,5&Z8I?S*+X9x6S*$sC-DEDE)>9:CX,j&=)7+-cu,5Tƒ&)>6m&(*)k&=,/.YGu17,?S .YC-$*iW&=(*)
&=6=,?$ .YC-)7$N&^Ijn?)>6+-I/,/9E8KI/S*+-9ki?)7&P9*)7+X,oc?)>9,5$ 9kDECMi/(/&PDECX..CM&=.m¼ƒ&=(*)7C-6 ¾U6=)>.4z)>1 &=CMn/)f9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)/¼h.=¾QF¶Ij8)7n/)76<[N,5&P9*CAŽ)76=)7$N&^&C-DE)>.^,
&3,?.GdDeC-i?(N& V )HTaI?+-+MIj8)>9 V c9*CAŽ)76=)7$N&^&=,/.YG:.CM$W)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$]Q¶Ij8)7n/)76<[?&=(*C-.^+-)>,/99*IN)<.^$*I5&P(*)>+M4S .&=I'; $L98P( C-13(&=,/.YGdDEC-i?(N&
DECX..fCM&=.H9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Qm‹Fn?)>$l&( )ZDEI/.Y&m16=CA&=C-1>,5+&=,?.GWDECMi/(/&HDEC-.=.CA&3.f9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)E9:S*)Z&IW,n?)>6cW+-Ij8 4*6=CMI/6CM&0ck&3,?.GlIjn?)>6=.(*IOI5&=CM$*i
CM&=.4*+X,5$*$ )>91I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$&=CMDE)?QU–:I [OCA&.(*I?S +-9 V )m1+-)>,?6U&=( ,j&^S*$ 9*)76‹ frs,5$Oc,?DeI/S*$N&KI?T17,?6)7TaS*+9:)>.CMi/$k8PC-+M+\$ I5&^i?S ,?6=,?$/&=)7)
&=( ,j&f&(*)ZDEI/.Y&f16=CM&CX17,5+&=,/.YGW8I?S*+X9l$*I?&DECX..CA&3.H9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)ZS*$ 9:)>6b&=6=,?$ .YC-)7$N&bIjn/)76=+MIN,?9\QŒ^(*C-.CX.,.Y)>6C-I?S .9:63,o8 V ,?13GI5TF&=(*)
‹ r“.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ iE,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*DWQ
¿ ´N®<ÊzÇJÆj³?´ Q R­:ÆjÁ”T± S @HÆjÊLÉÀh´ µ }~(*)7$k‹ r{CX.FS .)>9E&=I'.=13(*)>9:S +M)b,'.Y)7&UI5T]6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)^&=,?.G:.7[/S*$ ,/171)>4:&=, V +-cZ(*C-i?(dIjn/)76=(*)>,/9*.
DEC-i?(N&F( ,on?)^&=I V )bCM$ 17S*6=6)<9'&=I'.S*4*4zI?6&F6)<.YI/S*6=17)P.Y( ,?6C-$*im,5DEI/$*if&(*)P&3,?.G:.8PCA&=(*I?S*&UDd,5GOCM$ iH&=,?.G:.2&ImDECX..&(*)>CM6K6)<.Y4z)>1&C-n?)
9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.>Q}{)H)7q:,?DECM$*)H&=(*CX.PC-.=.S*)HCM$l.I?DE)m9:)&3,5C-+\CM$&( )m$*)qO&b13( ,?4:&)>6>Q

³?Áh´N±²5° 2À”´ t´O±²>­:²<Á”Êz± @HÆjÊ É2À”´ ~µ Œ^(*)Z) 1C-)7$N&fCMDE4*+-)7DE)7$N&3,j&C-I?$y&( ,5&8)Z9:CX.=1S .=.Y)<9lC-${–O)>1? Q J*Q  Q JdC-.I5Tƒ&=)7$_$*I?&
4*63,?1&CX17, V +M),?.'CA&EC-.E9:C 1S*+M&e&Ix6)<.0&=6CX1 &p&=(*)$NS D V )76EI5TP&3,?.GO.Z8PCM&(“9*C-.Y&C-$ 1 &d9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )>.'&Iu,_6=)>,?.I?$L, V +-)$OS*D V )76<QuŒ^(*)


) d17CM)>$N&eC-DE4*+M)>DE)7$N&=,5&C-I?$s&=( ,j&d,?13(*C-)7n/)>.ZRe¼ Ì ¾'Ijn?)>6(*)<,?9u,?.=.S*DE)>.m&=( ,j&e&( )$OS*D V )>6ZI?T6)>+-,5&C-n?)k9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.ZC-.e6=)>.Y&6=C-1&)<9\Q

Œ^(*CX.KDE,oc V )bS*$L,?1717)74:&3, V +-)bC-$.I?DE)b.CM&S ,5&C-I?$ .>Qr*I?6^,mDEI?6=) LL)q:C V +M)f‹ frs,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*DW[?8)b$ )7)>9d&IeG?)7)>4E&(*)&=,/.YG:.UI?639:)76=)>9
C-$x&)76=Dd.HI5T&(*)>CM6Z9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)<.HS .YC-$*il,4*6=CMI/6CM&0cy`NS*)7S )?Qd}~(*)>$*)7n/)76p,&=,/.YGy,?66=C-n?)>.>[\CM&pC-.mC-$ .)76&)<9yC-$N&IW&( )d4*6C-I?6=CM&0c_`/S )7S*)/Q
Œ^(*)H1I/DE4*+M)7q:CA&0cEI5TCM$ .)76&C-I?$kI5T,?$)7+-)7DE)7$N&^CM$N&=Ie,'4*6C-I?6=CM&0cE`NS*)>S*)fC-.KI5T]&=(*)fI?639:)76+MI/i [O8P(*)>6)f$kCX.U&(*)H$OS*D V )76I5TJ&=,?.G:.
&=I V )f.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9\QŒ^(*CX.U6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&3.U,p( CMi/(6S $/&=CMDE)fIjn?)>6(*)<,?9\[/.YC-$ 1)fDEI/.Y&K6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)P&=,/H .YG:.,56=)4L)>6C-I:9:CX1b8PCM&(k.Dd,5+-+L4z)76=C-IO9 .
,?$ 9.Y&6=CX1 &b9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )>.>Q
  ¥f¤ ž  œZ¦Wœp¤œe4¦  ©  'œZ
£ 3¤ l  


}x)p( ,/9l,5+-6)<,?9:c4LI/CM$N&)<9WI?S:&b&( ,5&fg _| C-.,5$lC-De4zI?6&=,?$N&b)7n/)7$N&Y@%9:6=CMn/)7$W.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ ik,5+-i?I/6CM&(*DWQ^Œ^(*CX.CX.b,d.Y&=,j&=C-1p4*6C-I?6=CM&0c

,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D,?$ 9sCX.e)qO&)>$ .YC-n?)>+McxS .)>9CM$t4 6=,/1 &CX17,?+,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$ .7Qxg _| ,?.=.YC-i?$L.p4*6=CMI/6CM&C-)>.p&Iy&=,?.G:. V ,?.)>9sI/$s&(*)>CM6e63,j&)<.
I?TUI:171S 66=)7$ 17)?Q'Œ^( )Z+-Ij8K)>6b&=(*)EI:171S 66=)7$ 17)'63,j&=)ZI?TK,&3,?.G[&(*)E+-Ij8K)>6CX.&(*)E4*6=CMI/6CM&0cl,?.=.YC-i?$ )>9W&=ICM&>Qe| &3,?.Gl( ,onOCM$ ik&=(*)
(*C-i?( )>.Y&pIO1>1S*6=6=)7$ 17)Z63,j&=)W¼”+MIj8)>.Y&m4L)>6C-I:9 ¾fCX.m,?1717I?639:)>9_&(*)k(*CMi/(*)>.Y&m4*6=CMI/6CM&0c?Qdg _|(L,?. V )7)7$u4*6=Ijn?)<9_&=I V )E&=(*)dI?4:&=CMDd,?+
.Y&=,5&CX14 6C-I?6=CA&0ck6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&=,?.G.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*id,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*DWQŒ^(*)mC-$N&)>6)<.0&=)>96)<,?9:)>6Dd,ock.)7) J ]TaI/6,e4*6IOI?T0Q
#%$Wg _|'[O&(*)H4*6=CMI/6CM&0cdI5T2,p&3,?.GCX.P9:CM6=)>1&+-cd4*6=I?4zI?6&C-I?$ ,?+ &=IeCM&=.^63,j&=)e¼”I?6<[:CM$On/)763.Y)>+McE4*6=I?4zI?6&C-I?$ ,?+ &=IECA&3.^4L)>6C-I:9 ¾ QFŒ^( ,5&
CX.7[/&( )b4*6=CMI/6CM&0c'I?T],5$Oc'&3,?.G'º » CX.U17I?DE4*S:&=)>9,/.7˜     . [/8P(*)>6)  » CX.&=(*)b4z)76=C-IO9EI?T&(*)b&=,?.Geº » ,5$ 9EGECX.U,p17I?$ .Y&=,?$/&<Q
.YC-$*ie&(*CX.P.CMDE4*+-)m)q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$J[N4 +MI?&=.I5T24*6=CMI/6CM&0cEno,?+MS )>.^I5T&=,/.YG:.^S*$ 9*)76g _|TaI/6^&=,?.G:.I5T9*CAŽ)76=)7$N&4z)76=CMI:9*.P1>,5$ V )m)>,/.YC-+-c



I V &=,?CM$*)<9\QbŒ^(*)<.Y)Z4*+-I5&=.b( ,on?) V )>)7$y.(*Ij8P$lC-$yrCMiLQ Ì ËL¼”,N¾P,5$ 9lrC-i Q Ì Ë ¼ V ¾ Qb#™&f17,?$ V )'I V .Y)>6n/)>9Ta6I/D rC-i Q Ì Ë_¼h,/¾,?$ 9s¼ V ¾


&=( ,j&P&=(*)m4*6=CMI/6CM&0cdI5T,Z&=,?.GC-$ 16=)>,/.Y)<.+MC-$*)>,?6+-c8PCM&(&( )p,56=6C-nj,5+6=,5&)HI5T&(*)H&3,?.Gk,5$L9C-$On?)>6=.)7+-cd8PCA&=(WCA&3.P4L)>6C-I:9\Q

QJ³ R´OÅÇÀh­:ÉÁhÀ”Á”² x¬K´O®>² 3BÊLÆ ¿ È_µ |b$dCMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&F4*6=I V +M)>D &(L,j&UCX.F,?9 9:6)<..)>9e9:S*6=C-$*iH&(*)9:)>.CMi/$EI5T],HS*$*C-4*6=IO17)>.=.YI/6Y@ V ,/.Y)<9
6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE).c:.0&=)7D CX.&IH13(*)>13Gm8P( )&( )76F,H.Y)7&I5T 4z)76=CMI:9:CX16)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)K&=,/.YG:.217,?$'Ta)<,?.C V +-c V ).13(*)<9:S*+-)>9'S*$ 9:)>6Fg _|pQN–:13(*)>9*S*+-,5@


V C-+-CA&0ceI5TJ,f&3,?.Ge.)&US $ 9:)76^g _|«17,5$ V )9*)&)>6DEC-$*)>9eTa6=I?D,mGO$*Ij8P+-)>9:i/)PI5T&( )b8I?63.0&@™1>,?.))7q:)>1S*&C-I?$E&C-DE)>.K,5$ 9E4z)76=CMI:9*.UI5T

&=(*)b&3,?.G:.7Q2|«4z)76&C-$*)>$/&P`NS*)>.Y&C-I?$,j&K&(*CX.4LI/CM$N&^C-.K(*Ij8 17,?$k,e.Yc:.Y&)7D 9:)>n?)>+MI/4L)>6K9:)7&)76=DECM$ )b&=(*)8I?63.Y&Y@%17,?.)P)q:)<1S:&=CMI/$&C-DE)
I?T\,m&=,?.G')>n?)>$ V )7TaI?6=)^&(*)f.Yc:.Y&)7D C-.K9:)7n/)7+-I?4z)>9\Q2Œ^(*)8KI/6=.Y&Y@%17,/.Y))q:)>17S:&C-I?$E&=CMDE)<.U,56=)PS .S ,5+-+-ce9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)>9E)7qO4z)76=C-De)>$N&=,5+-+-c
I/6^&(*6=I?S*i/(.C-D'S*+X,j&=CMI/$.Y&S 9*CM)<.7Q
Œ^(*)UTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*ib,?6)K.YI/De)UCMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&216=CA&=)76=C-,^&=( ,j&217,?$ V )KS .)>9H&=I13(*)<13Gb&=(*).=13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+MCM&0cfI5T ,.)&I5T:&=,/.YG:..Y)7&S*$L9:)76g _|pQ
J5Ë

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Priority Priority

Rate Period

(a) (b)
rCMi/S*6) Ì Ë*˜+F6=CMI/6CM&0c|b.=.CMi/$*DE)7$N&^&IŒ,?.GO.C-$lg _ |
CB
l´O³/´N®<®<­:Æ ZÊL±ÅÁ”²>ÁhÊL±Kµ |Ä.)&PI5T4L)>6C-I:9:C-16=)>,5+M@B&C-De)&=,/.YG:.8I?S*+X9$*I?& V )mg _| .=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)S $*+M)<..K&=(*)7ck.=,j&=C-.YTacd&=(*)
TaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ ie$ )>1)<..=,56=cd1I/$ 9:CM&C-I?$]˜


&»
» F » . » TF » Ì
z
 

  

8P(*)>6) &o»\CX.2&=(*)8I?63.0&U1>,?.))7q:)>1S*&C-I?$e&C-DE)b,5$ 9 z»\CX.2&(*)b4L)>6C-I:9EI5Tz&(*)P&3,?.G'º\»0[/$dC-.F&(*)P$OS*D V )>6UI?TL&3,?.GO.&I V )b.13( )>9:S*+-)>9][

,?$ 9 z»2CX.^&( )  ÄS:&=CM+-C-•>,j&=CMI/$l9:S*)H&IE&=(*)H&=,/.YGº\»0QKŒ^( C-.^&=)>.Y&b.YC-DE4*+-ck)q:4*6=)>.=.)>.&( )HT”,?1 &P&=( ,j&b&(*)H&=I5&=,?+  ÄS*&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$
9:S )H&Id,5+-+\&( )H&=,?.G:.CM$&( )H&=,?.Gk.)&b.(*I?S +-9 V )m+-)>.=.&(L,5$ Ì Q
  

 BQJÇ ³/Á”´O±² ZÊL±ÅÁa²>ÁhÊL±Kµ Œ^(*)9:)76=CMnj,5&C-I?$dI5T&=(*).S 1C-)7$ 17ce17I?$ 9*CA&=CMI/$ETaI?6Kg _|«.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0c'CX.U,?$dCMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&U6=)>.S*+M&

,?$ 9_8^,?.fI V &=,5C-$*)<9 V 1c ]C-Sx,?$ 9 J,ocO+-,?$ 9lC-$ Ì    Ì BQe| TaI?6=DE,?+9*)76=CMnj,j&=CMI/$yI?TU&( ) JCMSu,5$L9 J,ocO+X,5$ )9 .6)<.YS +A&3.bTa6=I?D ;L6=.Y&
4*6=C-$ 1C-4*+-)>.HCX. V )>c?I/$ 9_&=(*).=1I?4z)EI5TK&(*CX. V INI/GQEŒ^( )dCM$N&)>6)<.0&=)>9{6)<,?9:)>6HC-.H6=)Ta)>66=)>9y&I J TaI?6p,TaI/6Dd,5+2&=6)<,j&=De)>$N&HI?TK&=(*CX.
C-DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&P6)<.YS*+M&>Q}x)m8I?S*+X9.S V .)>`NS*)>$N&+-c6)7Ta)76^&=IZ&=(*)p.S 1C-)7$ 17ck,?.&=(*) UÁhÇ~­*±Å K­ ]Àh­*±Å -®³?Êz±ÅÁa²<Á”Êz± Q| .)&PI5T2$
6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f4z)76=C-IO9*C-1&=,/.YG:.P,?6)m.=13(*)>9:S +-, V +M)HS*$L9:)76g y|p[*CMT
  

» TF » F¼3J   Ì ¾  3¼ J Ì ËN¾




8P(*)>6) » CX.2&( )S:&C-+-CM•<,j&C-I?$9*S*)P&IH&3,?.G'º » 'Q J)&US .U$*Ij8)7q*,5DECM$ )P&(*)bCMDE4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$ .I5T&=(*C-.F6)<.YS*+M&>Q2#™T],m.)&UI?TL&3,?.GO.U.,5&CX.0; )<.

&=(*)p.YS d17CM)>$N&b1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$][O&( )7$WCA&CX.Pi/S ,563,5$N&)>)>9&( ,5&&=(*)p.)&I5T&=,/.YG:.8I?S*+X9 V )pg y| .13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?Q
2

KI/$ .YCX9:)>6K&=(*)p17,/.Y)H8P(*)>6)f&=(*)76=)HC-.PI/$*+-cI?$*)f&3,?.GCM$&=(*)p.Yc:.Y&)>D[ ChQ )?Q2$ . Ì QU–OS V .Y&CM&S:&=CM$ id$ . Ì CM$l‹q:4*6p3¼ J:Q Ì ËN¾ [O8K)mi/)&
F F
» 3¼ J   Ì ¾ 7 
 » F Ì 
» F » Ì 



–OC-DECM+X,56=+-c?[OTaI?6P$ . J'8)Hi?)7& H H
 » F » J K¼ J  Ì ¾ 7  » F » vË * J8#
 



r I?6P$ . e8)fi/)& N N
 » TF » LK¼ J  Ì ¾ 7  » F » vË  *
 



JÌ

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

}~(*)>$W$
 8)Hi?)& 
» F


 » «¼KJ    Ì ¾ 7 
» F z» .  Ë





‹Uno,?+MSL,j&C-I?$'I5TL‹FqO4 6>Q J*Q Ì Ë8P(*)>$'$
 C-$On?I/+Mn/)>.J,?$pC-$ 9:)&=)76=DECM$ ,5&))q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$'I5T:&( )K&0cO4z) Ë*Q cm,54 4*+McOC-$*i ¶I/.4*CM&=,?+ .
6=S*+-)8)P17,?$'n?)>6CMTacm&=( ,j&2&( )P6C-i?(N&2( ,5$ 9e.C-9:)^I?T &( )P)q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$Z)7nj,5+-S ,j&=)>.&I J . Ë Q  J:Qr*6=I?DÄ&=(*), V Ijn?)^1I/De4 S:&=,5&C-I?$ .>[
CM&mC-.H1+-)>,?6f&( ,5&f&=(*)eDE,5q:CMDZS*D  S:&=CM+-CM•<,j&=CMI/$y&=( ,j&m17,?$ V )E,/13(*C-)7n?)<9_S*$L9:)76mg _| CX. Ì Q'Œ^(*CX.HCX.f,/13(*C-)7n?)<9_8P(*)>$_&=(*)76=)



CX.mI?$ +Mcy,W.CM$ i?+-)Z&3,?.G_C-${&=(*).cO.Y&)>DWQ|b.H&=(*)d$OS*D V )76pI?TU&3,?.GO.HC-$ 176)<,?.)>.>[\&(*),/13(*C-)7nj, V +-)  S:&=CM+-CM•<,j&=CMI/${T”,?+M+X.m,5$L9x,/.



 &(*)p,/13(*C-)7nj, V +-)mS:&=CM+-CM•<,j&=CMI/$W.Y&=, V C-+MC-•7)<.,j&+-I?i J:[*8P(*CX13(WC-.,54*4 6Ioq:C-DE,5&)>+McË Q  J:QFŒ^( C-.bC-.P4 C-1&I?6=CX,5+-+Mck.(*Ij8P$WC-$WrC-i



Ì/Ì Q2}{)m$ Ij8«C-+M+-S .Y&63,j&)f&=(*)p,54*4 +MCX17, V CM+-CM&0cI5T&(*)pg _| .13( )>9:S*+X, V CM+-CA&0c16=CA&=)76=C-,'&(*6=I?S i?(W,'Ta)>8)7q*,5DE4*+-)>.>Q


Σ ui

0.692

(1,0)
Number of tasks
r C-i?S*6=) Ì?Ì ˜|13(*CM)>nj, V +-) P&=CM+-CM•<,j&=CMI/$8PCM&(&=(*) S*D V )>6I5T2Œ,/.YG:.^S*$L9:)76g y|


]­ 2À”´  B ]µ K(*)>13G8P(*)&=(*)76b&(*)pTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i.)&I5T4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)H&=,?.G:.PCX..13( )>9:S*+X, V +M)mS*$L9:)76fg _| I/$_,ES*$*C-4*6I?@

17)>.=.YI/6>˜º F . ¼ & F . J5Ë*[  F . Ì Ë?ËN¾ [:º H . ¼ & H6. ?Ë*[  H . Ì (5ËN¾ [OOº N . ¼ &N . ?Ë*[ EN . J5Ë?ËN¾ Q


QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ ])7&S .; 63.0&b17I?DE4*S:&=)H&(*)H&=I5&=,?+  S:&=CM+-CM•<,j&=CMI/$W,/13(*C-)7n?)<9k9:S )H&IE&( )H&(*6=)7)Hi?C-n?)>$k&3,?.G:.7Q



N J5Ë  /Ë  /Ë . Ë 
» F » . 
Ì Ë/Ë Ì (?Ë J?Ë?Ë
Œ^(*CX.C-.^+-)>.=.K&( ,?$ Ì [O&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)&( )f$ )>1)<..=,56=cd1I/$ 9:CM&C-I?$TaI/6P.13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+-CA&0cdI?TJ&( )&3,?.G:.KCX.^.,5&CX.0;L)>9\Q Ij813(*)>13GOC-$*i'TaI/6
&=(*)m.YS 17CM)>$ 1ck17I?$ 9*CA&=CMI/$][O&(*)f&3,?.Gk.Y)7&CX.P.=13(*)>9:S +-, V +M)fS*$ 9*)76g _|ÄCM'T JCMSW,5$L9 ,ocN+X,5$L9 .1I/$ 9:CM&C-I?$i?C-n?)>$ V ck‹q:4*6<Q J:Q Ì Ë
CX..,5&CX.0;L)>9\Q K(*)>13GOC-$*ifTaI?6F.=,j&=C-.YT”,?1&C-I?$eI5Tz‹Fq:4*6>6Q J:Q Ì Ë [j&(*)^Dd,jq:C-D'S*D ,?13(*C-)7nj, V +M)S:&=CM+-CM•<,j&=CMI/$eCX.2i?C-n?)>$ V c˜ LK¼ J   Ì ¾ . Ë  *
Œ^(*N )Z&I?&=,?+S*&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$y(L,?.f,5+-6)<,?9:c V )>)7${TaI?S*$L9l&I V )eË Q  Q bIj8 .S V .Y&CM&S:&=CM$*i&( )>.)ZC-$_&=(*) ]C-S{,5$L9 J,ocO+X,5$ )9 .16=CA&=)76=CMI/$]˜
z»  3¼ J   Ì ¾[*8K)Hi/)&Ë  vË  **Q
‹FqO» 4 T6>F Q J:Q Ì Ëu8P(* CX13(wC-.,s.YS 17CM)>$/&1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$wTaI?6kg _| .=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0cCX.k.=,j&CX.Y; )>9\QČ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[K&(*)l&3,?.G“.)&kCX.kg _|
   

.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)?Q 

]­ 2À”´  B Jµ K(*)>13G_8P( )&( )76m&=(*)dTaI?+-+-Ij8PCM$*il.)&pI?TK&=(*6)>)d4L)>6C-I:9:CX1Z6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)E&=,/.YG:.HCX.p.13( )>9:S*+X, V +M)ES*$ 9*)76'g y| I?$u,
S*$ CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6<˜Gº F . ¼ &F . J?Ë*[ IF . Ì Ë/Ë/¾[NOº H . ¼ &H . /Ë*[ EH . Ì (5Ë/¾[Oº N . ¼ & N .  Ë*[  N . J?Ë?Ë/¾Q


QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ
J)&S .; 63.Y&b1I?DE4*S*&)f&(*)H&=I5&3,5+  S*&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$l9:S*)H&=IZ&=(*)mi?C-n?)>$k&3,?.Gk.)&>˜


N J5Ë ?Ë Ë
z » . Ë?Ë  (?Ë  J5 Ë/Ë . Ë *,(
 » F 
Ì Ì
bIj8w13( )>13GOCM$ iHTaI?6 JCMS,5$ 9 ,ocN+X,5$L9e176CM&)>6C-I?$J˜ N» F z» vË  *'UN.CM$L1)bË *,(wË  * [5&( )&=,/.YGE.)&UCX.F$*I?&g y|«.=13(*)>9:S +-, V +M)/Q
  

JJ

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 

JCMSW,5$ 9!,ocN+X,5$L9d&)<.0&'¼h‹q:4*6<Q J:Q Ì Ë/¾KCX.^4L)<..C-DeCX.Y&CX1HCM$&( )HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*iE.Y)>$ .Y)/Q

1 +C))5:  5 4)  $
( &!) 4%):0 > ) %;<:3$ = 6 T8&4)*)  <  %;<7.   1%& > )#. > (?
 ,$$ 4) 4%'3 7   +6)
)5:; 59+ )  > 9$( &,) 4% ),0 > ) %"< <:3E ;;),0
 > >*.   
14 %'&(> )#. > (?

#™&PTaI/+M+-Ij8.Ta6I/D &( C-.&( ,5&)7n?)>$8P( )7$l,e&=,/.YGk.)&PT”,?CM+X.JCMSl,5$L9 ,ocO+-,?$ 9 .U&=)>.Y&>[L8K)m.(*I?S*+X9$*I5&b17I?$ 17+MSL9:)H&( ,5&CA&CX.P$*I?&

=. 13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)PS*$ 9:)>6Ug _|'Q/}x)$*)>)>9e&IH&=)>.Y&FTaS*6&(*)>6F&=Ip13(*)>13GZCAT&( )P&=,/.YGe.Y)7&UC-.Ug _| .=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)?Q2|w&)<.0&F&=( ,j&17,5$ V )4z)76@
TaI/6DE)>9f&=Ib13(*)<13G8P(*)7&(*)>6,^&3,?.Gf.)&C-.g _|.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)F8P(*)>$mCA&T”,5C-+-.]&(*) ]C-Sp,5$ 9 ,ocO+-,?$ 9&)>.Y&JCX.]&=(*) J)7(*I:1•>GOc .\&=)>.Y&  ™Q
J)7(*I:1•>GOcE&)>.Y&( ,/. V )>)7$W)q:4*6=)>.=.Y)<9,/.PŒ^(*)7I/6)>D J:Q *Q

¬ R´OÊ Æj´  B GB Š„7ˆ‡ "  „€ ”‡<j”¹e€„35‰ %ˆhZ Fd„Zˆ™jŠ #oŠmXŠ  + Š7Q¹ V*„3 R:‰M ‰-2 „ R:¸z?„7€'j¸@Tdˆ™jŠ# 5V*oŠ ƒ¸O†   j‰ƒ‰ˆZV „pˆ%oŠ#jŠGFE„3„7ˆ
ˆ V*„7ƒ€m€„Š  „3¹ˆBƒ‚j%„ HU€3Š ˆ?„3/O‰ ƒ¸z„Š R:¸z/„€ <„7€‡ 5V*jŠ3ƒ¸O† 2
 

T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2

10 30 40 60 70 90 time in msec

(a) T1 is in phase with T2

T2 T1 T2 T1 T2

20 30 50 60 80 time in msec

(b) T1 has a 20 msec phase with respect to T2

rCMi/S*6=) Ì J:˜2}xI?63.0& ,?.)mgP)>.4zI?$ .)mŒ^CMDE)HTaI?6,EŒ,?.GRf1717S*63.K}~( )7$W#™&C-.CM$F( ,/.Y)H8PCM&(W#™&=.b¶C-i?(*)>6 F6=CMI/6CM&0cdŒ,/.YG:.

| TaI/6Dd,5+4 6IOI5TI5T&(*CX.pŒ^(*)>I?6=)7D CX. V )7c?I/$ 9{&(*).=1I/4L)EI?TK&=(*C-. V IOI?GQ¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[\8)d4*6IjnOCX9:)d,5$xCM$N&=S*CA&=CMn/)d6)<,?.I?$*C-$*i
,/.&=I8P(OclŒ^(*)7I/6)>D J:Q D'SL.0& V )Z&6=S*)/QHr I?6H,dTaI/6Dd,5+4*6=IOI5TFI5TU&(*) ])>(*I:1•7GOc'z6)<.YS*+M&=.b&( )Z6=)>,/9:)76fC-.6=)Ta)76=6=)>9W&=I  ™Qf#%$*@
&=S*CA&=CMn/)7+-c?[j8)K1>,5$pS*$L9:)763.0&3,5$ 9m&(*CX.J6=)>.S*+M&JTa6=I?D &( )UTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ i6)<,?.I?$*C-$*iN.7Q]rC-6=.Y&+-)&2S .J&6=c&=IbS*$L9:)763.0&3,5$ 9m&(*)KTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*iPT”,/1 &<Q
 -  . 1 )0! !+  O)=)5:211&(-; 0 9 # " ) 2-# $, <  8      0
): ?

ŒIf.)7)8P(Ocm&( C-..Y&=,5&)7DE)>$/&2D'SL.0& V )K&=6S )?[?17I?$ .C-9*)76&(*)TaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ i.Y&=,j&=)7DE)7$N&<Q b$ 9:)76Fg _|v8P(*)7$*)>n?)>62,(*C-i?(*)>624*6C-I?6=CM&0c

&3,?.GdC-.^6=)>,/9:c?[O&=(*)H+MIj8)764*6=CMI/6CM&0cE&=,/.YG:.^17,?$$*I?&P)q:)>17S:&)m,5$L9k( ,on/)b&=IE8,?CA&<Q2Œ^( C-.^C-DE4*+MC-)>.&=( ,j&<[ ,Z+MIj8)76^4*6=CMI/6CM&0ce&=,/.YG8PC-+-+


( ,on/)f&Id8^,5CM&PTaI?6^&( )p)7$N&C-6=)p9:S*63,j&C-I?$I5T2)q:)<1S:&=CMI/$I?T)<,?13((*C-i?(*)>64*6=CMI/6CM&0cd&=,/.YG&( ,5&,56=C-.)>.P9*S*6C-$*ie&( )p)q:)>17S:&C-I?$WI?T&=(*)

+-Ij8K)>6b4*6=C-I?6=CA&0c&=,/.YGQ _I?6=)p$OS*D V )76fI5TUC-$ .Y&=,?$ 1)<.I5T,d(*C-i?(*)>64*6=C-I?6=CA&0c&=,/.YGW8PC-+M+I:171S 6>[z8P(*)7$x,d&3,?.GCX.fCM$_4 ( ,?.)'8PCM&({CA&<[
J2

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 P8 (*)>$uCA&'CX.mC-$u4*( ,?.)E8PCA&=(sCA&Z6=,5&(*)>6H&( ,?$xI/S:&pI5T^4*( ,/.Y)E8PCM&(sCM&>QŒ^(*C-.p( ,?. V )7)>$sCM+-+MSL.0&=6=,5&)>9y&( 6I/S*i?(s,W.YC-DE4*+-))q*,5DE4*+-)
C-$trCMiLQ Ì J:Q#%$trCMiLQ Ì J*¼h,/¾ [2,l(*C-i?( )76p4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cl&3,?.GxŒ Ì . ¼ Ì Ë*[ ?Ë/¾CX.pC-$s4*( ,/.Y)d8PCM&(,W+-Ij8)76p4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cl&3,?.GxŒJ . ¼ /Ë*[ Ì J5ËN¾ [
&=(*)d6)<.Y4zI?$L.Y)e&C-DE)dI5T^ŒJC-.  ËDd.)>1?Q¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[\C-$srCMiLQ Ì J*¼ V ¾ [J8P(*)7$sŒ Ì ( ,?.m, J?ËkDd.)>1E4*(L,?.)?[\&=(*)d6)<.Y4zI?$L.Y)e&C-DE)dI5T


Œ J V )<1I/De)<. *?Ë*QŒ^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[jCAT,&3,?.GmDE)7)&3.2CA&3.; 63.0&9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)^S*$L9:)762•7)>6If4*( ,/.YC-$*iL[o&(*)>$'&=(*)7cpCM&8PCM+-+ODE)7)&F,?+M+:CM&=.29:)<,?9:+-CM$ )>.>Q

deadline for T1

T1

20 100

(a) T1 meets its first deadline

deadline for T2

T1 T2

20 50 150
(b) T2 meets its first deadline

deadline for T3

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

20 50 100 120 150 190

(c) T3 meets its first deadline

r C-i?S*6=) Ì  ˜ K( )>13GOCM$ i J)7(*I:17•7GOc' . K6=CA&=)76=CMI/$kTaI/6Œ,/.YG:.^I5T2‹q*,5DE4*+-)
J:Q 

 ]­ 2À”´1 B Jµ K(*)<13G8P(*)7&(*)>6^&(*)H&3,?.Gk.Y)7&I5T2‹q*,5DE4*+-)
J:Q *ZCX.P,?1&S ,?+M+-ck.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)fS $ 9:)76g _|pQ

QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ Œ^(*I/S*i?(x&=(*)d6)<.YS +A&3.mI5T ]C-Ss,5$ 9 ,ocN+X,5$L9 .f&=)>.Y&'8)76=)d$*)7iN,j&C-n?)/[J,?.p4L)>6m&(*)k6)<.YS*+M&=.pI5TP‹q*,5DE4*+-) J:Q *8K)1>,5$

,?4*4*+-cd&(*) J)7(*I:17•7GOcd&)<.0&b,?$ 9I V .)76=n?)&(*)HTaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*i ˜
r I?6K&(*)&=,/.YGeºGFo+˜ &F OF^(*I/+-9*..CM$ 17=) J?2Ë 1 &65 Ì Ë?2Ë 1 &65jQŒ^( )76=)TaI?6=)?[/CA&^8I?S*+X9dDE)7)7&CM&=.U; 63.0&^9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)E¼aCM&^9*IN)<.U$ I5&K(L,on?)
,?$Nc&=,?.G:.&( ,5&P( ,on?)H(*C-i?(*)>6P4*6=CMI/6CM&0c*¾ Q
 

r I?6P&=(*)m&=,/.YGº H ˜Uº F CX.PCM&=.( CMi/(*)764 6C-I?6=CA&0c&=,?.G,?$ 9l1I/$ .C-9:)>6C-$*idËE4*( ,/.YC-$*iL[*CA&8KI/S*+-9I:1717S*6I/$ 1) V )TaI/6)m&=(*)'9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)mI5T
º H QFŒ^( )76=)TaI?6=)?[\¼ & F  & H ¾  H (*I/+-9 ..YC-$ 170) J?Ë  /Ë . (59Ë 1  &65 Ì (?2Ë 1 & 55QŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[:º H DE)7)&3.PCM&=.^; 63.Y&P9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?Q
 

r I?6F&=(*)&3,?.GZOº N?˜^3¼ J2& F  J2& H  &N7¾ ENb(*I?+X9*.>[N.CM$L1=) J
!6J?Ë  J
!/Ë   Ë . Ì  2Ë 1 &65 J5Ë?9Ë 1  &65jQ}{)( ,on?)b17I?$ .CX9:)76=)>9
J%! &F2,5$ " 9 J ! &HF.CM$L1)FGº F2,?$ 9mOº HI:1717S*6]&08PCX1)F8PCM&( CM$'&(*)U; 6=.Y&9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)FI5T*º N Q2Œ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[<º N De)>)&3.JCM&=.]; 6=.Y&9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?Q2–OI [<&=(*)
 

i/CMn/)7$d&3,?.GE.)&^CX..=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)bS*$L9:)76Pg _|'Q*Œ^(*)H.13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+-CA&0ce&)<.0&TaI?6^º N (L,?.4*CX1 &I/6CX,5+-+-c V )7)>$.(*Ij8P$C-$rC-i Q Ì  Q–:CM$ 17)

,?+M+O&=(*)&=,?.G:.De)>)&&=(*)7C-62; 63.0&F9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )>.S*$ 9:)>6•7)>6If4*( ,/.YC-$*i [5&(*)>c',56=)g _|~.13( )>9:S*+X, V +M)^,?1>1I?639:C-$*i&I ])7( IO17•7GO'c .26=)>.S*+M&=.>Q


J)&US .K$*Ij8v&6=ce&I'9*)76=CMn/)b,mTaI/6Dd,5+L)q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$eTaI/6F&( C-.KCMDE4zI?6&=,?$/&6)<.YS +A&UI?T ])>(*I:1•7GOc/Q'J)& <º F 7Yº H 7 7Yº » V )b&(*)f.Y)7&
I?T&3,?.G:.^&I V )'.=13(*)>9:S +M)<9\Q*])&SL.b,5+X.I,?.=.YS*DE)H&=( ,j&&=(*)m&3,?.GO.( ,on?) V )7)>$lI?639:)76=)>9CM$_9*)>.=1)7$L9:CM$ idI?639:)76I?T2&(*)>CM64 6C-I?6=CA&0c/Q
Œ^( ,5&fCX.>[&=,?.Gl4*6=CMI/6CM&C-)>.f,56=)'6=)7+X,j&=)>9{,?.>˜
  ¼aºGF¾    3¼”ºOH>¾      ¼aº\»B¾ []8P(*)>6)e4*6=CB¼”º\»h¾9:)7$*I?&)<.b&=(*)E4*6=CMI/6CM&0cWI5TF&=(*)
J8#

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Ti(1)

T1(1) T1(2) T1(3)

r CMi/S*6) Ì # ˜2#%$ .Y&=,5$L1)>.^I?Tº F Rn?)>6P,E–:CM$*i/+M)m#%$L.0&3,5$ 17)fI?Tº »

&3,?.Gkº » QbR V .)76=n?)f&(L,j&b&=(*)m&3,?.Gkº F ( ,/.^&(*)'(*CMi/(*)>.Y&b4*6=C-I?6=CA&0c,5$ 9&=,/.YGº » ( ,/.^&(*)'+M)<,?.Y&b4*6=CMI/6CM&0c?QŒ^(*C-.b4*6=CMI/6CM&0ckI/6=9:)>6C-$*i
1>,5$ V )H,?.=.YS*DE)<98PCM&(*I/S:&^,?$Oce+-I/.=.KI5TJi/)7$*)>6=,?+MC-•>,5&C-I?$k.CM$L1)&=(*)H6)<`NS*CM6=)>94*6C-I?6=CM&0ceI/6=9*)76=CM$*iZ,5DEI?$*ie,5$,56 V CA&=6=,?6cE1I/+M+-)>1&C-I?$
I?TK&3,?.GO.H1>,5$s,5+-8,oc:. V ),/13(*C-)7n?)<9 V cy,W.CMDE4*+-)d6=)7$ ,?DeC-$*iWI5TK&(*)E&3,?.G:.7Q KI?$L.YCX9:)76H&=( ,j&m&=(*)E&=,/.YGyº»P,?66=C-n?)>.f,j&m&=(*)E&C-DE)
C-$ .Y&=,5$N&mË*Q KI/$ .YCX9:)>6&=(*)e)q*,5DE4*+-)e.(*Ij8P${CM$xrC-i Q Ì # 0Q S*6=CM$*i&( )Z;L6=.Y&fC-$ .Y&=,?$ 1)eI5TF&=(*)e&=,/.YGWº\»Y[&=(*6=)7)eCM$ .Y&=,?$ 1)<.fI5TF&=(*)
&3,?.GºGF(L,on?)HI:171S 66=)>9\Q‹K,?13(&=CMDE)mGº FI:1717S*6=.>[Oº\»2( ,?.&=Id8,?CA&.CM$ 17)Hº F(L,?.^(*C-i?(*)>6P4*6=CMI/6CM&0cE&( ,?$Wº»YQ
J)&bS .b$*Ij8 9:)&=)76=DECM$*)p&(*)Z)q*,?1&b$OS*D V )76I5T2&C-DE)>.P&=( ,j&fGº FfI:171S 6=.P8PCM&( CM$y,k.YC-$*i?+-)pC-$ .Y&=,5$L1)pI?T2º\»YQŒ^(*C-.CX.i?C-n?)>$ V c
QU–OC-$ 17)Gº FI .K)q:)>17S:&C-I?$k&C-De)HCX. &Fj[O&(*)>$&( )b&=I5&=,?+)q:)>17S:&C-I?$k&C-De)f6=)>`NS*C-6)<99:S*)&IZ&=,/.YGEGº F V )TaI/6)&( )f9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)I?TJº\»
CX. 

 &4FjQŒ^( C-.U)q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$d17,?$E)>,?.C-+Mc V )i?)7$ )763,5+-CM•>)>9'&I'17I?$ .C-9*)76&=(*))q:)<1S:&=CMI/$E&C-De)<.U,?+M+:&3,?.G:.( ,onOCM$ im(*CMi/(*)76U4*6C-I?6=CM&0c


&=( ,5$lº\»P¼aCBQ )?Qº F87YOº H27 7Yº\» OF¾QŒ^( )76=)TaI?6=)?[*&(*)m&=CMDE)mTaI/68P(*CX13(Wº»F8PCM+-+J( ,on/)f&I8^,5CM&b9:S*)m&=I,5+-+]CM&=.( CMi/(*)764 6C-I?6=CA&0c&=,?.G:.


1>,5$ V )m)7qO4 6)<..)>9,?.>˜

»  F
 » & <¼KJ Ì?Ì ¾


F

‹FqO4 6)<..CMI/$ J*Q Ì/Ì i/CMn/)>.&=(*)^&I?&=,5+*&C-De)b6)<`/S CM6=)>9'&Im)7qO)<1S:&=)Pº\7» .(*C-i?(*)>64*6=CMI/6CM&0cm&=,/.YG:.TaI/6F8P(*CX13(eº\»\8I?S +-9Z( ,on?)&=Im8,?CA&<Q
–OIL[O&(*)H&3,?.Gº\»28KI/S*+X9kDE)7)7&CA&3.^; 63.0&9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?[:CMŽ
»OF  »
&»  &  »  3¼ J Ì J/¾
 F 

Œ^( ,5&CX.>[:CAT&(*)m.S*D I?TJ&( )f)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$&C-De)<.^I5T2,5+-+z( CMi/(*)76P4*6=C-I?6=CA&0ce&=,/.YG:.I:1717S*66=C-$*i V )TaI/6)fº\7» .K; 63.0&9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )?[*,5$L9&=(*)
)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$u&C-DE)I5T^&( )&=,/.YG{CA&3.Y)>+ATCX.p+-)>.=.H&=( ,5$sCM&=.Z4L)>6C-I:9 L»Y[&=(*)7$sº\»b8KI/S*+-9u17I?DE4*+-)&) V )7TaI?6=)CA&3.m; 63.Y&Z9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q I5&=)
&=( ,j&C-$l‹q:4*6<Q J*Q Ì JZ8K)H( ,on/)C-DE4*+MCX1CM&+-cW,?.=.YS*DE)<9&=( ,j&P&=(*)H&=,/.YG4z)76=C-IO9 .P)>`NS ,?+&(*)>CM6P6=)>.4L)<1 &=CMn/)H9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.>[*CBQ )/Q L» . N»0QF#™T
z» N»Y[*&(*)>$&=(*)p‹q:4*6<Q J:Q Ì J'8KI/S*+X9k$*)>)>9DEI:9:CA;z17,j&=CMI/$ .P,?.TaI/+M+-Ij8.>Q


»OF /»
&o'»  & /»  K¼ J Ì N¾
 F 

bI5&)&( ,5&Z)7n/)7$uCMTb‹q:4*6<Q J*Q Ì C-.'$*I5&E.,5&CX.0; )<9\[&(*)>6)CX.'.I?DE)4zI/.=.C V C-+-CA&0cy&( ,5&'&( )d&=,/.YGu.Y)7&'Dd,ocx.Y&C-+-+ V ).=13(*)>9:S +-, V +M)/Q
Œ^(*CX.DEC-i?(N&(L,54*4z)7$ V )>1>,5S .)pC-$y‹q:4*6<Q J:Q Ì d8)p( ,on/)p1I/$ .YCX9:)>6)<9•>)76=I4*( ,/.YC-$*ik,?DEI?$*i,?+M+J&(*)'&=,?.G:.7[z8P(*CX13(lC-.&(*)Z8KI/6=.Y&
1>,?.)?QF#%$_,ei?C-n?)>$W4*6I V +-)7DW[ .I?DE)H&=,/.YG:.^Dd,ock( ,on/)H$*I?$:@™•7)>6Ie4*( ,/.YC-$*iLQKŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[:)7n/)7$W8P(*)>$W,e&3,?.G.)&$ ,?66=Ij8P+-cET”,5C-+-.^&=I
DE)7)7&b‹q:4*!6 J*Q Ì *[N&(*)>6)HCX..I?DE)m13( ,5$ 17)f&( ,5&CA&Dd,ocC-$T”,?1 & V )p.=13(*)>9:S +-, V +M)HS*$L9:)76g y|pQ ŒIdS*$ 9:)>6=.Y&=,?$ 98P(Nc&(*CX.PCX..YIL[
17I?$ .C-9*)76U,p&=,?.GE.Y)7&U8P(*)76=)I/$*)4 ,?6Y&=C-17S*+-,?6&=,/.YGeº\»\T”,?CM+X.K‹Fq:4*6>6Q J:Q Ì  [?Dd,5GOC-$*im&( )&=,/.YGE.)&KS $ .13( )>9:S*+X, V +M)/QŒ^(*)b&=,/.YGeDEC-.=.Y)<.
CM&=.9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)p8P(*)>$WCA&bCX.PC-$W4*( ,?.)m8PCM&(_,5+-+]CM&=.P( CMi/(*)764 6C-I?6=CA&0cE&3,?.GQK¶Ij8)7n/)76<[O8P(*)7$W&=(*)H&=,/.YG( ,?.^$*I/$:@™•7)76=IE4*( ,/.YC-$*id8PCM&(
,5&p+M)<,?.Y&Z.YI/DE)dI5T^CA&3.p(*C-i?(*)>6p4*6=CMI/6CM&0cl&3,?.GO.>[]&=(*)d&3,?.GyDECMi/(N&Z,?1&S ,?+M+-cyDE)7)7&'CM&=.m;L6=.Y&'9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)17I?$N&63,56=cl&=I_,5$Ocy$*)>i/,5&C-n?)
J9(

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 6=)>.S*+M&=.^I5T&( )m)q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$ J:Q Ì *Q
J)&PS .P$*Ij8 1I/$ .YCX9:)>6K&08IE)q*,5DE4*+-)>.&=IdCM+-+-S .0&=6=,5&)f&( )p,54*4*+-CX17, V CM+-CA&0ckI5TJ&=(*) ])>(*I:1•>GNc' .^6)<.YS +A&3.7Q
]­ 2À”´  B 
]µ KI/$ .C-9:)>6'&=(*)TaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*iu.Y)7&eI?Tb&=(*6)>)4z)76=C-IO9*C-16=)>,5+M@B&C-De)k&=,/.YG:.>˜kº F. ¼ Ì Ë*[ J5Ë/¾[Fº H. ¼ Ì (*[ /Ë/¾[FºON .
3¼ J5Ë*[ Ì J?Ë/¾F&I V )m6S*$WI/$,eS*$*C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6<TQ )&=)76=DeC-$*)m8P(*)7&(*)>6P&( )H&=,?.Gk.)&PCX..13( )>9:S*+X, V +M)HS*$ 9*)76g _|'Q


QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ rC-6=.Y&f+-)&HS .&6=cW&( )e.S 1C-)7$ 17cW&)<.0&HTaI?6Hg _|.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0c?Q c_‹q:4*6<
Q J:Q Ì Ëy¼ ]C-S{,?$ 9 ,ocN+X,5$L9W&)<.0& ¾ [\&=(*)
&3,?.Gk.Y)7&C-.P.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)HCAT » vË  **Q
» . Ì Ë J5#Ë  Ì ( ?Ë#MJ?Ë Ì J5Ë . Ë  Ì
 

Œ^(*CX.PCX.^i?6=)>,5&)76&=( ,5$lË*Q  * QŒ^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[O&(*)mi/CMn/)7$&=,?.G.)&^T”,?CM+X. ]C-Sl,5$ !9 ,ocN+X,5$L9d&)<.0&<QK–OC-$ 1)p‹Fq:4*6>Q J*Q Ì ËZCX.P,E4z)>.=.YC-DEC-.Y&CX1

 

&=)>.Y&>[*8)H$*)7)<9k&=Ie&)>.Y&PTaS*6&(*)>6>Q
J)&S .^$*Ij8«&6=c J)7(*I:1•>GOc .K&)<.0&<QF|+-+\&(*)H&3,?.G:.^º F87YOº H27º N ,?6)m,?+M6=)>,/9:cdI?639:)76=)>9kCM$l9:)<16=)>,/.YC-$*ieI?639:)76^I5T&( )7C-6P4*6C-I?6=CM&C-)>.>Q
Œ)>.Y&C-$*ieTaI?6^&3,?.GGº Fo˜U–OC-$ 1) &F . Ì ËZDE.)>1HCX.^+-)>.=.&( ,?$ 2F . J?ËeDE.)>1?QŒ^(*)76=)TaI/6)HGº Fb8KI/S*+-9DE)7)7&CA&3.^; 63.0&9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )?Q
Œ)>.Y&C-$*ieTaI?6^&3,?.GOº H5˜ Ì !Ë   Ì Ë ?ËZI?6<'[ J5!Ë  ?Ë . (5Ë /Ë
Œ^(*CX.PCX.P.,5&CX.0;L)>9\QFŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?H[OFº H
H  8KI/S*+-9DE)7F)7H &PCA&3.^; 63.0&b9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?Q
Œ)>.Y&C-$*ieTaI?6Œ,?.GOº N5˜ J?#Ë  Ì Ë  Ì ( . J5!Ë  ?Ë ?Ë . Ì/Ì 9Ë 1  &65
Œ^(*CX.PCX.^+M)<..&=( ,5$WOº NX .P9:)<,?9:+-CM$ H )m
I5T  Ì J5Ë Q2Œ^(  )76=)
TaI? 6=)fIº
Nf8I?S*+X9DE)7)&CM&=.;L6=.Y&b9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q
6

–OC-$ 17),?+M+N&( )K&=(*6=)7)K&=,?.G:.JDE)>)&2&(*)>CM626=)>.4L)<1 &=CMn/)F; 63.0&9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )>.>[j&(*)K&=,/.YGp.)&2CX.g _|w.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)^,?1717I?639:C-$*iP&I ])>(*I:1•>GN'c .

6=)>.S*+M&=.>Q 

]­ 2À”. ´ OB  zµ g _| CX.SL.Y)<9l&IW.=13(*)>9:S +M)e,.)&HI5TU4z)76=C-IO9*C-1Z( ,5639l6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)p&=,/.YG:.fC-${,.Yc:.Y&)7DWQm#0.CA&m4zI/.=.YC V +-)'C-$y&=(*CX.

.c:.0&=)7D¨&( ,5&e,l(*C-i?( )76'4 6C-I?6=CA&0cy&=,/.YGxDEC-.=.Y)<.pCM&=.Z9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/[8P( )76=)>,?.',l+MIj8)76'4*6C-I?6=CM&0c_&=,/.YGxDE)7)7&=.ZCA&3.'9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )>. #™Tc?I/S*6


,?$ .Y8)76PCX.^$*)>i/,j&=CMn/)?[:4*6=Ijn?)Hc/I?S*6,/..)76&C-I?$]Q2#™Tc?I/S*6P,5$ .8)76PCX., d6=DE,5&C-n?)/[:i?C-n?)m,5$W)q*,?De4 +M)HC-$Nn/I?+-nOCM$*ie&08IEI?6^&( 6)>)H&=,?.G:.

.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9_S .C-$*ig y| 8P( )76=)p&( )e+-Ij8)76b4 6C-I?6=CA&0c&3,?.GDE)>)&=.H,?+M+2CM&=.H9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.b8P( )76=)>,?.b&( )Z(*C-i?( )76H4*6=CMI/6CM&0ck&3,?.GlDEC-.=.Y)<.
CM&=.9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ  )<.7Qp#™&HCX.4zI/.=.C V +-)Z&( ,5&HS $ 9:)76mg y| ,(*C-i?(*)>6f4 6C-I?6=CA&0c&=,/.YGlDECX..)>.fCM&=.H9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )Z8P(*)>6)E,?.f,+MIj8)764*6C-I?6=CM&0c
&3,?.GyDE)7)7&=.pCM&=.Z9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/QW}{)k.(*Ij8 &(*CX. V cx1I/$ .0&=6SL1 &C-$*i_,?$s)q*,5DE4*+-)?Q KI?$ .CX9:)76m&=(*)dTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ iW&=,?.Gu.Y)7&>˜'Gº F . ¼ &F .
Ì (81 &6587 IF . J?2Ë 1 & 5>¾ 7:Oº H . ¼ &H . 21 &6587 CH .  (21  &657¾ 7 º N . ¼ & N . 91  &6587  N . Ì Ë?2Ë 1 &657¾ Q^r*I/6P&(*)'i?C-n?)7$W&3,?.G.)&<[
CM&pC-.H)<,?.cW&IlI V .Y)>6n/)p&=( ,j&   ¼”º F7¾    ¼aOº H>¾    ¼aº N ¾ QdŒ^( ,j&mCX.7[Gº F67YOº H87º N ,?6)EI/6=9:)>6)<9_C-$x9*)>16=)>,/.YC-$*iI?639:)76HI?TU&( )7C-6
4*6=C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.7Q
r I?6E&( C-.E&3,?.G.)&>[º N DE)7)&3.ECA&3.9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )_,?1717I?639:C-$*iy&=.I ])7( IO17•7GO'c .e&=)>.Y&k.YC-$ 17) H & N  ¼ N
 &H<¾  ¼ N
 &4F7¾ .
;  ! ; (! Ì ( .  Ì Ë?Ë*Q S:&<[Lº H 9:IO)>.$*I5&bDE)>)&HCA&3.9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)'.CM$ 17)?-[ & H  
 & F. = J! Ì ( .  [ 8P(*CX13(_CX.
i/6)<,j&)>6&( ,?$&=(*)p9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )fI?TOº HjQ
2

|.F,H1I?$L.Y)<`/S )7$ 17)I?T&(*)P6=)>.S*+M&=.I?T‹Fq:,?DE4*+M) Ì/Ì [ V c'I V .)76=nNC-$*i&( ,5&F&( )P+MIj8)>.Y&4*6C-I?6=CM&0cm&=,/.YGpI?T,Hi/CMn/)7$Z&=,/.YGe.Y)7&FDe)>)&3.

MC &=.^;L6=.Y&b9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/[ 8)p17,?$$ I5&b1I/$ 1+-S 9:)H&=( ,j&P&=(*)p)>$/&=CM6=)H&=,/.YG.Y)7&bC-.bg _| .=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)?QR$&( )'1I/$/&=6=,?6c/[OCA&bCX.P$*)<1)<..=,56=c
&=I_13(*)>13G_)<,?13({&=,/.YG{CM$ 9*CMnOCX9:S ,5+-+-c{,?.m&IW8P(*)&=(*)76'CA&'DE)>)&=.pCA&3.H; 63.0&'9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)dS*$ 9:)>6p•7)>6IW4*(L,?.CM$*iLQ#™T^I?$*)E; $L9*.H&(L,j&p&=(*)
+-Ij8K)<.0&P4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cd&3,?.GDE)7)7&=.PCM&=.9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/[ ,5$ 9W17I?$ 17+MS 9*)>.Ta6=I?D &=(*CX.^&( ,5&&( )m)7$N&C-6)H&3,?.Gk.)&8I?S*+X9 V )mTa)<,?.C V +Mck.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9
S*$L9:)76g y| C-.^+-C-G?)7+-cd&=I V ) LL,o8)>9]Q

 #$ 0    /:-
/8: 
& & * 78  * :"9$   $  *C*+)3#0 $
 & *   3  .&7 *+<. 
&

JCMSy,?$ 91,ocN+X,5$L9 .b6)<.YS +A&3.'¼”‹Fq:4*6>Q=J:Q Ì Ë/¾ V

I/S*$ 9:)<9l&( )  S:&C-+-CM•<,j&C-I?$ V )>+MIj8 8P(*CX13(y,E&3,?.Gl.Y)7&8I?S*+X9 V )E.=13(*)>9:S +-, V +M)/Q
#™&C-.1+-)>,?6FTa6=I?D‹q:4*6<Q6J*Q Ì Ëp,5$ 9krC-i Q Ì Ëm&( ,5&K&=(*)%JCMSk,?$ 9 ,ocN+X,5$L9e.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+MCM&0cd16=CA&=)76=CMI/$EC-.1I/$ .Y)>6nj,5&C-n?),5$L9d6)<.0&=6CX1 &3.


&=(*)ZDd,5qOC-D'S D ,/13(*CM)>nj, V +-)'S:&=CM+-C-•>,j&=CMI/$y9:S*)'&I,5$Oc&=,?.GW.Y)7&8P(*CX13(y17,?$ V )'Ta)<,?.C V +-cW.13(*)<9:S*+-)>9lS $ 9:)76Hg _ | &IË*Q  8P( )7$

J

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

&=(*)$OS*D V )76UI5T&=,/.YG:.C-$E&(*)&=,?.GZ.)&FCX.F+X,56=i?)/Q¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[*¼”,/.c?I/SEDeC-i?(N&U(L,on?)P,5+-6)<,?9:c'i?S*)<..)>9 ¾&=(*CX.FCX.U,H4z)>.=.YC-DEC-.Y&CX1^; i/S*6)/Q
#%$dT”,/1 &<[NCM&^( ,?. V )>)7$TaI/S*$ 9d)7q:4L)>6C-DE)7$N&=,?+M+-ce&( ,5&UTaI?6^,m+X,56=i?)b17I?+-+M)<1 &=CMI/$dI5T]&3,?.GO.U8PCA&=(C-$ 9:)74z)7$L9:)7$N&^4L)>6C-I:9*.7[N&=(*)bDd,jq:C-D'S*D
S:&=CM+-C-•>,j&=CMI/$ V )>+MIj88P(*C-13(W,e&=,/.YG.Y)7&P1>,5$Ta)>,/.YC V +-c V )p.13(*)<9:S*+-)>9C-.I?$&(*)p,on/)763,5i?)f1+-I/.)b&=I *9*
Q
r I?6b(L,56=DeI/$*CX1m&=,/.YG:.>[ &=(*)eDE,5q:CMDZS*D ,?13(*C-)7nj, V +M)pS*&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$“¼aTaI?6H,d&3,?.GW.)&&I( ,on?)e,dTa)>,/.YC V +-)Z.=13(*)>9*S*+M)o¾1>,5$y.Y&C-+M+ V )
(*C-i?( )76<Q#%$T”,/1 &<[*CATF,?+M+&=(*)m&=,/.YGk4L)>6C-I:9*.,56=)f( ,56=DEI?$*CX17,?+M+-c6=)7+X,j&)<9\[O&( )7$l)7n/)7$W,Z&=,?.G.)&(L,onNC-$*i Ì Ë/Ë S:&=CM+-C-•>,j&=CMI/$l17,5$ V )
Ta)<,?.C V +-cW.13(*)<9:S*+-)>9\*Q J)&bS .; 63.0&bS $ 9:)763.Y&=,5$L9W8P(*)7$_,?6)m&=(*)p4z)76=CMI:9*.bI5TF,E&3,?.G.)&.=,5CX9&I V )'(L,56=DeI/$*CX17,5+-+-c6)>+-,5&)<9\QPŒ^(*)
&3,?.G4z)76=C-IO9 .C-${,d&3,?.G.)&H,56=)Z.=,5CX9&I V )e( ,56=DEI?$*CX17,?+M+-c6)>+-,5&)>9][LCMŽuTaI?6,?$Oc&08Ik,?6 V CM&63,56=c&3,?.G:.bº\»U,?$ 9lº C-$l&( )'&3,?.G
.)&<[ 8P(*)>$*)7n/)7+6 L»   [LCA&.(*I/S*+-9C-DE4*+Mc&(L,j
& L»FC-.,5$WCM$N&=)7i?63,5+\DZS*+M&C-4*+M)'I5-T  Q^Œ^( ,j&CX.>[ 8P(*)>$*)7n/)7+6 L»   [LCA&b.(*I?S +-9 V )
4zI/.=.YC V +-)b&=IE)q:4*6=)>.=. z»,/.   TaI?6P.I?DE)C-$N&)>i?)76  Ì Q#%$I5&=(*)76^8I?639*.>[  .(*I?S +-9.`NS ,?6)>+Mcd9:C-nOC-9:) z»0QF|$)q*,?De4 +M)fI5T
,f( ,?6DEI?$ C-1>,5+-+Mcm6=)7+X,j&=)>9'&=,?.G'.)&FCX.2&( )^TaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i ˜Jº F . ¼ (Dd.Y)<15[ ?ËDd.Y)<1>¾ [/Oº H . ¼ *fDd.)>15[ Ì J?ËbDd.)>1<¾ [?º N . ¼ Ì JbDd.Y)<15[ ?ËfDd.Y)<1>¾Q
#™&PCX.P)>,/.Ycd&=IE4*6Ijn/)b&=( ,j&b,e( ,?6DEI/$*C-1>,5+-+Mcd6=)7+X,j&=)>9k&=,/.YGk.)&8PCM&(W)>n?)7$ Ì Ë/Ë S:&=CM+-C-•>,j&=CMI/$l17,5$Ta)>,/.YC V +-c V )p.13(*)<9:S*+-)>9\Q

¬ R´OÊ Æj´  B  B J‡5€W{Š7„7ˆ'‡ " V*j€ Fd‡j¸L”¹3j‰ƒU‰ Ts€„7‰M5ˆ™„3xˆ%oŠ #o Š  $ & <º\» mˆ V*„  + Š7W¹ V „3 R:‰M ƒ‰ ƒˆ T¹7€ ƒˆ™„7€ ”‡j¸~XŠd†5ƒ‚j„¸  T
» TF z » Ì

 
   2
@HÆjÊ]4Ê 3=µ ])7&S .,/..S*DE)H&( ,5&bGº F 7YOº H97 7º V )m&(*)H&3,?.G:.PCM$W&=(*)mi?C-n?)>$&=,?.G.)&<Q J)&S .TaS*6Y&=(*)76,?.=.YS*DE)H&=( ,j&P&=(*)m&=,/.YG:.PC-$
&=(*)m&=,/.YGW.)&bGº F67Oº H27 7º (L,on?) V )7)7$_,?663,5$ i?)>9C-$_CM$L16=)>,?.C-$*iEI?639:)76I?T2&(*)>CM64L)>6C-I:9*.7QPŒ^( ,5&bCX.7[LTaI?6f,5$OckC,5$ 9e—,[ L» 2D


8P(*)>$*)7n/)7
6 ½LQ{#™T&=(*CX.Z6=)7+X,j&=CMI/$ .(*CM4sCX.e$*I5&E.,5&CX.0;L)>9\[2&=(*)7$v,y.CM» DE F4*+-)6=)7$L,5DECM$ i_I5TP&=(*)k&3,?.G:.Z1>,5$,/13(*CM)>n?)d&=(*CX.7Q Ij8




,/171I/6=9*CM$*iZ&Id‹FqO4 6>Q J:Q Ì #L[*,Z&=,?.Gº\»2DE)7)7&=.^CM&=.9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?[*CM+T &<'»  F 
! & z» <¼KJ Ì #O¾



¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[*.CM$ 17)H&(*)p&=,?.Gk.)&bCX.P( ,?6DEI/$*C-1>,5+-+M»ck 6F )>+-,5&)>9]2[ L»F1>,5$ V )p8P6CM&Y&=)7$l,?. 1!  TaI/6.YI/DE)mDQ b.C-$*iE&(*CX.>[ 
.  Q
  

4  

bIj8m[?‹q:4*6<TQ J*Q Ì Jb1>,5$ V )P8P6=CA&&)>$E,/.7˜ &o»  F  !& z»0Q2r*I?6º\» . º [58K)P1>,5$e8P6CM&)/[ &  F  !&  6Q bC-nOC-9:@


C-$*i V I5&=(.C-9*)>.KI5T]&=(*C-.)7qO4 6)<..CMI/$ V c  8K)i?)7&K&=(*)6=)>`NS*C-6=)>9E6=)>.S*+A&<[N&(*)&=,/.YGd.)&K8I?S +-9 V )H.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)bCMŽ F  Ì [

     
  

I/6 » F » Ì Q
   

)  


 k› œZž Ÿ\ªª-Wžª  ªªœ© 7¥f¤ž    ¤  

#%$&( C-.P.)>1&C-I?$][:8)m,?9*9:6=)>.=.P.I?DE)DECX.17)7+-+-,?$*)7I/S .^CX..S*)>.P,/..I:1CX,j&=)>98PCM&(lg y| .13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ iZI?T&3,?.GO.>Q2}{)H;L6=.Y&9:C-.=1SL..&=(*)
,/9:nj,5$N&=,?i?)>.,5$L99:CX.=,?9:nj,5$N&3,5i?)<.UI?TS .C-$*idg _|TaI?6.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ie6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&=,/.YG:.>Q}x)H&( )7$W9:C-.=1SL..^8P(Ocg _|Ä$ IZ+-I?$*i/)76^CX.
I/4:&C-Dd,5+\8P(*)>$&3,?.Gk9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )>.P9:CMŽz)>6PTa6=I?D &=(*)p1I/66=)>.4LI/$ 9:C-$*iZ&=,?.G4z)76=CMI:9*.>Q
  . $%*+ ;9< $/.  7 .*-$9*+-; < "   
#%$&( C-.P.)>1&C-I?$8K)H; 63.Y&P9*C-.=1S .=.&( )mCMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&,?9*no,?$N&=,5i/)>.KI5Tg _|ÄIjn/)76^‹ frKQ }{)H&=(*)7$W4zI?C-$/&I/S:&.YI/DE)H9*C-.=,?9:nj,?$/&3,5i/)>.
I?TzS .C-$*i'g _|'Q/|.8K)P(L,?9e4LI/CM$N&=)>9EI?S*&U)>,?6+-CM)>6>[5g _|~CX.Fn?)>6cZ1I?DEDEI?$ +McZS .Y)<9ZTaI?6U.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*im6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)^&=,?.G:.2CM$d4 6=,/1 &CX17,?+
,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&C-I?$L.7Q ^,?.C-1f.YS 4*4LI/6Y&^CX.,onj,?CM+X, V +-)bC-$,?+MDEIN.0&P,5+-+z17I?DEDE)7631CX,5+z6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)fI?4z)763,j&=CM$*ie.Yc:.Y&)>DE.UTaI?6P9:)>n?)>+MI/4*CM$ iZ,54 4*+MCX17,5@
&=CMI/$ .bSL.YC-$*ig _|pQ\g _| CX..CMDE4*+-)E,5$ 9l) 1C-)7$N&>QHg _| C-.f,5+X.I&( )'I?4*&C-DE,?+.Y&=,5&CX1'4 6C-I?6=CA&0c&=,/.YGW.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*DWQ
b$*+MC-G?)l‹ r[CM&E6=)>`NS*C-6=)>.en?)>6cxTa)78 .Y4z)>17C-,?+9*,j&3,{.Y&6=S 1&S*6=)>.>Q lIN.0&17I?DEDE)7631CX,5+6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)I?4z)763,j&C-$*iu.Yc:.Y&)>DE.E.S*4*4zI?6&
6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)¼”.Y&=,j&=C-1<¾^4*6=CMI/6CM&0ck+-)7n/)7+X.^TaI?6&=,?.G:.7Q^Œ,?.GO.^(L,onNC-$*id6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)m4*6C-I?6=CM&0c+M)>n?)>+-.,56=)H,?663,5$ i?)>9C-$lD'S*+M&C-+M)>n?)>+]Ta)7)<9 V ,/13G


`NS*)>S*)>.¼”.)7)rC-i Q Ì (/¾ Qy|bDeI/$*i_&=(*)&=,?.G:.pC-$,y.C-$*i?+-)+-)7n?)>+h[2&=(*)>.)17I?DEDE)7631CX,5+K6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*iy.cO.Y&)>Dd.'i/)7$*)>6=,?+M+-c

4*6=IjnOC-9*),5$I?4*&C-I?$kI?T)>CA&=(*)76&C-DE)m.Y+-C-17CM$ ie,?$ 9k6=I?S $ 96=I V C-$.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*ieI?6Pr#0rR .13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ i Q2}{)m,?+-.Ie9*C-.=1S .=.CM$&( )f$ )qO&
13( ,?4:&)>68P(Ock&=(*CX.b13(*I/C-17)mI5TF.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i,5DEI?$ id)>`NS ,5+4*6=CMI/6CM&0cd&=,/.YG:.P(L,?.b,?$lCMDE4zI?6&=,?$/& V )>,?6C-$*idI/$W&(*)p6=)>.I?S 6=17)H.( ,?6C-$*i
4*6=I5&=I:1I?+X.>Q
¿ È ¬KÆo­ ±®<Á”´O±² Y ÂL´NÆjÀ”Êz­*Å l­*±ÅÀ”Áh± Sµ g _| 4zI/.=.)>.=.Y)<.Pi?IOI:9&63,5$ .C-)7$N&Ijn/)76=+MIN,?9( ,5$ 9*+MC-$*i1>,54 , V C-+MCM&0c?Q fIOI:9W&=6=,?$:@
.CM)>$N&'Ijn?)>6+-I/,/9y( ,?$ 9:+-CM$ i_17,54L, V C-+MCM&0cx)>.=.Y)>$/&=C-,?+M+-cyDE)<,5$ .p&( ,5&'8P(*)7$t,_+MIj8)76p4 6C-I?6=CA&0c_&=,?.Gu9:IO)>.p$ I5&Z17I?DE4*+-)&)k8PCA&=(*CM$CA&3.
4*+X,5$ $*)>9v1I/De4 +M)7&C-I?$t&=CMDE)/[1>,5$$ I5&EDE,?G?)W,5$Ocs(*C-i?(*)>6E4*6C-I?6=CM&0c{&3,?.Gu&IuDEC-.=.eCA&3.d9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q J)&dS .e$*Ij8 )7q:,?DECM$*)W(*Ij8
&=6=,?$ .YC-)7$N&Ijn/)76=+MIN,?98KI/S*+-9W,5Žz)<1 &,.)&I5T2&=,/.YG:..=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9S*$ 9:)>6g _|'QL}~C-+-+,9:)>+-,ocCM$_17I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$ V cW,E+-Ij8K)>6P4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
J

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Task Queue Priority Level

6
r CMi/S*6=) Ì (:˜ lS*+M&CM@])7n/)7+]r )7)>9 V ,?13G S )7S*)
&3,?.Gx,5Žz)<1 &e,_(*CMi/(*)76Z4*6=CMI/6CM&0c_&3,?.G Œ^(*),?$ .Y8)76'C-.>˜
I*Q_| +-Ij8)76p4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cy&=,?.Gx)7n?)>$s8P(*)7$sCM&Z)7q*1)7)<9*.pCM&=.Z4*+X,5$*$ )>9
)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$u&C-DE)1>,5$*$*I?&'Dd,5G/)k,l(*C-i?(*)>6'4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cy&=,?.Gu8,?CA&e,?1717I?639:C-$*iW&Il&=(*) V ,?.C-14*6C-$ 17CM4*+-)>.'I5Tbg y| V 8P(*)7$*)>n?)>6',
(*C-i?( )76m4*6=CMI/6CM&0cW&=,/.YG{C-.H6=)>,/9:c?[JCA&p4*6=)7)>DE4:&=.p,?$Oc_)q:)>17S:&C-$*iW+-Ij8K)>6f4 6C-I?6=CA&0c_&=,?.GQdŒ^(NSL.7[g _|CX.p.0&3, V +-)ES*$ 9:)>6m&63,5$L.YC-)7$N&
Ijn/)76=+MIN,?9,5$ 9l,d+-Ij8)764*6=C-I?6=CA&0c&=,/.YGIjn?)>6=.(*IOI5&=CM$*iECM&=.1I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$l&C-DE)Z1>,5$l$*I?&bDd,5G?)Z,d(*C-i?(*)>6b4*6=CMI/6CM&0c&3,?.Gk&=IkDECX..bCA&3.
9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?Q
Œ^(*)9:CX.,/9:nj,5$N&=,?i?)>.'I5Tg _| CM$ 17+MSL9:)k&=(*)TaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i ˜d#™&dCX.'n/)76=cs9:C 17S*+A&E&=Ix.S*4*4zI?6&e,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1,5$ 9“.Y4zI?63,?9*C-1&=,?.G:.
S*$L9:)76g y|pQLr S*6&(*)>6>[*g y|ÄC-.P$ I5&PI?4:&=CMDd,?+]8P(*)7$&3,?.G4L)>6C-I:9*.P,5$L99:)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.9*CAŽ)76<Q
  <-./87$  "9$ " *C"%$&7  8:; "935 * &4   *& 
g y| $*I+MI/$*i?)>66)>Dd,5C-$ .b,?$lI?4:&=CMDd,5+2.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*ik,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D·TaI/6&=(*)'4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)m&=,/.YG:.>[L8P(*)>$l&=,/.YGW9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )>.b,?$ 9
4z)76=CMI:9*.f9:CMŽz)>6e¼”ChQ )?Q=/» .  L»™¾^TaI?6f.YI/DE)p&=,/.YG:.bCM$l&=(*)p&3,?.Gl.Y)7&&I V )E.13( )>9:S*+-)>9]Qbr*I/6f.S 13(W&=,/.YGW.)&=.>[Ob)<,?9:+-C-$*) lI/$*I5&=I?$*CX1
|b+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D K¼ y|¾H&=S*6=$ .pI/S:&p&I V )kDEI/6)d4*6=I5;z1C-)7$N&m&( ,?$tg _|'QT_| CX.p)<..)7$N&CX,5+-+-c{,lnj,56=CX,5$N&mI5Tg _|’,5$ 9s,/..CMi/$ .
4*6=C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.^&IE&3,?.GO. V ,?.)>9WI/$&=(*)7C-69*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.>[ 63,j&=(*)76^&=( ,5$_,/..C-i?$*C-$*id4*6=CMI/6CM&C-)>. V ,?.)>9WI?$&3,?.Gk4z)76=CMI:9*.,?.9:I/$*)mC-$_g _|pQ
_| ,?.=.YC-i?$ .(*C-i?(*)>64 6C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.P&=I&=,/.YG:.8PCA&=({.(*I?6&)>6f9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.>Qf}~(*)7$y&(*)e6)>+-,5&C-n?)e9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)ZI5TU)>n?)76=c&=,?.GWC-.f4*6=I?4zI?6@
&=CMI/$ ,5+z&IECM&=.4z)76=CMI:9\[*g y| ,?$ 9 _| 4*6=I:9:S 17)CX9:)7$N&=C-1>,5+].I?+-S:&C-I?$ .>Q2}~(*)7$&( )f6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.^,56=)H,56 V CA&=6=,?6c/[ _| CX.
DEI?6=)m4*6=I5;L17CM)>$N&P&( ,?$_g _| C-$W&(*)Z.Y)>$ .Y)H&=( ,j&CA&1>,5$l.I?DE)&=CMDE)>.4*6I:9:SL1)',eTa)<,?.C V +-)p.=13(*)>9:S +M)m8P(*)>$_g _|ÄT”,?CM+X.>QPR$W&=(*)
I?&(*)>6P( ,5$ 9][*g _| ,5+-8^,ocO.KT”,?CM+X.^8P(*)7$ _| T”,5C-+X.7Q2}x)m$*Ij8«C-+M+-S .Y&63,j&=)fI/S*69:CX.17S .=.YC-I?$ .S .C-$*id,5$)q*,5DE4*+-)f&=,?.Gk.)&^&(L,j&CX.
_| .=13(*)>9:S +-, V +M) V S*&b$*I5&g y| .13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?Q
]­ 2À”´  B  \µ #0.f&=(*)eTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i&=,/.YGy.)&p.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-) V c _% | k|+X.YIW13(*)<13Gl8P(*)&=(*)76mCM&pC-.m.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)ZSL.YC-$*iWg _|pQ
Gº F . ¼ &4F . Ì ËEDd.)>1?,[ OF . (?ËEDE.)>1?O[  F .  (EDd.)>1>¾[Iº H . ¼ &H . Ì (EDd.Y)<15,[ EH . Ì Ë?ËdDd.)>1?C[  H . J?ËEDd.Y)<1>¾ [º N . ¼ & N . J5ËEDd.)>1?[


 N . J5Ë/Ë'Dd.)>1?[  N . J5Ë/ËpDd.Y)<1>¾
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ rC-6=.Y&>[/+M)7&US .F13( )>13G'g y| .13( )>9:S*+X, V CM+-CA&0cZI5Tz&(*)Pi/CMn/)7$d.)&FI5Tz&=,/.YG:.>[ V cZ13( )>13GOCM$ i&=(*) ])>(*I:1•>GN'c .F16=CM&)76=C-I?$]QŒ^(*)
&3,?.GO.P,?6)m,?+M6=)>,/9:cI?639:)>6)<9C-$_9:)>.=1)>$ 9:C-$*iEI?639:)76PI?T&=(*)7C-64*6=CMI/6CM&C-)>.>Q K(*)<13GNC-$*ieTaI?6PGº Ff˜ Ì 2Ë 1 &65  (21  &65jQŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[:Gº F
8I?S*+X9De)>)&CM&=.^;L6=.Y&9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/Q


K(*)<13GOCM$*ieTaI/6PIº HH˜ Ì Ë  Ì (  J?Ë*QŒ^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[OIº HH8PC-+-+]DEC-.=.^CA&3.^; 63.0&9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?Q

¶b)7$ 17)?[:&=(*)mi?C-n?)>$k&3,?.Gk.Y)7&17,5$$*I?& V )HTa)<,?.C V +-ck.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9S*$ 9:)>6g _|pQ

J2*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

bIj8«+-)&S .13( )>13GE&( )p.13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+-CA&0cSL.YC-$*i y|p˜
b$ 9:)76; _|'[:&( )m4*6C-I?6=CM&0cdI?639:)76=CM$ iZI?T&=(*)H&=,/.YG:.^CX.P,?.TaI?+-+-Ij8.7˜ :¼aºOHo¾  :¼aºGF7¾  :¼aº N ¾
K(*)<13GOCM$*ieTaI/6Pº H ˜ Ì Ë21 &65  (81 &65jQ¶b)7$ 17)mº H 8PC-+-+]DE)7)&CM&=.P; 6=.Y&9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q
   

K(*)<13GOCM$*ieTaI/6Pº F ˜L¼ Ì ( J5ËN¾ 1 & 5 J?2Ë 1 & 55[O¶b)7$ 17)mº F 8PC-+-+]DE)7)&CM&=.P; 6=.Y&9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q


K(*)<13GOCM$*ieTaI/6PIº NH˜L¼  !Ë  ?Ë  J5ËN¾ 1 &65 J?Ë?2Ë 1 &65jQŒ^( )76=)TaI?6=)?[:Oº Nf8PC-+M+]DE)>)&CM&=.9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?Q


Œ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[N&( )mi?C-n?)7$&=,/.YG.Y)7&^CX..=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)fS $ 9:)76 _| V S:&$*I5&S $ 9:)76g _|pQ 

 #"%$9*+
*   *  &7$&;.9)3 ).

$ '& '&

–OIT”,56<[*8P(*C-+M)'9*)&)>6DEC-$*C-$*ik.=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0ckI5TF,e&3,?.G.)&>[z8)m( ,?9WC-i?$*I/6)<9&=(*)'Ijn/)76=(*)>,/9*.CM$L1S*6=6)<9I?$_,?1>1I/S*$N&I5T1I?$N&=)qO&

.8PCA&313(*C-$*i Q5])7&S .P$*Ij8CM$On/)>.Y&C-i/,j&=)b&=(*)m)Ž)>1&I5T1I/$/&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13( CM$*iEIjn/)76=(*)>,/9dI?$l.=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0cI5T&=,?.G:.^S*$ 9:)>6g _|'Q
#™&bCX.)>,?.c&I6=)>,?+MC-•7)m&=( ,j&S*$ 9:)>6fg y|p[z8P(*)7$*)>n?)>6,E&3,?.G,?66=CMn/)>.>[*CM&4*6=)7)>De4*&=.b,5&DEI/.Y&bI/$*)p&3,?.KG V&(*)'&=,?.G&( ,5&CX.
17S*66=)7$N&=+Mc6S*$ $*CM$ i Qr*6=I?D’&( C-.I V .)76=nj,j&=CMI/$][*CM&f17,?$ V )e1I/$ 1+-S 9:)<9&( ,5&bCM$_&(*)Z8KI/6=.Y&Y@%17,/.Y)/[:)>,?13(W&3,?.GC-$ 17S*6=.b,j&DEIN.0&&08I
17I?$N&)7qN&f.Y8PCM&=13(*)<.bS $ 9:)76fg _|'Q]R$ )p8P(*)7$yCA&f4*6)>)7DE4:&3.&=(*)Z17S*66=)7$N&=+Mc6S $*$*C-$*i&3,?.GzQ|b$ 9l&=(*)'I?&(*)>6b8P(*)>$_CM&f1I/DE4*+M)7&)<.
4zI/.=.YC V +-cd&( )H&=,?.Gd&=( ,j&8^,?.4*6=)7)>De4*&)>9I/6.YI/De)HI?&(*)>6^&=,?.GdCX.9:CX.Y4 ,5&=13(*)<9&=IE6S*$JQKRbT217I?S*63.Y)/[:,'&3,?.GDd,ocC-$ 1S*62—0SL.0&I/$*)
17I?$N&)7qN&m.8PCA&313(*CM$ iIjn/)76=(*)>,/9\[CATCA&p9:IO)<.H$*I5&m4*6=)7)>De4*&H,?$Nc_&=,?.GQZr I?6H)q*,5DE4*+-)?[\CM&',56=6=CMn/)>.8P( )7${&(*)d4*6=I:1)<..I?6C-.HCX9:+-)eI/6
8P(*)>$k,p( CMi/(*)76K4*6C-I?6=CM&0cp&=,/.YGE8^,?.U6S*$ $*CM$ i Q2¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[/8K)$*)7)<9E&IZ1I?$L.YCX9:)76U&08KIZ1I?$N&=)qO&.8PCA&313(*)>.FTaI?6)7n/)76=cp&=,/.YG[NCAT8K)P&=6c
&=IE9*)&)>6DEC-$*)H&( )m8KI/6=.Y&Y@%17,/.Y)f1I?$N&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13(*C-$*idIjn/)76=(*)>,/9\Q
r I?6p.CMDE4*+-C-17CA&0c{8K)d1>,5$s,?.=.YS De)e&=( ,j&Z17I?$N&)7qO&m.8PCM&=13(*C-$*iW&C-DE)dC-.'1I?$L.0&3,5$N&>[J,?$ 9x)>`NS ,?+-.m1EDEC-+M+-C–O)<1I/$ 9*.H8P(*)>6)1ECX.m,
17I?$ .Y&=,?$/&<Qr 6I/D &(*CX.7[NCM&KTaI/+M+-Ij8.&=( ,j&K&(*)$*)&)Ž)>1 &^I5T]17I?$N&)7qN&^.Y8PCM&=13( )>.FCX.U&I'C-$ 176)<,?.)^&(*)f)q:)>17S:&C-I?$E&=CMDE) &o»]I5T])<,?13(E&3,?.G
º\»U&I,5&fDEIN.0& &<O»  J"! 5jQH#™&fCX.b&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)Z1+-)>,?6&=( ,j&HCM${I?639:)76b&I&=,?G?)Z17I?$N&)7qO&f.8PCA&313(*CM$ i&C-DE)ZC-$N&IW1I/$ .YCX9:)>6=,5&C-I?$][zCM${,5+-+
.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0ck1I/DE4*S:&=,5&C-I?$ .>[:8)f$ )7)>9&=Ie6=)74 +-,/1) &o» V c &<C» MJ95TaI/6P)>,?13(º\»0Q
]­ 2À”! ´  ]µ K(*)>13GZ8P(*)&=(*)76U&(*)PTaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*ip.Y)7&UI5T\4z)76=CMI:9:CX1P6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)^&=,?.G:.CX.U.=13(*)>9:S +-, V +M)PS $ 9:)76g _|~I/$,HS*$*C-4*6=IO17)>.Y@
.I?6<˜2º F . ¼ & F . J?Ë'Dd.)>1?[  F . Ì Ë/Ë'Dd.)>1<¾ [*º H . ¼ & H . ?ËeDd.Y)<15[  H6. Ì (5ËZDd.Y)<1>¾[*Oº N . ¼ &N .  ËeDE.)>1?[ CN . J5Ë/Ë'Dd.)>1<¾ QU|..S*DE)H&( ,5&
 

17I?$N&)7qN&2.Y8PCM&=13( CM$*iIjn?)>6(*)<,?9H9:IO)>.$*I?&)7q:17)7)<9 Ì DEC-+M+-CN.)>1>.,?$ 9mCX.&I V )K&=,5G/)7$pC-$N&If,?1717I?S*$N&JC-$Z.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+MCM&0cm1I/De4 S:&=,5&C-I?$ .>Q

QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ
Œ^(*)$*)&e)Ž)>1&ZI5Tb17I?$N&)7qO&e.8PCA&313(*)>.'C-.'&I_C-$ 176)<,?.)d&(*))q:)>17S:&C-I?$t&C-De)I5T)<,?13(u&=,/.YG V cx&08KIy17I?$N&)7qO&Z.Y8PCM&=13( CM$*iy&C-DE)>.>Q
Œ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[N&( )mS:&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$l9:S*)H&=Ie&(*)H&3,?.Gk.Y)7&C-.>˜
N J J  (J   J . Ë *  


» TF » .
Ì Ë?Ë Ì (?Ë J5Ë/Ë
7 –OC-$ 17) N» F » vË  **[N&( )H&=,?.Gk.)&CX.^$*I5&bg _| .13( )>9:S*+X, V +M)m,?1>1I/6=9:C-$*iZ&Ie&( ) ]C-SW,?$ 9 J,ocO+-,?$ 9k&)>.Y&>Q
 

J)&S .&=6c ])7( IO17•7GO'c .K&=)>.Y&>˜

Œ^(*)H&3,?.G:.,?6)m,?+M6=)>,/9:cdI?639:)76=)>9kCM$l9:)<.17)7$ 9*CM$*iEI/6=9:)>6PI5T&(*)>CM64 6C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.7Q
K(*)<13GOCM$*ieTaI/6^&=,?.Gº F (˜ J(J Ì Ë/Ë*Q2Œ^(*CX.PC-.P.=,j&=C-.Y; )<9\[O&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)Hº F DE)7)7&=.PCM&=.P; 6=.Y&9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q
K(*)<13GOCM$*ieTaI/6^&=,?.Gº H (˜ J(J ! J (J Ì (?Ë*Q2Œ^(*C-.C-.P.=,j&=C-.Y; )>9][:&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)º H DE)7)7&=.PCM&=.;L6=.Y&b9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q


K(*)<13GOCM$*ieTaI/6^&=,?.GOº NH(˜ J(J ! J (J ! J  Ë J5Ë?Ë QŒ^(*C-.^CX..=,j&=C-.Y; )>9][O&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)fOº NfDE)7)7&=.PCM&=.^;L6=.Y&9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/Q



Œ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[?&(*)b&=,?.GE.Y)7&17,?$ V )Ta)>,/.YC V +-ce.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9dS*$L9:)76^g _|«)7n?)>$8P(*)>$k1I/$/&=)qO&K.8PCA&313(*C-$*i'Ijn/)76=(*)>,/9'CX.F&3,5G/)7$dC-$/&=I

17I?$ .C-9*)763,j&C-I?$JQ


J

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 <8
$  $2(& (G<$/ 7"9$
| &3,?.GsDeC-i?(N&17,?S .)CM&=.d.)7+MTm.YS .4z)7$ .CMI/$][U8P( )7$vCA&4z)76TaI?6=Dd.ECA&3.ECM$*4 S:& jI?S:&=4*S:&I?4z)763,j&=CMI/$ .eI?6E8P(*)>$vCM&d8,?CA&3.eTaI?6.I?DE)
)>n?)7$N&3. 51I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$ .U&IeIO1>1S*6<Q2}~(*)7$W,'&=,?.Gd.Y)>+AT2.YSL.Y4z)7$ 9 .KCM&=.)7+MT0[O&( )fI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*iE.Yc:.Y&)7D 6=)7DEIjn/)>.FCM&^Ta6I/D&(*)H6=)>,/9:cd`/S )7S*)/[
4*+X,?17)>.CA&HC-$l&(*) V +-I:13G?)>9y`/S )7S*)/[,?$ 9W&3,5G?)<.S*4y&(*)e$*)7qN&H)7+-C-i?C V +M)'&=,/.YGTaI?6f.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i QHŒ^(OS .7[\.)7+MTK.S .Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$_C-$N&6=I:9:S 1)<.
,?$,?9*9:CM&C-I?$L,5+.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ ip4LI/CM$N&<[/8P(*CX13(8)b9:CX9d$*I?&1I/$ .C-9:)>6UC-$–O)<15Q J:Q *Q Ì Q}{)b&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)$*)7)<9E&Ie,5S*i/DE)7$N&UI?S 6K9:)7; $*CM&C-I?$
I?T2,E.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*iE4LI/CM$N&i/CMn/)7$kC-$_–O)>1?Q J:Q *Q Ì ,/1717I?639:CM$ i?+-c?Q
1  57 + %'  7 14 %'&(>  8'3 $  1%& >  8   <") . %(,5O %6.,0 ): 15'
 > 5  3 
 )5:
) K   74) > 3) % > + + 5&5 $ 057< ?

J)&dS .d$*Ij8’9:)&=)76=DeC-$*)W&=(*)l)Ž)>1&I5Tf.)7+MTƒ@%.YS .4z)7$ .CMI/$“I/$&=(*)_.=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0ctI5TH,y&3,?.G.)&>Q J)&dS .17I?$ .CX9:)76d,u.Y)7&

?I TK4z)76=CMI:9:CX1E6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)Z&=,/.YG:. >º F 7º H 7 7º N[]8P(*CX13({(L,on?) V )>)7$s,56=63,5$*i/)>9lC-$x&(*)EC-$ 16=)>,/.YC-$*iI?639:)76mI?TU&( )7C-6m4*6C-I?6=CM&C-)>.d¼aI/6
9:)<16=)>,/.YC-$*iEI?639:)76bI5T2&(*)>CM64L)>6C-I:9*.3¾ Q*])7&&(*)'8KI/6=.Y&b17,/.Y)p.)7+MTF.YS .4z)7$ .CMI/$&C-De)ZI5TF,e&=,/.YGº » CX.
» Q J)&&=(*)'9:)>+-,ock&( ,5&b&=(*)



&3,?.Gº\»FDEC-i?(N&bC-$ 1S 69:S*)'&ICM&=.Ij8P$_.)7+MTU.YS .4z)7$ .CMI/$_,5$ 9&=(*)Z.)7+MTU.S .Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$lI?T,?+M+(*C-i?(*)>6b4*6=CMI/6CM&0c&3,?.G:. V ) 0»YQbŒ^(*)7$J[

0»1>,5$ V )m)7q:4*6)<..)>9,?.>˜
» OF
0» . C»  1 F¼ & 7 ¾ 7¼3J Ì (/¾
 TF
–O)>+AT.YS .4z)7$ .CMI/$I5TJ,Z(*C-i?(*)>6U4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cZ&=,/.YGEº Dd,ocd,jŽ)>1 &&( )b6=)>.4LI/$ .Y)b&C-DE)I?TJ,p+-Ij8K)>6U4*6=CMI/6CM&0cZ&=,?.GEº\» V cd,?.KD'S 13(,?.KCA&3.
)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$W&C-DE) & CAT &  QbŒ^(*CX.8I?63.0&b1>,?.)'9:)>+-,ocDeC-i?(N&bI:1>1S*68P(*)7$l&=(*)p(*C-i?( )76b4 6C-I?6=CA&0ck&=,/.YGW,jTƒ&=)76.)7+MTF.YSL.Y4z)7$ .C-I?$
.Y&=,?6Y&3.KCM&=.)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$)7q*,?1 &=+Mc,5&K&=(*)f&C-DE)fC-$ .Y&=,?$/&&( )f+-Ij8)764*6C-I?6=CM&0cE&=,?.Gd8I?S*+X9( ,on/)bI?&(*)>68PCX.Y)f)q:)<1S:&=)>9\QŒ^( ,5&^CX.>[O,5Tƒ&)>6


.)7+MTU.YSL.Y4z)7$ .C-I?$][L&(*)Z)q:)>17S:&C-I?$lI?T2&(*)Z(*CMi/(*)764*6=CMI/6CM&0ck&3,?.GIjn/)76=+-,?4 .^8PCM&(l&=(*)'+-Ij8K)>64*6=CMI/6CM&0c&3,?.G[L8PCM&(_8P( C-13(lCM&f8I?S +-9

I?&(*)>68PCX.Y)Z$*I5&m( ,on/)'Ijn/)76=+-,?4*4L)<9\Qm¶Ij8)7n/)76<[zCMT &  [&=(*)7${&(*)d.)7+MTK.S .Y4z)7$L.YC-I?${I5T,(*C-i?(*)>64 6C-I?6=CA&0c&3,?.G_17,5$x9:)7+X,ocl,
+-Ij8K)>64*6=CMI/6CM&0c&3,?.G V cW,j&fDEI/.Y& [.YC-$ 17)m&(*)eDd,jq:C-D'S*D Ijn?)>6+X,54W4z)76=CMI:9WI5T&=(*)')7q:)>1S*&C-I?$lI5TU,(*CMi/(*)764*6=CMI/6CM&0ck&3,?.G9*S*)
&=IE.)7+MT.YS .4z)7$ .CMI/$CX.P6=)>.Y&6=C-1&)<9&=I Q
bI5&)e&=( ,j&mC-$x,W.cO.Y&)>D 8P(*)76=)d.YI/DE)ZI?TU&( )E&=,?.G:.H,56=)Z$*I/$*4*6=)7)>De4*&=, V +M)/[\&(*)E)7Žz)<1 &mI5T^.Y)>+ATP.YSL.Y4z)7$ .C-I?$yCX.HD'SL13({DEI?6=)
.)7n/)76=)H&( ,?$W&( ,5&f1I/DE4*S:&)<9 V c‹FqO4 6>Q J:Q Ì (*QŒ^( )p6)<,?.I?$TaI?6&(*CX.bCX.P&=( ,j&)7n?)>6ck&C-DE)Z,d4*6=I:1)<..I?6.)7+MTF.YS .4z)7$ 9*.bCA&3.Y)>+AT0[CM&
+-I/.)>.&( )4 6I:1)<..I?6<Q]#™&Dd,oc V ) V +-I:13G?)<9 V cp,$*I?$:@™4*6=)7)>De4*&C-n?)+MIj8)7624*6=CMI/6CM&0cf&=,/.YGp,5Tƒ&)762&=(*)P1I/De4 +M)7&C-I?$eI5TL.)7+MTz.S .4L)>$ .YC-I?$JQ
Œ^(OS .>[/C-$k,'$*I?$:@™4*6=)7)>De4*&=, V +M)b.=1)>$ ,56=C-I [/,m&=,?.GeCM$ 17S*63.K9:)>+-,oc:.F9*S*)&=IZ.)7+MTƒ@™.S .4L)>$ .YC-I?$dI?T]CA&3.Y)>+AT,5$ 9ECM&=.K(*C-i?(*)>6U4*6=CMI/6CM&0cZ&=,?.G:.
,?$ 9&=(*)p9:)>+-,oc1>,5S .)>99:S*)f&IE$*I/$:@™4*6)>)7DE4:&3, V +-)+-Ij8)76^4*6=CMI/6CM&0cE&=,/.YG:.>QFR V nOC-I?S .+Mc/[:,'&3,?.G17,?$$*I?&Pi?)&9:)>+-,oc/)>99:S*)H&Ie&=(*)
.)7+MT2.S .4L)>$ .CMI/$I?T,E+-Ij8K)>64 6C-I?6=CA&0cd$ I?$:@™4*6=)7)7DE4:&3, V +-)f&=,/.YGQ
Œ^(*)Zg _|Ä&3,?.G.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0c17I?$ 9:CM&C-I?$lI?T ]C-S_,5$ 9 ,ocN+X,5$L9x¼h‹q:4*6<Q J:Q Ì Ë/¾$ )7)>9 .P&I13( ,5$*i/)m8P(*)7$l8)'17I?$ .C-9*)76P&=(*)
)7Žz)<1 &PI5T.)7+MT.S .4L)>$ .YC-I?$I5T]&3,?.G:.7QŒIZ1I/$ .C-9:)>6&(*)f)Ž)>1&^I?T.)7+MT.YSL.Y4z)7$ .C-I?$ .C-$‹q:4*6<Q J:Q Ì Ë [/8)$ )7)>9&IE.YS V .0&=CA&=S:&) &o» V c
¼ &<I»  0»h¾Q#™TF8)'1I/$ .YCX9:)>6&( )')Ž)>1&I?T.)7+MTU.S .Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$lI/$l&=,/.YGW1I/De4 +M)7&C-I?$W&C-DE)?[z&( ) ])>(*I:1•>GNc16=CA&=)76=CMI/$t¼”‹FqO4 6>!Q J*Q Ì J?¾
8I?S*+X9,5+X.YIE( ,on/)b&=I V )mi/)7$*)>6=,?+MC-•7)<9\˜
» F z»
&»  »  ! &  » >¼KJ Ì /¾
 F 

}x)( ,on/).YIlT”,?6pC-De4 +MCX1CM&+-cs,?.=.YS*DE)<9x&( ,5&Z,W&=,/.YG{S*$ 9:)>6i/IO)>.p,5&'DEI/.Y&Z,_.CM$*i/+M).Y)>+AT.S .Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$]Ql¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[JCMTb,W&3,?.G

*S $L9:)76=i?IO)>.DZS*+A&=CM4 +M)m.)7+MT.S .Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$ .>[O&( )7$&(*)m)7qO4 6)<..CMI/$ J:Q Ì Z8)f9:)>6C-n?)<9k, V Ijn/)8I?S*+X9$ )7)>9k&I V )m13( ,5$*i/)>9\Q2}x)H+M)<,on?)
&=(*C-.b,?.P,5$)q:)>6=17C-.)fTaI?6^&( )m6)<,?9:)>6>Q

?Ë


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ]­ 2À”´ µ KI/$ .C-9:)>6&(*)TaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*iE.Y)7&I?T4z)76=CMI:9:CX16)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&3,?.G:.7˜2ºGF . ¼ &F . Ì ËpDd.Y)<15[8OF . (5Ë'Dd.Y)<1>¾ [:ºOH . ¼ &H . J9(
Dd.)>15[8CH . Ì (5ËpDd.)>1<¾ Qº N . ¼ & N . (5ËZDE.)>1?[8 N . J5Ë?ËZDd.Y)<1>¾Q2|..S*DE)H&(L,j&^&(*)p.)7+MT.S .4L)>$ .CMI/$k&=CMDE)>.^I?TºGFo[ ºOH5[*,?$ 9kº N ,56=)


DECM+-+MCU–:)>1I/$ 9*.>[ DeC-+-+MCU–O)<1I/$ 9*.>[J,5$ 9 (DEC-+M+-CK–O)<1I/$ 9*.>[\6)<.Y4z)>1&C-n?)7+-c?Q"b)7&)76=DECM$ )e8P( )&( )76H&( )Z&3,?.G:.8I?S +-9yDe)>)&H&( )7C-6
6=)>.4L)<1 &=CMn/)H9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.>[:CMT2.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9S .YC-$*idg _|'Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ Œ^(*)P&=,/.YG:.F,?6),5+-6)<,?9:cZI?639:)76=)>9eC-$9:)>.=1)>$ 9:C-$*ipI?639:)>6FI5T&( )7C-6K4*6=C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.7QKceS .CM$ im&(*)i?)>$*)763,5+-CM•>)>9 ])>(*I:1•>GNc' .
17I?$ 9:CM&C-I?$i?C-n?)>$ V ck‹Fq:4*6>Q J*Q Ì Z8)Hi?)7&>˜
r I?6PGº F&I V )p.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?˜P¼ Ì !Ë  /¾ 1 &65 (59Ë 1  &65jQ2Œ^(*)76=)TaI/6)HGº Fb8KI/S*+-9DE)7)7&CA&3.^; 63.0&9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )?Q
r I?6POº H&I V )p.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?˜P3¼ J9( ! Ì Ë ! N¾ 1 & 5 Ì (59Ë 1  &65jQ2Œ^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[:Oº HDE)>)&=.CA&3.; 6=.Y&b9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )?Q


r I?6º N &=I V )'.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?˜f¼ (5!Ë  Ì/Ì «¼ Ì Ë ! # J ( ! J?¾¾ 1 &65 J?Ë?2Ë 1 &65jQUŒ^(*CX.C-$*)>`NS ,?+MCM&0ckCX.b,?+-.Id.,5&CX.0;L)>9\Q^Œ^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[
6 

º N 8KI/S*+X9,?+-.IeDe)>)&CM&=.^;L6=.Y&9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/Q


#™&Z1>,5$u&=(*)76=)TaI/6) V )k1I/$ 1+-S 9:)<9x&( ,5&'&=(*)i?C-n?)>$u&=,/.YGx.Y)7&'C-.Z.13( )>9:S*+X, V +M)S $ 9:)76eg _| )>n?)>$s8P(*)7$t.)7+MT.YS .4z)7$ .CMI/$sI5T
&3,?.GO.^CX.P1I/$ .C-9:)>6)<9\Q 


<8
$  $2(& (G<$/ 7"9$  :* #"%$9*+
*   *  &7$&;.9)3 ).
*& $ '& '&

J)&S .P)7q*,5DECM$)&=(*)m)Ž)>1&I5T1I/$/&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13( )>.^I?$&=(*)mi?)>$*)763,5+-CM•>)>9 ])7( IO17•7GOc' .&=)>.Y&'¼”‹FqO4 6>Q *J Q Ì /¾FTaI?6b.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0cI5T2,

&3,?.GZ.)&>[/&(L,j&F&3,5G?)<.F.)7+MT\.S .4L)>$ .CMI/$ V cZ&=,/.YG:.C-$N&Ip,/171I/S*$N&>Q#%$,H;*q:)>9E4 6C-I?6=CA&0cZ4*6=)7)7DE4:&3, V +-).cO.Y&)>DW[/)<,?13(e&=,/.YGZ4*6)>)7DE4:&3.
,5&fDEI/.Y&HI?$*)eI5&=(*)76f&=,/.YGWCMTU&=(*)76=)ZCX.f$*IW.Y)>+AT^.YS .4z)7$ .CMI/$]QpŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[)>,/13(l&=,/.YG_.S:Ž)763.f,5&fDEIN.0&f&08KI1I/$/&=)qO&m.Y8PCM&=13(*)<. V
I/$*)d1I?$N&=)qO&p.Y8PCM&=13(x8P(*)7$xCM&m.Y&=,?6Y&3.m,5$ 9x,5$ I5&( )76H8P(*)7$xCM&'1I?DE4*+-)&=)>.>QZ#™&pCX.H)>,/.YcW&=IW6)<,5+-CM•>)'&=( ,j&p,5$Ocl&=CMDE)d8P(*)>$x,&3,?.G
.)7+MTƒ@™.S .4L)>$ 9*.>[CA&m17,?S .Y)<.,5&DEI/.Y&b&08I,/9*9:CM&C-I?$ ,?+17I?$N&)7qO&f.8PCA&313(*)>.>Q .YC-$*iW,k.CMDEC-+-,?6b6=)>,/.YI/$*CM$ i [z8K)e17,5${9:)&=)76=DeC-$*)Z&( ,5&
8P(*)>$u)>,?13(x&3,?.GyCX.p,5+-+MIj8)>9_&Iy.)7+MTƒ@%.YS .4z)7$ 9{&08PCX1)?[,?9*9*CA&=CMI/$ ,5+TaI/S*6'17I?$N&)7qN&'.8PCM&=13(*C-$*ilIjn?)>6( )>,?9 .,?6)dC-$ 1S 66=)>9\Q ])&pSL.


9:)>$*I5&=)&=(*)bDd,jq:C-D'S*D1I/$N&)qO&^.Y8PCM&=13(E&=CMDE),/. B:QŒ^(*)b)7Žz)<1 &I5TJ,p.CM$ i?+-)b.Y)>+ATƒ@%.S .Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$dI?T\&=,?.G:.FCX.&=I')Ž)>1&C-n?)>+MceCM$L16=)>,?.)

&=(*)d)q:)>17S:&C-I?$y&C-DE)dI5TK)<,?13({&=,/.YGlº\»^C-$y&=(*)d8KI/6=.Y&m17,?.)ZTa6I/D &o»&4I &o#» "# j1?QZŒ^(OS .>[1I/$N&)qO&m.Y8PCM&=13( CM$*iWIjn/)76=(*)>,/9lCM$x&=(*)
4*6=)>.)7$L1)HI5T,d.YC-$*i/+M)p.)7+MTƒ@™.S .4L)>$ .CMI/$I?T&3,?.GO.b17,5$ V )H&=,?G?)7$l1>,56=)fI?T V c6)>4*+-,/1C-$*ie&(*)m)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$&C-DE)pI5T,e&=,/.YGº\» V cy¼ &o»
"# j1>¾UC-$W‹Fq:4*6>Q J*Q Ì *Q2}{)p1>,5$)>,/.YC-+Mck)qO&)>$ 9&(*CX.P,56=i?S*DE)>$/&^&=IE17I?$ .CX9:)76^&08I [O&=(*6)>)?[:I/6PDeI/6)m.)7+MT2.S .4L)>$ .CMI/$ .7Q

š Ÿ\ªª Wžª 7¦ ª7¦   >¦ £¥m©¤+©P¥ › 3¤-W¥f¤+œe¦Wª

  

~} (*C-+-)',54*4 +McOC-$*ikg _| &I4*63,?1&CX17,?+\4*6I V +-)7Dd.7[z,eTa)78ÄC-$/&=)76=)>.Y&C-$*idCX..S*)>.1I/De)mS 4]QPŒ^(*)m; 63.0&CX.=.YS*)p&( ,5&b8K)p9*C-.=1S .=.b,?6CX.)>.

9:S )p&Ik&(*)'T”,?1&b&(L,j&mg _| 9*IN)<.b$ I5&f17I?$ .CX9:)76P&3,?.Gl16=CA&=C-1>,5+-CA&=CM)<.7QbŒ^( )'I5&=(*)76fCX..S*)>.&( ,5&8)Z9:CX.=1S .=.b,?6)'17I?4*C-$*iS 4y8PCM&(
+-CMDECM&)<9Z$OS*D V )>62I5TL4 6C-I?6=CA&0cm+-)7n/)7+X.&( ,5&U1I?DEDE)7631CX,5+NI?4z)763,j&=CM$ if.c:.0&=)7Dd..YS 4*4LI/6Y&3.7[/,5$ 9'( ,5$ 9*+MC-$*iHI5T,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1K,?$ 9e.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1
&3,?.GO.>Q
 7
 $&./877$&; O35 * 7'8 02 N :* K"9$ ; )357"./
#" &

| .YCM&S ,5&C-I?$l&=( ,j&f6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)'.c:.0&=)7D 9:)>.C-i?$*)>6=.bI5Tƒ&)>$_( ,on/)m&Ik9*)>,5+8PCM&(_8P(*C-+-)Z9:)>n?)7+-I?4 CM$*ik4*6=,/1 &=C-1>,5+J,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&C-I?$L.7[zC-.( ,?$:@

9:+-C-$*il,54*4*+-CX17,j&=CMI/$ .TaI?6H8P(*CX13(y&=(*)E&=,/.YG_176CM&CX17,?+MCM&C-)>.H,?6)E9:CMŽz)>6)>$/&HTa6=I?D &3,?.Gl4*6=CMI/6CM&C-)>.>Q KI/$ .YCX9:)>6&=(*)d.YCM&SL,j&C-I?$x8P(*)>6)E,
n/)76=ck16=CA&=C-1>,5+\&3,?.G( ,/.,E(*C-i?(*)>6P4L)>6C-I:9&( ,?$W.I?DE)H&3,?.G( ,onOCM$ iE,E+-Ij8)7616=CM&CX17,5+-CM&0c?QF#%$&( C-.17,?.)?[O&=(*)p(*C-i?( +Mc16=CA&=C-1>,5+\&3,?.G
8I?S*+X9 V ),/..C-i?$*)<9y+-Ij8K)>6m4*6=CMI/6CM&0cl&(L,5$s,W+MIj8 16=CA&=C-1>,5+-CA&0c_&=,?.GQk|b.Z,6)<.YS*+M&>[&( )16=CA&=C-1>,5+&3,?.G_DECMi/(/&',5&p&C-DE)>.mDECX..pCA&3.
9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)P9:S*)&Im,f.YC-DE4*+M)&=6=,?$ .YC-)7$N&2Ijn?)>6+-I/,/9HI5Tz,f+-Ij816=CM&CX17,5+\¼ V S:&F(*C-i?(e4*6=CMI/6CM&0c*¾&=,/.YGQ#™TL8)P.YC-DE4*+Mc'6=,?C-.)>9H&=(*)P4*6=CMI/6CM&0cHI5T
,Z16=CA&=C-1>,5+L&=,?.GZ&I'( CMi/(k+-)7n?)>+-.>[/&(*)>$d&(*)Hg _| .=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0ce6=)>.S*+M&=.U8KI/S*+-9$*I5&^(*I?+X9,?$ 99:)7&)76=DECM$ CM$*i'&(*)H.=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0c
I?T2,E.)&PI5T&=,/.YG:.^8I?S*+X9 V )>17I?DE)H)qO&6=)7DE)>+Mck9*C 1S +A&<Q
|.I?+-S:&C-I?$y&I&(*CX.H4*6=I V +-)7D 8,/.4 6I/4LIN.Y)<9 V c{–O( ,W,5$L9{g,5— HS*Dd,56 # ™QE–:( ,,?$ 9xg,j— HS*Dd,56 .H.I?+-S:&C-I?${C-.HGO$*Ij8P$
,/.b&=(*) U´NÆoÁhÊ]Ų7Æj­*±® 3™ÊLÆ ­:²>ÁhÊL±²>´O³ R±Á \ÇC´ B #%$_&=(*C-.&=)>13(*$*CX`NS*)?[,k16=CM&CX17,5+&3,?.GlC-.f+-I?i?CX17,?+M+-cW9:CMnOCX9:)>9{C-$/&=IDd,?$Ncl.Dd,5+-+


.S V &3,?.GO.>5Q ])7&º\» V )H,e16=CA&=C-1>,5+z&=,/.YGE&=( ,j&^C-.^.4*+-CA&PC-$/&=IZG.S V &3,?.G:.75Q ])7&P)>,?13(kI5T]&=(*)>.)m.YS V &=,?.G:.U(L,on?)b4z)76=C-IO9 QF–OC-DeC-+X,56=+Mc/[




 Ì

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 &=(*)'9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )p,5$ 98I?63.0&17,/.Y)m)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$&C-DE)>.I?T&=(*)>.)'.S V &3,?.GO.^8PC-+-+ V )
,5$ 9 6=)>.4L)<1 &=CMn/)7+-c?QKŒ^( )m$*)&b)7Žz)<1 &b8P( )7$l,
&3,?.Gº\»2C-.P.4*+-CA&C-$N&IdGk.S V &3,?.GO.>˜ >º F 7 7Yº mC-.^&=IE)Ž)>1 &=CMn/)7+-ck63,5CX.Y)&( )m4*6C-I?6=CM&0cdI5T2º»YQ
  
9

‹K,?13(W.YS V &=,?.GkI?T&=(*)'176CM&CX17,?+\&=,/.YGº » 8KI/S*+-9 V )p6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&)<9 V cº »". 7 7 mQŒ^(*I?S*i/(W8K)H&3,5+-G?)>9I?T,d176CM&CX17,?+

&3,?.G V )>CM$*im.4*+-CA&2S*4eCM$N&IHGm4 ,?6Y&3.7[o&=(*CX.2C-.29:I/$*)^nNC-6&S ,?+M+-cm,j&F,17I?$ 17)74:&=S ,5+O+-)7n/)7+B[j6=,5&(*)>6&=( ,5$ZDd,5GOCM$ if,?$Ncp13(L,5$*i/)>.4*(OcO.CX17,5+-+-c
    

&=IH&(*)P&3,?.GpCM&=.)7+MT0Q2Œ^( )4L)>6C-I:9Z&63,5$ .YTaI?6=Dd,j&C-I?$'&)<13(*$*CX`/S )P)Ž)>1 &=CMn/)7+-c'63,5CX.Y)<.&(*)b4*6C-I?6=CM&0cpI5T\,m16=CA&=C-1>,5+O&3,?.Gp&Im( CMi/(*)76nj,5+-S*)<.

8PCM&(*I/S:&Dd,?GNC-$*iE&=(*)Zg y| ,5$L,5+-cO.CX.P6)<.YS +A&3.P&I?&=,?+M+-cC-$Onj,5+-C-9\Q¶bIj8K)>n?)>6>[*9:S )p&I&(*)Z6=,?C-.CM$ idI5T2&(*)Z4*6=CMI/6CM&0ckI?T&=(*)Z176CM&CX17,?+
&3,?.Gz[\g y| .=13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+MCM&0cl6=)>.S*+A&3.9*I$*I?&f( I?+X9y,?1>1S*63,j&=)7+-c?QmŒ^(*)E1S*+-4*6=CA&mCX.&(*)ZT”,?1&&=( ,j&H&( )ZS:&=CM+-C-•>,j&=CMI/$x9*S*)'&=I,?+M+&=(*)
(*C-i?( )764*6=C-I?6=CA&0ck&=,?.G:.PCX.C-$WT”,?1 &fG :¼ &o» jG*¾ :;¼ L» jG*¾ . G 8&o»  z»0[z8P(*)76=)>,/.&(*)>CM6f,?1&S ,?+JS:&=CM+-CM•<,j&=CMI/$lC-". &<»  L»YQPŒ^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[ )7n/)7$
8P(*)>$&=,?.G:.P,54*4z)>,?6^&I V )mS*$ .=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)p,jTƒ&)>6^&=,/.YG.Y4*+-CM&Y&C-$*i,/.^CM$ 9*C-1>,j&)<9 V ck&(*)pg _| .=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0ck,5$ ,?+Mc:.C-.^6=)>.S*+M&=.>[
&=(*)7cDE,oc,?1 &=S ,5+-+-c V )p.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?Q

  $&./877$&;  (G<35:".& $&. (G" 3 .& 02  $ #"

b$ 9:)76Eg _|’CM&eCX.Z9*C  1S +A&e&Ix,?.=.YC-i?$s(*C-i?(4*6C-I?6=CM&0c{nj,5+-S*)<.p&=I{.4LI/6=,/9:C-1d&=,?.G:.7[.CM$L1), V S*63.0&eI5Tb.4LI/6=,/9:CX1E&=,/.YGs,56=6=CMnj,5+X.

8I?S*+X9Ijn?)76=+-I/,?9d&(*)p.c:.0&=)7D’,?$ 917,5SL.Y)HDd,5$Ocd&3,?.GO.&=IdDEC-.=.&(*)>CM69:)>,/9:+MC-$*)<.7QF|b+-.I [*g y | .13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+-CA&0ck,?$ ,5+-c:.YCX.^6=)>.S*+A&3.


&=( ,j&f8K)'9*C-.=1S .=.)>9WC-$l&(*CX.b13(L,54:&=)76,?6)'$*I5&,?$OcDEI?6=)p,54 4*+MCX17, V +-)p8P(*)7${,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1p,5$L9l.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1H&3,?.GO.b,56=)',?.=.YC-i?$ )>9(*C-i?(

4*6=C-I?6=CA&0clnj,5+-S*)<.7QdŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)e,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1E,?$ 9{.4zI?63,?9:CX1p&3,?.G:.f,?6)ES .S ,?+M+-cy,?.=.CMi/$*)>9yn?)76=cl+-Ij8 4*6=CMI/6CM&0clnj,5+-S*)>.>QE¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[\C-$
Dd,5$Ocd4*63,?1&CX17,?+.CM&S ,5&C-I?$ .&3,?.GO.^.S 13(W,?.( ,5$L9:+MC-$*iE)7DE)>6i/)7$ 17c1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$ .P,56=)&C-De) V I?S*$L9,?$ 916=CA&=C-1>,5+\,5$ 9Dd,ocd6)<`NS*CM6=)
(*C-i?(k4*6C-I?6=CM&0cZnj,5+-S*)b&I V )f,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9e&IE,p.4LI/6=,/9:C-1&=,/.YGQ#%$.S 13(k.CA&=S ,j&=CMI/$ .7[/&( )bTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ i',54z)76=CMI:9:CX1b.)76=n?)>6&)<13(*$*CX`NS*)1>,5$
V )mS .)>9\Q
È U´NÆoÁhÊ]ÅÁ”"³ QJ´NÆ<Âz´NÆNµ |$E,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1.Y)>6n/)76( ,5$ 9*+M)<.,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1K,?$ 9e.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1U&=,?.G:.2,?.&(*)>c',56=CX.Y)/[5.Y)>+M)<1 &=.&=(*)7D ,j&F,54*4 6I/4*6CM@
,5&)f&C-DE)>.>[ ,5$ 94 ,/..)>.&=(*)7D·&Id,5$lg y| .13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Q2#™&DE,?G?)<.P,5$I5&( )76=8PC-.)m9:C 17S*+A&P&=I,5$ ,?+McO•>)H,?4L)>6C-I:9:CX1f,?$ 9.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1
&3,?.GO.b.YS*CM&=, V +-)HTaI?6b.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0c,?$ ,5+-c:.YCX.7QKŒ^(*)'.)76=n?)76P9:)>4LIN.YCM&=., 0&=C-13G/)&  [:8P(*CX13(lC-.P6=)74 +M)>$*C-.(*)<9,5&&( )p)q:4*C-6=,5&C-I?$I5T,
17)76&=,5C-$W6)>4*+-)7$*CX.Y( De)>$N&b4L)>6C-I:9\QP}~(*)>$_,5$_,54z)76=C-IO9*C-1m)>n?)>$/&I:1>1S*63.7[ &(*)Z.Y)>6n/)7613(*)<13GO.P&Ik.)7)pCMTU,5$Ock&CX13G?)&C-.,ono,?CM+X, V +M)/QK#™T
CM&fCX.>[&(*)d.cO.Y&)>D CMDEDE)>9*C-,5&)7+-cl4 ,/..)>.I?$l&=(*)d,56=6C-nOCM$ id&=,/.YGW&=I&( )E.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Qf#™&H&=(*)7$x16=)>,j&=)>.f,5$*I?&(*)>6b&=C-13G/)& V ,?.)>9_I?$
&=(*)k.4L)<1CM;L1e&CX13G?)7&'16=)>,j&=CMI/${4zI?+-CX1cyCM&'S .)>.>Q|b$t,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1E.Y)>6n/)76mDd,5G/)>.m,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1e&3,?.G:.HDeI/6)d4 6)<9:C-1&=, V +M)/[,?$ 9x(*)7$ 17)
Dd,5G/)>.K&( )7D’.S*CM&=, V +M)fTaI/6,5$ ,?+Mc:.C-.8PCM&(Wg _|pQ ,/.Y)<9I/$k&=(*)H&CX13G?)7&P176)<,j&=CMI/$k4zI?+-C-17CM)<.7[O&=(*)76=)m,56=))<..)7$N&CX,5+-+-cd&08KIZ&0cO4L)<.^I5T
,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1f.)76=n?)763.>˜?„ "„7€ € 7‰M„,?$ 9yŠ  ‡j€=?j”¹7QRbT&(*)<.Y)/[O&(*)m.4LI/6=,/9:C-1f.)76=n?)76K6)<.YS +A&3.^CM$(*CMi/(*)76P.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)S:&=CM+-C-•>,j&=CMI/$,?$ 9
+-)7$ 9 .CM&=.)7+MTKDEI/6)Z)>,?.C-+Mc&IW,5$L,5+-cO.CX.7Qm¶Ij8)7n/)76<[CA&HC-.fDEI?6=)Z17I?DE4*+-)ql&=IC-DE4*+M)>DE)7$N&>Qp#%$y&(*)eTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ ik8) V 6=C-5) L c_9:CX.=1S .=.
&=(*)>.)H&08KIZ&0cO4L)<.PI5T.)76=n?)763.>Q
#%$W, Å´ 3™´NÆoÆo­*ÉÀh´_®>´NÆoÂL´NÆ [:&=C-13G/)&=.b,56=)6=)74*+-)7$ C-.(*)>9W,5&^6=)7i/S*+X,56^CM$N&=)76=no,?+-.>[*1I/DE4*+M)7&)>+McCM$ 9*)74z)7$ 9:)>$N&I5T&(*)p,/1 &SL,5+&CX13G?)7&
S .=,5i/)?QK#™TU,5$l,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1f&=,/.YGW,56=6=CMn/)>.>[O&(*)'.c:.0&=)7D 8PCM+-+J4 6I:1)<..^CM&C-DEDE)>9:CX,j&=)7+-cCMTCA&b(L,?.P)>$*I?S*i/(W&CX13G?)7&=.>[ ,5$ 9W8^,5CM&P&C-+-+J&=(*)
&=C-13G/)&=.^,?6)f6)>4*+-)7$*CX.Y( )>9CMT2CA&9:IO)>.$*I?&>QFŒ^(OS .>[O&(*)>6)H17,?$ V ) V S*63.0&3.I5TJ&3,?.G:..)7$N&&Ie&( )H.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76P,5$ 9,5+X.I'8P(*)>$$*Ie&3,?.G
CX.H.Y)>$/&mIjn/)76,9:S*63,j&=CMI/$][&CX13G?)7&=.H,56=)E,?1717S*D'S +-,5&)>9]Qp}~(*C-+M)d,9:)Ta)>663, V +-)Z.)76=n?)>6CX.H.YC-DE4*+-)76f&IWC-De4 +M)>De)>$N&m17I?DE4 ,?6)<9W&IW,
.4LI/6=,/9:CX1P.Y)>6n/)76<[jCA&^9:)7nOCX,j&)<.2Ta6=I?D &=(*)bg y|«.Y&6=C-1&F4L)>6C-I:9:C-1)q:)>17S:&C-I?$dDEI:9:)7+B[?8P( C-13(d+-)>,/9*.2&IZ1I?$L.Y)>6nj,j&=CMn/)P.Yc:.Y&)7D9:)<.YC-i?$
,?$ 9k+-Ij8«4 6I:1)<..I?6^S:&=CM+-C-•>,j&=CMI/$]Q
#%$_, ® UÊLÆj­*ÅÁh³_®<´/ÆoÂz´/Æ [z&( )'6=)74*+-)7$*CX.(*DE)7$N&&C-DE)Z9:)>4L)>$ 9*.I?$l)7q:,/1 &&=C-13G/)&bSL.,?i?)H&C-DE)?Qb|..IOI?$_,/.,d&=C-13G/)&bCX.S .)>9][
&=(*)k.cO.Y&)>D.)&3.p,W&=CMDE)76p&( ,5&'6)>4*+X,?1)<.p,5$Oc{S .Y)<9x&CX13G?)7&=.m8P(*)>$sCA&Zi?IO)>.mI?ŽQW| .4LI/6=,/9:CX1d.Y)>6n/)76H&( )76=)TaI?6=)di?SL,563,5$N&)>)>.H,
DEC-$*CMDZS*D .Y)>4 ,563,j&=CMI/$ V )7&08K)>)7$l&08IC-$ .0&3,5$ 17)>.bI5TU,E&3,?.GzQŒ^(NSL.7[zCA&f(*)7+-4 .S .b&Ik17I?$ .C-9*)76,k.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1mI/6b,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1m&3,?.G,/.
,W4z)76=CMI:9:CX1E&3,?.G{9:S*6=C-$*iy.=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0c{,5$L,5+-cO.CX.m,5$ 9s,/..CMi/$s,l.YS*CM&=, V +-)4*6=CMI/6CM&0cl&IyCA&<Q_RbT17I?S*63.Y)/[JC-$t.YI/DE)d4L)>6C-I:9*.m&=(*)
,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1fI/6.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1b&=,?.GDd,oc$*I?&b,56=C-.)?Q2Œ^(*CX.P+-)>,?9 .&Id.YI/DE)fS $ ,on?I/C-9*, V +-)  ÄC-9:+-C-$*i Q


#%$E)Ž)>1&>[N,5$d,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1P.)76=n?)762(*)>+M4L.Ijn?)>6=17I?DE)U&=(*)P$*I/$ 9:)&=)76=DECM$*CX.Y&CX1^$ ,j&=S*6)PI?T,?4L)>6C-I:9:CX1P,5$ 9E.4LI/6=,/9:C-1K&3,?.GO.,?$ 9e(*)7+-4

17I?$ .C-9*)76^&( )7D &=Id,'T”,/.0&b,?4*4*6=Ioq:CMDd,j&=CMI/$,/.^4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&3,?.GO.^8PCM&(W4z)76=CMI:9)>`NS ,?+&Ie&( )H&I?G/)7$i?)>$*)763,j&=CMI/$&C-DE)?Q

(J

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur


 O" (/$ ;  * K746:*C .#35:" 3@ * 
*& %<87
}~(*C-+-)e9:)>n?)>+MI/4*CM$ ik,d6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)e.Yc:.Y&)>D)7$ i?C-$*)7)>6=..YI/De)'&C-DE)>.bT”,?1)e,k.CA&=S ,j&=CMI/$_8P(*)>6)'&(*)Z$NS D V )76fI5TF6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)p&=,?.G:.bC-$
&=(*)k,54 4*+MCX17,5&C-I?$x)q*1)>)>9{&( )$OS*D V )76pI?T9:C-.Y&C-$ 1&'4*6=CMI/6CM&0c_+-)7n?)>+-.m.S*4*4zI?6&)<9 V cy&(*)kS*$ 9:)>6+-cOCM$*ilI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*il.Yc:.Y&)>DQŒ^(*CX.
.CA&=S ,j&=CMI/$uI5Tƒ&)>$sI:171S 6=.m8P( CM+-)k9:)>n?)7+-I?4 CM$*il.Dd,5+-+U)7D V )<9*9:)<9s,54*4*+-CX17,j&=CMI/$ .>[J8P(*)>6)E&=(*))7D V )<9*9:)<9s1I?DE4*S*&)763.m( ,on/).Y)>n?)>6)
+-CMDECM&=,5&C-I?$ .KI?$DE)>DeI/6cE.CM•>)?Q‹Fn/)7$dI5&=(*)76=8PCX.Y)/[/6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)I?4z)763,j&=CM$*iZ.Yc:.Y&)7Dd.K$*I?6=Dd,5+-+Mce9:I'$ I5&.S*4*4zI?6&U&=IOI'Dd,5$Oce4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
+-)7n/)7+X.b¼a8P(Oc o¾ Q|+X.I [NI5Tƒ&)>$I?S*&UI5T\&=(*)P&I?&=,?+L$OS*D V )>6UI5T\4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cZ+M)>n?)7+X.U.S*4*4zI?6&)<9 V cE,?$dI?4z)763,j&=CM$*ip.c:.0&=)7DW[NI?$*+-ce,mTa)78 ,56=)
)<,56=DE,?6G/)>9,/.^6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)H+-)7n?)>+-.>QŒ^(*)m$OS*D V )76bI5T4 6C-I?6=CA&0cdnj,?+MS*)<.^&0cO4*CX17,5+-+-cnj,56=CM)<.UTa6=I?D *Z&I J9( 'C-$l1I/DeDE)>6=17C-,?+zI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*i
.c:.0&=)7Dd.7Q2|b.&=(*)^$OS*D V )76I?Tz4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cm+-)7n/)7+X.C-$ 176)<,?.)>.>[o&(*)^$OS*D V )76I?TLTa)>)>9 V ,?13Gp`NS*)7S )>.&I V )PDd,5C-$/&3,5C-$*)>9 V cm&( )I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*i
.c:.0&=)7D ¼”.)7)HrCMiLQ Ì (?¾K,5+X.I'C-$ 16=)>,/.Y)<.7Q2Œ^(*CX.K$ I5&^I?$*+-cdCM$L16=)>,?.)>.F&(*)HDE)7DEI/6cE6=)>`NS*C-6)>De)>$N&>[ V S:&P,5+X.YIZCM$L16=)>,?.)>.U&( )f4 6I:1)<..Y@
C-$*idIjn?)>6( )>,?9k,j&)7n/)76=ck.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*iE4LI/CM$N&<QU|&)7n/)76=ck.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*iE4LI/CM$N&>[*&(*)pI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*iE.Yc:.Y&)7D .Y)>+M)<1 &3.&(*)p( CMi/(*)>.Y&P4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
&3,?.G V cE.1>,5$*$ CM$*ie,5+-+ &=(*)b4 6C-I?6=CA&0cE`NS*)7S )>.>Q–*17,5$ $*CM$ i',p+X,56=i?)$OS*D V )>6KI?TJ`NS*)7S*)<.U8I?S +-9EC-$ 1S 617I?$ .C-9*)763, V +-)b1I/DE4*S:&=,5&C-I?$ ,?+
Ijn/)76=(*)>,/9\Q{ŒIy6=)>9:SL1)&=(*)I?4z)763,j&C-$*ix.Yc:.Y&)7D‘Ijn/)76=+MIN,?9u,5$ 9t&I{CMDE4*6=Ijn?)k&(*)&=,/.YGu6=)>.4LI/$ .Y)&C-De)<.7[U6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)kI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*i
.c:.0&=)7Dd.P.YS 4*4LI/6Y&I/$*+-ck,e6)<.0&=6CX1 &=)>9$NS D V )76PI5T24*6=CMI/6CM&0cd+-)7n?)>+-.>Q
}~(*)>$&=(*)76=)l,56=)DEI/6)W6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)&=,/.YG:.EC-$v,?$v,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$&=( ,5$“&(*)W$OS*D V )>6dI5TH4*6C-I?6=CM&0cx+-)7n/)7+X.d,onj,5C-+-, V +M)Ta6=I?D &=(*)
I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*im.Yc:.Y&)7DW[/DeI/6)&=( ,5$EI?$ )^&=,?.Gp8I?S*+X9e( ,on?)&=I V )PDd,?9*)^&Ip.( ,56=)P,f.C-$*i?+-)P4*6=CMI/6CM&0cmnj,5+-S*),5DEI?$ i&=(*)7Dd.)7+-n?)<.7Q2Œ^(*CX.
I?T217I?S*63.Y)f8I?S*+X9k6=)>.S*+M&PCM$W+-Ij8K)>6^,/13(*C-)7nj, V +-)H4*6=IO17)>.=.YI/6KS*&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$&( ,?$W8P( ,j&P8^,?.^4*6=)>9:CX1 &=)>9 V c&( )pg _| .=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0c
)7qO4 6)<..CMI/$ .>QŒ^(*CX.P8I?S*+X9 V )p,?4*4 ,56=)7$N&Ta6I/D &=(*)HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*iE,5$ ,?+Mc:.C-.>Q
J)&PS .P$*Ij8,5$ ,?+McO•7)f&=(*)m)Ž)>1&I5T.( ,?6C-$*iE,e.C-$*i?+-)H4*6C-I?6=CM&0cd+M)>n?)7+],?DEI?$*id,E.Y)7&PI5T&=,?.G:.7QrC-6=.Y&>[:+-)&S .CM$On?)<.0&=CMiN,j&=)(*Ij8
&=(*) ])>(*I:1•7GO'c .&)>.Y&'¼”‹Fq:4*6>Q J*Q Ì J?¾K8KI/S*+X913( ,?$*i?)f8P(*)>$4 6C-I?6=CA&0c.Y( ,?6C-$*iE,5DEI?$ i'&3,?.GO.^CX.17I?$ .C-9*)76=)>9\5Q ])7"& 3 d¼aº\»B¾ V )H&=(*)
.)&I?T,5+-+&=,/.YG:.P.( ,56=C-$*id,e.C-$*i?+-)H4*6C-I?6=CM&0cdno,?+MS )m8PCA&=(&=(*)H&=,/.YGkº»YQFŒ^(*)7$J[:TaI?6,E.)&PI5T&=,/.YG:.&I V )p.13( )>9:S*+X, V +M)/[


» OF
 »
&»  »  &  ! &  » >¼3J IÌ  ¾



   
 F

Œ^(*)&=)76=D & C-.$*)<1)<..=,56=cp.YC-$ 17),f6=I?S*$ 9p; 63.0&F1I/DE)U; 63.Y&.)76=n?)<9¼”r r–*¾2.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i4zI?+-CX1cpCX.,?.=.YS De)<9',?DeI/$*i
)<`/SL,5+4*6C-I?6=CM&0c &=,/.YG:.>Qb#%$l&=(*CX.1>,?.)?[L&(*)Z&=,/.YGº 17,?$ V ) V +-IO13G/)>9 V cl,5$l)<`/SL,5+4*6C-I?6=CM&0ck&3,?.GI/$*+McWI/$ 1)pS $*+MC-G?)'&(*)e(*C-i?(*)>6

   

4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cW&3,?.GO.E¼a&(*C-6=9{&=)76=D CM${&( )e)7q:4*6)<..C-I?$L¾b8P(*CX13( V +-I:13G_º ,5&&=(*)7C-6p)>n?)76=cl,56=6C-nj,5+9:S*6=C-$*i&(*)E)q:)<1S:&=CMI/${I?TKº Qd|$

)<`/SL,5+\4*6=CMI/6CM&0cE&=,/.YGkS*$*+-CMG/)m(*CMi/(*)76P4 6C-I?6=CA&0cE&3,?.G:.P17,5$ V +-I:13Gk,Z&=,?.GI/$*+MckI?$ 17)?Q
ŒIdS*$ 9:)>6=.Y&=,?$ 98P(Oc,e&=,/.YGDd,ocki?)7& V +-IO13G/)>9 V c,?$)<`NS ,5+]4 6C-I?6=CA&0c&=,?.G,5&DEI/.Y&I?$ 17)?[ +-)&SL.b1I/$ .C-9:)>6^&(*)pTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i
)7q:,?DE4*+M)/Qf–OS 4*4LIN.Y)Zº\»K,?$ 9lEº D'.Y( ,?6)p&(*)E.,?DE)'4*6=CMI/6CM&0ck+-)7n/)7+B[ V S:&Eº D'( ,/.,kD'S 13(_.(*I/6Y&=)76b4z)76=C-IO9y1I?DE4 ,?6)<9Wº\»YQf| &3,?.G
C-$ .Y&=,5$L1)Eº\»1>,5$xi?)7& V +MI:13G?)<9 V cy,?${)<`/SL,5+4*6=CMI/6CM&0cW&=,/.YGlEº DEI?$*+-c_I?$L1)W¼ƒTaI?6H&=(*)9:S*63,j&=CMI/$yI?TU&=,/.YGy'º D<¾)>n?)7${&( I?S*i/(y&3,?.G
ºEDZDEC-i?(N&m( ,on?)e,.(*I?6&)>64z)76=C-IO9x1I/DE4 ,56=)>9W&=IWº»YQZŒ^(*CX.fC-. V )>1>,5S .)eI?$ 17)ZEº De17I?DE4*+-)&)<9yCM&=.H)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$][\º\»8KI/S*+X9_i?)7&&=I
)7qO)<1S:&=) U]º\»8I?S*+X9_)7qO)<1S:&=)'&=Il1I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/${.CM$L1)e'º DeCM$ .Y&=,?$ 1)<.&( ,5&fDd,oc_,56=6=CMn/)Z9:S*6=C-$*ik&=(*)e)q:)>17S:&C-I?$u17,?$y$*I?&f4*6=)7)>DE4:&
º » QF| &3,?.GC-$ .0&3,5$ 17)Hº » 1>,5$i?)7& V +MI:13G/)>9 V c,5$)>`NS ,5+\4 6C-I?6=CA&0c&=,?.Gº D I/$*+-cI?$ 17)d¼ƒTaI?6^&=(*)p9:S*63,j&=CMI/$I?T&3,?.Gº D ¾ Q
@HÆjÁ”ÊLÆjÁa² “È®>®<Á SzT± t´O±²'²>Ês¬­*®>¯]®?µ
#™&bCX.17+M)<,56P&=( ,j&b8P( )7$&(*)>6)Z,56=)fDEI/6)m6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)H&=,?.G:.^&=,/.YG:.^8PCM&(_9:CX.Y&C-$ 1 &f6)>+-,5&C-n?)m9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.^&(L,5$W&( )p$OS*D V )76I?T4*6C-I?6@


CM&0c_+-)7n?)>+-.m.S*4*4zI?6&)<9 V cy&(*)dI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*i.c:.0&=)7D V )7C-$*ilS .)>9][.I?DE)'&3,?.G:.H8KI/S*+-9{( ,on/)'&=I_.Y( ,?6)Z&( ).,?De)E4*6=C-I?6=CA&0clnj,5+-S*)/Q

¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[o&( )P)q*,?1&FDe)7&(*I:9eI5T\,?.=.CMi/$*CM$ i4*6=C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.&IH&=,/.YG:.1>,5$d.YC-i?$ CA;L1>,5$N&+-c',5Žz)<1 &&( ),?13(*C-)7nj, V +M)^4*6=I:1)>.=.I?62S:&C-+-CM•<,j&C-I?$JQ
È®>®<Á Sz±Áh± S ÆjÁ”ÊLÆjÁa² w²>Ês²<­*®7¯]®/µ #™&fC-.b$*I5&f9:C 17S*+A&&I6=)>,/.YI/$&( ,5&b6=,?$ 9:I/De+-c.)7+-)>1&C-$*id&3,?.GO.PTaI?6.( ,?6C-$*id4*6=CMI/6CM&0ck+-)7n/)7+X.
8I?S*+X9k.)7n/)76=)7+-cE+MIj8)76K&(*)m,/13(*CM)>nj, V +-)f.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)S*&C-+MC-•>,5&C-I?$]QŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)f.c:.0&=)7Dd,j&=C-18,oc:.KI5T.)7+-)>1&C-$*iE8P(*CX13(&=,/.YG:.$*)>)>9


&=IE.( ,?6)m,e4*6=CMI/6CM&0cdnj,5+-S*)p,56=)6=)>`NS*C-6=)>9\Q
|«+-,?6i/)$OS*D V )76I5TJ.=13(*)7DE)<.U,56=)b,onj,5C-+X, V +-)PTaI?6^,?.=.CMi/$*CM$ im4*6C-I?6=CM&0cZnj,5+-S*)<.F&=Ip&=,/.YG:.U8P(*)7$d&=(*)f$NS D V )76I5T]6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)&=,?.G:.
&=I V )f.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9d)q*17)7)>9 .F&=(*)f9*C-.Y&C-$ 1 &^6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)b4*6C-I?6=CM&0cZ+-)7n/)7+X.K.S*4*4zI?6&)<9 V cZ&=(*)fS*$ 9:)>6+-cOCM$*iZI?4z)763,j&=CM$*iZ.Yc:.Y&)7DWQF–OI/De)I5T
&=(*)mCMDE4zI?6&=,?$/&.=13(*)7DE)<.&( ,5&b,56=) V )7C-$*iES .)>9W,56=)&(*)HTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ i ˜
9

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ;  $*CMTaI?6=D’–:13( )7DE)?Q
; |6=CA&=(*DE)&=C-1p–:13( )7DE)?Q
; f)7I/De)7&6=C-1m–:13( )7DE)?Q

; ]I/i/,56=CM&(*DECX1f–:13( )7DE)?Q
}x)m$*Ij8«9:CX.=1S .=.^&( )>.)H.=13(*)>De)<.^CM$l.I?DE)m9:)&3,5C-+hQ
CB ±Á 3™Ê 4Æ QJ³ R´ t´zµ #%${&(*CX.m.13( )7DE)?[],?+M+&( )Z&3,?.G:.C-${&(*)d,54 4*+MCX17,5&C-I?$y,?6)eS*$*CMTaI?6=DE+Mc_9*CMnOCX9:)>9x,5DEI?$ i&( )E,onj,?CM+X, V +-)
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0ce+M)>n?)>+-.>Q $*CMTaI?6=D 9:C-nNCX.CMI/$I5T]&3,?.G:.U,5DEI/$*ip&=(*)f,onj,?CM+X, V +-)4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cE+-)7n?)>+-.17,?$)>,/.YC-+-c V )H,?13(*C-)7n/)>9E8P(*)>$&( )$OS*D V )>6

I?TJ4*6=CMI/6CM&0cZ+-)7n/)7+X.K.=`NS ,56=)7+-cE9:CMnOCX9:)>.K&=(*)$OS*D V )>6KI?T]&=,/.YG:.F&I V )H.13( )>9:S*+-)>9]Q#™TS*$*CMTaI?6=D 9:CMnOCX.YC-I?$kC-.K$*I5&^4zI/.=.YC V +-)?[N&(*)>$kDEI?6=)



&3,?.GO.m.(*I/S*+-9 V )dDE,/9:)e&I_.( ,56=)Z&(*)d+-Ij8K)>6H4*6C-I?6=CM&0c_+M)>n?)>+-.E¼aCBQ )?Q(*C-i?( )76H4*6=CMI/6CM&0c_nj,5+-S*)>.m,?6)E.( ,56=)>9 V c_+M)<..)76m$OS*D V )>6mI5T

&3,?.GO.3¾JTaI?6 V )&&)76K.13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+-CA&0c/Q|171I/6=9*CM$*i/+Mc/[5CMTL&=(*)76=),56=) w$OS*D V )>6FI5TL&=,/.YG:.,5$L9Z$E4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cm+-)7n/)7+X.7[j&=(*)7$  $OS*D V )>6I5T
&3,?.GE,?6)f,?.=.YC-i?$ )>9e&Ie)>,/13(+-)7n?)>+z,?$ 9E&=(*)6=)>.Y&^I5T\&( )b&3,?.GO.,56=)9*C-.Y&6=C V S:&)<9k,5DEI/$*im&( )+-Ij8K)>6K4 6C-I?6=CA&0ce+-)7n?)>+-.>Q2Œ^ (*)S $*CATaI/6D

4*6=C-I?6=CA&0c,/..CMi/$*DE)7$N&.13( )7DE)H( ,?. V )7)>$C-+-+MS .Y&63,j&=)>9k&(*6=I?S i?(&(*)HTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$ ie)7q*,5DE4*+-)?Q



]­ 2À”´  \µ #%$s,17)76&=,?CM$u,54*4 +MCX17,5&C-I?$ V )>CM$*il9:)>n?)>+MI/4L)<9\[\&( )76=),56=) Ì Ëk4z)76=CMI:9:CX1E6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)Z&=,/.YG:.HGº F67Oº H87 7YGº F d8P(*I/.)
4z)76=CMI:9*.b,56=)?˜ (:[ *[JQMQ-QM[ Ì #EDEC-+M+-C.)>1>.P6)<.Y4z)>1&C-n?)>+Mc/QUŒ^(*)>.)H&=,/.YG:.P,?6)H&=I V )p.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9S .YC-$*ig y|pQL¶bIj8K)>n?)>6>[:I/$*+Mc #E4*6C-I?6=CM&0c


+-)7n/)7+X.P,56=)H.S*4*4zI?6&)<9 V ck&(*)mS $ 9:)76=+-cNC-$*iEI?4z)763,j&=CM$ iE.c:.0&=)7DWQF#%$&( C-.PI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*id.Yc:.Y&)>D[*&(*)m+-Ij8K)>6^&(*)m4 6C-I?6=CA&0ckno,?+MS )?[:&=(*)

(*C-i?( )76HC-.&=(*)E4*6C-I?6=CM&0cI?TU&=(*)e&=,?.GQ'|b.=.CMi/${.S*CA&3, V +-)e4*6C-I?6=CM&0cl+M)>n?)7+X.b&I&=,/.YG:.S .YC-$*i&( )eS $*CATaI/6D ,/..C-i?$*DE)7$N&m.13( )7DE)'TaI/6
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ie&( )H&=,?.G:.^S .CM$*idg y|pQ
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz±Uµ
–OC-$ 17)^&(*)$OS*D V )>6FI5T4*6=CMI/6CM&0cp+-)7n/)7+X.F9:IO)>.$ I5&U.=`/SL,56=)7+-c'9:C-nNCX9:)^&=(*)$OS*D V )76UI5Tz&=,?.G:.2&I V )b.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9\[/.I?DE)^4*6=CMI/6CM&0cpnj,5+-S*)<.
( ,on/)e&I V ),?.=.YC-i?$*)<9yDEI/6)E&3,?.GO.f&=( ,5$x&=(*)I5&=(*)763.>QŒ^(*)d&=,/.YG:.m,?6)d,5+-6=)>,?9*cy.YI/6Y&=)>9{CM$s,/.17)7$ 9:C-$*iWI?639:)>6mI5T&(*)>CM6p4z)76=C-IO9 .
¼”ChQ )?QpC-${9*)>16=)>,/.YC-$*iI/6=9*)76fI5TF&=(*)7C-6H4*6C-I?6=CM&C-)>.3¾ QmrCM63.0&H+-)&mS .fS*$*CMTaI?6=DE+Mc_9:C-nOC-9*)'&=(*)'&3,?.G:.f,?DEI?$*id&=(*)E4*6=CMI/6CM&0cW+M)>n?)7+X.>[z)<,?13(
+-)7n/)7+CX.p,?.=.YC-i?$ )>9l&08I&=,/.YG:.H)>,/13(]QŒ^(*)d6=)>.Y&mI5T&(*)E&3,?.GO.m1>,5$x$*Ij8 V )k9:CX.Y&6=C V S*&)>9u,?DeI/$*i&(*)+-Ij8)76H4*6=CMI/6CM&0cl+M)>n?)>+-.>Q|
4zI/.=.YC V C-+MCM&0cWC-.&=( ,j&&(*)Z&08KI+MIj8)764*6=CMI/6CM&0c+-)7n/)7+X.,?6)Z,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9W&( 6)>)p&=,/.YG:.)>,/13(]Qfr 6I/D &(*CX.7[z&=(*)'TaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*ikCX.,.YS CA&3, V +-)
&3,?.Gk,?.=.YC-i?$ De)>$N&P.=13(*)>De)/˜
U6C-I?6=CA&0c J)7n/)7+ Ì ˜2Gº F67Oº HjQ
U6C-I?6=CA&0c J)7n/)7G+ J:˜2º N 7º P
U6C-I?6=CA&0c J)7n/)7'+ *˜2º  7º  7Yº
U6C-I?6=CA&0c J)7n/)7+ # ˜2º 27º  7YGº F




priority priority priority priority

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
task period in msec
r C-i?S 6) Ì ˜ b$*CMTaI?6=D F6=C-I?6=CA&0c|..CMi/$*DE)7$N&^&IŒ,?.G:.KI?T2‹Fq*,5DE4*+-) Ì (


Œ^(*CX.^4*6=CMI/6CM&0c,?.=.CMi/$*DE)7$N&.13(*)>DE)f(L,?. V )7)7$W4*CX1 &=I?6=C-,?+M+-ck.(*Ij8P$CM$WrCMiLQ Ì *Q

2#

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

  BtÈÆjÁa² R ´/²<Á”³ Q]³ R´ t´zµ #%$x&(*CX.m.=13(*)7DE)?[]&(*)d$OS*D V )>6mI5T&=,?.G:.H,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9l&=I_9:CAŽ)76=)7$N&m4*6=CMI/6CM&0cl+-)7n?)>+-.fTaI/6D¨,5$u,56=CA&=(:@
DE)&=C-14*6I/i?6=)>.=.YC-I?$JQk| 4zI/.=.YC V C-+MCM&0cyCX.m&=( ,j& ?6 &3,?.G:.H( ,onOCM$*iW&=(*)k.(*I?6&)<.0&p4z)76=C-IO9 .',56=)d,?.=.YC-i?$ )>9{&Il&=(*)(*C-i?( )>.Y&p4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
+-)7n/)7+B[ Jj6H&3,?.GO.H,?6)d,?.=.CMi/$*)>9_&(*)d$*)7qO&p(*CMi/(*)>.Y&m4*6=CMI/6CM&0cl+M)>n?)>+h[J,?$ 9x.YIWI?$JQ J)& V )E&(*)e&=I5&=,?+F$OS*D V )76mI?TU&3,?.GO.>QdŒ^(*)7$J[
. $6 J5$6  ?$6 "#/$6 ZQ-QMQ-Q $*6>[j8P( )76=)f$WCX.^&( )H&I5&3,5+\$OS*D V )>6PI5T24*6C-I?6=CM&0cd+M)>n?)7+X.>Q
GB ´OCÊ t´N²7ÆjÁ”³ Q]³ R´ t´zµ #%$&=(*CX.b.=13(*)7DE)?[ &(*)'$NS D V )76I?T&3,?.GO.b,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9&I9:CMŽz)>6)>$N&b4*6=CMI/6CM&0c+-)7n?)>+-.PTaI?6=D’,Ei?)>I?DE)&=6CX1
4*6=I?H i/6)<..C-I?$]Q^Œ^(*CX.bDE)>,?$ .P&=( ,j&fCATF6&=,/.YG:.P(L,onNC-$*id&=(*)Z.(*I/6Y&=)>.Y&b4L)>6C-I:9*.b,?6)Z,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9&(*)Z(*CMi/(*)>.Y&4 6C-I?6=CA&0c/[*&=(*)7$l&=(*)'$ )qO&


  &3,?.GO.^,?6)f,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9d&=(*)HCMDEDE)>9:CX,j&=)7+-c+-Ij8K)>6K4*6=C-I?6=CA&0c/[O,?$ 9k.IeI?$]QFŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[NCAT C-.K&=(*)H&I?&=,5+$OS*D V )>6I?TJ&3,?.GO.>[:,5$ 9$

CX.&(*)H&=I5&3,5+]$OS*D V )>6PI5T24*6C-I?6=CM&0cd+M)>n?)7+X.&( )7
$ . !   H    N    P     

 B KEÊ Sz­:ÆjÁa² R tÁh³ QJ³ R´ t´zµ Œ^(*)+MI/i/,56=CM&(*DECX1.13( )7DE)CX.e,5+X.YI{4LI/4*S*+X,56=+McuGO$*Ij8P$,/.p&=(*){‰-‡†Nj€ ƒˆ VCFe”¹†?€ ”soŠ3Š A†?5¸ Fd„¸Lˆ
Š7Q¹ V*„ FE„7QmŒ^(*) V ,?.C-1'C-9:)<, V )7(*C-$ 9_&(*)e+MI/i/,?6CM&(*DECX1mi?6=CX9_,?.=.YC-i?$ De)>$N&.13( )7DE)'CX.&=( ,j&f&( )e.(*I?6&)>6b4z)76=CMI:9t¼”(*C-i?(*)>64*6=C-I?6=CA&0c*¾


&3,?.GO.H.(*I?S +-9 V )d,5+-+-I5&Y&=)>9{9:C-.Y&C-$ 1&H4 6C-I?6=CA&0cW+-)7n/)7+X.f,/.fD'S 13(x,?.f4LIN..C V +M)/Q _,?$Ncl+-Ij8)76b4 6C-I?6=CA&0cW&3,?.G:.bI/$_&( )eI?&(*)>6H( ,5$ 9][
1>,5$ V )d1+-S V*V )>9{&I/i?)7&(*)>6H,5&&=(*)d.,?DE)Z4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cl+-)7n/)7+X.8PCM&( I?S:&p17,?S .CM$*iW,5$Ocl4*6=I V +M)>D &I&(*)d.=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0clI5TU&=(*)E(*C-i?(
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cE&3,?.GO.>Q
ŒId,?13(*C-)7n/)+-I?iN,56=CA&=(*DEC-1i?6=C-9,?.=.CMi/$*DE)7$N&>[N&( )H&=,?.G:.P,56=)b;L6=.Y&,56=6=,?$*i?)<9C-$C-$ 16=)>,/.YC-$*ieI?639:)76^I?T&=(*)7C-6P4L)>6C-I:9*.>QFr*I?6P4 6CM@
I/6CM&0ce,?+M+-I:17,5&C-I?$][?&(*)6=,?$*i?)PI?T\&=,?.Ge4L)>6C-I:9*.U,?6)9:C-nOC-9*)>9dC-$N&IZ,'.Y)<`/S )7$ 17)I5T\+-I?i/,?6CM&( DeCX1PC-$N&)76=nj,5+X.7Q2Œ^(*)b&=,?.G:.F17,?$d&( )7$ V )
,/..CMi/$*)>9&IE4*6=CMI/6CM&0cd+-)7n?)>+-. V ,/.Y)<9kI/$k&=(*)m+-I?i/,?6CM&( DeCX1CM$N&)>6nj,?+L&=(*)7c V )>+MI/$*ie&ILQ#%$&=(*C-.P.=13(*)>De)/[:CA-T eCX.&(*)HDd,jq:C-D'S*D
4z)76=CMI:9t,?DEI?$*il&=(*)&3,?.G:.Z,?$ 49  » C-.'&( )DEC-$*CMDZS*D‘4L)>6C-I:9t,5DEI/$*il&( )k&3,?.GO.>[&(*)>$6ZC-.e17,?+-17S*+-,5&)<9t,?.  . ¼    ¾   [
8P(*)>6)m$lCX.^&=(*)m&I?&=,?+]$OS*D V )76I?TH 4 6C-I?6=CA&0ck+M)>n?)7+X.>QKŒ,?.GO.^8PCM&(l4z)76=C-IO9 .PS*4W&Id6,56=)p,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9&=IE&(*)'(*CMi/(*)>.Y&4*6=CMI/6CM&0c?[*&=,?.G:.


8PCM&(4L)>6C-I:9*.UC-$d&=(*)63,5$ i?)PH 6K&I N  ,56=)b,/..CMi/$*)>9e&=I'$*)7qO&K(*C-i?(*)<.0&4*6=CMI/6CM&0cZ+-)7n/)7+2¼”,/..S*DECM$ ipG . Ì TaI?6^.YC-DE4*+-C-17CA&0c*¾ [N&3,?.GO.K8PCM&(

4z)76=CMI:9*.UCM$E&=(*)b63,5$ i?)PI5T  &=I  ,?6),/..C-i?$*)<9'&=Im&( )b$*)7qN&K(*CMi/(*)>.Y&U+-)7n/)7+B[N,?$ 9d.YImI/$]QF–OC-D'S*+X,j&=CMI/$d)q:4L)>6C-DE)7$N&=.U( ,on?).(*Ij8P$
&=( ,j&P&=(*)m+MI/i/,?6CM&(*DECX1b4 6C-I?6=CA&0c,?.=.YC-i?$*DE)>$/&^8I?6=GO.n/)76=cd8K)>+M+\TaI/6P4*63,?1 &=C-1>,5+4*6=I V +-)7Dd.>Q
bI5&)p&( ,5&+-I?i/,?6CM&( DeCX1f&=,/.YG,?.=.YC-i?$ De)>$N&b8KI/6G:.^8)7+-+I/$*+-ck8P(*)>$l&(*)'&=,/.YG4L)>6C-I:9*.,?6)mS $*CATaI/6DE+-c9*C-.Y&6=C V S:&)<9lIjn?)>6,5$
C-$N&)76=nj,5+BQ¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[NCMTDEI/.Y&^I5TJ&=(*)f&=,/.YG4z)76=C-IO9 .,?6)H1+-S .Y&)>6)<9kIjn/)76^,Z.Dd,5+-+\4 ,56&I?TJ&=(*)HCM$N&)>6nj,?+h[*,?$ 9d&=(*)mI5&=(*)76&=,/.YG:.^,56=)
.4 ,563.)7+-c9:C-.Y&6=C V S:&)<9CM$&( )m6)<.0&PI5T&( )mCM$N&)>6nj,?+h[O&=(*)7$&( )m+MI/i/,56=CM&(*DECX1.=13(*)7DE)HDd,occOCM)>+-94zIOI?6P6=)>.S*+A&3.7Q
Œ^(*)H+-I?iN,56=CA&=(*DEC-1fi?6=CX9k,?.=.CMi/$*DE)7$N&.13(*)>DE)f(L,?. V )7)7$WC-+M+-S .Y&63,j&=)>9CM$&( )HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*id‹q*,5DE4*+-)?Q
]­ 2À”´  ]µ KI?$L.YCX9:)76d,?$“I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*ix.c:.0&=)7D .YS*4 4LI/6Y&=CM$*ixI?$ +McsTaI/S*6d4*6=CMI/6CM&0cs+-)7n?)>+-.>Q~|$w,54*4 +MCX17,5&C-I?$v8PCA&=( Ì Ëy4z)76=CM@
I:9:CX1d6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)E&3,?.G:.',56=)E&I V )k.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9uI?$u&=(*CX.'I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*i_.Yc:.Y&)>D S .CM$ iyg _|'Q#™&'CX.',?+-.IlGO$*Ij8P$u&(L,j&'I?T&=(*)ki/CMn/)7$
 

&3,?.GO.>[/&(*)H+X,56=i?)>.Y&U4z)76=CMI:9kC-. Ì Ë [ Ë/Ë?ËHDEC-+M+-C].Y)<1I/$ 9*.,5$ 9&(*)H.Y( I?6&)>.Y&K4z)76=C-IO9kC-. Ì DeC-+-+MC].)>17I?$ 9\QFRb&( )76&=,/.YGE4z)76=CMI:9*.,56=)9:CX.Y@

&=6C V S:&=)>9ZS*$*CMTaI?6=De+-cmIjn?)>6J&=(*CX.2CM$N&)>6nj,?+hQ|b.=.YC-i?$'&(*)&=,/.YG:.&If4*6=CMI/6CM&0cH+M)>n?)>+-.S .CM$ ib&=(*)^+MI/i/,56=CM&(*DECX1Fi?6=CX9',?.=.CMi/$*DE)7$N&.=13(*)7DE)/Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<Á”Êz± B  . ¼ F F ¾  . Ì Ë*Q
|171I/6=9*CM$*i/+Mc/[N&=,?.G:.^8PCA&=(W4L)>6C-I:9*.^CM$&=(*)H6=,?$*i?)fI5T Ì DeC-+-+MCJ.)>17I?$ 9,5$ 9 Ì ËeDEC-+M+-CJ.)>1I/$ 9*.8I?S*+X9 V )p,?.=.CMi/$*)>9&Ie&(*)m( CMi/(*)>.Y&
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cl+-)7n/)7+BQeŒ,?.G:.8PCM&(u4z)76=CMI:9*.fC-$x&(*)E63,5$*i/)ZI?T Ì?Ì &I Ì Ë?ËDeC-+-+MCU.)>17I?$ 9 .8I?S +-9 V )d,/..CMi/$*)>9_&I&( )E&(*)E$*)7qN&p+-Ij8)76
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cd+-)7n/)7+B[*,5$ 9W.IeI/$]Q 


  )877$&;  * 02  *C*+)3
*& #"

}x)P( ,on?)^,5+-6=)>,?9*cp9:); $ )>9Z&=,/.YG^—0CM&Y&=)76U,/.&(*)PDd,5i/$*CM&S 9:)^I?TLnj,56=C-,5&C-I?$eCM$Z&( ),56=6C-nj,5+OI?61I/DE4*+M)7&C-I?$Z&C-DE)>.I?Tz,f4L)>6C-I:9:CX1&=,?.GQ

Œ^( ,5&C-.>[*&=(*)p,56=6=CMnj,5+&=CMDE)P—0CM&Y&=)76C-.Pi/CMn/)7$ V c&( )p+-,5&)<.0&b,?66=CMnj,?+&C-De)'DeC-$OS .^&=(*)p)>,?6+-C-)>.Y&P,?66=C-no,?+&C-DE)p,5DEI?$*i,?+M+JCM$ .Y&=,?$ 1)<.
I?T\&(*)b&=,?.GQ2–:CMDEC-+-,?6+-c?[/&(*)f1I/De4 +M)7&C-I?$E&C-DE)F—0CM&Y&=)76C-.Ki?C-n?)>$ V cZ&( )b+X,j&)<.0&^1I/De4 +M)7&C-I?$E&C-DE)bDEC-$NSL.F&=(*)b)<,56=+MC-)>.Y&U1I/De4 +M)7&C-I?$
&=CMDE)HI5T\&=(*)f&=,?.G+Q F6=)>.)7$ 17)I5T.Dd,5+-+\,5DEI?S*$N&3.UI?T,56=6C-nj,5+L&C-DE)U—0CM&Y&=)76PCX.K$ I?6=DE,?+M+-ceS*$ ,on?I/C-9 , V +-),/.K,?+M+4*(Oc:.YCX17,?+z17+MI:13G:..Y(*Ij8
.I?DE)H,5DEI?S*$N&^I5T.G?)>8mQ KI?DE4*+-)&C-I?$k&C-DE)K—0CM&Y&=)763.P,56=)f1>,5S .)>9 V cE&(*) V ,/.YCX1b$L,j&S 6)fI5Tg _|Ä.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ iZ8P(*CX13(W.13(*)<9:S*+-)>.,
&3,?.GE,5&K&=(*)H)>,?6+-CM)<.0&I?4*4zI?6&S $*CA&0cd,5&8P(*CX13(kCM&17,?$6S $]QFŒ^(OS .7[N&=(*)6=)>.4zI?$ .)&=CMDE)HI5T,p&=,/.YG9:)>4L)>$ 9*.I?$(*Ij8~Dd,5$Ocd(*C-i?(*)>6
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cl&3,?.G:.p,56=6C-n?)l¼”I?6p8)76=)d8,?CA&=CM$ iN¾m9:S 6C-$*iW&( ))q:)>17S:&C-I?$uI?T&=(*)d&3,?.GzQl–ODd,5+-+K,?DEI?S*$N&=.pI5T2—0CA&&)>6'$*I/6Dd,5+-+-c{9:Il$*I?&
(

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 1>,5S .)pD'SL13(l4*6I V +-)7Dd.b,/.+-I?$*i,/.P&( )Z,56=6=CMnj,5+,5$ 9l17I?DE4*+-)&C-I?$_&C-De)<.I?T&=,?.G:.b,?+M+.0&3,oc8PCM&(*C-$y17)76&=,5C-$W&I/+M)>6=,?$ 1) V I?S $ 9*.>Q
¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[:1)>6Y&3,5C-$,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&C-I?$L.KDEC-i?(N&6=)>`NS*C-6)&( ,5&—0CA&&)>6 V )mDEC-$*C-DeC-•7)<9l,?.^DZS 13(,/.^4LIN..C V +M)/Q
gP)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)m4*6=I?i/6=,?DEDe)>6=.^17I?DEDEI?$*+-ck( ,?$ 9:+-)H&=,/.YG:.P8PCM&(W&=CMi/(/&f1I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$&C-De)—0CA&&)766)<`NS*CM6=)7DE)>$/&3.PS .CM$ i,5$OckI/$*)mI5T
&=(*)HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*ie&08I'&=)>13(*$*CX`NS*)>.>˜
#™TI?$*+-ckI/$*)pI?6&08KI,/1 &C-I?$L.p¼ƒ&3,?.GO.3¾^( ,on/)H&C-i?(N&F—0CM&Y&=)76b6=)>`NS*C-6=)7DE)7$N&=.>[:&=(*)>.)',?1&C-I?$ .b,56=)p,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9n?)76=c(*C-i?(l4 6C-I?6=CA&0c/Q
;
Œ^(*CX.HDe)7&(*I:9x8I?6=GO.f8)7+-+I?$*+-c_8P(*)>$x&(*)>6)d,56=)d,n?)76=c_.DE,?+M+U$NS D V )76mI5T^,?1&C-I?$ .d¼a&=,?.G:.=¾Qd}~(*)7$uCM&pC-.HSL.Y)<9{C-$u,5$
,54*4 +MCX17,5&C-I?$C-$w8P(*CX13(&=(*)W&=,/.YG:.E,56=) V ,56=)7+-ct.13( )>9:S*+X, V +M)/[UCM&DE,oc6)<.YS*+M&dCM$w.I?DE)&=,?.G:.EDEC-.=.YC-$*ix&( )7C-6d6)<.Y4z)>1&C-n?)
9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.7Q
#™TL—0CM&Y&=)76fD'S .Y& V )pDECM$*C-DECM•>)>9TaI/6b,5$l,54 4*+MCX17,5&C-I?$&(L,j&bCX. V ,?6)>+Mc.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?[ )>,?13(&3,?.Gk$*)>)>9*.^&=I V )'.Y4 +MCM&bC-$/&=IE&08KIL˜
;
I?$*)e8P(*CX13(s1I?DE4*S*&)>.f&=(*)dI?S*&4*S:& V S:&p9:IO)>.H$*I?&p4 ,?.=.fCA&pI/$][J,5$L9{I/$*)e8P(*C-13(u4 ,/..)>.&=(*)dI?S:&=4*S:&mI?$JQEŒ^( C-.mDE)7&(*I:9
CM$On/I?+-n?)>..)&Y&=CM$ i'&=(*)p.Y)<1I/$ 9d&3,?.G .4*6=CMI/6CM&0ce&IEn?)>6cE(*C-i?(nj,5+-S*)>.P,?$ 9CM&=.^4z)76=CMI:9k&I V )&=(*)m.,?DE)f,/.U&=( ,j&PI?TJ&( );L6=.Y&
&=,/.YGQ|$W,?1&C-I?$W.13(*)<9:S*+-)>9k8PCA&=(&=(*CX.P,54*4*6=I/,/13(8PC-+M+]6=S*$I?$*)H1c:17+M) V )7(*C-$ 9W.13( )>9:S*+-)?[ V S:&^&(*)H&3,?.GO.8PC-+M+\(L,on?)&C-i?(N&
1I/De4 +M)7&C-I?$&C-De)^—0CM&Y&=)76<Q
 ›    

–:13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i'I5T]6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)&=,?.G:.FI/$,pS*$*C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6F8^,?.F,?$k,56=)>,HI?T]CM$N&=)7$ .)6=)>.)>,56313(ECM$&(*) Ì   Ë?.F,?$ 9e&( )S*$L9:)76=+McOC-$*i
;
&(*)>I?6=cdC-.$*Ij8«8)7+-+A@%9:)>n?)7+-I?4z)>9]Q
$*C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?66=)>,5+M@B&C-De)&3,?.GZ.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*ip,5+-i?I/6CM&( DE.U17,5$ V 6=I/,/9:+-c V )1+X,?.=.YCM; )>9eC-$N&I'17+MI:13GN@™9*6C-n?)>$][j)7n/)7$N&Y@%9:6=CMn/)7$][?,?$ 9
(Oc V 6CX9,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.7Q
; 

#%$_1+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$W.13( )>9:S*+-)763.>[*&( )'.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i4zI?C-$/&3.b,?6)p9:)7; $*)<9 V c&( )'C-$/&=)76=6S 4:&=.Pi/)7$*)>6=,5&)<9 V c&(*)e.Yc:.Y&)>D 17+MI:13GQ
;
#%DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&1+-IO13GN@%9:6=CMn/)7$W.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.P,56=)f&=, V +M)7@ V ,/.Y)<9W,5$ 9W1c:17+MCX15Q KcO17+MCX1m.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.P,?6) V )7C-$*i4*6=)>9:I/DECM$ ,?$N&+-cS .)>9
CM$W.DE,?+M+J)7D V )>9 9:)>9W,54 4*+MCX17,5&C-I?$ .^9:S )H&IE&( )7C-6.YC-DE4*+MCX1CM&0c,?$ 9+MIj86S*$&=CMDE)mIjn?)>6( )>,?9]Q
|DEI?$ im&(*)f+X,56=i?)$OS*D V )>6KI?T]6)<.YS*+M&=.U&(L,j&,?6),ono,?CM+X, V +M)C-$k)>n?)>$/&@™9*6C-n?)>$E.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iZI5T]6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&=,/.YG:.UI?$k,'S*$*C-4*6I?@
;
1)<..I?6<[N&08KIE,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.P,?6)fDEI/.Y&b.YC-i?$*CM;L1>,5$N&>˜
‹ fr«¼h‹U,?6+-CM)<.0#& )>,?9*+MC-$*)prCM63.Y&3¾ ˜FŒ^( C-.PCX.P,5$WI/4:&C-Dd,5+]9:cO$ ,?DeCX1f4*6=CMI/6CM&0ck.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*id,5+-i?I/6CM&(*DWQ
g _| ¼hg,j&=) lI?$ I5&I/$*CX1f|b$ ,5+-c:.YCX.3¾ ˜Œ^(*CX.PC-.P,?$WI?4:&=CMDd,5+].Y&=,5&CX1H4*6=CMI/6CM&0c.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*id,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*DWQ
Œ^(*I?S i?(W‹ frCX.,5$WI/4:&C-Dd,5+]6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)H&=,?.Gk.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*i,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D I?$l,ES*$ CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6<[:CA&f.YS:Ž)763.^Ta6=I?D ,eTa)78Ä.Y(*I/6Y&@
;
1I/DeC-$*iN.7Q^#™&f1>,5$*$ I5&bi/S ,563,5$N&)>)H&( ,5&b&=(*)Z176CM&CX17,?+\&=,/.YG:.DE)>)&b&=(*)7C-6f6)<.Y4z)>1&C-n?)p9:)<,?9:+-CM$ )>.S $ 9:)76&63,5$L.YC-)7$N&bIjn/)76=+MIN,?9\Q
)>.C-9:)<.7[jC-DE4*+-)7DE)7$N&=,5&C-I?$eI5T 6=)>.I?S 6=17)K.( ,56=CM$ i,5DEI/$*i6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)U&3,?.G:.CX.)qO&6=)7DE)>+Mcp9:C 1S*+M&>QŒ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[5‹ r@ V ,?.)>9
,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.^,56=)f6=,?6)>+McdS .)>9C-$W4*6=,/1 &=C-17)H,?$ 9g _|P@ V ,/.Y)<9.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*id,5+-i?I/6CM&( DE.^(L,on?) V )<1I?DE)H4zI?4*S*+X,56<Q
}{)f9:CX.17S ..)>9d&(*)fDd,5C-$6)<.YS +A&3.K17I?$ 17)76=$*CM$ ip(*Ij8w&Ie9:)&=)76=DECM$*)&( ).=13(*)>9:S +-, V CM+-CM&0ceI?TJ,'.)&^I5T\&3,?.GO.US*$ 9:)>6P‹ frx,?$ 9
;
g _|'Q
}{)H,5+X.IZ9:CX.17S .=.Y)<9d(*Ij8w&IeIjn?)>6=17I?DE)b.I?DE)b4 6I V +M)>Dd.F&=( ,j&,56=CX.Y)8P( CM+-)f9*)7n?)>+MI/4*C-$*iZ,Z4*63,?1 &=C-1>,5+z6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)f.Yc:.Y&)7DWQ2#%$
;
4 ,56&CX1S +-,?6>[N8K)f9:CX.17S ..)>9k(*Ij8w&Ie( ,?$ 9:+-)f.CA&=S ,j&=CMI/$ .^.YSL13(k,?.8P(*)>$&=,/.YGE4*6=C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.K9:CMŽ)76Ta6I/D&=,/.YGd16=CM&CX17,5+-CM&C-)>.>[O,?$ 9
,?.=.YC-i?$ CM$*i'4*6C-I?6=CM&C-)>.K&IZ&=,/.YG:.KTaI?6Pg _| .=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*ie8P(*)7$&(*)H4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cE+-)7n?)>+-..S*4*4zI?6&)>9 V cE&(*)HI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*iZ.c:.0&=)7D CX.
+M)<..&=( ,5$&( )m$NS D V )76I?TJ&=,/.YG:.&=I V )p.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9\Q




 §Ÿ› ›

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

Ì Qb–N&=,5&)m8P(*)7&(*)>6P&( )mTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*id,?.=.)76&C-I?$ .^,56=) ¬ 6=S*)pI?6 >P,?+-.)?QU}{6=CA&=)mI?$*)mI/6^&08KI.)7$N&=)7$ 17)>.&IH—0SL.0&=CATacWc?I/S*6P13(*I?CX1)mC-$
)>,/13(17,/.Y)/Q
¼”,N¾k|bn?)763,5i/)b6=)>.4LI/$ .)b&=CMDE)HC-.^,?$C-DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&4z)76TaI?6=Dd,5$ 17)DE)7&6=C-1bTaI?6P6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)bI?4z)763,j&=CM$ ie.c:.0&=)7Dd.( ,5$ 9*+MC-$*iE6S $:@
$*C-$*idI?T( ,?6=96)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)f&=,/.YG:.>Q
¼ V ¾ b$*+MC-G?)H&3, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.7[*17c:1+-C-1H.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6=.P9:IE$*I?&6)<`NS*CM6=)&I.Y&I?6=)H,Z4 6)<1I?DE4*S*&)>9W.=13(*)>9*S*+M)/Q


¼”1>¾}~(*)>$yg _| C-.bS .Y)<9TaI?6f.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ i,.Y)7&bI5T( ,?6=96=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)p4L)>6C-I:9:CX1H&=,/.YG:.>[:&(*)ZS*4*4z)76 V I/S*$ 9WI?$_,/13(*C-)7nj, V +-)

S:&=CM+-C-•>,j&=CMI/$WCMDE4*6=Ijn?)<.,/.&(*)m$OS*D V )>6PCM$&3,?.GO.^C-$&(*)p.c:.0&=)7D V )7C-$*i9:)>n?)>+MI/4L)<9kC-$ 16=)>,/.Y)<.7Q
¼”9 ¾#™T,E.Y)7&^I?T4z)76=CMI:9:CX1f6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)f&=,/.YG:.KT”,5C-+X*. ])7( IO17•7GO'c .&=)>.Y&>[O&=(*)7$WCM&b17,5$W.=,jTa)7+-c V )p1I?$L1+-S 9:)>9k&(L,j&P&( C-.&3,?.Gk.Y)7&
1>,5$$*I5& V )HTa)>,/.YC V +-ck.13( )>9:S*+-)>9S*$L9:)76g y|pQ
¼a)<¾| &=CMDE)@%.+MCX1)<96=I?S $ 9O@™6I V CM$.13( )>9:S*+-)76PSL.Y)<.^4*6)>)7DE4:&=CMn/)H.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQ
¼ƒT=¾WŒ^(*)DECM$*C-D'S D 4z)76=C-IO9eTaI/6K8P( C-13(,H&3, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6U.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*ip$4z)76=C-IO9*C-1^&3,?.G:.F$*)>)>9*.F&I'4 6)7@™.Y&I/6)^&=(*)
.=13(*)>9*S*+M)HCX.Pi?C-n?)>$ V cDd,5q IF 7 EH97  N[:8P(*)76=) L»2CX.^&(*)m4z)76=C-IO9I5T&( )H&=,?.Gº\»0Q
¼aiO¾kg y| C-.b,5$WI?4:&=CMDd,?+J.0&3,j&=C-1f4*6=CMI/6CM&0ck.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*i,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D &I.=13(*)<9:S*+-)H,d.)&I?T4z)76=C-IO9*C-1H6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&3,?.G:.PI?$W,


$*I/$:@™4*6)>)7DE4:&=CMn/)fI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*iE.Yc:.Y&)7DWQ
¼a(L¾|1c:1+-CX1y.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6kCX.DEI/6)_4 6I?;L1C-)7$N&k&=( ,5$,t4*S*6=)_&3, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$ .=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6kTaI/6.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iv,.)&I?T'( ,?6=9
6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&3,?.G:.7Q
¼”CX¾g y|CX.^,5$I?4:&=CMDd,5+].Y&=,5&CX1b4 6C-I?6=CA&0cd.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6^CM$k&(*)Hi?)>$*)763,5+17,/.Y)8P(*)76=)&(*)f&=,/.YGd4z)76=C-IO9 .,?$ 9k9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.I?T,
.)&I?T( ,?6=96)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)H4z)76=CMI:9:CX1f&=,/.YG:.Dd,ock9:CMŽz)>6>Q
¼ —¾W–O)>+AT\.S .Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$eI5Tz&=,/.YG:.2C-De4L,?1 &3.&(*)P8I?63.Y&21>,?.)6=)>.4zI?$ .)U&=CMDE)<.I5Tz&(*)^C-$ 9:C-nOC-9:SL,5+:&3,?.GO.2DZS 13(eDeI/6)P,/9:n?)>6=.)7+-c
8P(*)>$y4*6=)7)>DE4:&C-I?$_I?TF&=,/.YG:.bC-.H.S*4*4zI?6&)>9 V cW&=(*)'I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*i.c:.0&=)7D 1I/DE4 ,56=)>9W&=I&=(*)e1>,?.)'8P(*)>$_4*6=)7)>De4*&C-I?$
CX.P$*I?&P.S*4*4zI?6&)<9\Q
¼”G:¾|“.YS*CM&=, V +-); i?S 6)FI?T*DE)76=CA&]&=I17I?DE4 ,56=)2&( )U4z)76TaI?6=DE,?$ 1)I?T*9:CAŽ)76=)7$N&( ,5639H6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&3,?.Gf.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.
1>,5$ V )H&=(*)p,on?)>6=,?i?)&3,?.G6=)>.4LI/$ .Y)f&=CMDE)>.6)<.YS*+M&C-$*ieTa6=I?D )<,?13(W,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*DWQ
¼”+X¾}~(*)>$l,e.)&PI?T4z)76=CMI:9:CX1f6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&=,?.G:.C-. V )7C-$*i.=13(*)>9:S +M)<9S .CM$ iEg _|p[*CM&17,?$$*I?& V )H&=(*)m17,?.)f&( ,5&,Z+-Ij8)76
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cE&3,?.GkDE)7)7&=.^CM&=.9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?[*8P( )76=)>,?.^.I?DE)H(*C-i?(*)>6P4*6C-I?6=CM&0cE&=,?.Gk9:IO)<.^$*I5&<Q
¼”Dd¾‹ r¼”‹U,?6+-C-)>.Y#& )>,/9:+-CM$*)mrC-6=.Y&3¾^,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D 4zI/.=.Y)<..)>.i?IOI:9k&63,5$ .CM)>$N&^Ijn/)76=+MIN,?9d(L,5$ 9:+-C-$*id17,54L, V C-+MCM&0c?Q
¼a$L¾| &=CMDE)@%.+MCX1)<96=I?S $ 9k6=I V CM$W.13( )>9:S*+-)76PCX.P,5$)q*,?De4 +M)mI?T,e$*I?$*@B4*6=)7)>DE4:&C-n?)m.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6>Q
¼aIO¾kg y| ¼”g,5&) _I?$*I?&I?$ C-1d|b$ ,5+-c:.YCX.=¾fCX.p,?$xI/4:&C-Dd,5+U,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D TaI/6'.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i_.Y&=,j&=C-1E4 6C-I?6=CA&0cy$*I?$:@™4*6=)7)>De4*&C-n?)
4z)76=CMI:9:CX1H6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)&=,/.YG:.^( ,onOC-$*iE( ,56399:)>,/9:+MC-$*)<.7Q
¼a4L¾‹ r ,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D CX.m,5$xI?4:&=CMDd,5+F,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D TaI?6p.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*i( ,5639{6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)Z&=,?.G:.fI?$u,kS*$ CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6H8P(*)>$y&=(*)
&3,?.Gk.Y)7&C-.P,EDECMqO&S*6=)HI5T24L)>6C-I:9:C-1H,?$ 9W,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1&=,?.G:.7Q
¼h`O¾W–OS 4*4LIN.Y)8K)( ,on?),Z.Y)7&UI5T]6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)C-$ 9:)74z)7$L9:)7$N&&=,?.G:.&=I V )b6=S*$I?$,pS*$*C-4*6I:17)>.=.YI/6FS*$ 9:)>6g _|.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQ
}x)dI V .)76=n?)'&( ,5&',&=,?.GlI5T^4z)76=CMI:9 Ì ËDeC-+-+MCK–:)>1e( ,?.HDE)7&pCA&3.m9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/QEr 6I/D &( C-.HI V .Y)>6nj,5&C-I?$][\CM&p8KI/S*+X9 V )
.=,jTa)f&I17I?$ 17+MSL9:)f&( ,5&b,'&3,?.G( ,onOC-$*iE4L)>6C-I:9kI?+T (ZDECM+-+-C–O)>1H8I?S +-99:);L$*CA&=)7+-ck( ,on/)DE)7&CA&3.9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.7[
¼a6 ¾ Kc:1+-CX1m.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.^,56=)fDEI/6)f4*6=I5;L17CM)>$/&^&=( ,5$&=, V +-)@%9:6C-n?)>$.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.7Q
¼h.=¾#%$,m$ I?$*4*6=)7)>DE4:&=, V +M)PI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*ip.cO.Y&)>D )>De4 +MIjcOC-$*ipg _| .=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i'I5T\,p.Y)7&UI5T6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)P4z)76=C-IO9*C-1^&3,?.G:.7[N.Y)>+AT
.S .4L)>$ .YC-I?$lI?TF,d(*C-i?(*)>64*6=CMI/6CM&0c&3,?.Gx¼h9:S*)p&=I# ?R )&315Q ¾DE,ocC-$ 16=)>,/.Y)f&( )'6=)>.4LI/$ .Y)H&=CMDE)ZI5TF,d+-Ij8K)>6P4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
&3,?.GzQ
¼ƒ&3¾Œ^(*)m8I?63.Y&Y@%17,?.)b6=)>.4zI?$ .)f&C-De)HTaI/6,Z&=,?.GI:1717S*63.^8P(*)7$CA&CX.PI/S:&PI5T24*( ,?.)H8PCA&=(WCA&3.P(*C-i?(*)>6P4*6C-I?6=CM&0cE&=,?.G:.7Q
¼aSL¾|~.4LI/6=,/9:CX1K.)76=n?)>6SL.Y)<9'&=IH( ,5$ 9*+M)P,54z)76=C-IO9*C-1^,5$L9e.4zI?63,?9:CX1F&3,?.G:.TaI?6Fg _|~.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*im,/13(*CM)>n?)<.( CMi/(*)76F.=13(*)>9*S:@
+X, V +-)mS:&=CM+-CM•<,j&=CMI/$17I?DE4 ,56=)>9k&Id,E9:)7Ta)76=6=, V +M)m.)76=n?)>6>Q
¼”n:¾}~(*C-+-)S .CM$*im,m17cO17+MCX1^.13( )>9:S*+-)762&=Ip.13( )>9:S*+-),H.Y)7&FI5T6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&=,/.YG:.2I/$E,fS*$ CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6<[j8P(*)7$d,m.S*CM&=, V +M)^Ta63,5DE)
.CM•>)'.=,j&CX.YTacNC-$*i,?+M+J&(*)m&=(*6=)7)p6=)>`NS*C-6)<9W1I?$L.0&=6=,?CM$N&=.( ,?. V )7)>$lTaI?S $ 9\[zCA&bCX.i/S ,563,5$N&=)7)>9k&(L,j&b&=(*)m&3,?.G.)&8I?S +-9
V )HTa)>,/.YC V +-ck.13( )>9:S*+-)>9 V cd&=(*)p1c:1+-CX1f.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Q
 

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ¼a8b¾}~(*)>$EDeI/6)K&(L,5$EI?$*)Ta63,5DE)^.,5&CX.0Tac',?+M+O&=(*)1I/$ .Y&63,5C-$/&3.JI/$'Ta63,5DE)P.CM•>)8P( CM+-)P.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ iH,H.)&I5Tz( ,5639Z6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)
4z)76=CMI:9:CX1f&=,/.YG:.S .CM$ i,e17c:1+-C-1H.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6>[O&=(*)m+-,?6i/)>.Y&I?T&=(*)>.)fTa6=,?DE)p.YC-•7)<.P.Y(*I/S*+X9 V )p13(*I/.)7$JQ
¼aq*¾ fIOI:96)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)f&=,/.YGk.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*id,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.K)>$ .S*6)fT”,?CM6=$*)>.=.K&Id6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&3,?.G:.K8P( CM+-)p.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i Q
J*Qb–N&=,5&)m8P(*)7&(*)>6P&( )mTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*id,?.=.)76&C-I?$ .^,56=) ¬ 6=S*)pI?6 >P,?+-.)?QU}{6=CA&=)mI?$*)mI/6^&08KI.)7$N&=)7$ 17)>.&IH—0SL.0&=CATacWc?I/S*6P13(*I?CX1)mC-$
)>,/13(17,/.Y)/Q
¼”,N¾#%$y&=, V +M)7@™9:6=C-n?)7$_.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*ikI5T&( 6)>)'4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m&3,?.GO.bº F [ º H [ Oº N?[L&=(*)Z.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*ik&=, V +M)ZD'S .Y&(L,on?)'.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<.TaI/6
,?+M+\&3,?.G:.9*6=,o8P$S*4&Ie&( )H&C-De)mC-$N&)>6nj,5+ Ë*[ Dd,jq]¼a4 Ì [ E4 J:[ 4 /¾ B[:8P( )76=)f4 C]C-.&=(*)m4z)76=CMI:9I5T&(*)H&3,?.Gº » Q

¼ V ¾}~(*)>$~,x.)&dI?T( ,?6=9“6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)4L)>6C-I:9:CX1k&3,?.G:.d,56=) V )7C-$*it.=13(*)>9:S +M)<9S .C-$*ix,u17cO17+MCX1W.13( )>9:S*+-)76<[UCMTm,x17)76&=,?CM$

Ta63,5DE).C-•7)bCX.UTaI?S*$ 9d&I V )f$*I5&^.YS*CM&=, V +-)?[N&(*)>$k,5$OceTa63,5DE)b.CM•>).DE,?+M+-)76U&( ,?$&=(*C-.K8I?S*+X9d$*I?&,5+X.I V )H.S*CA&3, V +-)TaI/6
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ie&( )H&=,?.G:.7Q
¼”1>¾}~(*)>$x,.)&HI5TK(L,5639_6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)Z4L)>6C-I:9:CX1p&3,?.GO.H,?6) V )>CM$*il.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9_S .C-$*i,1c:17+MCX1Z.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<[\CATK,17,?$ 9:CX9*,j&=)
Ta63,5DE)E.YC-•7)Z)q*1)>)>9*.b&(*)E)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$l&C-DE)EI5TU)>n?)76=c&=,?.Gl,5$ 9{.`NS ,?6)>+Mcl9:C-nOC-9*)>.b&(*)EDd,j—0I/61c:17+M)/[&(*)>$yCM&H8I?S +-9
V )p,E.YS*CM&=, V +-)HTa6=,?De)m.CM•>)f&I.=13(*)>9:S +M)f&( )mi?C-n?)7$W.)&PI5T&=,/.YG:.>Q
¼”9 ¾rC-$ 9:C-$*i,5$I?4:&=CMDd,?+].13(*)<9:S*+-)fTaI?6,E.Y)7&I5TCM$ 9*)74z)7$ 9:)>$N&4L)>6C-I:9:C-1H(L,56396=)>,5+M@B&C-De)f&3,?.GO.^8PCM&( I?S:&b,?$Ncd6=)>.I?S 6=17)@
.( ,56=C-$*ie17I?$ .Y&63,5C-$N&=.^S*$L9:)76.Y&=,5&CX1H4*6C-I?6=CM&0c1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$ .^CX.P,5$ F@™17I?DE4*+-)&)H4*6=I V +M)>DQ
¼a)<¾Œ^(*)p‹ r“,5+-i?I/6CM&(*D CX.PI/4:&C-Dd,5+\TaI/6.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ ie6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f&=,?.G:.^CM$l,eS*$*C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6^CM$l,e$*I/$:@B4 6)>)7DE4:&C-n?)H)>$NnOCM@
6=I?$*DE)>$/&<Q
¼ƒT=¾}~(*)>$sg _| C-.HSL.Y)<9_&=IW.=13(*)<9:S*+-)e,W.)&mI5TU(L,5639y6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)Z4z)76=CMI:9:CX1Z&=,/.YG:.fCM$u,S*$*C-4*6I:17)>.=.YI/6f)>$OnNC-6=I?$*DE)7$N&<[\CAT
&=(*)4 6I:1)<..I?6 V )<1I?DE)<.UIjn/)76=+MIN,?9:)<9Z,?$NcZ&C-DE)f9*S*6C-$*ie.Yc:.Y&)7D)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$9:S*)&IZIjn?)76=6=S*$ V ce&=(*)b+-Ij8K)<.0&K4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
&3,?.Gz[:CM&8I?S*+X9 V )mn?)>6c9:C 17S*+A&P&=Id4*6=)>9:CX1 &P8P(*CX13(&=,?.G8I?S*+X9DeCX.=.^CA&3.9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q
¼aiO¾}~(*C-+-)p.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ ie,e.Y)7&PI5T6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)4z)76=C-IO9*C-1b&=,/.YG:.8P(*I/.)f&=,/.YGd4z)76=CMI:9*.^,?6)f( ,56=DEI?$*CX17,?+M+-cE6)>+-,5&)<9\[O&(*)HS*4 4L)>6
V I?S*$L9I/$k&=(*)p,?13( CM)>no, V +-)  ÄS:&C-+-CM•<,j&C-I?$CX.^&(*)p.=,5DE)fTaI?6 V I5&=(l‹ fr,5$L9g y| ,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*Dd.


¼a(L¾#%$s,W$*I/$:@B4 6)>)7DE4:&C-n?)E)>n?)7$N&@™9:6=C-n?)7$y&=,/.YGx.13(*)<9:S*+-)76<[J.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i_9:)<1CX.YC-I?$ .m,?6)EDd,?9*)dI?$*+-c{,5&f&=(*)k,?66=CMnj,?+2,?$ 9

17I?DE4*+-)&C-I?$WI?TJ&=,/.YG:.>Q
¼”CX¾Œ^(*)pTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*idCX.^&(*)Z1I?6=6=)>1 &,?663,5$*i/)7DE)7$N&PI5T2&=(*)m&( 6)>)mDE,5—0I?6b17+-,/..)>.^I?T6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)m.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*ik,5+-i?I/6CM&( DE.^C-$
,/.17)7$ 9:C-$*iEI?639:)>6I?T&=(*)7C-6P6=S*$:@B&C-De)mIjn/)76=(*)>,/9*.>Q
.Y&=,5&CX1H4*6C-I?6=CM&0cd4*6)>)7DE4:&=CMn/)H.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*id,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.
&3, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$W,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*Dd.
;

9:cO$ ,?DEC-1H4*6=C-I?6=CA&0c,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.
;

¼ —¾Œ^(*)K‹ fr.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D«$ )7)>9 .\&ITa6)<`/S )7$N&+-c)7q*,5DECM$ )2&(*)K6)<,?9:cf`/S )7S*)FI?TO&(*)&3,?.G:.J,j&6)>i?S*+X,56\C-$N&)76=nj,5+X.

;

&=I9:)&=)76=DeC-$*)H8P(*CX13(&=,?.Gk.(*I?S +-9.0&3,56&P6S*$ $*CM$ id$*)qO&>Q

¼”G:¾#%$g _| .13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ i [NCATJc/I?SdI V .Y)>6n/)P&( )f.)>`NS*)>$ 1)C-$k8P( C-13(k,Z.Y)7&I?T]4L)>6C-I:9:CX16=)>,5+M@B&C-De)b&=,/.YG:. <º F [Oº H [QMQ-QŒ^$
,?6)d&3,5G/)7$tS*4tTaI?6')7q:)>1S*&C-I?$][2&=(*)&3,?.Gx)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$s4 ,5&Y&)>6$8KI/S*+-9t6)>4L)<,j&')>n?)76=c  t;¼  F 7  H 7 7  ¾pC-$N&)76=nj,5+B[
2

8P(*)>6)  » C-.^&=(*)m4z)76=CMI:9I5T&(*)H&3,?.Gº » Q 

¼”+X¾}~(*C-+-).13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ i,W.)&mI5TCM$ 9*)74z)7$ 9:)>$N&p( ,5639y6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)Z4z)76=C-IO9*C-1Z&=,/.YG:.fI?$u,S*$*C-4*6I:17)>.=.YI/6>[]g y| 17,5$ V ),/.

4*6=I5;z1C-)7$N&,?.P‹ frtS $ 9:)76.I?DE)m1I/$ .Y&63,5C-$/&3.I?$&(*)H&3,?.Gk.)&>Q
¼”Dd¾r I?6d.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i{6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&3,?.GO.eC-$4*63,?1&CX17,?+S $*CM4 6I:1)<..I?6 V ,?.)>96)<,5+M@h&=CMDE).Yc:.Y&)7Dd.>[U.S V @™I?4:&=CMDd,5+^(*)>S*6=C-.Y&CX1
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iH,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.,56=)U$*I/6Dd,?+M+-cHS .Y)<9',/.JI/4:&C-Dd,5+:.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*if,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.,?6)1I/De4 S:&=,5&C-I?$ ,?+M+-cHCM$N&63,?1&=, V +M)/Q
¼a$L¾Œ^(*)mg y| .=13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+MCM&0cEI5T2,'.)&PI5TJ4z)76=C-IO9*C-16)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&=,/.YG:.K8KI/S*+-9 V )H(*C-i?( )76^CAT&(*)>CM6^4z)76=CMI:9*.^,?6)( ,56=DEI?$*CM@
1>,5+-+Mc6=)7+X,j&=)>91I/De4L,56=)>9k&Ie&(*)p1>,?.)H8P(*)76=)f&(*)>CM6P4z)76=CMI:9*.b,56=)$*I?&6)>+-,5&)<9\Q
¼aIO¾kg y| .(*I/S*+-9 V )f4*6=)Ta)76=6=)>9dIjn/)76F&=(*)f&C-DE)@%.Y+-C-17)>9d6=I?S $ 9O@™6I V CM$,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*D TaI?6P.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*iZ,Z.Y)7&I?T.I5Tƒ&^6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)
&3,?.GO.^I/$,eS*$ CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6<Q
¼a4L¾ b$ 9:)76eg _|'[J&=(*),/13(*CM)>nj, V +-)dS:&C-+-CM•<,j&C-I?$I5T,_.)&'I?T^(L,5639u6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)d4z)76=CMI:9:CX1E&=,/.YG:.'8KI/S*+-9s9*6I/4x8P( )7$s&3,?.G
4z)76=CMI:9*.P,?6)HDZS*+A&=CM4 +M)<.PI5T2)>,/13(kI5&=(*)7617I?DE4 ,?6)<9&=IZ&=(*)p17,/.Y)H8P(*)>$&(*)>c,56=)f$*I5&<Q


9*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ¼h`O¾g y| .=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iI5T^,.)&HI5T6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)Z4L)>6C-I:9:C-1Z&3,?.GO.S .CM$ ik&=(*) ]C-Sx,?$ 9 ,ocN+X,5$L9y16=CM&)76=C-I?$_DEC-i?(N&f4 6I:9:S 17)
C-$:Ta)>,/.YC V +-)p.13( )>9:S*+-)>.^8P( )7$&(*)f&3,?.Gk4z)76=CMI:9*.P,?6)H9:CMŽz)>6)>$/&PTa6=I?D &(*)H&3,?.Gk9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.7Q
¼a6 ¾k|..S*DE)d&(L,j&Z,&3,?.G{.)&Z1>,5$ V ).13(*)<9:S*+-)>9uS*$L9:)76'g _|·,?$ 9x)7n?)>6cy&=,/.YG{De)>)&3.pCM&=.p17I?6=6)<.Y4zI?$ 9*CM$*il9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)
8P(*)>$k$*I'&=,/.YGE.Y)>+AT.YS .4z)7$ 9*.>Q2#%$d&( C-.^.cO.Y&)>DW[O,p&=,/.YGeDECMi/(/&^DEC-.=.KCA&3.K9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)b8P(*)>$,'(*CMi/(*)76K4*6=CMI/6CM&0c'&3,?.Gd.Y)>+AT
.S .4L)>$ 9*.^TaI/6.YI/De)f; $ CA&=)p9:S*63,j&C-I?$JQ
¼h.=¾#%$l,e$*I?$ 4*6)>)7DE4:&=CMn/)H.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<[*.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ iE9*)>1CX.CMI/$ .P,56=)Dd,/9:)mI?$*+-ck,5&&=(*)p,56=6=CMnj,5+],?$ 91I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$I?T&3,?.G:.7Q
¼ƒ&3¾| &=CMDE)p.+MCX1)<96=I?S $ 9k6=I V CM$W.13( )>9:S*+-)76PSL.Y)<.^4*6)>)7DE4:&=CMn/)H.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQ
¼aSL¾#™&CX.P$*I?&^4zI/.=.C V +-)f&Id( ,on/)f,d.c:.0&=)7D &=( ,j&CX.P.=,jTa)m,5$ 9W,5&&=(*)p.=,5DE)f&C-De)mCX.PS*$ 6)>+MCX, V +-)?Q
¼”n:¾ U6)<1)>9*)7$ 17)I/6=9:)>6C-$*ie,5DEI?$*iE,E.Y)7&PI5TJ&3,?.G:.KCX.^)>.=.)7$N&CX,5+-+Mc9*)&)>6DEC-$*)>9 V cE&(*)p9 ,j&=,e9:)>4L)>$ 9:)7$L1c,?DEI?$*i'&(*)>DQ
¼a8b¾}~(*)>$y,k.)&I5TF4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)p&=,?.G:.b,?6) V )7C-$*ik.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9lI/$_,dS*$*C-4*6=IO17)>.=.YI/6S .CM$ ig _| .13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i [z,5+-+
&3,?.GO.^8I?S +-9.Y( Ij8.CMDEC-+-,?61I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$k&=CMDE)^—0CM&Y&=)76<Q
 QP}~( ,j&m9:Ic?I/S_S*$ 9:)>6=.Y&=,?$ 9 V cuŠ7Q¹ V*„3 R:‰ ƒ¸O†  ‡jƒ¸LˆI5TK,&=,?.G_.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*iW,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*D w¶Ij8 ,56=)p&( )E.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i4LI/CM$N&3.
9:)&=)76=DECM$*)<9C-${¼”CX¾1+-I:13GN@™9:6=C-n?)7$J[z¼”CMCƒ¾K)7n?)>$N&Y@%9:6C-n?)>$][¼aC-CMCƒ¾K(Nc V 6=CX9.13( )>9:S*+-)763. W¶Ij8 8PC-+M+c/I?S*6^9:);L$*CA&=CMI/$I?T.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i
4LI/CM$N&3.bTaI/6b&=(*)e&(*6=)7)E1+X,?.=.)>.I5TK.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.f13( ,?$*i?)Z8P(*)7$v¼”,/¾f.)7+MTƒ@™.S .4L)>$ .CMI/$_I5TF&3,?.G:.7[],?$ 9¼ V ¾f1I?$N&=)qO&H.8PCM&=13(*C-$*i
Ijn?)>6(*)<,?9*.KI5T&=,/.YG:.P,56=)f&=,?G?)7$C-$/&=Id,?1717I?S*$N&<Q
#LQP#09:)7$N&=CATacm&=(*)P1I/$ .0&=6=,?CM$N&3.]&=( ,j&F,f.Y)7&I?TL4z)76=CMI:9:CX1U6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)U&3,?.G:.$ )7)>9'&IH.=,j&CX.YTacHTaI?6Fg _|“&=I V )P,5$'I/4:&C-Dd,5+*.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6
TaI?6^&=(*)p.Y)7&PI5T&=,?.G:.
(*QgP)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f&=,?.G:.P,56=)$ I?6=DE,?+M+-ck17+-,/..CA;L)>9CM$N&IE4z)76=CMI:9:CX15[L,54z)76=CMI:9:CX15[*,?$ 9.4zI?63,?9:CX1b6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f&=,?.GQ
¼”,N¾}~( ,5&',56=)'&=(*) V ,/.YCX1E16=CA&=)76=C-, V ,?.)>9{I?$x8P(*CX13(x,6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)'&3,?.Gy17,?$ V )9:)&=)76=DECM$*)<9_&=I V )>+MI/$*i&IWI?$*)EI?TK&=(*)
&=(*6)>)p17,5&)7i/I?6=CM)<.
¼ V ¾#09:)>$N&CMTac.I?DE)m13( ,563,?1&)76=CX.0&=C-1>.U&=( ,j&,?6)HS*$*CX`NS*)H&IE)<,?13(I5T&(*)H&=(*6)>)m17,j&=)7i/I?6=CM)<.KI?TJ&3,?.GO.>Q
¼”1>¾ fC-n?)H)q*,?De4 +M)<.^I5T&=,?.G:.^CM$W4*63,?1&CX17,?+.c:.0&=)7Dd.^8P(*CX13( V )>+MI/$*ie&IE)>,/13(I?T&=(*)H&(*6=)7)m1>,j&)>i?I/6C-)>.>Q
QP}~( ,j&U9*Ifc/I?SeS*$ 9:)>6=.Y&=,?$ 9 V c',5$EI?4*&C-DE,?+ .=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*im,5+-i?I/6CM&(*D k#0.CM&&6=S*)^&( ,5&&(*)^&=CMDE)b17I?DE4*+-)q:CM&0cpI5T\,5$eI?4:&=CMDd,?+
.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D·TaI/6f.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i,k.)&HI5TF6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)p&=,/.YG:.CM$x,S*$ CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6C-.4*6=I?(*C V CM&C-n?)7+-cW)q:4z)7$ .CMn/)p&=I V )
I5T2,5$Oc4*63,?1&CX17,5+S .) _‹q:4*+X,5C-$c/I?S*6,?$ .Y8)76<Q
 QP}~( ,j&'9*Ilc?I?SxS*$ 9*)763.0&3,5$ 9 V c—0CM&Y&=)76',/..I:1CX,j&)<9y8PCM&(t,W4z)76=C-IO9*C-1e&3,?.G ¶Ij8 ,56=)Z&=(*)>.)H—0CM&Y&)>6=.Z17,?S .Y)<9 ¶bIj8 1>,5$
&(*)>c V )mIjn?)7631I/DE)
* Qb–OS*4*4zI/.)d,l.Y)7&pI5TK&(*6=)7)d4z)76=CMI:9:CX1e&=,/.YG:.HCX.f&I V ).13( )>9:S*+-)>9xS .C-$*il,l1c:1+-C-1E.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6mI?$s,S*$*C-4*6=IO17)>.=.YI/6>Qd|..S*DE)
&( ,5&&=(*)  S:&C-+-CM•<,j&C-I?$x9:S*)e&I&( )'&=(*6)>)'&=(*6=)7)Z&=,?.G:.fC-.f+-)>.=.b&=( ,5$ Ì Qp|b+-.I [],/..S*DE)'&=( ,j&fTaI?6H)<,?13(_I?TU&( )'&=(*6)>)
&=,/.YG:.>[&(*)_9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.e)<`/SL,5+X.e&(*)W6=)>.4L)<1 &C-n?)W4z)76=CMI:9*.>Q~–OS*4*4zI/.)&( ,5&E8)l,56=), V +-)&=Ix; $ 9v,5$w,54*4*6=I?4 6CX,j&=)kTa63,5DE)


.YC-•7)W¼a8PCM&( I?S:&p( ,onOC-$*i&Il.4*+MCM&p,5$Oc_I?TU&( )E&=,?.G:.=¾&(L,j&'.=,j&CX.Y; )>.&( )E&(*6=)7)d1I/$ .Y&63,5C-$/&3.fI5TKDEC-$*C-DeC-•>,5&C-I?$xI5T^1I?$N&=)qO&

.Y8PCM&=13( )>.>[*DECM$*C-DECM•<,j&=CMI/$I?T2.=13(*)<9:S*+-)H&=, V +M)p.CM•>)?[ ,?$ 9l.=,j&CX.YT”,?1 &=CMI/$I?T29*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.>Q IO)>.^&=(*CX.PCMDE4*+-c&( ,5&bCA&CX.P4zI/.=.YC V +-)
&I,/..)76&^&( ,5&b8K)p1>,5$WTa)<,?.C V +-c.=13(*)<9:S*+-)H&(*)m&=(*6=)7)H&=,/.YG:.PSL.YC-$*iE&( )'1c:1+-CX1m.13(*)<9:S*+-)76 _#™Tc/I?Sl,5$ .8)76, d6=Dd,j&C-n?)>+Mc/[
&(*)>$l4*6=Ijn?)mc?I/S*6b,?$ .Y8)76<Q^#™TFc?I/S_,5$ .8K)>6P$*)7iN,j&=CMn/)7+-c?[*&=(*)7${.Y(*Ij8 ,?$l)q*,5DE4*+-)pC-$Nn/I?+-nOCM$*iE&=(*6=)7)m&3,?.GO.P&( ,5&f9:CX.Y4 6Ijn/)>.
&(*)p,/..)76&C-I?$JQ
 Q K+-,/..CMTacE&(*)m)7qOCX.Y&C-$*ie,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.KTaI?6.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*ie6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)f&=,/.YG:.CM$N&=IE,ZTa)>8 V 6=I/,/9k1+X,?.=.)>.>Q‹FqO4 +-,?CM$&(*)HC-DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&
Ta)>,5&S*6=)>.^I?TJ&( )>.) V 6IN,?91+X,?.=.Y)<.^I5TJ&3,?.Gk.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*id,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.>Q
Ì Ë*Q KI?$ .CX9:)76^,'6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE).c:.0&=)7D 8P(*CX13(17I?$ .C-.Y&=.KI5T&(*6=)7)&=,/.YG:.KGº Fo[OOº H5[*,5$L9º N [O8P(*CX13(k( ,on/) V )7)>$13( ,?6=,/1 &=)76=CM•>)>9EC-$k&=(*)
TaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*iZ&=, V +M)/Q

 

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Œ,/.YG F( ,/.Y) ‹Fq:)>1S*&C-I?$&C-De) gP)7+X,j&=CMn/)0b)<,?9:+-CM$ ) 2)76=C-IO9
D–O)<1 D–O)>1 D–O)>1 D–O)>1
ºF J5Ë ÌË J5Ë J?Ë
ºIH #/Ë ÌË (5Ë (?Ë
ºIH Ë J?Ë *?Ë */Ë
#™T*&( )K&3,?.G:.,?6)U&I V )^.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9pSL.YC-$*iH,&3, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$'.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6>[j8P(L,j&2C-.&=(*)^+M)>$*i5&=('I5TL&C-DE)KTaI/68P( C-13(Z&(*)P.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<.
( ,on?)&I V )p.0&=I?6=)>9CM$&=(*)m4*6=)>1I/DE4*S:&)<9.=13(*)<9:S*+-)H&=, V +M)HI5T&( )p.13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Q
Ì/Ì Q^#0.Z‹ r ,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*DS .Y)<9uTaI?6E.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*iy6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&3,?.GO.Z,{9*cN$L,5DEC-1k4*6=CMI/6CM&0cx.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*ix,5+-i?I/6CM&(*D bIO)<.e‹ r
1I/De4 S:&)E,5$Ocl4*6=CMI/6CM&0cWnj,5+-S*)EI5TU&3,?.G:.,?$NcW&=CMDE) «#™Tc?I/S{,5$L.Y8)76H, d6=DE,5&C-n?)>+Mc/[&(*)>${)7qO4 +-,?CM${8P(*)7$xC-.&=(*)E4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
1I/De4 S:&)<9y,5$L9_(*Ij8 CX.fCA&p17I?DE4*S:&=)>9\Qp#™Tc?I/S{,5$L.Y8)76$*)7iN,j&C-n?)>+Mc/[\)q:4*+X,5C-$y8P( ,5&fCX.&(*)d17I?$ 17)74:&HI5TU4 6C-I?6=CA&0cWC-$x‹ r
&(*)>$]Q
Ì J:Q^}~( ,j&C-.F&(*)f.YS d17CM)>$N&1I/$ 9:CM&C-I?$ETaI/6K‹ fru.13( )>9:S*+X, V CM+-CA&0ceI5TJ,'.Y)7&KI5T\4z)76=CMI:9:CX1P&3,?.G:.F8P(*IN.Y)4z)76=C-IO9d,?$ 99:)<,?9:+-C-$*)b,56=)
9:CMŽz)>6)>$/& KI?$ .Y&6=S 1 &F,?$e)7q*,5DE4*+-)C-$On?I/+MnOC-$*im,f.)&FI?TL&=(*6=)7)^4L)>6C-I:9:CX1&=,?.G:.28P(*I/.)^4L)>6C-I:9E9:CAŽ)76FTa6I/D &(*)>CM6U6)<.Y4z)>1&C-n?)
9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<..S 13(&( ,5&&(*)'&=,/.YG.Y)7&T”,5C-+-.P&(*)'.S 1C-)7$N&17I?$ 9*CA&=CMI/$_,5$ 9c?)7&bCX.‹ fr“.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?
Q )76=CATacc?I/S*6,5$L.Y8)76<Q
–O(*Ij8 ,5+-+\c?I?S 6C-$N&)>6DE)>9*C-,5&)p.Y&)74L.7Q
Ì *QP|«4 6)>)7DE4:&C-n?)H.Y&=,j&=C-1b4*6=CMI/6CM&0cE6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&3,?.G.13( )>9:S*+-)76CX.KSL.Y)<9d&IE.=13(*)>9:S +M)b&08KIe4L)>6C-I:9:CX1P&=,/.YG:.Gº FP,?$ 9Oº H8PCA&=(k&=(*)
TaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*iE13( ,563,?1&)>6CX.0&=C-1>.7˜
Œ,/.YG F( ,/.Y) ‹Fq:)>1S*&C-I?$&C-De) gP)7+X,j&=CMn/)0b)<,?9:+-CM$ ) 2)76=C-IO9
D–O)<1 D–O)>1 D–O)>1 D–O)>1
ºF Ë ÌË J5Ë J?Ë
ºIH Ë J?Ë (5Ë (?Ë
|b.=.YS De)b&( ,5&º F ( ,?.K(*C-i?(*)>6K4 6C-I?6=CA&0ce&=( ,5$º H QF| V ,/13GOi?6=I?S*$ 9Z&3,?.G,56=6C-n?)<.F,j&&C-DE)fËZ,5$ 9k8KI/S*+-96)<`/S CM6=) Ì Ë?Ë?Ë?D–O)>1
&Ik17I?DE4*+-)&=)?Q KI?DE4*S:&=)m&( )Z1I/DE4*+M)7&C-I?$&C-DE)'I?T&=(*) V ,?13GOi?6=I?S*$L9&3,?.G,?.=.S*DECM$*iE&=( ,j&H1I/$/&=)qO&.8PCA&313(*C-$*iE&=,?G?)>.$*I
DEI?6=)b&=( ,5$lË*Q (ZD–O)>1?Q
Ì # QP|b.=.YS De)&(L,j&,e4*6)>)7DE4:&=CMn/)4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cN@ V ,?.)>9d.c:.0&=)7D·17I?$ .C-.Y&=.I?T]&08KIe4z)76=CMI:9:CX1TaI?6=)7i?6=I?S $ 9E&=,/.YG:.Gº Fo[:Oº Hj[*,?$ 9kº N 8PCM&(
&(*)HTaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*ie13(L,563,?1 &=)76=C-.Y&CX17.>˜
Œ,?.G F( ,/.Y) ‹FqO)<1S:&=CMI/$k&=CMDE) gP)7+X,j&=CMn/) )>,/9:+-CM$*) 2)76=CMI:9
D–O)>1 Dd–:)>1 D–O)>1 D–O)<1
ºF Ë J?Ë Ì Ë?Ë Ì Ë/Ë
Oº H Ë /Ë Ì (5Ë Ì (?Ë
ºN Ë /Ë /Ë?Ë ?Ë/Ë
Gº F( ,?.U(*C-i?(*)>6U4*6=CMI/6CM&0cZ&( ,?$Oº H,5$ 9Iº H( ,?.K(*C-i?(*)>6U4*6=CMI/6CM&0cp&=( ,5$kº N Q| V ,/13GNi/6I/S*$ 9'&=,/.YGdŒ V ,56=6=CMn/)>.F,5&U&C-DE)Ëp,?$ 9
8KI/S*+X9d6)<`NS*CM6==) J?Ë?Ë/Ë5D–O)>1P&IE1I?DE4*+-)&=)?Q KI/De4 S:&)&(*)H1I/DE4*+M)7&C-I?$k&C-De)HI?T]&(*) V ,/13GNi/6I/S*$ 9e&3,?.GEŒ V ,?.=.S*DECM$*i'&( ,5&
1I/$/&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13( CM$*ie&=CMDE)H&=,?G?)<.^$*IEDeI/6)f&=( ,5$ Ì D–O)>1?Q
Ì (:QP|1c:1+-C-1E6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)e.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76mCX.H&I V )dS .Y)<9{&Il.13( )>9:S*+-)e&(*6=)7)d4z)76=C-IO9*C-1Z&=,/.YG:.HGº Fo[Oº Hj[,?$ 9xº N 8PCM&(x&( )ETaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i
13( ,563,?1&)>6CX.0&=C-1>.7˜
Œ,/.YG F( ,/.Y) ‹Fq:)>1S*&C-I?$&C-De) gP)7+X,j&=CMn/0) b)<,?9:+-CM$ ) 2)76=C-IO9
D–O)<1 D–O)>1 D–O)>1 D–O)>1
ºF Ë J?Ë Ì Ë?Ë Ì Ë?Ë
Iº H Ë J?Ë *?Ë */Ë
ºH Ë /Ë Ì (5Ë Ì (5Ë
#/Ë

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 –OS*i/i?)>.Y&P,d.YS*CM&=, V +-)Ta63,5DE)m.CM•>)H&( ,5&P1>,5$ V )mS .Y)<9\QF–O(*Ij8Ä,5+-+\CM$N&=)76=De)<9:CX,j&)m.Y&)>4 .PC-$c/I?S*61>,5+X1S*+X,j&=CMI/$ .7Q
Ì *Q KI?$ .CX9:)76&( )HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*id.Y)7&PI5T&(*6=)7)HC-$ 9:)74z)7$L9:)7$N&b6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)4z)76=CMI:9:CX1f&=,/.YG:.>Q
Œ,/.YG –N&=,?6Y&@h&=CMDE)d¼aD–O)<1>¾ F6=I:1)>.=.CM$*i?@h&=CMDE)e¼aD–O)>1<¾ 2)>6C-I:9y¼”Dd–:)>1>¾ b)<,?9:+-C-$*)/¼”Dd–:)>1>¾
ºF J5Ë J9( Ì (5Ë Ì Ë?Ë
Oº H #/Ë ÌË (5Ë ?Ë
Oº N ?Ë (5Ë J5Ë?Ë Ì (5Ë
–OS*4*4zI/.),_17cO17+MCX1d.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6pC-.p&I V )S .)>9x&=I_.13(*)<9:S*+-)d&( )d&=,/.YGx.Y)7&>Q}~( ,j&'CX.m&=(*)Dd,j—0I/6'1c:17+M)dI?T&=(*)d&3,?.G{.)&
–OS*i/i?)>.Y&b,d.S*CA&3, V +-)mTa63,5DE)p.CM•>)p,5$ 9W4*6=IjnOC-9*)H,dTa)>,?.C V +M)p.=13(*)<9:S*+-)k¼ƒ&3,?.G&ITa6=,?De)p,/..C-i?$*DE)7$N&PTaI/6b,EDd,j—0I?61c:1+-)<¾TaI/6
&(*)H&3,?.Gk.)&>Q
Ì  Q KI?$ .CX9:)76&( )HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*id.Y)7&PI5TTaI?S*6PC-$ 9:)>4L)>$ 9:)7$N&b6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)4z)76=C-IO9*C-1f&3,?.GO.>Q
Œ,?.G –O&=,56&Y@B&C-DE)¼aD–O)<1>¾ U6I:17)>.=.YC-$*i5@B&C-DE)e¼”D–O)>1<¾ 2)76=C-IO9{¼aD–O)<1>¾
ºF J5Ë J( Ì (5Ë
Oº H #/Ë ËÌ (?Ë
ºN J5Ë Ì( (?Ë
Iº P ?Ë (?Ë J?Ë?Ë
|b.=.YS De)&(L,j&^&=,/.YGdº N C-.DEI?6=)f176CM&CX17,?+ &=( ,5$&=,/.YGdOº H?Q K( )>13Gd8P(*)7&(*)>6K&=(*)f&=,/.YG.)&P17,?$ V )Ta)<,?.C V +Mc.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9S .C-$*i
g _|'Q
Ì **Q^}~( ,j&FCX.2&=(*)8I?63.0&F17,/.Y)P6=)>.4zI?$ .)&C-De)bI5Tz&(*) V ,?13GOi?6=I?S*$L9m&=,/.YGZI5T\,m.Yc:.Y&)>D C-$e8P( C-13(E&=(*) V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$ 9'&=,?.Gp6=)>`NS*C-6)<.
Ì Ë/Ë?ËD–O)<1Z&I_1I/DE4*+M)7&)/QeŒ^(*)>6)d,?6)Z&08KITaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$ 9l&=,?.G:.7QdŒ^(*)E(*C-i?( )76H4*6=CMI/6CM&0cWTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$ 9l&3,?.G_)q:)<1S:&=)>.HI?$L1)
)7n/)76=c Ì Ë/Ë5D–O)>1m,?$ 9W)>,/13(&C-De)'6)<`/S CM6=)>!. J (jD–O)<1f&Ik17I?DE4*+-)&)/QPŒ^(*)m+MIj8)76b4*6C-I?6=CM&0cdTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$ 9&=,/.YG)q:)>17S:&)<.I?$L1)
)7n/)76=$c (5ËeD–O)>1H,5$L96=)>`NS*C-6=)>. Ì (ZD–O)>1f&=Id1I?DE4*+-)&=)?Q KI/$/&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13( CM$*iE6=)>`NS*C-6)<.$*IdDEI?6=)&=( ,5$ Ì D–O)>1?Q
Ì Q KI?$ .Y&6=S 1&,5$)q*,5DE4*+-)bC-$On?I/+MnOC-$*i'DEI?6=)&=( ,5$I?$*)f( ,?6=9d6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)4z)76=C-IO9*C-1&=,?.Gd8P(*IN.Y)f,5i?i/6)>i/,5&)P4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6US*&C-+MC-•>,5@
&C-I?$C-. Ì [*,5$L9kc/)&b.=13(*)>9:S +-, V +M)HS*$L9:)76g y|pQ
J?Ë*QP‹q:4*+X,5C-$x&(*)k9*CAŽ)76=)7$ 17) V )&08)7)7$s17+MI:13GN@™9*6C-n?)>$][J)>n?)7$N&@™9:6=C-n?)7$J[,5$L9u(Nc V 6=CX9x.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.HTaI?6p6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)E&=,/.YG:.>Q}~(*CX13(
&0cO4L)eI5TU.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>68I?S +-9 V )e4*6=)Ta)76=6=)>9WTaI/6f.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*i&(*6=)7)Z4L)>6C-I:9:CX1p&3,?.GO.C-${,5${)7D V )<9*9:)>9{,54*4 +MCX17,5&C-I?$]Q S .0&=CATac
c?I/S*6P,5$ .8K)>6>Q


J Ì #Q b)7&)>6DEC-$*)'8P(*)7&(*)>6b&=(*)ZTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*ik.)&fI5TF4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m&3,?.GO.bC-.f.=13(*)>9:S +-, V +M)ZI?$y,S*$*C-4*6I:17)>.=.YI/6bS .CM$ i _|’K¼ b)<,?9:+-C-$*)

lI?$ I5&I/$*CX1|b+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D¾ QU–O(*Ij8 ,5+-+]C-$/&=)76=DE)>9:CX,j&=)H.Y&)>4 .^C-$c/I?S*6P17I?DE4*S:&3,j&C-I?$JQ
Œ,/.YG –N&=,?6Y&@h&=CMDE)d¼aD–O)<1>¾ F6=I:1)>.=.CM$*i?@h&=CMDE)e¼aD–O)>1<¾ 2)>6C-I:9y¼”Dd–:)>1>¾ b)<,?9:+-C-$*)/¼”Dd–:)>1>¾
Gº F J5Ë J9( Ì (5Ë Ì #/Ë
ºH ?Ë ÌË ?Ë #/Ë
ºN #/Ë J5Ë J5Ë?Ë Ì J5Ë
ºP J9( ÌË *?Ë J9(
J(J:Q KI?$ .CX9:)76&( )HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*id.Y)7&PI5T&(*6=)7)HC-$ 9:)74z)7$L9:)7$N&b6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)4z)76=CMI:9:CX1f&=,/.YG:.>Q
Œ,/.YG –N&=,?6Y&@h&=CMDE)d¼aD–O)<1>¾ F6=I:1)>.=.CM$*i?@h&=CMDE)e¼aD–O)>1<¾ 2)>6C-I:9y¼”Dd–:)>1>¾ b)<,?9:+-C-$*)/¼”Dd–:)>1>¾
ºF J5Ë J9( Ì (5Ë Ì Ë?Ë
Oº H #/Ë ÌË (5Ë ?Ë
Nº ?Ë (5Ë J5Ë?Ë Ì (5Ë
# Ì

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 b)7&)>6DEC-$*)d8P(*)&=(*)76'&(*)&=,?.G{.)&pCX.p.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)dI?$t,WS*$*C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6HS .CM$*i_‹ rQ2–O(*Ij8,5+-+FCM$N&=)76=De)<9:CX,j&).Y&)>4 .pC-$
c?I/S*6P1I?DE4*S*&=,j&=CMI/$]Q
J9*Q#b)7&)>6DEC-$*)'8P(*)7&(*)>6f&(*)ZTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*ik.)&HI5TF4z)76=C-IO9*C-1Z6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)m&3,?.G:.bCX..=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)'I/${,S $*CM4 6I:1)<..I?6bS .YC-$*ig _|pQ
–O(*Ij8 &(*)dC-$N&)76=DE)>9:CX,j&=)d.0&=)74 .HC-$uc?I?S 6p1I?DE4*S*&=,j&=CMI/$]QE#0.pg _|I/4:&C-Dd,5+8P(*)>$x&(*)E&3,?.Gy9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.p9:CMŽz)>6HTa6I/D &=(*)
&=,/.YG4z)76=C-IO9 .
Œ,/.YG –N&3,56&Y@B&C-De)d¼”Dd–:)>1>¾ F6=I:1)<..CM$ i5@B&C-De)e¼aD–O)<1>¾ 2)76=CMI:9y¼”D–O)>1<¾ )>,?9*+MC-$*)¼aD–O)<1>¾
Gº F J?Ë J9( Ì (?Ë Ì Ë?Ë
Oº H #NË  #/Ë #/Ë
Oº N /Ë ÌË ?Ë (5Ë
ºP J( ÌË ?Ë J5Ë
J2# Q KI?$ .Y&6=S 1&K,5$d)7q:,?DE4*+M)CM$On/I?+-nNC-$*iH&08Ip4z)76=CMI:9:CX16=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)P&=,/.YG:.2TaI/6K8P(*CX13(17,?$ V )Ta)>,/.YC V +-ce.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9 V c V I?&(g _|
,5$ 9y‹ frK[ V S:&H&(*)E.13( )>9:S*+-)ei?)7$ )763,j&)<9 V c_g _| 9:CMŽz)>6=.Ta6=I?D &(L,j&Hi?)7$ )763,j&)<9 V c_‹ frQ b63,o8Ä&(*)Z&08I.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<.
I?$W,Z&C-De)m+-C-$*)p,5$ 9(*C-i?(*+-C-i?(N&(*Ij8 &=(*)H&08Ie.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<.P9:CMŽz)>6>Q KI/$ .YCX9:)>6^&(*)H&08Ie&=,?.G:.P.YSL13(k&=( ,j&PTaI/6P)>,?13(&=,/.YG˜
¼”,N¾d&=(*)m4L)>6C-I:9C-.&=(*)p.,?DE)H,/.P9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)
¼ V ¾4z)76=CMI:9CX.P9:CAŽ)76=)7$N&PTa6=I?D·9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)
J (:Q 6C-5) L cf)q:4*+X,5C-$p8P(*C-+-)K.=13(*)>9:S +MC-$*i,.Y)7&I?T*( ,5639m6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)U4L)>6C-I:9:C-1U&=,/.YG:.>[>8P(Ocmg _|v17,?$p$*I?&,?13( CM)>n?) Ì Ë?Ë 4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6
S:&C-+-CM•<,j&C-I?$8PCM&(*I/S:&DEC-.=.YC-$*ie&=,/.YG9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)<.7Q
J *Q ,5$DZS*+M&C-4*6I:17)>.=.YI/6K6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&=,/.YG.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*ie,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd. V )fS .)>9.,5&CX.0T”,/1 &I/6C-+-ceC-$9*C-.Y&6=C V S:&)<9.c:.0&=)7Dd.7Q‹FqO4 +-,?CM$
&(*) V ,?.C-1P9:CMŽ)76=)7$ 17) V )7&08K)>)7$e&(*)13( ,563,?1&)76=CX.0&=C-1>.I?T,H6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)^&=,/.YG'.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*ip,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D TaI/6FD'S*+M&C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?63.,?$ 9
,e6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)f&=,/.YGk.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*id,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*DTaI?6,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&C-I?$L.^6S*$ $*CM$ ieI/$9*C-.Y&6=C V S:&)<9.c:.0&=)7Dd.>Q
J  Q KI?$ .Y&6=S 1&^,?$k)q*,?De4 +M)fCM$On/I?+-nNC-$*iZ&(*6=)7)H,56 V CM&63,56=cE6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)b4z)76=C-IO9*C-1&=,/.YG:.K&I V )H.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9I?$,eS*$ CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6<[?TaI/6
8P(*I?D &(*)H&3,?.Gk.13( )>9:S*+-)>.^8I?6=G?)<9I/S:& V ck‹ fr,?$ 9g _|Ä8KI/S*+X9 V )p9:CMŽz)>6)>$/&<Q
J9**Q KI?$ .Y&6=S 1&K,5$d)7q:,?DE4*+M)bCM$On?I/+MnOC-$*iH&( 6)>)4L)>6C-I:9:CX1P6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)P&3,?.G:.b¼ƒTaI/6U)<,?13(E&=,/.YG[?&=,?.Ge4L)>6C-I:9d.Y(*I/S*+X9 V ))>`NS ,?+*&I'CA&3.
9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)o¾8P(*CX13(k8I?S +-9 V )H.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)bS $ 9:)76P‹ r V S*&S*$L.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)bS $ 9:)76Pg y|pQ SL.0&=CATacd8P(OcEc?I/S*6K)7q*,5DE4*+-)bCX.
1I/66=)>1&>Q


J  Q KI?$ .Y&6=S 1&K,5$d)7q:,?DE4*+M)bCM$On?I/+MnOC-$*ip,p.)&UI?T]( ,5639E6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)P4z)76=C-IO9*C-1&=,?.G:.2&(L,j&,?6)b$*I5&K.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)S*$ 9*)76Kg _| V S*&

1I/S*+-9 V )HTa)>,?.C V +Mc.13(*)<9:S*+-)>9 V c _|pQ )>6CMTackc/I?S*6P,?$ .Y8)76<[*.(*Ij8PCM$ ie,?+M+\C-$N&)76=DE)>9:CX,j&=)p.0&=)74 .>Q
/Ë*QPŒ^(*6=)7)m( ,?6=96)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)m4z)76=CMI:9:CX1H&3,?.GO.^º F . ¼ (5Ë?D–O)>1?[ Ì Ë/Ë5D–O)>1?[ Ì Ë/Ë5D–O)>1<¾ [*º H6. ¼  Ë?D–O)>1?E[ J5Ë/Ë5D–O)>1?'[ J5Ë/Ë5D–O)>1<¾ [ ,?$ 9
Oº N . ¼ /Ë5D–O)>1?6[ #/Ë?Ë?D–O)>1?[ #NË?Ë?Dd–:)>1>¾],56=)&I V )^.13( )>9:S*+-)>9pI?$',PS $*CM4 6I:1)<..I?6S .CM$*ifg _|'Q ,?$m&(*)K&=,/.YGm.)& V )UTa)>,?.C V +Mc
V )Z.13(*)<9:S*+-)>9 “–OS*4*4zI/.)Z17I?$N&)7qO&.Y8PCM&=13(lIjn/)76=(*)>,/9kI?T Ì DECM+-+-C2–O)<1I/$ 9*.CX.P&=I V )p&3,5G?)>$lCM$N&=Ik,?1>1I?S $/&<[L9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)p&=(*)


.13( )>9:S*+X, V CM+-CA&0c/Q

 Ì Q KI?$ .CX9:)76&( )HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*ie&(*6=)7)H6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f4z)76=C-IO9*C-1&=,/.YG:.>Q
Œ,/.YG –N&=,?6Y&@h&=CMDE)d¼aD–O)<1>¾ F6=I:1)>.=.CM$*i?@h&=CMDE)e¼aD–O)>1<¾ 2)>6C-I:9y¼”Dd–:)>1>¾ b)<,?9:+-C-$*)/¼”Dd–:)>1>¾
Gº F J5Ë J9( Ì (5Ë Ì (5Ë
ºH #/Ë ÌË (5Ë (5Ë
ºN ?Ë (5Ë J5Ë?Ë J?Ë?Ë
¼”,N¾ K(*)<13Gu8P(*)&=(*)76'&(*)&(*6=)7)i?C-n?)>$u&=,?.G:.',?6)k.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)S*$ 9*)76Eg _|pQF–O( Ij8,?+M+C-$/&=)76=DE)>9:CX,j&=)k.0&=)74 .ZC-$tc?I/S*6
17I?DE4*S:&3,j&C-I?$JQ

#J

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ¼ V ¾|..S*DECM$ iH&( ,5&U)>,/13(e17I?$N&)7qN&F.8PCA&313(ECM$ 17S*63.F,5$EIjn?)>6( )>,?9'I5T Ì D–O)>1?[/9:)7&)76=DECM$ )P8P(*)&=(*)76&=(*)^&=,/.YG:.F,?6)P.=13(*)>9*S:@
+X, V +-)mS*$ 9*)76g _|'Q |+X.I [ 9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)f&(*)p,on/)763,5i?)f1I/$/&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13( CM$*iEIjn/)76=(*)>,/94z)76PS*$*CM&I5T&=,/.YGk)q:)>17S:&C-I?$]Q
¼”1>¾|..S*DE)l&(L,j&Gº Fo[^Oº H5[P,5$L9wº N .)7+MTm.YS .4z)7$ 9vTaI/6 Ì Ë?Dd–:)>15#[ J5ËuD–O)<15[P,5$L9 Ì (jD–O)<16)<.Y4z)>1&C-n?)7+-c?Q b)7&)>6DEC-$*)
8P(*)7&(*)>6&=(*)m&=,/.YGW.)&b6=)7Dd,5C-$ ..=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)mS*$ 9:)>6g y|pQLŒ^( )'1I/$/&=)qO&.8PCA&313(*C-$*idIjn?)>6(*)<,?9I5T Ì Dd.)>1m.(*I?S*+X9
V )Z17I?$ .C-9*)76=)>9CM$lc/I?S*6b6)<.YS*+M&>Q  I/S_17,?$_,?.=.YS*DE)H&=( ,j&f)>,?13(&3,?.GS*$L9:)76=i?IO)>.b.Y)>+ATF.S .Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$lI/$*+McI?$L1)'9:S 6C-$*i
)<,?13(I5T2CA&3.^)q:)>17S:&C-I?$]Q
¼”9 ¾|..S*DECM$ ip&(L,j&Kº F ,5$ 9dº H ,56=)b,?.=.YC-i?$ )>9e&( )f.=,5DE)4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cenj,5+-S*)?[O9:)&=)76=DECM$*)&( ),?9 9:CA&=CMI/$ ,5+9:)>+-,oceCM$k6)<.Y4zI?$ .)
&=CMDE)H&(L,j&º H 8KI/S*+X9kC-$ 1S 6b1I/De4L,56=)>9d&=IE&(*)p1>,?.)H8P(*)7$&( )7c,?6)H,?.=.CMi/$*)>99:CX.0&=CM$ 1&4*6=CMI/6CM&C-)>.>Q2#%i?$*I/6)f&( )p.Y)>+AT
.S .4L)>$ .YC-I?$&C-DE)>.,?$ 9&(*)p17I?$N&)7qO&P.8PCM&=13(Ijn?)76=(*)<,?9dTaI/6^&(*CX.P4 ,?6Y&PI?TJ&( )p`/S )>.Y&C-I?$]Q
¼a)<¾|..S*DE)&=( ,j&º Fj[OIº H5[O,?$ 9dº N [O)>,/13(d6)<`NS*CM6=)b17)76&=,5C-$16=CM&CX17,5+z.Y)<1 &=CMI/$ “9:S*6=CM$*i'&(*)>CM6^1I/DE4*S:&=,5&C-I?$]Q}xI?S*+X9dCM& V )
17I?6=6)<1 &F&=IZ,?.=.)76&F&( ,5&Gº F,5$ 9dº N 8KI/S*+-9E$ I5&^S*$ 9:)>6i/I',5$Oce4*6C-I?6=CM&0cZC-$On?)763.CMI/$9:S*)&=I'Oº H S .Y&CMTacdc?I/S*6U,5$L.Y8)76<Q
#%i/$*I?6=)b&=(*)p.)7+MT2.S .4L)>$ .YC-I?$&C-DE)>.,?$ 9&(*)p17I?$N&)7qO&P.8PCM&=13(Ijn?)76=(*)<,?9*.UTaI?6P&=(*CX.^4 ,56&I5T&(*)p`NS*)<.0&=CMI/$]Q


¼ƒT=¾W|..S*DE)p&=( ,j&bOº NmCX.GO$*Ij8P$W&=I V )p&( )'DEI/.Y&16=CM&CX17,5+JI5T&( )m&(*6=)7)p&=,?.G:.7Q‹Fq:4*+-,?CM$l,.S*CM&=, V +M)Z.13(*)>DE) V c8P(*CX13(

CM&PDE,oc V )4zI/.=.C V +-)&I')>$ .S*6)&(L,j&^Iº N9:IO)>.$*I?&DECX..CM&=.^9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.US $ 9:)76&=6=,?$ .YC-)7$N&Ijn?)76=+-I/,?9E17I?$ 9:CM&C-I?$L.K8P( )7$
&=(*)H&=,/.YGk.)&CX.P.=13(*)>9:S +M)<9SL.YC-$*idg _|'Q
¼aiO¾k|..S*DE)P&(L,j&Kc/I?SE( ,on/) V )>)7$,?.G?)<9Z&IpC-DE4*+M)>DE)7$N&,?$E‹ ry&=,/.YGE.=13(*)>9:S +M)>6TaI?6,5$d,54*4 +MCX17,5&C-I?$d8P(*)>6)P) d17CM)>$ 1c
I?T&=(*)p.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*id,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*D CX.,en?)>6cdC-DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&b1I/$ 1)>6$]˜-˜
ChQP‹FqO4 +-,?CM$&(*)p9 ,j&=,E.Y&6=S 1 &=S*6=)fc/I?S8KI/S*+X9kS .)f&IdDd,5C-$N&=,?CM$&(*)m6=)>,/9:cd+-C-.Y&>Q}~( ,5&8KI/S*+X9 V )H&(*)p17I?DE4*+-)q:CM&0c
I?TC-$ .)76&C-$*id,5$ 96)>DEIjnNC-$*iZ&=,/.YG:.Ta6=I?D &=(*)m6)<,?9:ck+MCX.0&<Q
C-ChQ^#09:)>$N&CMTac&( )m)7n?)>$N&=.^8P(*CX13(W8KI/S*+-9k&6=C-i?i?)>6^c?I?S 6^.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Q
¼a(L¾‹FqO4 +-,?CM$s(*Ij8,5$t‹ r¼h‹U,56=+-CM)<.0,& )>,/9:+MC-$*)rC-63.0& ¾m.13( )>9:S*+-)76'TaI?6e.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$ i_,_.Y)7&'I5T6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)E&=,/.YG:.'1>,5$ V )
C-DE4*+M)>DE)7$N&)<9DEIN.0&) d17CM)>$N&+-c?Q}~( ,5&C-.&=(*)p1I/De4 +M)7qOCM&0cI?T( ,?$ 9:+-CM$ iE,Z&3,?.Gk,56=6C-nj,5+\C-$c/I?S*6PC-DE4*+-)7DE)7$N&=,5&C-I?$
‹FqO4 +-,?CM$c?I/S*6P,5$ .8K)>6>Q
¼”CX¾|..S*DE)E&( ,5&pº H ,?$ 9xOº Nj[J)<,?13(x6)<`/S CM6=)d1)76&=,?CM$u16=CM&CX17,5+6=)>.I?S 6=17) g Ì 9:S 6C-$*i&(*)>CM6p17I?DE4*S:&3,j&=CMI/$]Qdº H $ )7)>9 .
g Ì TaI/6 Ì ËD–O)>1d,?$ 9xOº NE$*)7)<9*. g Ì TaI?6 J5ËD–O)>1?Qk|+X.YIL[]&3,?.GO.Hº F ,?$ 9yº H [)<,?13(x6)<`/S CM6=)d16=CA&=C-1>,5+6=)>.I?S*631)
!g Jk9:S*6=CM$ i&( )7C-6f17I?DE4*S:&3,j&C-I?$JQº F $ )7)>9 . g Ì TaI?6 Ì (Dd–:)>1',?$ 9lº H $ )7)>9 . ;g JETaI?6 (dD–O)<15QH|b.=.YS*DE)Z&( ,5&
)<,?13(E&=,/.YGeC-$ .0&3,5$ 17)P&6=C-)>.&=I'i/)&K,?+M+LCA&3.U6=)>`NS*C-6)<9E6)<.YI/S*631)>. V )TaI/6).0&3,56&C-$*im&I'S .Y)f,5$Oc'I?T\&(*)6)<.YI/S*631)>.>Q|b+-.I [N,
&3,?.GdCM$ .Y&=,?$ 1)f6=)&S 6$ .^,Z6)<.YI/S*631),/.^.YIOI?$,?.CA&17I?DE4*+-)&)<.^1I?DE4*S*&C-$*iES .YC-$*ieCA&<QKR$ 1)H,'&=,?.GdC-$ .0&3,5$ 17)6=)&=S*6=$ .
,{6)<.YI/S*631)?[UCA&9:IO)>.e$*I?&E&6=cu&Is,?1>`/S CM6=)CM&,5iN,5C-$]Qt#™T  ’¼”4*6=CMI/6CM&0cs1)7C-+-CM$*iu4*6=I5&=I:1I?+ƒ¾mCX.ES .)>9TaI?6E6=)>.I?S*631)
,?6 V CM&63,j&=CMI/$][K9*)&)>6DEC-$*)WCATf&( )W&=,?.Gt.)&CX.d.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)W8P(*)7$“&( )_1I?$N&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13(*C-$*iuIjn?)>6( )>,?9tI5T Ì D–O)>1CX.
17I?$ .C-9*)76=)>9x¼”,?.=.S*DE)f$ IE.)7+MT.YS .4z)7$ .CMI/$I?T&3,?.G:.=¾Q
¼ —¾ŒKcO4*C-1>,5+-+Mc8P( ,j&C-.&(*)p$OS*D V )>6bI?T24 6C-I?6=CA&0c+M)>n?)>+-..S*4*4zI?6&)<9 V c,5$OcW1I/DeDE)>6=17C-,?+\6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)mI?4z)763,j&=CM$ i.Yc:.Y&)7D
&=( ,j&c/I?SW,56=)H,o8^,56=)bI?T l}~(L,j&CX.^&(*)mDEC-$*C-D'S*D $OS*D V )76PI?T4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cd+-)7n/)7+X.^6)<`/S CM6=)>9 V ckg2Œ0@ ^RH–O# p}~(Nc9:I
I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*id.Yc:.Y&)7Dd.^6=)>.Y&6=C-1&^&(*)m$OS*D V )>6PI5T24*6C-I?6=CM&0cd+M)>n?)7+X.&( )7c.S*4*4zI?6&

 ž 5ž£ž¦W©Pžª
Ì ]C-S QU,?$ 9 J,ocO+-,?$ 9 Q } Q«–:13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*is,5+-i?I/6CM&( DE.ZTaI/6dD'S*+M&C-4*6=I?i?63,5DEDEC-$*i{C-$w( ,5639t6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)W)7$OnOCM6=I?$*DE)>$/&<Q
OX‡ R:€ ¸z5‰J‡ " )'+l[ I?+BQEJ?Ë ¼ Ì ¾ ˜ # Ì [ Ì   Q

 8

J H6CX.Y( $ , Q sQ ,?$ 9W–O(*C-$ EQ eQ b„35‰ ZFE„ $@ToŠ ˆ%„SFZŠ QFŒ,5&=, _1f63,o8^@%¶C-+M+B[ Ì  C Q
 ])7( IO17•7GOc I?(*$ FQF,?$ 9 JS*Cb–O( , QvŒ^( )l6=,5&)@™DEI?$*I?&I/$*C-1.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*is,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*DW˜‹Fq*,?1 &13( ,?6=,/1 &=)76=CM•<,j&C-I?$t,?$ 9
,on?)763,5i/)b17,/.Y) V )7( ,onOC-I?6<Q €‡<¹=„3„3jƒ¸O†jŠ'‡ "b„3j‰ ZFd„ $@ToŠ ˆ™„ FZŠ%$ T F  ‡oŠ ZR+Fe[*4 ,5i/)>. Ì ÌI:Ì [()>17)7D V )>6 Ì  *  Q

 

# '–O( , FQ,5$ 9“g,j—0GOS*Dd,?6egmQ lI:9:)l13( ,5$*i/)k4*6=I5&=I:1I?+X.'TaI?6e4*6C-I?6=CM&0c/@%9:6=CMn/)7$s4*6=)7)>DE4:&C-n?)W.13( )>9:S*+-C-$*i Q „=5‰ Z FE„

$@ToŠ ˆ™„ FZŠ3[ I/+hQ Ì ¼ bI :Q N¾ ˜ J8#  2J (:[ b)<1)>D V )76 Ì  *  Q


#

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 
  
! "
$#&%'&&&(*),+-./0
132546(+7849
1;:<

=?>5@ACBEDF@HG3@HIKJLJNMKOQPRO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YZM[WEYK\[GNB]JN>5^O J3>UM_Ja`@bACBcONS(VUONOQ@dAeBXIeJ3>5@WcM[OQJ<f>UM_g5J3@hGa`@hGN@bM_WXWijM[O3@HAR\[IkJ3>5@g5GN@h^<BXO3@
JN>UMlJJN>5@bACBEDF@HG3@HImJJNM[O3PCO BEIkMO3nCOoJN@h^pM[G3@M[WEWqBXIUAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIKJdrst\l`@Hu[@hGdv!JN>UMlJwBcOGTM_GN@hWXnxJ3>5@ySHM[O3@<BEIeGN@HM[W]z{WEBE|}@M_g5gUWEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHr
=;M[O3PCO?\_|~J3@HIx>UMu[@ @h€gUWEBcS(BEJ1AC@Hgj@HIUAC@hIjS(BX@HOtO3gF@HS(BE‚U@dAM[^<\[I5YaJ3>U@h^OQ@HWEuK@HOHvUBX^<g5WEBcS(BEJ1AC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HO0M[G3@^<\KG3@S(\K^<^a\KIr=;M[O3PCO
^<BXY[>mJiF@HSh\[^<@aBEImJ3@HGQzƒAC@Hgj@HIUAC@hImJ|}\[GO3@hu[@HGNM[W„GN@HMKOQ\KIUOhr S(\K^a^<\KIx|}\[GN^†\_|A5@hgF@hIUAC@HIUS(nZM_GNBXO3@HOt`‡>5@hI'\[I5@ˆJNMKOQPxI5@H@HA5O1JN>5@
GN@HO3V5WEJNO\_|M[I5\_JN>5@hGJTM[O3PJN\g5G3\CSh@h@HA`‡B]JN>ZBEJNOSh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IjOhrˆ‰U\[G@(€5M_^<g5WX@[vŠJN>5@<gj\mOQBEJ3BX\[IjM_W‹@hGNG3\KG1Sh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IŒJNMKOQPx\[|M
 nmz{inKz{`‡BXG3@ˆM[BEGTS(GTMl|~J1^<MnI5@H@HAJN>5@LGN@HO3V5WEJNO1\_|&MyJNM[O3PS(\[^<g5V5J3BXI5YyJN>5@aShV5GNG3@HIKJ1gj\mOQBEJ3BX\[I\[|ŽJ3>5@<M_BXGTS(GTMl|~J0|}GN\[^*J3>U@LONM_^<g5WX@HA
uK@hWX\ShB]JonM[IUA'M[ShSh@hWX@hGTMlJNBE\KIŒulM_WXV5@HOHr<=?>mVjOhv„J3>5@<gF\KO3B]JNBE\KIUM_WŽ@HG3GN\[G S(\K^agUVCJNM_J3BX\[IZJNM[O3PŒSHM_I'^a@dM_I5BXI5Y[|}V5WEWXnGNV5I'\[I5WXnŒMl|~JN@hG JN>5@
 S(V5GNG3@HImJgF\KO3B]JNBE\KIA5@(J3@HG3^<BXIUMlJNBE\KIULJNMKOQPbSh\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOHr‹‰UV5G3J3>5@HGHv5@Hu[@HIb`‡>5@HIIU\a@h€Cg5WEBcS(BEJtA5M_JNMa@(€5ST>UM[I5Y[@dOM[G3@ BXImuK\[WXu[@dA!vmJNM[O3PCO
^<BXY[>mJtiF@wG3@d‘mV5BEGN@HAJN\G3V5IxBXIS(@HGQJTM_BXI\[GTAC@hGdr‰U\[G0@h€CM[^<g5WE@Kv5JN>5@ˆO3nOQJ3@H^BXI5BEJ3BcM_WXBE’dMlJNBE\KIJTM[O3Pb^MnbIU@h@HAJN\yGNV5I‚UGTOoJdv5ij@h|}\[GN@
\[J3>5@HG?JNM[O3PCO‡ShM[IGNV5Ir
“1@hgF@hIUA5@hIUShn<M[^<\[I5YJTM[O3PCOO3@huK@hGN@hWXnˆGN@HOQJ3GNBXS(JNOŽJN>5@ M_g5g5WXBcShM_iUBEWXB]Jona\_|!JN>5@G3@dOQV5WEJNO&\[IJTM[O3PO3ST>5@dACV5WXBEIUYw`@AC@huK@hWX\[gF@HA<BXIyJN>5@
WcM[OQJaf>UM_g5J3@hGdr=?>5@yGN@HM[O3\[I'BcOJ3>jMlJL”“1‰•M_IUAe–t—6ONST>5@HACVUWE@HGNOBX^<gj\mOQ@bI5\S(\KIUOoJNGNM[BEImJTO \[IRJ3>U@y\[GTAC@hGˆBEIe`‡>5BcST>RulM_GNBE\KVUO
JTM[O3POq@(€C@HShVCJ3@KrŽ˜5ST>5@HACVUWE@dOŽg5GN\A5VUS(@dA<imna”&“‰'\[G&–0—Œ™^<BEYK>KJumBX\[WcMlJN@?J3>5@1S(\[IjOoJNGNM[BEImJNOqBE^<gF\KO3@HAACV5@0J3\ JNMKOQP<AC@Hgj@HIUAC@hIjS(BX@HOHr
š'@J3>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@&I5@H@HAJN\ @(€J3@HIUAJN>5@?G3@dOQV5WEJNO;\[|5J3>5@WcM[OQJ‹ST>UM[gCJ3@HG‹BEIL\[GTAC@hGJ3\ij@‡M[i5WE@J3\ S(\Kgj@V5ga`‡B]JN>LBXImJ3@HGQz›JNMKOQPAC@Hgj@HIUAC@hIjS(BX@HOHr
‰UV5GQJN>5@hGdvFJ3>5@yfœ&žO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YyJN@HST>5I5Bc‘mV5@HO1JN>UMlJ`@<OoJNVUACBX@HAŒBEIxJN>5@aWXMKOoJST>UM_g5J3@hGShM[I5I5\_J iF@aONMlJNBXOQ|ŸM[S(J3\[GNBXWEnij@aVUO3@HAJN\
ONST>5@HA5V5WE@M[SHS(@HONOŽ\[|„MˆO3@(J\[|G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@‡JTM[O3PCOŽJ3\aOQ>jM_GN@HAS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WjG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr„š'@t>jM[AyMKO3O3V5^<@HA<BXIyJN>5@tWcM[OQJST>UM[gCJ3@HGqJN>UMlJJNM[O3PCO
SHM_IiF@aOQJNM[GQJN@HAZM_IUAxgUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAŒM_JM_InJ3BX^<@<`‡B]JN>5\[VCJ ^M_PBXI5YM[ImnxACBEDŠ@hGN@hIUSh@wJ3\J3>U@aSh\[GNG3@dS J3IU@HONO0\_|ŽJN>5@L‚UIUM_WŽSh\[^<g5VCJN@HA
GN@HO3V5WEJNOHrs0\l`@hu[@HGwMJNMKOQP'VUO3BEIUYŒMS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ShM[IeI5\_Jaij@ygUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAkMlJaM_InŒJNBE^<@b|}G3\K^pGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<VUONM_YK@y`‡BEJ3>5\KVCJ
GNBXO3PBEIUYJ3>5@<S(\KG3GN@HS(J3I5@dO3Ot\_|ŽJN>5@aSh\[^<g5VCJN@HAxGN@HO3V5WEJNOHr¡t\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUBEWXB]JonBcO1MbuBE\KWXM_J3BX\[Ix\_|\[I5@L\_|ŽJ3>U@LiUMKOQBcSwgUG3@H^aBcO3@ˆ`‡BEJ3>
`‡>5BcST>'`@a>UM[A'AC@Hu[@hWX\[gF@HAŒJ3>U@<ONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5YGN@HO3V5WEJNO\_|J3>5@<WcM[OQJˆf>jM_gCJN@hGdra˜\jv!J3>5@<GN@HO3V5WEJNO \_|J3>5@<WcM[OQJLf>UM_gCJN@hGM_GN@<S(WX@HM_GNWXn
BXIUM_gUg5WEBcShM[i5WX@&JN\ ONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Y1J3>U@0M[ShSh@HONO„\[|FO3@huK@hGTM_WmG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JNM[O3PCOJ3\OQ\K^<@ShG3BEJ3BcShM[WmGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO;M_IUALI5@h`¢^<@(J3>U\AUO;J3\ O3ST>5@dACV5WX@
ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO?M_^<\KI5YˆJTM[O3PCO‡M_GN@1GN@H‘mV5BXG3@dA!r
£ƒIJ3>5BcOtf>UM[gCJ3@HG?‚UGNOQJ‡`@ACBcONS(VUONO?>5\l`¤ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO^Mnyij@O3>UM_GN@HAZ¥ŸONST>5@HA5V5WE@dAU¦?M_^<\KI5YaM<O3@(J‡\_|;G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JNMKOQPCOHr
š'@‚UGTOoJyBXIu[@HOQJ3BXYKM_J3@J3>5@xgUG3\Ki5WE@H^OaJ3>UM_Jb^Mn§M_GNBXO3@B]| J3>U@J3GTM[ACBEJ3BX\[IUM[W‡G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@OQ>UM[G3BXI5Y'^<@HST>UM[I5BXO3^OM_GN@xAC@hg5WX\ln[@dA§BXI
GN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@wM_g5g5WXBcShMlJNBE\KIUOHr‡˜CV5iUO3@H‘mV5@hImJNWEnKvU`@ˆACBcO3ShVUO3O1Ma|}@h`¨BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJtg5GN\_JN\Sh\[WcO|}\[G1@(DŠ@HS JNBEuK@ˆO3>UM_GNBEIUY\_|qS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
M[^a\KI5YG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@aJNMKOQPCOHrb‰;BEIjM_WXWEnKv„`@yACBXONS(VjO3O>U\l`©J3>U@bO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y^a@hJ3>5\CA5Oˆ\_|J3>5@WcM[OQJaf>UM[gCJ3@HGwShM_IRiF@bM_VUY[^<@hImJ3@dAJN\
^M_PK@J3>5@H^M_gUg5WEBcShM[i5WX@1JN\aJNM[O3PCO?`‡B]JN>xAC@hgF@hIUA5@hIUShBE@dOhr
ª «†¬0­®a¯°Ž±‡¬³²´µ°q¶h·¸"¹8º-®L·¸-«†¬tµw»N¼F½¶hº-¬¾½¢µ­¿y­
£ƒI^M_InbM_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHvG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@1JNMKOQPCO?I5@H@HAbJ3\OQ>jM_GN@O3\[^<@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOM_^<\[IUYˆJN>5@h^O3@hWXu[@HOHrÀt|~J3@HIbJN>5@HO3@OQ>jM_GN@HAyGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
I5@H@HAJ3\<iF@VUO3@HAinyJ3>U@BEIUA5BEuBcACVUM_WŠJTM[O3PCO?BEI@(€5ShWEVUO3BXu[@ ^<\A5@[rq=?>5BcO‡^<@HM[IUOJ3>UM_JtMaJNMKOQPJN>UMlJ0BcO?VUO3BEIUYyMLGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[vCShM[II5\[J
BX^<^a@dACBcMlJ3@HWEnb>UM_IUAb\lu[@HGqJ3>U@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@0J3\<M_IU\_J3>U@hGJNMKOQPaJ3>jMlJ‡G3@d‘mV5@HOQJNOJ3>U@1GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@MlJ‡M_InyM_GNi5BEJ3GTM_GNnLgF\[BXImJ‡BEIbJ3BX^a@KÁ5i5VCJ‡BEJ
SHM_IAC\wO3\\[I5WXnLM_|~J3@hGB]JS(\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOŽBEJNO&VUO3@‡\_|FJ3>5@0GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r„£{|MJTM[O3PˆBcOqg5GN@h@H^ag5J3@HAaiF@(|}\KG3@0BEJ&S(\K^<g5WE@hJ3@dOqVUO3BEIUY J3>5@0GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[v
JN>5@hIJN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ShM[Ixij@dS(\K^a@wSh\[GNG3VUgCJ3@dA!r”q€CM[^<g5WE@dO‡\_|qO3VUST>G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO‡M[G3@‚UWX@HOHvjA5@huBXSh@HOHvjM[IUAS(@hG3JNM[BEIAUMlJNMOQJ3GNVUS(J3V5GN@HOHr
=?>5@dOQ@1G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOM_GN@1M[WXO3\ˆShM[WEWX@HAbI5\[IUg5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhvK\[G?S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WFG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr¡t\l`MKA5MnCOŽI5\KI5g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@tGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
M[G3@O3\[^<@(JNBE^<@HO?WX\\KO3@hWXnyGN@(|}@hGNGN@HAbJ3\yM[OwÂhà Ä~śğÂNÆ_DŽÈhÉTÂhŠğÊ_Ë5È vCJ3>U\[V5YK>JN>5@\[GNBXY[BXIUM_WŠ\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUY<O3nCOoJN@h^WEBEJ3@HGNM_J3V5GN@ VUOQ@dAJ3>5BcO?J3@HG3^
JN\aGN@(|}@HG?J3\yO3@HS(J3BX\[IUO?\[|;S(\CAC@`‡>U@hGN@ O3\[^<@ I5\KI5g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@ G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@BXO?VUO3@HABXI@(€5S(WXVUO3BEuK@1^<\CAC@[r
Ì

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ˜>jM_GNBEI5Y<\[|;S(GNBEJ3BcShM_W„G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO?M_^<\KI5YaJNM[O3PCO?G3@d‘mV5BEGN@HO?MACBEDŠ@hGN@hImJtOQ@hJ0\_|‹G3VUWE@dOhvUSh\[^<gUM[G3@dAJ3\<JN>5@wGNV5WX@HO?VUO3@HA|}\[G0O3>UM[G3BXI5Y
NG @HO3\[V5GTS(@dO1O3VUST>'M[O MfœM_^<\[I5YbJNMKOQPCOHrˆš'@a>jMu[@ˆBXIZJ3>5@<WcM[OQJˆf>jM_gCJN@hGACBcO3ShVUO3O3@HAŒ>5\l`©GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO1O3VUST>'M[Owfœ& ShM[IZiF@
O3>UM_GN@HAeM[^<\[I5YJTM[O3POHr'fnCS(WXBcSyO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YUvŽ”&“‰v;M[IUAk–0—Œ6iF@hBXI5YJN>5@bgF\[g5VUWXM[Gˆ^<@(JN>5\CAC\[WX\[YKBE@dOhrxš'@^LVUOQJˆV5IUAC@HGNOQJNM[IUA
JN>UMlJLfœ& BcOM_IZ@(€5M_^<g5WX@<\_|MŒÈhÉ(à ğÆ_Ç~Ç Ã3É ÈhÆ hÇEÉÃNÉ ÈhÊ CÃNÂNÉhr V5JHv„`‡>jMlJ @(€5M[S(J3WXnBXOMO3@hGNBXM[WEWXnxG3@HVUONM_i5WX@LGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@LM_IjAŒ>5\l`
AC\@dO0BEJ1ACBEDF@HG0|}GN\[^,MyS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@ Z¨JNMKOQP\[IUSh@wYKM[BEIjO0M[SHS(@HONO?JN\bMOQ@HG3BcM_WXWXnbGN@hVUONM_i5WX@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@O3VUST>M[O1fœwvjVUOQ@dO0BEJ

   

@h€CShWEVjOQBXu[@HWEnKr&=?>UMlJ0BcOHv5Jo`\<A5B]DŠ@hGN@hImJ0JTM[O3PO‡SHM_II5\[J0G3V5I\KI\KI5@Lfœ&¨M_J‡J3>5@LO3M[^a@ JNBE^<@Kr0IU\_J3>U@hG0BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJ‡|}@HM_J3V5GN@\_|ŽM
O3@hGNBXM[WEWXn<G3@HVUONM_i5WX@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@tBXOJN>UMlJ‡MwJTM[O3P<@(€C@HShVCJ3BXI5Ya\[IMfœ&•ShM[IbiF@1gUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAM[IUAyGN@HOQJNM[GQJN@HAyM_J?MˆWXM_J3@HGJNBE^<@ `‡BEJ3>5\KVCJ
M[ImnLg5GN\[i5WX@h^rŽ O3@hGNBXM[WEWXnˆGN@hVUONM_iUWE@‡GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@‡BcOq\KI5@0`‡>5BcST>BcOqVUO3@HA<BXIy@(€5ShWEVUO3BXu[@‡^<\CAC@[vmi5VCJ?MJNM[O3PaVUOQBXI5YwBEJ^MnaMlJM[ImnLJ3BX^<@
iF@LgUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAx|}GN\[^†VUO3BXI5YBEJHvM[IUAxJN>5@hI'M_WXWE\l`@HAxJ3\VUOQ@aBEJ M_J O3\[^<@ˆWcMlJN@hGJ3BX^<@L`‡BEJ3>U\[VCJwMlDŠ@HS(J3BXI5YyJN>5@S(\KG3GN@HS(J3I5@dO3Ot\_|qJN>5@
Sh\[^<g5VCJN@HAGN@HO3V5W]JTOhr?¨I5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ BXOtM_WcOQ\VUO3@HABXIJ3>U@w@(€5S(WXVUO3BEuK@^<\A5@[r? JNMKOQPVUOQBXI5YbM<IU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<\KIRJ3>5@y\[J3>5@HGw>UM[IUAeShM[IeI5\_JˆiF@yg5GN@h@H^<gCJ3@dA'|}G3\K^8JN>5@yGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<VUONM_YK@[v„\[J3>5@HG3`‡BcO3@<J3>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@<`\KV5WXA'iF@HSh\[^<@
BXIUS(\KIUO3BXOQJ3@HIKJˆM[IUARShM[I'WX@HMKAZJ3\ŒO3nCOoJN@h^ |ŸM[BEWXV5GN@[r=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@Kv`‡>5@hIkMWX\l`@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonxJTM[O3PŒ>UMKOM_WXG3@dM[ACnYmM_BXI5@HARMKShS(@dO3OJN\M
I5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@0GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@tM[IUABcO&VjOQBXI5YˆBEJHv@Hu[@hIMw>5BXY[>5@HGgUG3BX\[GNB]JonLJNMKOQPa`\[V5WcA>UMuK@‡J3\a`M[B]JV5ImJ3BXWUJN>5@WE\l`@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonˆJTM[O3P
VUO3BXI5YJ3>U@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@‡S(\K^<g5WE@hJ3@dOhrŽ‰5\KGŽJ3>UBXOG3@dM[O3\[IvmM_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>5^OŽO3VUST>yM[O”&“‰RM_IUA–0—Œ™J3>jMlJM[G3@0gF\[gUV5WXM[G3WXnˆVjOQ@dA<|}\[G&O3>UM[G3BXI5Y
MZOQ@hJˆ\_|tO3@hGNBXM[WEWXn'G3@HVUO3M[i5WX@yG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOb¥}@[r YUrXv&fœ&¦wShM[IkI5\[JaONMlJ3BcOQ|ŸM[S JN\[GNBEWXnŒiF@VUOQ@dA'J3\'OQ>UM[G3@bI5\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@yGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
M[^a\KI5YM<OQ@hJ?\[|;GN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@JNM[O3PCOhr
š'@?I5\l`¢ACBcONS(VUONO;J3>5@‡gUG3\Ki5WE@H^O;J3>UM_J‹`\[VUWXAaM_GNBXO3@`‡>5@hIaJ3GTM[A5B]JNBE\KIUM_WJN@HST>5I5Bc‘mV5@HO‹\[|jGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@?O3>UM_GNBEIUYO3VUST><M[OŽO3@h^M_g5>U\[GN@HO
M[IUAbWX\CSTPCO‡M_GN@VjOQ@dAyJN\yOQ>UM[G3@ S(GNBEJ3BcShM_W!GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO?M_^<\[IUYaM<O3@(J0\_|‹GN@HM_WEz›J3BX^a@1JNMKOQPCOHr
  °q¶(®L°q¶ · a¬0°Ž­‹¶(®L·
£ƒIJ3GTM[A5B]JNBE\KIUM_WO3nCOoJN@h^Ohv5J3>5@^<@HST>jM_I5BcOQ^O?gF\[g5VUWXM[G3WXny@h^<g5WX\ln[@dAyJN\yM[ST>5BX@huK@ ^ˆVCJNVUM_WXWEnb@(€5S(WXVUO3BEuK@VjOQ@\[|‹A5M_JNM<M_IjAGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
M[^a\KI5YxMxOQ@hJw\_|?JNMKOQPCO BXIUS(WXVUAC@OQ@H^<M[g5>5\KG3@dOhvWX\CSTPCOhv;M_IUA'^<\[I5BEJ3\KGNOHrbst\l`@Hu[@hGdvŠJ3>U@HO3@J3GTM[ACBEJ3BX\[IjM_WŽ\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUYO3nCOoJN@h^8J3@HST>5z
I5Bc‘mV5@HO<gUG3\luK@yJ3\'iF@BXIUMKAC@H‘mVUM_J3@|}\[GVUO3@BXI G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@M_g5g5WXBcShMlJNBE\KIUOHr§=?>5@G3@dM[O3\[IkBcOaJ3>jMlJB]|1J3>5@dOQ@JN@HST>5I5Bc‘mV5@HO<M[G3@VUO3@HA
|}\KGtGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@O3>UM_GNBEIUYBEIMGN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@ˆM_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IvjI5\_J1\[I5WXnO3BX^agUWE@ ŠÃ ğÊlà Ä~Å Ä~Ë ÉhÃTÈ ÄŸÊlËUÈ?iUVCJM[WXO3\^<\[GN@wOQ@HG3BX\[VUO CË TÊ CË [É
ŠÃ ğÊlà Ä~Å Ä~Ë lÉhÃTÈTğÊ_Ë5È0ShM[Ix\CShS(VUGHr0Iij\KV5IUAC@dAxg5GNBE\KG3BEJonyBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUO‡M_GN@wOQ@Hu[@HG3@ g5GN\[i5WX@h^O?JN>UMlJ1^<MnWE@dM[AJN\yMG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@ JTM[O3P

     

JN\a^<BcO3O0B]JTO0AC@HMKACWXBEI5@M[IUAShM_VjOQ@ OQnCOQJ3@H^6|ŸM_BXWXV5G3@Kr



=\@h€Cg5WXM[BEIZJ3>U@yS(\[IjS(@hg5J\[|MOQBX^<g5WX@agUG3BX\[GNB]JonxBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIvS(\KIUO3BXAC@HGJ3>5@a|}\[WXWX\l`‡BEI5YjrLš™>U@hIRMWX\l`@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNM[O3PBcOM_WEz
GN@HMKACn>5\[WcACBXI5YMGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvŠM>5BXY[>5@HG g5G3BX\[GNBEJonJTM[O3PxI5@h@dACBXI5YbJN>5@O3M[^<@ˆGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@L>UM[O1J3\`?M_BEJ M[IUAŒSHM_IŒIU\_J^M_P[@Lg5GN\[Y[GN@HONO
`‡BEJ3>ZB]JTO1Sh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IjOhr=?>5@ˆ>5BXY[>U@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbJTM[O3P`\[V5WcAxGN@h^M_BXIxi5WX\CSTP[@HAV5ImJ3BXW„JN>5@LWX\l`@hG0g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQPGN@hWX@HM[O3@HO‡J3>5@aG3@hz
‘mV5BXG3@dAI5\KICz›gUG3@H@h^<gCJNM[i5WX@qG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r!£ƒIˆJ3>5BcO;OQBEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IvdJN>5@>UBEYK>5@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJontJTM[O3P1BcOONM_BcA JN\tV5IUA5@hGNY[\tO3BE^<g5WX@&gUG3BX\[GNB]JonBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I
\KI<MKShSh\[V5ImJŽ\_|jJ3>5@0WX\l`@hG‹g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQPw|}\[G‹J3>U@tACV5GTMlJNBE\KILBEJq`M[B]JTO‹`‡>5BXWE@?JN>5@0WX\l`@HG;gUG3BX\[GNB]JonwJNM[O3PwPK@h@hgjO‹>5\[WcACBXI5Y J3>5@‡GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r
£{J OQ>5\KV5WcAij@L\[iuBE\KVUO‡JN>UMlJ OQBX^<g5WE@Lg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUO0M_GN@w\[|~J3@hIŒV5IUMu[\KBXAUM_i5WX@`‡>5@hIJo`\y\KGt^<\[GN@JTM[O3PO1OQ>jM_GN@wMyI5\KICz
g5GN@h@H^<gCJNM[i5WE@<GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KrL‰U\[G3J3V5IUM_J3@HWEnKvMO3BXI5Y[WX@OQBX^<g5WE@<g5GNBX\[GNB]JonxBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIBXO IU\_JwGN@HM_WXWXnJ3>UM_JA5B yS(VUW]JJN\Sh\[gF@<`‡B]JN>r=?>5@
ACVUGNM_J3BX\[Ia|}\[Gq`‡>UBXST>MO3BE^<g5WX@0g5GNBE\KG3BEJonwBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIaSHM_I<\CShS(VUGqBXOqij\KV5IUAC@dA<imnLJ3>U@‡WE\KI5Y[@dOoJ&ACVUGNM_J3BX\[Ia|}\[Gq`‡>UBXST>M WX\l`@HGŽg5G3BX\[GNBEJon


JTM[O3Py^<BEYK>KJ‡I5@H@HAM<S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WŠGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BEIxM[I@h€CShWEVjOQBXu[@^<\A5@[rŽš™>5BXWE@@Hu[@HIM<O3BE^<g5WX@ g5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IA5\m@dO‡AC@hWcMnbMa>5BXY[>5@HG
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonaJNMKOQP<inyO3\[^<@0JNBE^<@[vJN>5@ ACV5GTMlJ3BX\[Ib|}\[G`‡>5BcST>MJTM[O3Pi5WX\STPCOACV5@1J3\<MLO3BX^agUWE@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonLBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIbShM[IyiF@^MKAC@tuK@hGNn
O3^M_WXW„BE|&M_WXW„JTM[O3POtM_GN@w^M[AC@JN\bGN@HOQJ3GNBXS(J0J3>U@h^OQ@HWEuK@HO0J3\yuK@hGNni5GNBX@(|Žgj@HG3BX\CA5O0\[|&S(GNB]JNBXSHM_W;OQ@dS J3BX\[IxVjO3M[Y[@[r0=?>U@hGN@(|}\[GN@[vFMyO3BE^<g5WX@
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonaBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IySHM_I@HMKOQBXWXnaiF@1J3\[WX@hGTMlJN@HAaJN>5G3\KV5Y[>ySHM_GN@(|}V5WFg5GN\[YKGNM[^a^<BXI5YUr;s0\l`@huK@hGdvKMw^<\KG3@tO3@hGNBX\[VUO&g5G3\Ki5WX@h^ J3>UM_J?M[G3BcO3@HO
ACVUG3BXI5YOQ>jM_GNBEI5Ya\_|ŽS(GNBEJ3BcShM_W!GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@M[^a\KI5YLJNM[O3PCO?BXO?VUImiF\[VUIUAC@HAg5GNBX\[GNB]JonyBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIr
tImiF\[VUIUAC@HA'g5GNBX\[GNB]JonZBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IŒBcOˆMJNG3\KV5i5WX@HO3\[^<@<g5GN\[i5WX@h^8J3>UM_Jˆg5GN\[Y[GTM_^<^<@hGTO1\_|‡G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@M_IjAR@h^ˆiF@HAUAC@HAeO3nCOoJN@h^O
\[|~J3@hIR>UMuK@<J3\x@HIUS(\KV5ImJ3@hGdrbtImiF\[VUIUAC@HA'g5GNBX\[GNB]JonBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO ShM[I'VUgUOQ@hJLM_WXW&SHM_WcS(V5WcMlJNBE\KIUO \_|‡Mg5GN\[Y[GTM_^<^<@hG GN@hYmM_GTACBEIUYbJN>5@
`\[GTOoJ‡ShMKOQ@ GN@HO3gj\KIUO3@1JNBE^<@\[|;M<GN@HM_WEz›J3BX^a@1JNMKOQPM_IUAShM[VUO3@BEJ‡J3\<^<BcO3O‡BEJNO‡A5@HM[A5WEBXI5@[r

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 

  
  
!"#%$'&(
*)+&  ,&(-  ./)(102$)  3546)+7 ($8-  9./)("0:3#7 )(/
) </=>1? +
("<<@)=
(;
& BA' )=
<$:&7 C
<3 9A:<! ) 3D  9/)(10<+#" A & E7 ($8F  /)(10
;
4G#AIH-JKL M)(, * <) 3 7 !N!)(5)O<1=7 "@& 7 ($8K  2/)(102")=
P
 Q1A=7 132 3:(R)(, F46& 2  M ")=7
#"R=#")=
(&(P& ,& -  2/)(10F$)  3S
1TU
 37 24V 3F W #<#"R=#":3#7 )(/<YX

TH

T I1 T I2 T I3

R
T
L

;‰ BXY[V5GN@ Ì Z tImiF\[VUIUAC@HAœ&G3BX\[GNB]Jon£ƒIuK@hGTOQBX\[I
[„@(J&VUO&I5\l` @(€5M_^<BXI5@0^<\[GN@0S(WX\KO3@hWXnˆ`‡>UM_J&BcOq^<@HM[IKJimnaV5IiF\[V5IUA5@HA<g5GNBE\KG3BEJonˆBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIaM[IUA<>5\l` B]J?M_GNBXO3@HO;JN>5GN\[V5YK>yMOQBX^az
g5WX@?@(€5M_^<g5WX@[rŽf\[IUO3BcAC@hGŽMG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@?M_g5gUWEBcShM_J3BX\[Iˆ>jMumBXI5Y Mt>UBEYK>Lg5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQP.\U]™M[IUAˆMWX\l`kg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3P\U^;r;1O3O3V5^<@J3>UM_J
\U] M_IUA_\U^<I5@h@dAwJN\O3>UM_GN@M1S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@&–wr @dOQBcAC@d`O \U] M_IU_ A \U^vKM[ONOQV5^<@&J3>UM_J;JN>5@hGN@?M_GN@O3@hu[@HGNM[W_JTM[O3PKO \Ua1b c/\UaedcR\UaMf cQggg
JN>UMlJ0>UMuK@1gUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dOBEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@ iF@(Jo`@h@hhI \U]¨M_IUiA \U^;v5M_IUAAC\<I5\_J0IU@h@HAbJ3>U@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@1–9BEIJN>5@hBXG0S(\K^agUVCJNM_J3BX\[IUOHrŽ=?>5@HO3@


JTM[O3POw>UMu[@ONST>5@h^MlJNBXSHM_WXWEnŒij@H@hIkO3>5\l`‡IZBXIk‰;BEYjr Ì rbtONOQVU^a@yJ3>UM_JwJ3>5@WX\l` g5G3BX\[GNBEJonxJNMKOQP ¥ \ ^ ¦OoJTM_G3JNO @h€@dS(VCJNBEIUYMlJLO3\[^<@

BXIUOQJNM_ImJbM[IUA§WX\CSTPCOaJ3>5@xI5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@MKOOQ>U\l`‡I¢BXI™‰BXYUr Ì r ˜V5g5gF\KO3@OQ\\KI M_|~J3@hGN`?M_GTA!vqJN>5@x>5BXY[> g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3P'¥\ ] ¦‡iF@HSh\[^<@HOtG3@dM[ACnKvUg5GN@h@H^<gCJN:O \ ^ M[IUAxOQJNM_G3JNOt@(€C@HShVCJ3BXI5Yjr00WcOQ\M[ONOQV5^<@JN>UMlJ1B]JI5@h@dA5O0JN>5@LONM_^<@wIU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr„£{J?BXOS(WX@HM[GqJ3>jMl%J \ ] `\KV5WcAi5WX\STPL|}\[GJ3>U@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@0MKO&BEJBcOM[WEGN@HMKACnˆiF@hBXI5YL>5@hWcAyin \ ^ M[IUjA \ ^ `\KV5WcAS(\[ImJNBEIV5@1B]JTO
@h€@dS(VCJNBE\KIr VCJdv5JN>5@wWX\l`9g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3+P \ ^ ^Mnij@wgUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAe¥~|}GN\[^†fœ& VUONM_YK@d¦inb\[J3>5@HG0BEImJN@hGN^a@dACBcMlJ3@gUG3BX\[GNB]JonyJNM[O3PCO
¥ \ka1b c/\Uaedc"ggg ¦`‡>5BcST>biF@HSh\[^<@ G3@dM[ACnyM[IUAbAC\<I5\[JGN@H‘mV5BXGN@–rC£ƒIJ3>UBXO‡SHM[O3@[vmJ3>5@ >5BXY[>g5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNMKOQP¥ \k] ¦`\KV5WcAy>UMuK@tJN\L`?M_BEJ


I5\[J\[I5WXn|}\[G JN>5@<WE\l`©gUG3BX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3Pk¥ \U^!¦1J3\S(\K^agUWE@hJ3@<B]JTO VUO3@a\[|&JN>5@<G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[vŠi5VCJˆM[WXO3\M[WEWŽBXImJ3@HG3^<@HA5BXM_J3@ag5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNM[O3PCO

¥ \ka1b c/\Uaedc"ggg ¦qg5G3@H@h^<gCJNBEI5YˆJ3>5@1WE\l`™gUG3BX\[GNB]JonˆJNMKOQPaJ3\aS(\K^agUWE@hJ3@0JN>5@hBXG?S(\[^<g5V5JNMlJNBE\KIUOHr;=?>5BcO^aBXY[>mJG3@dOQV5WEJBXIJN>5@t>5BXY[>bg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3P>UMuBXI5Y<J3\b`M[B]J0|}\KG0JN>5@ˆGN@H‘mV5BXG3@dAG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ |}\[GMyS(\KIUOQBcAC@HGNM[i5WE@gF@hGNBX\A\[|‹J3BX^a@Kr0£ƒIJ3>U@ˆ`\[GTOoJtSHM[O3@[v5JN>5@ˆ>UBEYK>xg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3P^aBXY[>mJ?>UMu[@0J3\a`M[B]J?BEIjAC@(‚UIUB]JN@hWXn|}\[G?MˆWX\l`™g5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNMKOQP<JN\aSh\[^<g5WX@(J3@BEJNOVUO3@1\[|J3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1BEIbJ3>5@|ŸM[Sh@t\[|„G3@Hgj@dMlJN@HA
g5GN@h@H^<gCJ3BX\[IUO&\_|!JN>5@1WX\l` g5GNBE\KG3BEJonwJTM[O3PO&inLJN>5@tBXImJ3@HG3^<@HA5BXM_J3@tgUG3BX\[GNB]JonˆJNMKOQPCOqIU\_JIU@h@HA5BEI5YˆJ3>5@1G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r;£ƒIbO3VUST>yMˆONS(@HIUM_GNBX\Uv
JN>5@>5BXY[>g5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNMKOQPyBcO‡ONM_BcAyJN\V5IUAC@HG3YK\ CË NÊ CË KÉ Fà ğÊ_à Ä~Å Ä~Ë ÉhÃTÈ ÄŸÊlkË l
    


tImiF\[VUIUAC@HAg5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IyBcO‡M_IBE^<gF\[G3JNM[IKJ‡g5GN\[iUWE@H^J3>UM_J?GN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@O3nCOoJN@h^ A5@hu[@HWE\Kgj@HGNO&|ŸM[Sh@[r‹š'@1JN>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@BXWEWXVUOQz
JNGNM_J3@<J3>UBXOˆg5G3\Ki5WX@h^ VUO3BXI5YM_I5\[J3>5@HGw@(€5M[^agUWE@yM[IUAZJ3>5BcOJNBE^<@yO3>5\l`‡BEIUYJ3>5@yMKS J3BX\[IjO\_|J3>5@ACB]DŠ@hGN@hImJJTM[O3POw\[IeMJ3BX^<@yWEBXI5@Kr
f\KIUOQBcAC@HGJN>5@‡@(€5M[^agUWE@‡O3>5\l`‡ILBXI<‰BXYUr r;£ƒILJ3>5BcOŽ@(€5M[^agUWE@KvlJ3>5@HG3@‡M[G3@‚UuK@JTM[O3PCO Z \ b g<g"g3\Um[6r \UmBXO&M1WX\l`kg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon JTM[O3PˆM_IU*A \ b
BcOMˆ>5BXY[>yg5GNBX\[GNB]JonLJNMKOQPŠrŽ=MKOQPCO \ d c/\ f cR\Yn1>UMu[@tg5G3BX\[GNBEJ3BX@HOq>UBEYK>5@hGJ3>UM[OI \Um0i5V5JWX\l`@HGqJN>UM_OI \ b ¥ŸShM[WEWX@HAbBEImJN@hGN^a@dACBcMlJ3@tg5G3BX\[GNBEJon


JTM[O3POT¦ rŽJJ3BX^aF@ oGp[vmJN>5@1WX\l` g5GNBE\KG3BEJonˆJTM[O3PP \kmtBXO@(€C@dS(VCJNBEI5YaM_IUAyBXOVUO3BEI5YaMwI5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@0GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@w¥{f–t¦ rC‡|~JN@hG‡Mw`‡>UBEWX@

¥ MlJ0JNBE^<@ˆBXIUOQJNM[IKJtJ ¦?J3>5@L>5BEYK>5@hGtg5G3BX\[GNBEJonyJNMKOQhP \ b M_GNGNBEuK@HOHvCg5G3@H@h^<gCJTSO \UmwM_IjAxOoJTM_G3JNO?JN\y@(€C@HShVCJ3@Kr0=MKOQiP \ b G3@d‘mV5@HOQJNO?JN\yVUO3@
JN>5@LGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@Lf– MlÌ FJ o3dLM[IUAxi5WX\CSTPCOtO3BEIUSh@ˆJN>5@ˆGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wBXO1iF@hBXI5Yb>5@HWXAŒihn \ m r ˜BXIUSh*@ \`b iUWE\CSTPCOhYv \ m GN@HO3V5^<@HO1B]JTOt@h€C@HS(V5J3BX\[I
M_%J o3dKrqs0\l`@huK@hGdv[JN>5@ JNMKOQ+P \ n `‡>UBXST>AC\@HO?I5\[J0G3@d‘mV5BEGN@J3>5@IU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@f–•g5GN@h@H^<gCJN%O \ m |}GN\[^*fœ9VjO3M[Y[@
M[IUAbOQJNM[GQJTOqJN\L@h€@dS(VCJN@M_J&JNBE^<2@ o3f_-r \ n BcOBEIbJ3V5GNIbBcOg5GN@h@h^<gCJN@HAbimjn \UfM_IUAOQ\L\[IrŽ1OMLGN@HO3V5W]Jdv \qb0OQV5DF@HGNO^ˆVUW]JNBEg5WX@g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUO1M[IUA'^Mnx@hu[@HIZ>jMu[@LJ3\`M[B]JBXIUAC@h‚UI5BEJ3@hWXn|}\K.G \ m JN\Y[@(JwMST>UM[IUS(@aJ3\@h€@dS(VCJN@M_IUA'S(\K^agUWE@hJ3@BEJNO VUONM_YK@L\[|JN>5@
ShG3BEJ3BcShM[WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ˆf–¨M_IUAGN@hWX@HMKOQ@ BEJHr£{J1OQ>U\[V5WcAij@LS(WX@HM_G?JN>UMlJ1`‡>5@hIM<>5BXY[>xgUG3BX\[GNB]JonyJNM[O3PbVUIUAC@hGNY[\@dO?V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIvB]J0BcO?u[@HG3nyWXBXP[@hWXnJN\a^<BcO3O0B]JTO0AC@HMKACWXBEI5@Kr
š'@`‡BcO3>eJ3\'@h^<g5>UMKOQBX’h@M_YmM_BXIeJ3>UM_JLV5IiF\[V5IjAC@HA¢g5GNBE\KG3BEJonZBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUOˆM[G3BcO3@y`‡>5@hI§J3GTM[ACBEJ3BX\[IjM_WJ3@HST>UI5BX‘mV5@dOw|}\KGaO3>UM[G3BXI5Y
I5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO&O3VUST>MKO?OQ@H^<M[g5>5\KG3@dOq\[G^<\[I5BEJ3\KGNO?M[G3@AC@hg5WX\ln[@dABXIbGN@HM_WEz›J3BX^a@ M_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHr‹œ‹\KONOQBXi5WXnLJN>5@ OQBX^az
r

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 lock(CR)
T1 needs non−preemptable resource CR being held by T5

T1
T1 undergoing unbounded priority inversion
T2 T5 preempted by T4 T1 gets non−preemptable
resource CR held by T5
T3
unlock(CR)
T4 lock(CR)
T5

t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 time tn
;‰ BXY[V5GN@ !Z tImiF\[VUIUAC@HAœ&G3BX\[GNB]Jon£ƒIuK@hGTOQBX\[I
g5WX@HOQJ0`?MnyJ3\yMuK\[BcAyg5GNBX\[GNB]JonyBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO?BcO?J3\g5GN@huK@hImJ0g5GN@h@H^ag5J3BX\[Ie¥~|}GN\[^†fœ& VUONM_YK@d¦\_|‹J3>U@WE\l`•g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQP>5\[WcACBXI5YM
ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@tinyBXImJ3@hGN^<@HACBcMlJN@ g5G3BX\[GNBEJon<JNM[O3PCOhrŽ=?>5BcO‡ShM[IiF@M[ST>5BX@huK@HAbimnbGNM[BXO3BEIUYˆJN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<WE@Hu[@hW!\[|„JN>5@WE\l`¤g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3PJN\iF@<@H‘mVUM[W„JN\bJN>UMlJ \_|qJN>5@a`M[B]JNBEI5Y>5BXY[>Zg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbJTM[O3PFr£ƒIZ\_JN>5@hG`\KGNAUOhvFJ3>U@LWX\l`¨g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PBXO^M[A5@ˆJN\BXI5>5@HG3BEJ
JN>5@1gUG3BX\[GNB]Jona\_|!JN>5@`M[B]JNBEI5YL>5BXY[>yg5GNBX\[GNB]JonLJNMKOQPŠr‹=?>5BXOiUMKOQBcS0^<@dST>UM_I5BcO3^ž\[|MwWX\l` g5G3BX\[GNBEJonˆJTM[O3PaBXI5>5@HG3BEJ3BXI5YˆJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonL\[|„M
>5BXY[>g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<JNMKOQP<|}\KG3^OJ3>5@ S(@HImJ3GTM_WŠBXA5@HMLij@H>5BEIjAbJN>5@ Fà ğÊ_à Ä~Å
Ë 5Éhà Ä~ŃÆlËFÂTÉ Ã3ÊlŃÊdÂNÊ_Ç   r5=?>UBXO‡O3BE^<g5WX@g5G3\[J3\CS(\KW!OQ@HG3uK@HO
MKOŽJ3>U@1iUMKOQBcS‡GN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@0G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@tO3>UM_GNBXI5Y^<@HST>UM[I5BXO3^viUM[O3@HA<\KIy`‡>5BcST>y^<\[GN@tOQ\Kg5>5BcOoJNBXSHMlJN@HAg5GN\_JN\CS(\[WcOŽ>UMuK@0iF@h@hIAC@HO3BEYKI5@HAr


£ƒIJN>5@|}\[WXWE\l`‡BXI5Y1O3@HS(J3BX\[IUO`@q‚UGTOoJŽACBcO3ShVUONOJN>5@ijM[O3BXS&g5G3BX\[GNBEJon1BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@g5GN\_J3\CSh\[Wj¥ œq£oœ¦!BXILO3\[^<@AC@hJNM[BEW›r‹˜CV5iUO3@H‘mV5@hImJNWEnKv
`@tACBcO3ShVUONO&>5BXY[>U@HOQJ&WE\CSTPK@hGqg5GN\_JN\CS(\[W;¥Ÿ:s [„œ¦&M_IUA<gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<S(@HBEWXBXI5Ywg5GN\_JN\Sh\[W;¥Ÿœfœ¦;J3>jMlJ>jMu[@‡iF@h@hIAC@huK@hWX\[gF@HA<ina@(€J3@HIUACBXI5Y
JN>5@wOQBX^<g5WX@g5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@BcAC@dMˆ|}VUGQJN>5@hGdr
 °q¶(®L°q¶ ·x´¬0°q¶ ;µw·±‡¬ ž°Ž® ‹®y±‡®L»  

=?>5@LiUM[O3BcSg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@Lg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW&¥Ÿœ&£oœ¦0BXO1MyOQBX^<g5WX@wJ3@dST>5I5Bc‘mV5@wJN\O3>UM_GN@wS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO0M[^<\[I5YJTM[O3PCO0`‡BEJ3>5\KVCJ
BXIUS(VUG3GNBEIUYV5IiF\[V5IjAC@HA'g5GNBE\KG3BEJonxBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhratOBEJJ3V5GNIUO \KVCJHvGN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@<\[gF@hGTMlJ3BXI5YOQnCOQJ3@H^8AC@HO3BXY[I5@HGNO AC\I5\[J‚UIUAZB]JwuK@hGNn
ACB yS(V5WEJ J3\xO3V5g5gF\[G3J1JN>5@<iUM[O3BXSLg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@<^a@dST>UM_IUBXO3^rw£ƒIŒ|ŸMKS JdvM[O`@ACBcONS(VUONOBEIZJ3>5@yf>UM[gCJ3@H
G Cv!^<\KOQJ\[|&JN>5@
GN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5Y<OQnCOQJ3@h^OJN>UMlJtM[G3@S(\K^<^a@HGNShBXM[WEWXnyMulM_BXWXM[i5WX@M_J0g5G3@dOQ@HImJ‡A5\<O3V5g5gF\[G3J‡J3>UBXO‡gUG3\[J3\CS(\KW r


=?>5@iUMKOQBcS?œq£oœZ`MKOgUG3\Kgj\mOQ@dAinL˜>UM M_IjAL–0M oPV5^M_G  Ì  r‹=?>5@?@HONOQ@HIUS(@\_|jJ3>5BcO‹g5GN\_JN\Sh\[WBcO;J3>UM_J‹`‡>U@hI5@Hu[@hGŽMtJNMKOQPˆO3VCDŠ@hGTO

g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I„v[JN>5@ g5G3BX\[GNBEJona\[|„JN>5@1WX\l`@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonLJTM[O3P>5\[WcACBXI5YLJ3>5@ GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1BXOGTM_BcOQ@dAJ3>UG3\KV5Y[>bMLg5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@
^<@HST>jM_I5BcOQ^r‹=?>5BcO&@HIUM_i5WX@HO&B]JJ3\LS(\[^<g5WX@(JN@tBEJNOVUONM_Y[@t\_|ŠJ3>5@S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WFG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@‡M[O@HM[G3WXnLMKOqgF\KONOQBXi5WX@t`‡BEJ3>5\KVCJ>UMuBXI5YJN\ˆOQV5DF@HG
g5GN@h@H^<gCJ3BX\[IUOw|}G3\K^8JN>5@yBXImJ3@hGN^<@HACBcMlJN@yg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJTM[O3PCOhrš™>5@HIk^M_InŒJTM[O3PCOwM_GN@y`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y|}\[GaMxG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[v„J3>5@bJNMKOQPZ>5\[WcACBXI5Y
JN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@BEI5>U@hGNB]JTO?J3>5@>UBEYK>5@HOQJ0g5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_|ŽM_WXW!JNMKOQPCO?`?M_BEJ3BXI5Ya|}\[G?JN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<¥}BE|JN>5BcO‡g5GNBE\KG3BEJonyBcO‡Y[GN@HM_J3@hGJN>UM_IBEJNO‡\l`‡I
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon5¦ ry˜BXIUSh@<J3>5@g5GNBX\[GNB]Jonx\[|JN>5@WE\l`žg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQP>U\[WcACBEIUYJ3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@LBXOwGNM[BXO3@HAŒJ3\@H‘mVUM[W‹J3>5@>UBEYK>5@HOQJwg5GNBE\KG3BEJonx\_|
M[WEWŽJTM[O3PCO `M[B]JNBEI5Y|}\KG J3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@aiF@hBXI5Yx>5@hWcA'inŒBEJHv;BEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@<g5GNBE\KG3BEJonxJTM[O3POSHM_I'I5\_JwgUG3@H@h^<gCJwBEJˆM_IUA'V5IiF\[V5IUA5@HA
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon'BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IkBcOaMu[\[BcAC@dA!r'1O<OQ\\[I¢M[O<MxJTM[O3PZJN>UMlJ<>UMKAkBXI5>5@hGNBEJ3@HAkJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonR\_|tMZ`M[B]JNBEIUYŒ>5BXY[>5@HGLgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon'JTM[O3P
¥Ÿij@dShM_VjOQ@w\[|Ž>5\[WcACBXI5YbMGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@¦ v5GN@hWX@HMKOQ@dO?J3>U@ˆGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ BEJ1Y[@hJNOtiUM[STPB]JTO0\[GNBXY[BXIUM_WgUG3BX\[GNB]JonulM_WXV5@wBE|qB]JBXOt>5\[WcACBXI5YyI5\y\[J3>5@HG
ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W;GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOHrw£ƒI'SHM[O3@LBEJBXO >U\[WcACBEIUY\[J3>5@HGS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W‹G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHvŠB]J`\[V5WcAZBEI5>U@hGNB]J J3>U@agUG3BX\[GNB]Jonx\[|qJ3>U@>5BEYK>5@HOQJ g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3Py`M[B]JNBEIUYL|}\KG?J3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOij@HBEIUYa>U@hWcAinyBEJHr

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 pri(Ti)=5 pri(Ti)=5
CR

CR CR Pri(Ti)=10 Ti
Ti
Ti Ti
pri(Ti)=5

CR
Tj Tj
Tj
pri(Tj)=10 pri(Tj)=10

pri(Tj)=10
scenario 4

‰;BXY[V5GN@ rZ ˜ IUM[gUOQ>U\_JNO0˜C>5\l`‡BEIUYaš'\[GNPBEIUYa\[|;œ&G3BX\[GNB]Jon£ƒIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@œqGN\_J3\CSh\[W

scenario 1 scenario 2 scenario 3


   
 

   


   "!#   $ !%&  ' ((% *)+
, -
 

   "$! %&$ , ' ((% *)+
.
, -
++ 
$ , ' ((% *)  $-#  
*/0  *' (*(% 

*) , (# 
 1
2

=?>5@1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonST>UM_I5YK@HOqJ3>UM_J?MˆJNMKOQP<>5\KWXACBXI5YaMˆGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@tV5IUAC@HG3YK\m@dO&>jM[Oij@H@hIbBXWXWEVUOQJ3GTMlJN@HAyJ3>5GN\[V5YK>bM_Ib@(€5M_^<g5WX@MKOO3>5\l`‡I
XB IJN>5@‰BXYKOHr r M_IUA Ur£ƒIZ‰;BXYUr r |}\[V5GSh\[IUO3@HShVCJ3BXu[@aO3Sh@hIUM[G3BX\KOtBEIZJ3>5@a@(€C@dS(VCJNBE\KIZMOQnCOQJ3@h^ A5@hg5WX\lnBEI5Yœq£oœ9M_GN@LO3>5\l`‡Ir£ƒI
@dM[ST>xO3Sh@hIUM[G3BX\UvJN>5@w@h€@dS(VCJNBEIUY<JNM[O3PbBcOtO3>5\l`‡IOQ>jM[AC@dA!vjM[IUAJ3>5@wiUWE\CSTP[@dAJNM[O3PM[G3@O3>5\l`‡IV5IUO3>UM[A5@HA!r?=?>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonbST>UM[I5Y[@dO
JN>UMlJJo`\ˆJNMKOQPCOQ\(3;M_IjAO\-41V5IUA5@hGNY[\wBXIyJN>5@S(\[VUGNO3@0\_|@(€C@HShVCJ3BX\[IACV5@1J3\ag5G3BX\[GNBEJonLBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@BXOO3>5\l`‡IrV\3„BcO?MwWX\l`™g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3P`‡B]JN>gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon LM_IUiA \-4BcO?ML>UBEYK>5@hG?g5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNMKOQPy`‡BEJ3>g5GNBE\KG3BEJon 6Ì 5 r;£ƒIONS(@hIjM_GNBE\ Ì !v \3;BXO?@h€@dS(VCJNBEIUYaM[IUAb>jM[O?M[SH‘KVUBEGN@HA
MyShG3BEJ3BcShM[WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@Lf–rj£ƒIZO3Sh@hIUM[G3BX\ Yv \-4>jM[O1ij@dShM_^<@wGN@HMKACnM_IUAxiF@hBXI5Y\_|q>5BXY[>5@HGtg5GNBX\[GNB]JonBXO1@(€C@HShVCJ3BXI5Yjr0£ƒIŒONS(@hIjM_GNBE\ r v
\-4aBcOi5WX\CSTPBEI5YMl|~JN@hGwGN@H‘mV5@dOoJNBEIUYb|}\KG J3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<–M_IUE A \3?BEIU>5@hGNB]JT2O \-47 O g5GNBX\[GNB]JonKra£ƒIeONS(@HIUM_GNBE\ U`v \(3?>jM[O V5I5WX\CSTP[@dAJN>5@


GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ M_IjAb>UMKO?Y[\[J?ijM[STPyBEJNO‡\KG3BXY[BXIUM[WFgUG3BX\[GNB]JonyM[IUiA \4BcO?@(€C@HShVCJ3BXI5Y<`‡B]JN>J3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r

£ƒI‰;BXYUr <J3>5@Lg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbST>UM[I5Y[@dO‡\_|‹JNMKOQPCO0M[G3@wSHM_gCJNV5GN@HA\[IxM<JNBE^<@wWXBXI5@[r0=?>5@wJNM[O3+P \UfBXI5BEJ3BcM_WXWEnWX\STPCO?JN>5@ˆGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wf–wr
0|~J3@hG<O3\[^<@<J3BX^<@bBEJLBcOwg5GN@h@H^ag5J3@HARiBn \Ud_rx=?>5@yJTM[O3DP \UdGN@H‘mV5@dOoJwJN>5@bGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@yf–/M_JwJ rŒ˜BXIUS(@KKv \UfyM[WEGN@HMKACnŒ>U\[WcA5OJN>5@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kv \Ud?i5WE\CSTPCOŽM_Ij_A \Uf?BXI5>5@hGNBEJNO‹JN>5@‡g5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_k| \Ud_r‹=?>5BXOq>UM[O‹iF@h@HI<O3>5\l`‡I<inˆACGTM`‡BEIU:Y \Ud‡M_Ij*A \Uf?MlJŽJN>5@0ONM_^<@?g5G3BX\[GNBEJon


WX@huK@hWcOhr @h|}\[GN_@ \Uf<S(\[VUWXAZS(\[^<g5WX@(JN@LVjOQ@<\_|G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@<f–vŠBEJBXO g5GN@h@H^<gCJ3@dAinM>5BEYK>5@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQCP \`b*r \`bGN@H‘mV5@dOoJTOt|}\KG

f– Ì M_JJNBE^<@<J r M[IUEA \qbˆi5WX\CSTPCOM[Owf– Ì BXOOQJ3BXWXWqij@HBEIUY>U@hWcAZiCn \Uf_ry˜\jv„MlJ JN>5BXOwgj\KBEImJ J3>5@HG3@M[G3@aJo`\bJTM[O3PO¥ \UdaM[IUEA \qbh¦


`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y|}\KG0J3>U@ˆGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@K5r \UfˆBEI5>U@hGNB]JTO‡J3>U@ˆg5GNBE\KG3BEJonb\[|ŽJ3>5@L>5BXY[>5@dOoJtgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon`?M_BEJ3BXI5YJNMKOQPR¥~JN>UMlJBXOHYv \qbh¦ Sr \UfLS(\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOtB]JTO

VUONM_YK@‡\_|ŠJ3>U@0G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@‡MlJqJ ˆM_IjAM[OqO3\\[IM[O&B]J&GN@hWX@HMKOQ@dO;J3>5@1G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[v[B]J&YK@(JTOqiUMKSTPˆBEJNOq\KG3BXY[BXIUM[WCg5G3BX\[GNBEJon[r;£{JOQ>U\[V5WcA<ij@tI5\_JN@HA
JN>UMlJLMWX\l`@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonxJTM[O3PŒGN@(JNM[BEIjOJ3>5@yBXI5>5@HG3BEJ3@dARg5GNBE\KG3BEJon[vVUIKJNBEWB]JL>5\[WcA5O JN>5@yGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<GN@H‘mV5BXG3@dAŒinJN>5@y`?M_BEJ3BXI5Yx>5BXY[>5@HG
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonbJNM[O3PŠrš™>U@hI5@Hu[@hGt^a\KG3@ JN>UM_Ix\KI5@>5BXY[>5@HGtg5GNBX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3PM[G3@`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y<|}\[GtJ3>5@LO3M[^a@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[vCJN>5@JNMKOQP>5\[WcACBXI5YJN>5@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BXI5>5@hGNBEJNOJ3>U@^<M_€CBE^LV5^ \[|„J3>U@g5G3BX\[GNBEJ3BX@HO?\_|‹M_WXW`?M_BEJ3BXI5YL>UBEYK>gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3PCOhr
£{J?BXOS(WX@HM[G&JN>UMlJ‡œq£oœ¢ShM[IbWX@(J?G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@0JTM[O3PCOO3>UM_GN@1ShG3BEJ3BcShM[WjGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOq`‡BEJ3>U\[VCJ?WE@hJQJNBEI5YLJ3>U@h^6BXIUS(VUGV5IiF\[V5IjAC@HAbg5G3BX\[GNBEJon


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 T1 T3 T1

T2 requests CR
Task T3 gets back
priority its original

T1 requests CR
priority

T3 releases CR
T3 acquires CR
T2 T3 T2

T3 T3

t1 t2 t3 t4
time
;‰ BEYKV5G3@  Z œqGNBE\KG3BEJonf>UM_IUY[@HO?tIUAC@hG1œqGNBE\KG3BEJon<£ƒI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@œqGN\_JN\Sh\[W
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOhr‹s0\l`@huK@hGdvB]JtO3VCDŠ@hGTO|}G3\K^/Jo`\<BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJ‡g5G3\Ki5WX@h^O Z
J
J   1(R1 <M=7 :3P&() 
j=7 ! 0(
(,P)=
(+  <:
(& 
(,_3h#1(
%<) 7 ! 0" X

š'@@hWcM_iF\[GTMlJN@tJN>5@HO3@Jo`\<BcO3O3V5@HO?BXIJ3>5@ |}\KWEWX\l`‡BXI5YUr
 =?>U@wiUM[O3BcSg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@Lg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW&¥Ÿœ&£oœ¦?WX@HMuK@HO‡\Kgj@HIxJ3>U@wgj\mO3O3BXi5BEWXBEJon\[|qAC@HMKACWE\CSTPCOHr‡£ƒIJ3>5@ˆ|}\[WXWE\l`‡BXI5Y
`@wBXWEWXVUOQJ3GTMlJ3@ˆ>5\l`¨AC@HMKACWE\CSTPCO0SHM_I\CShShV5G0BXIŒœq£oœ VUOQBXI5YbM[Ix@(€5M_^<g5WX@[r1f\KIUO3BXAC@HG0JN>5@w|}\KWEWX\l`‡BEIUYyOQ@d‘KVU@hIUSh@w\_|&MKS J3BX\[IjO0inbJo`\
JTM[O3P%O \`b1M_IjiA \Ud`‡>5BcST>I5@h@dAMKShS(@dO3OJN\aJo`\O3>UM_GN@HAS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO?f– Ì M[IUAf– r 

\`b *)  *)!  $*)"! - $)

\U#d  *
) $  *
) #!  $*)##! - $)

1O3O3V5^<@ J3>UM_'J \`b>UMKO‡>5BXY[>5@HG0g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJ3>jM_CI \Ud_5r \UdwOoJTM_G3JNO‡GNV5I5IUBEI5Y<‚jGNOQJ1M_IjAWX\CSTPCO0S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wf– ¥ \`b1`?M[O‡I5\[J

GN@HMKACnMlJ?J3>UM_J?J3BX^a@¦ rq0|~J3@hG0O3\[^<@1J3BX^<@[v!\`b0M[G3GNBXu[@HOHvmg5G3@H@h^<gCJTOQ\Ud[v5M_IUAOoJTM_G3JNO@(€C@HShVCJ3BXI5Yjr‹0|~J3@HG0OQ\K^a@1J3BX^<@[v!\`btWE\CSTPCO‡f– Ì


M[IUAJ3>5@HIxJ3GNBX@HO?JN\yWE\CSTPf– `‡>5BcST>xBcO0iF@hBXI5Yy>5@HWXAxiin \ d r0tO1MyS(\KIUOQ@d‘mV5@hIUSh.@ \ b i5WX\STPCO0M[IUA \ d BXI5>5@hGNBEJNSO \ b 7 Otg5G3BX\[GNBEJonM[S(z

Sh\[GTACBEIUYJ3\LJ3>5@1g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@tg5GN\_JN\Sh\[W›6r \ d G3@dOQV5^<@dO&BEJNO@(€C@HShVCJ3BX\[IM_IUAMl|~J3@HGO3\[^<@tJ3BX^a@I5@H@HA5O&J3\LWE\CSTPaJ3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@


f– Ì iF@hBXI5Y>5@HWXAiOn \ b rq¡t\l`!v \ b M[IUhA \ d M[G3@ iF\_J3>xAC@dM[ACWX\CSTP[@dA!r

%'& (*),+' (*)
-. JNM[O3PBXOONM_BcAJ3\V5IUAC@HG3YK\bST>UM_BXIi5WX\CSTPBEI5YjvjBE|&@dM[ST>xJNBE^<@ˆBEJ I5@h@dA5O1MbG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[vjB]J V5IUA5@hGNY[\@HOtg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr=?>VUOBE|„MJNMKOQP<I5@H@HA50O /xGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO‹|}\[GBEJNO?S(\K^agUVCJNM_J3BX\[IUOHvKBEJ?^aBXY[>mJ>UMu[@‡JN\ˆV5IjAC@hGNY[\Lg5G3BX\[GNBEJonLBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOŽIyJNBE^<@dO
JN\MKSh‘mV5BXG3@aM_WXWŽB]JTOG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOH_r [@hJVjO I5\l`©@(€Cg5WcM_BXIŒ>U\l` ST>UM_BXI'i5WE\CSTPBXI5YSHM_IZ\SHS(V5G VUO3BXI5YbJN>5@<@(€5M_^<g5WX@OQ>U\l`‡IBEIR‰;BEYjr 5r
1O3O3V5^<@<J3>UM_JLMJNMKOQEP \`bLI5@h@dA5OˆO3@huK@hGTM_W‹G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHry£ƒI'J3>U@‚UGTOoJLO3IUM[gUOQ>U\_Jy¥ŸO3>5\l`‡IRBEIk‰;BXYUr [¦ v‹MWX\l`žg5GNBX\[GNB]JonxJTM[O3DP \Ud<BcO
>5\KWXA5BEI5YJo`\G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOwf– Ì M[IUAkf– v;M_IUARM>5BXY[>Rg5GNBX\[GNB]JonxJTM[O3DP \`baM_GNGNBEuK@HO M_IUA'GN@H‘mV5@dOoJTOJ3\xWX\STPRf– Ì r£{JwV5IUAC@HG3YK\m@dO
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonLBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IM_IUASHM_VUO3@H8O \kd‡J3\wBXI5>5@HG3BEJBEJNO&g5G3BX\[GNBEJon[r;£ƒI<J3>5@OQ@dS(\[IjAOQIUM[gUO3>5\_JdvKM[OOQ\\KI<MK8O \Ud‡GN@hWX@HMKOQ@dOf– Ì BEJNO&g5G3BX\[GNBEJon


GN@HACVjS(@HO‡J3\yBEJNOt\[GNBEYKBEIUM[W!g5GNBE\KG3BEJonM[IUA \`bBXOtM_i5WX@J3\bWE\CSTPf– Ì r£ƒIxJ3>5@wJ3>5BXGNAxO3IUM[gUOQ>U\_JHvFMl|~JN@hG0@h€@dS(VCJNBEIUY|}\[GtO3\[^<@ JNBE^<@[Yv \`b

GN@H‘mV5@dOoJTOJ3\WX\CSTP'f– r=?>5BcO J3BX^<@yB]JˆM[YKM[BEI'V5IUAC@HG3YK\@HOg5GNBX\[GNB]JonBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIZO3BEIjS(@j\Ud<BXOw>5\[WcACBXI5YZf– ri\`bL`M[B]JTOV5ImJ3BXW8\Ud
GN@hWX@HMKOQ@dOf– rb‰UG3\K^†J3>5BcO@h€CM[^<g5WE@Kv„`@yShM[I'O3@h@<JN>UMlJˆST>UM[BEI'i5WX\CSTPmBXI5Y\CShShV5GNO `‡>U@hIeMJNMKOQPVUIUAC@hGNY[\@dO ^ˆV5WEJ3BXg5WX@g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
 

BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOJ3\<WE\CSTPyBEJNO0G3@d‘KVUBEGN@HAG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 CR1 T2
T2 T2
CR2 CR2 CR2

Waiting for CR1 Waiting for CR2

T1 T1 T1
CR1 CR1

T2 Executing T1 Executing T2 Executing

T1 Blocked
T1 Blocked T2 Blocked
Snapshot 1 Snapshot 2 Snapshot 3

‰;BEYKV5GN@  Z f>UM_BXI WX\CSTPBEI5YaBXIœ&G3BX\[GNBEJon£ƒI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@œqGN\_JN\Sh\[W



¶(¸L´¬t­ k®y±q¿L¬0° °Ž® ;®y±‡®a»
 



s:[„œ BcOˆM_IR@h€mJN@hIUO3BX\[Ie\_|‡œq£oœ¨M[IUARBEJˆ\lu[@HGNSh\[^<@HO O3\[^<@\_|?J3>U@bOQ>U\[G3JNS(\K^<BEI5YmO \_|0œq£oœ‹r!£ƒIks:[„œ¨@Hu[@HG3nŒShG3BEJ3BcShM[WqGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<BcO

MKO3O3BEYKI5@HAbMÂTÉ(Ä~Ç]Ä~Ë Fà ğÊlà Ä~Å ulM_WXV5@[rŽ=?>5@ S(@HBEWXBXI5YLgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<\[|MˆShG3BEJ3BcShM[WjGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ •BXOBXIC|}\[GN^M_WXWEnAC@h‚UI5@HAM[O&J3>U@1^Ml€CBX^ˆV5^
\[|&J3>U@agUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dO\_|M[WEW‹JN>5\KO3@aJNMKOQPCO`‡>5BcST>Z^MnxGN@H‘mV5@HOQJJ3\VUO3@LJN>5BcO G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[ra0IUAC@HGw's [œ‹vŠMKOOQ\\KIZM[O MJNMKOQPMKSh‘mV5BXG3@dO


MGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[v5BEJNO1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBcOtO3@(Jt@d‘mVUM_W„J3\yJN>5@ˆSh@hBXWEBXI5Yyg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon\_|‹J3>U@ˆGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr£{|&M<JTM[O3P>U\[WcA5O0^LV5W]JNBEgUWE@LG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOHvCJ3>U@hIBEJ
BXI5>5@HG3BEJNO JN>5@y>5BXY[>U@HOQJˆS(@hBXWXBEI5Yg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon\[|?M[WEW&B]JTOwWX\STPK@HAZG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr0IkMKO3O3V5^<gCJ3BX\[I'JN>UMlJwBcOBX^agUWEBcS(BEJ3WXnZ^MKAC@`‡>5BXWE@VUO3BXI5Y
s [„œ BXO‡J3>UM_J‡J3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1G3@d‘mV5BEGN@h^<@HIKJTO?\_|;@hu[@HG3nyJNM[O3PyBcO?PI5\l`‡IiF@(|}\KG3@Sh\[^<g5BXWE@ JNBE^<@[r
:
=?>5\KV5Y[>§`@BEI5|}\[GN^<M[WEWXneAC@(‚jI5@HAkJ3>5@xS(@HBEWXBXI5YŒg5GNBX\[GNB]JonR\_|MŒGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@M[OˆJ3>5@^Ml€CBX^ˆV5^\_|tJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HOL\_|M_WXW&JN>5\KO3@
JTM[O3POt`‡>5BcST>x^<MnGN@H‘mV5@HOQJ0JN\yVUO3@J3>5BcO1G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[vCJN>5@ˆGNV5WX@|}\[GS(\K^agUVCJ3BXI5YyJN>5@LSh@hBXWEBXI5YygUG3BX\[GNB]JonBXO1OQWXBXY[>mJ3WXnA5B]DŠ@hGN@hImJt|}\KG0JN>5@
ONST>5@HA5V5WE@HGNOŽJ3>UM_J&|}\[WXWX\l` ‰‹f‰Ž˜x¥~‚UGTOQJS(\K^<@‡‚UGTOoJO3@hGNu[@dAU¦‹gF\[WXBXShnaM[^<\[I5Y@d‘KVjM_WFg5G3BX\[GNBEJonˆGN@HM[A5nwJNMKOQPCOM_IUAaJN>5@1ONST>5@HA5V5WE@HGNOqJ3>UM_J
|}\KWEWX\l` MxJ3BX^a@OQWXBXSh@HARGN\[V5IjAZGN\[iUBEIkONST>5@HA5V5WEBXI5YM[^a\KI5Yx@H‘mVUM[W&g5GNBX\[GNB]JonGN@HMKACnJTM[O3PŠr£ƒIeJN>5@b‰‹f‰‹˜'gF\[WXBcS(n[vŽMJTM[O3PZGNV5IUO JN\
Sh\[^<g5WX@(J3BX\[IZ`‡>5BXWE@¥ŸM[ImnxGN@HMKACn5¦0@d‘mVUM_W;g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PCO`M[B]JdrLÀ1IJ3>U@a\[J3>5@HG1>jM_IUA!v!BXIZJ3BX^a@hz{O3WXBXSh@HAGN\[VUIUAGN\[i5BXIZONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Yjv
JN>5@@H‘mVUM[W!g5G3BX\[GNBEJon<JNM[O3PCO?@(€C@HShVCJ3@ |}\KG‡\[I5@JNBE^<@wO3WEBcS(@MlJtMLJNBE^<@BXIMaGN\[V5IjAbGN\[i5BXI|ŸM[O3>5BE\KIr
[„@(J‡VUO?‚UGTOQJ‡Sh\[IUO3BcAC@hG0M<ONST>5@HACVUWE@HG?J3>UM_J‡|}\[WXWE\l`0O?‰;f‰Ž˜ONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5Y<gj\KWEBcS(nM_^<\[IUYL@d‘KVjM_W!g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJTM[O3POH-r [@hJJN>5@wS(@HBEWXBXI5Y
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jony\[|;M<GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ 3 ij@wA5@hI5\[J3@HAinf@HBEW{¥ 3 ¦0M_IUAbJ3>5@ˆg5G3BX\[GNBEJon\_|ŽMˆJTM[O3+P \ 3 iF@wAC@hI5\[J3@dAMKO?g5GNB›¥ \ 3 ¦ r=?>5@hIvŠf@hBXW›¥ 3 ¦
BcO‡AC@(‚jI5@HAM[O|}\KWEWX\l`0O Z  ¥ 3 ¦¥  ¥ \ 3 ¦"(! \ 3 /
  #$&% 3(' ¦ g"g<gh¥ r g Ì ¦
=?>UM_JwBXOHv!JN>5@yS(@HBEWXBEIUYxg5G3BX\[GNBEJonx\_|‡MShG3BEJ3BcShM[WŽG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@) 3?BcO J3>U@^<M_€CBE^LV5^ \_|J3>U@g5G3BX\[GNBEJonx\_|‡M_WXW‹JNM[O3PCOJ3>UM_Jw^MnVUO3@) 33r
=?>5BcO@(€Cg5GN@HONOQBX\[I>5\KWXAUO&\KI5WEn<`‡>5@HIb>5BXY[>U@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonLulM_WXV5@dO&BXIUACBcShM_J3@t>UBEYK>5@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJon¥ M[OBEIš™BEIjAC\l`0O&\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5YˆO3nCOoJN@h^y¦ rŽ£{|
>5BXY[>U@hG‡g5GNBE\KG3BEJonulM_WXV5@HOBXIUACBcShM_J3@WX\l`@HGg5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dO¥ŸM[OBXIx0I5BE€U¦ vCJN>5@hIJ3>U@ Sh@hBXWEBXI5Y<g5GNBE\KG3BEJon`\[V5WcAbiF@ J3>U@^<BXI5BX^ˆV5^g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
\[|‹M[WEWŠJTM[O3PO?IU@h@HA5BEI5YaJN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GT S(@[r‹=?>UM_J0BXOHv
* ¥ 3Ÿ¦+,  /q¥-.  ¥ \3 ¦/! \3$/ #$&% 3 ' ¦ g<g"gd¥ r g ¦ 

‰U\[G\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5YtO3nOQJ3@H^OOQVUg5gj\KGQJNBEIUY‡J3BX^<@(zƒOQWXBXSh@HAGN\[VUIUAG3\Ki5BEIwONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Y1M_^<\[I5Y‡@d‘mVUM_WKg5G3BX\[GNBEJon0JNMKOQPCOM_IUA WcM_GNY[@HG!g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
ulM_WXV5@ BXIUACBcShMlJN@HO‡>UBEYK>5@hG‡g5GNBX\[GN B]JonKvKJN>5@GNV5WE@|}\KGtS(\K^agUVCJ3BXI5YaJ3>5@wSh@hBXWEBXI5Y<g5GNBE\KG3BEJonyBcO Z
* ¥ 3 ¦+0;¥21   ¥ \ 3 ¦"(! \ 3 / #$&% 3(' ¦ 3 Ì g<g"gh¥ r g r ¦
‰U\[G1J3>5@<ShMKOQ@L`‡>5@hGN@ˆWcM_GNY[@HG0g5GNBE\KG3BEJonuM[WEVU@ˆBXIUACBcShMlJN@HOWX\l`@HGtg5GNBE\KG3BEJonR¥ŸM_IjAxJ3BX^<@(zƒOQWXBcS(@HAŒG3\KV5IUAz{GN\[i5BXIO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YM[^a\KI5Y
@d‘KVjM_W!g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<JNMKOQPCOT¦ vC`@>UM u[@1J3\<JTM_PK@tJN>5@^<BEI5BX^ˆVU^\[|„J3>U@ JNM[O3Pyg5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dOhrŽ=?>UM_J0BXO Z
 ¥ 3 ¦+,  /q¥41   ¥ \ 3 ¦/! \ 3 / #$&% 3-' ¦ 3 Ì g"g<gH¥ r g m¦
5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 £ƒIbJ3>5@G3@dOoJ?\_|„J3>5BcOtf>UM_g5J3@hG`@O3>UM_WXW!M[ONOQVU^a@‰;f‰Ž˜O3ST>5@dACV5WXBEIUYLM_^<\KI5Yˆ@d‘KVjM_WŠg5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNM[O3PCOM[IUAbM[WXO3\wJN>UMlJ‡BXIUS(GN@HMKOQBXI5Y
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonZuM[WEVU@HOBXIUACBcShM_J3@yBXIUS(GN@HMKOQBXI5Yg5GNBE\KG3BEJonŒ\[|?JNM[O3PCOhr=\xBEWXWEVjOoJNGNM_J3@y>5\l` g5GNBE\KG3BEJonZSh@hBXWEBXI5YmO\_|‡GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOM_GN@yS(\[^<g5V5J3@HAv
Sh\[IUO3BXA5@hGJ3>5@|}\KWEWX\l`‡BEIUYL@h€CM[^<g5WE@O3nCOoJN@h^/`‡BEJ3>x‰;f‰Ž˜O3ST>5@dACV5WXBEIUYaM[^a\KI5Ya@H‘mVUM_W!gUG3BX\[GNB]JonaJTM[O3POHr‹£ƒIbJN>5BcO‡OQnCOQJ3@h^v5MaGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
f– Ì BcO0O3>UM_GN@HAinJ3>5@wJNM[O3PC%O \ b v \Um_v M_IUhA \
M_IjAf– BcO‡O3>UM_GN@HAi+n \Umlv M_IUhA \
_r8[„@(J0VUO0MKO3O3V5^<@J3>UM_J‡J3>5@ˆg5G3BX\[GNBEJon\_|V\ b 
| \ d  CvŠg5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_| \
 rw=?>5@HIvŠJ3>5@ag5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_|?f– Ì `‡BXWEW‹iF@ˆJN>5@<^Ml€CBE^LV5^,\_|qJN>5@<g5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HO1\_8| \ b Uv \Um[v
#Ì 5 vFJ3>UM_J\[


M[IU+A \
[rq=?>5@hIv5J3>5@wSh@hWXWEBXI5Yg5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_|qf– Ì BcOtf@hBXW›¥{f– Ì ¦¨^<M_€¥ #Ì 5 v Cv ' ¦/ 6Ì 5 r„=?>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@[v5M[O‡O3\\[IM[O?@HB]JN>5@hG‡\[K| \ b v \Um[v



\KG \
1MKSh‘mV5BXG3@dOf– Ì vKBEJNOg5GNBX\[GNB]Jona`‡BEWXWFij@GNM[BXO3@HAaJN\ #Ì 5 rŽ=?>5@tGNV5WX@t\[|BEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@t\_|g5G3BX\[GNBEJonLBcOqJN>UMlJ?M_InaJNMKOQPaJ3>jMlJMKSh‘mV5BXG3@dO



JN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BEIU>5@hGNB]JTO‡JN>5@ˆS(\KG3GN@HO3gF\[IUACBXI5Y<S(@HBEWXBEIUYg5G3BX\[GNBEJon[r&£{|ŽM<JTM[O3PyBXOt>5\[WcACBXI5Y^<\[GN@ J3>UM[I\[I5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvCB]JTO0g5GNBX\[GNB]Jony`‡BXWXW
iF@HSh\[^<@t^Ml€CBX^ˆV5^\[|!J3>5@S(@hWXWXBEI5YLg5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HOŽ\[|„M_WXWUJN>5@tGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOŽBEJBcO>5\[WcACBXI5YUr‹‰5\KG@h€CM[^<g5WE@KvCf@HBEW{¥›f– ¦/ 1^M_€!¥ 5v '  Cr
•JTM[O3Py>5\[WcACBXI5Y<ij\[J3>Œf– Ì M_IjAxf– `\[VUWXABEIU>5@hGNB]JTO?J3>U@WXM[G3YK@hG\_|;J3>5@ Jo`\S(@hBXWXBEI5Y<g5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dOhvCB›r @Kr 6Ì 5 r
 



(!J@)./)(102/
_) 4>36) <W 
(,j)O#"R=#"2>) 3" ) 5& ."(7 
(,i   9 X

¤WEBEJQJNWE@tJ3>5BXI5PBEIUYLShM[IbO3>5\l` J3>UM_J&J3>UBXO>5@hWXgUO@hWXBE^<BXIUMlJN@0JN>5@tg5GN\[iUWE@H^<O\_|!V5IiF\[V5IjAC@HAbg5G3BX\[GNBEJonˆBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhvmAC@HMKACWE\CSTPŠvKM[IUA
ST>UM[BEIi5WX\CSTPmBXI5Yjr‹st\l`@Hu[@HGHvBEJtS(GN@HMlJN@HOI5@H`9g5GN\[iUWE@H^<OHr‹šZ@ |}\KG3^M[WEWXnbM_IjM_WXnm’H@tJN>5BcO‡gj\KBEImJtMaWXB]J3J3WX@WXM_J3@hG‡BXIJ3>5BcO0O3@HS(J3BX\[Ir
s:[„œ¨O3\[WXu[@HOJN>5@yg5GN\[iUWE@H^<Ow\_|?V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dARg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IvST>UM_BXIRi5WE\CSTPBXI5YUv;M_IUAeAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPŠrb–‡@HSh\[WXWE@dS JJN>UMlJwJN>5@yiUMKOQBcS
œ&£oœe`MKO&O3VUONS(@hg5J3BXi5WE@tJ3\JN>5@HO3@tgUG3\Ki5WE@H^Ohr‹=?>5@0|}\KWEWX\l`‡BXI5YJ3>U@h\[GN@h^M_IjAB]JTOSh\[GN\[WXWXM[G3BX@HOŽO3V5iUOQJNM[ImJ3BcMlJ3@0J3>5@dOQ@t|}@HMlJNV5GN@HOq\[|„s'[œ‹r
 &    5Éh Ë   ÄcÈ ÈhÉ (ÊlÃÃ3É ÈhÊ CÃ3ÂTÉ1È UÆlà Ä~Ë& &ÊlˊÂTÉÆaÅ{ÆlÈ  mÉhşÈÆLÃ3É(ÈhÊ CÃ3ÂTÉÃ3É  CÄ~Ã3É Ä~Å ‹Ä~ŎÄcÈ1ˊÊlÅ (ÇXÊH [É yÆ_Ë
 CÃ Å 5Éh"Ã l
     
 



   5[„@(J0VUO‡Sh\[IUO3BXA5@hG?Jo`\LJTM[O3PCQ O \`bM[IU+A \Ud1J3>jMlJ0I5@H@HAJ3\O3>UM_ GN@Jo` \<S(GNB]JNBXSHM_W!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO0f– Ì M_IUAxf– 8r [„@(J‡VUO0MKO3O3V5^<@

JN>UMlJLMxJNM[O3DP \`b<MKSh‘mV5BXG3@dOLf– Ì r=?>5@HIVv \`b7 Owg5GNBE\KG3BEJonŒiF@HSh\[^<@HO   ¥ Ì ¦inR's [„œ‹r;tONOQVU^a@yJ3>UM_JLOQVUiUOQ@d‘mV5@hImJ3WXn'B]JLM[WXO3\


GN@H‘mV5BXG3@dOtM GN@HO3\[VU GNSh@af– r ˜V5g5gF\KO3_@ \UdˆBXOM_WXG3@dM[ACn >5\[WcAC BXI5Yf– rt£{8| \UdˆBXO1>5\[WcACBXI5Yf– Yv \kd7 O1g5GNBE\KG3BEJon OQ>5\KV5Wc Ax>UMu[@ˆij@H@hI
GTM_BcOQ@dAJ3\  ¥ ¦‡in's [œ¤GNV5WX@[rÀ1imuBX\[VUO3WXn  ¥ ¦‡^LVUOQJ iF@aY[GN@HMlJN@hG1J3>UM[I.  ¥ \ b ¦ v„ij@dShM_VjOQ@ * ¥ ¦0BXO\KI5@
  

^<\[GN@aJ3>UM[I'J3>5@^Ml€CBX^ˆV5^p\_|J3>5@gUG3BX\[GNB]JonŒ\_|‡M_WXWŽJNMKOQPCO VUO3BEIUYJN>5@yGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@¥~JN>UMlJwBXIUShWEVUA5@H.O \ b ¦(rb=?>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@[qv \ d iF@hBXI5Yx\_|

  

>5BXY[>U@hG?g5GNBE\KG3BEJonyOQ>U\[V5WcAb>jMu[@ij@H@hI@(€C@HShVCJ3BXI5YUv5M[IUiA \ b O3>5\[VUWXAI5\_J‡>UMuK@1YK\_J‡M<ST>UM_IUSh@tJN\<@(€C@HShVCJ3@Krq=?>5BXO?BcO‡MaS(\[ImJNGNMKACBXS(J3BX\[I
JN\J3>5@aM[ONOQVU^ag5J3BX\[IJ3>jMl'J \ b BcO0@h€C@HS(V5J3BXI5Yy`‡>5BXWE_@ \ d BXO1>5\[WcACBXI5YJN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Lf– r0=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@Kv \ d S(\KV5WcAI5\_Jij@L>5\[WcACBXI5YyM
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@GN@H‘mV5@dOoJN@HAxin \ b `‡>5@H?I \ b BcOt@h€C@HS(V5J3BXI5YUrtO3BEI5YMbO3BE^<BXWXM[GtGN@HMKOQ\KI5BEIUYUvU`@LSHM_IŒO3>5\l`•J3>jMlJ1`‡>U@hDI \ b M[Sh‘mV5BXGN@HO‡\KI5@


GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvmM[WEW!GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOG3@d‘KVUBEGN@HAbimnbB]J0^LVUOoJ‡iF@|}G3@H@[rq‰5GN\[^JN>5BcO‡`@ ShM[ISh\[IUShWEVjAC@J3>UM_J‡MLJTM[O3Pi5WE\CSTPCO‡MlJ‡iF@HOQJ‡\[IUSh@1|}\KG‡M_WXW
BEJNO‡GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1GN@H‘mV5BXG3@H^<@hImJNO|}\[G0M[InbOQ@hJ‡\_|;JNM[O3PCO‡M_IUAGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@G3@d‘mV5BEGN@h^<@HIKJTOhr
!

£{J |}\[WXWX\l`0O|}G3\K^8=?>5@h\KG3@H^ Ì J3>UM_JwV5IUAC@HGw's [„œ9JTM[O3PO M[G3@<i5WX\CSTP[@HAZMlJ^<\KOQJw\[IUSh@ˆ|}\KGwM_WXW‹J3>5@HBEGˆG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ˆGN@H‘mV5BXG3@H^<@hImJNOHr

?= >UM_JwBXOwJNMKOQPCOM_GN@È Ä~Ë[ÇEÉ (ÇEÊdÂlÄ~Ë&_rxs0\l`@huK@hG`@yOQ>U\[V5WcA'G3@H^a@H^ˆiF@hGJN>UMlJw\KIUS(@yMJTM[O3PZM_|~J3@hGˆY[@(J3J3BXI5YMGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<^MnŒiF@
g5GN@h@H^<gCJ3@dAe¥~|}GN\[^ fœ&¨VUONM_YK@d¦inM<>5BEYK>5@hG1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQP`‡>5BcST>AC\@HO‡IU\_J1O3>UM_GN@wM_InG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO?`‡BEJ3>JN>5@JTM[O3PFr VCJdvUJN>5@


 OQBXI5Y[WX@ i5WX\STPBXI5YKL`@ A5BXONS(VUONO3@HA!vCBcO‡i5WX\CSTPmBXI5Y<\[IM[SHS(\KV5ImJ?\[|GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ O3>UM_GNBEIUYUr



tI5\_JN>5@hG‡gF\[BXImJ0`‡>5BXST>`@^ˆVUOQJ0GN@h^<@h^Lij@HG‡BXO?JN>UMlJ‡JN>5@wAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPbM_IUAST>UM[BEIi5WX\CSTPmBXI5Y<GN@HO3V5W]JTO‡\_|Ž's [œ ¥ŸM[O0`@HWEW„MKOJ3>UM_J

\[|œfœkA5BXONS(VUONO3@HABXIyJN>5@1IU@(€J?O3@HS(J3BX\[Ij¦&M_GN@tulM_WXBcA\[I5WXnV5IUA5@hGJ3>5@ M[ONOQVU^ag5J3BX\[IJN>UMlJ‡MJTM[O3PaGN@hWX@HMKOQ@dO&MˆG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@0BEJ?AC\@dO&I5\[J
MKSh‘mV5BXG3@wM[Imn|}V5G3J3>5@HG1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOHr=?>UM_J1BcOhvjJ3>U@ˆGN@H‘mV5@HOQJtM_IjAxG3@HWE@dM[O3@\_|ŽGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO‡inM<JTM[O3PSHM_IxiF@LACBXuBXA5@HAxBXImJ3\Jo`\bS(WX@HM[G
g5>jM[O3@HO Z BEJ‡‚UGTOoJ0MKSh‘mV5BXG3@dO‡M_WXW!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOBEJ0I5@h@dA5O‡M_IUAbJ3>U@hIxGN@hWX@HM[O3@HOJN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr
=?>5@|}\KWEWX\l`‡BEIUY<M[G3@1Jo`\aBX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJ0S(\KG3\KWEWcM_GNBE@dO&`‡>UBXST>@HMKOQBXWXn|}\[WXWE\l`¤|}G3\K^ =?>5@H\[GN@h^ Ì r
%  * "$#% &Ë [Éh' à (  TÉ (Ê_Ã3ɈÆ<ŃÆ)È ÂTÆ_ˌÆ[  CÄ~ÃNÉwÊlˊÉÃ3É(ÈhÊ CÃ3ÂT*É ŽÆ_Ç~Ç!Å UÉ Ã3É(È(Ê CÃ3ÂTÉ ÈÅ UÆl,Å +aÄ  Å TÉÃN-É  CÄ~Ã3É Ä~,Å + È Å
TÉ TÃ3ÉT<É l
        



%  * "$#/.021 Å{Æl)È bÂTÆlËZËFÊ_Å CË KÉ(à KÊ UÆlÄ~Ë (ÇEÊd lÄ~Ë&bÄ~3

   Ë   l
4

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 tIŒBXIKJN@hGN@HOQJ3BXI5Yb\KiUO3@hGNuM_J3BX\[IxGN@hYmM_GTACBEIUYb's [œ BcOtJN>5@L|}\[WXWE\l`‡BXI5YUr £ƒI'œq£oœ™`‡>5@HI5@huK@hG OQ@Hu[@HGNM[WJNMKOQPCO1G3@d‘mV5@HOQJMS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W;G3@hz
3O \[V5GTS(@J3>jMlJqBcOqM_WXG3@dM[ACnBXI<VUO3@[v_JN>5@hnaM_GN@?^<M[BEImJTM_BXI5@HALBEIM ‘mV5@hVU@‡BEIaJ3>U@‡\[GTAC@hG‹BXIa`‡>UBXST>aJ3>U@hnˆGN@H‘mV5@dOoJN@HAˆJ3>5@‡GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r„š™>U@hI
MGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@iF@HSh\[^<@HO0|}G3@H@[vjJ3>5@ˆWE\KI5Y[@dOoJt`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y<JTM[O3PBXIxJ3>U@ˆ‘mV5@hV5@ˆBXO1Y[GTM_ImJ3@dAJ3>5@wGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r?=?>mVjO0@huK@hGNnShG3BEJ3BcShM[W„GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
BcO?M[ONOQ\CS(BcMlJN@HAb`‡B]JN>Ma‘mV5@hV5@\_|`M[B]JNBEI5YLJNMKOQPCOHrŽs0\l`@hu[@HGHvmBXIs'[œ I5\aO3VUST>‘KVU@hV5@BXO?IU@h@HA5@HA!rq=?>5@GN@HM[O3\[IbBXOJ3>jMlJ‡`‡>5@hIU@hu[@HG
MJTM[O3P'MKSh‘mV5BXG3@dOwMxGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kv„BEJL@h€@dS(VCJN@HOLMlJwJN>5@bS(@HBEWXBXI5Yg5GNBE\KG3BEJonŒ\[|‡J3>5@bG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[v‹M_IUAR\[J3>5@HGwJTM[O3POJ3>UM_JL^MnŒI5@H@HARJN>5BcO
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ AC\<I5\[J0@hu[@HIMaYK@(J0ST>UM_IjS(@J3\@h€@dS(VCJN@M_IUAGN@H‘mV5@HOQJ?|}\[G?JN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r
s [„œ g5GN@huK@hImJNO0A5@HM[A5WE\CSTPCO|}G3\K^ \CShShV5GNG3BXI5YyO3BEIUSh@`‡>5@hIMaJTM[O3PbYK@(JNO1MOQBXI5YKWE@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kv5M_WXW„\[J3>5@HG0G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO?GN@H‘mV5BXGN@HAimn
:
BEJ0^ˆVUOQJ0iF@ |}G3@H@<¥Ÿinf\[GN\[WXWcM_GNn ¦ r 

.& 
 ( ) -   q=?>U\[V5YK>R: s [„œ¨O3\[WXu[@dOJ3>5@ygUG3\Ki5WE@H^O \_|‡V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dA'g5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[Iv;AC@HMKACWX\STPŠv„M[IUAeST>UM[BEI

i5WX\CSTPBEI5YjvCB]J‡\Kgj@HIUO?V5gJ3>5@ gF\KONOQBXi5BXWEBEJon|}\KGÄ~Ë 5Éhà Ä~ŃÆlËFÂTÉ ƒÃ3ÉhÇEÆlÅƒÉ Ä~Ë lÉhÃTÈTğÊ_Ëy`‡>5BcST>A5BXAI5\_J0@h€CBXOQJ‡BEIœq£oœ‹rC£ƒI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HA
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KI\SHS(V5GTO;`‡>5@hIˆJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJon ulM_WXV5@\[|jM1WE\l`eg5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQP>U\[WcACBEIUY1M1G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@qBcOGTM_BcO3@HA JN\M1>5BXY[>ˆulM[WEV5@in J3>5@?S(@HBEWXBXI5Y
 

GNV5WX@[vjJ3>5@LBEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@Lg5G3BX\[GNBEJonyJNMKOQPCOtI5\_JI5@h@dACBEIUYyJ3>U@ˆGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@wSHM_IxI5\[J1@(€C@dS(VCJN@LM_IjAxM_GN@ˆO3M[BXAJN\bV5IjAC@hGNY[\yBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hz
GN@hWcMlJN@HAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[Ir
š'@ˆI5\l` BXWEWXVUOQJ3GTMlJN@ˆBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dABEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IJ3>UG3\KV5Y[>M[I@(€5M_^<g5WX@[rf\[IUO3BcAC@hGMyOQnCOQJ3@H^,Sh\[IUO3BcOoJNBEI5Yb\_|Ž‚UuK@wJNMKOQPCO Z
\ b cR\ d c/\ f cR\kn c  / $ \Um[vM_IUAŒJ3>5@HBEG g5GNBX\[GNB]JonulM_WXV5@HO iF@ Ì v v r v UvM[IUA yGN@HO3gj@dS JNBEuK@hWXn[rˆtWXO3\UvMKO3O3V5^<@ˆJN>UMlJ JN>5@<>5BEYK>5@hGJN>5@
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonyulM[WEV5@KvCJ3>U@w>5BXY[>5@HG0BXO‡J3>5@wgUG3BX\[GNB]Jonb\_|;J3>5@JTM[O3PŠr&=?>UMlJ0BcOHv aBcO?J3>5@ˆ>5BEYK>5@HOQJtM_IjA Ì BcO?JN>5 @wWX\l` @dOoJ‡g5GNBE\KG3BEJonyulM_WXV5@KQr [@hJ


\ b cR\  d c  /  $ \ f I5@h@dAJ3>U@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@f– Ì M_IU+ A \ b c/\kn  / \Um1I5@h@dAJ3>U@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@f– rŽ=?>5@HIv ¥ Ì ¦ŽBcO^M_€!¥ Ì v v r ¦" r v

M[IUA  ¥ ¦‹BXO^Ml€¥ Ì v jv K¦/ 5r„š™>5@H+I \ b MKSh‘mV5BXG3@dOŽ$J3>U@1GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1f– BEJNOg5G3BX\[GNBEJonL`\[V5WcAiF@HSh\[ ^<@ 5r‹0|~J3@HQG \ b MKSh‘mV5BXG3@dO
 

f– vU\UdLM[IUA?\Ufw`\[VUWXAŒI5\_J ij@M[i5WE@ˆJ3\@(€C@HShVCJ3@a@huK@hIŒJ3>5\KV5Y[>ŒJ3>5@Hnx^<MnxiF@aG3@dM[ACnKvŠO3BXIUS(@LJ3>5@HBEG g5GNBX\[GNB]JonBcO1WX@HONOtJ3>UM[IŒJN>5@


BXI5>5@HG3BEJ3@dAgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\[K| \`bdrŽ£ƒIJN>5BXOtOQBEJ3VUM_J3BX\[I!v \UdM[IU+A \UfM[G3@ O3M[BXAbJ3\iF@V5IUA5@hGNY[\[BXI5YaBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@ G3@HWXM_J3@HABXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I„r



s [„œkBcOGNM[G3@HWEnaVUO3@HAyBXIbGN@HM[W]z{WXB]|}@tM[g5g5WXBXSHMlJNBE\KIUOMKOqJN>5@g5G3\Ki5WX@h^\_|BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@G3@HWXM_J3@dA<BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[I\_|~JN@hIij@dS(\[^<@ OQ\aOQ@Hu[@HG3@
:
MKOtJN\^M[P[@wJN>5@<g5GN\_J3\CSh\[W;V5IVUO3M[i5WX@[rw=?>5BcOM_GNBXO3@HO1iF@HShM[VUO3@wJ3>U@agUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\[|&@huK@hIŒuK@hGNnWE\l`©gUG3BX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3PO1^<BEYK>mJiF@<GNM[BXO3@HA
JN\bu[@HG3n>5BXY[>ŒuM[WEVU@HO1`‡>5@hIBEJM[Sh‘mV5BXGN@HOtM[InGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[rt1OMbG3@dOQVUW]JdvŠO3@huK@hGTM_WBEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@Lg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbJTM[O3POtI5\_J I5@H@HACBXI5YM[In
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@^<BEYK>mJyV5IUAC@HG3YK\'BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hz›GN@hWcMlJN@HA¢BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[I M_IUA ^<BXONO<JN>5@hBXGyGN@HO3gj@dS J3BXu[@xAC@dM[ACWXBXI5@HOHr £ƒI O3g5B]JN@x\_|J3>5BcO^M o\KG
>UM[IUACBcShM[g\_|„'s [œ‹v[`@1OQJ3VUA5nˆJN>5BXOg5GN\_JN\Sh\[WjBEIJN>5BcOqJN@(€JMKOŽJ3>U@0|}\[VUIUA5MlJNBE\KI<|}\[GV5IUAC@HGNOQJNM[IUACBXI5YJ3>U@ Fà ğÊ_à Ä~Å ÂTÉhÄ~Ç Ä~Ë ŠÃ3ÊlŃÊdÂNÊ_Ç
JN>UMlJˆBcOwuK@hGNnŒgF\[g5VUWXM[GˆM_IUARBcOiF@hBXI5YVUO3@HAR@h€J3@hIjOQBXu[@HWEnZBEIeGN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@yM_g5g5WXBcShMlJNBE\KIkAC@huK@hWX\[g5^<@HIKJdrœ&G3BX\[GNBEJonŒS(@HBEWXBEIUYxg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW



¥ œfœ¦BcO0ACBcO3ShVUONOQ@dAbBXIJ3>5@I5@h€J‡O3@HS(J3BX\[Ir
 °q¶(®L°q¶ ¬t¶h»H¶h·¸ °Ž® ‹®y±‡®L»  
œ&G3BX\[GNB]Jonef@hBXWEBXI5Y'œqGN\_J3\CSh\[Wt¥ œfœ¦w@(€J3@HIUA5OˆJ3>5@BcAC@HMKOˆ\[|tœq£oœ©M[IUAk's [œ¨JN\ZO3\[WXu[@JN>5@bg5GN\[iUWE@H^<OL\_|0VUImiF\[VUIUAC@HAkg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIvFST>jM_BXIi5WX\STPBXI5YUv!M[IUAAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPOHvŠ`‡>5BXWE@<MlJ1J3>5@<O3M[^<@ˆJNBE^<@a^aBXI5BX^<BE’HBEI5YBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dABEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOHr ©|}V5I5z
A5M[^<@hImJNM[WŠA5B]DŠ@hGN@hIUSh@1iF@(Jo`@h@HIœ&£oœ§M_IjAbœfœ§BXOJN>UMlJ?J3>U@t|}\KG3^<@hGBcOMLY[GN@h@dACnM_g5gUG3\mM[ST>`‡>5@HG3@dM[O&J3>5@ WcMlJQJN@hGBXOI5\[JHrŽ£ƒIœq£oœ
`‡>5@HI5@huK@hGMwGN@H‘mV5@HOQJ&|}\KGMwG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@0BcO&^M[A5@[vmJ3>5@1G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@0`‡BXWEWFiF@M[WEWX\CShMlJN@HA<JN\wJN>5@tGN@H‘mV5@dOoJNBEI5YˆJNMKOQPaB]|B]J?BXO&|}GN@h@[rŽst\l`@Hu[@hGdv
BXIxœfœ M<G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@t^MnyI5\[J0ij@YKGNM[ImJ3@HAyJ3\yMaGN@H‘mV5@HOQJ3BXI5YaJNMKOQPb@hu[@HIBE|;J3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BcO|}G3@H@[r
KVUOQJŽMKOŽ'
  
s [œeAC\@HOHv[œfœRM[ONO3\ShBXM_J3@dO;M Sh@hBXWEBXI5YulM_WXV5@ * ¥ 3 ¦;`‡BEJ3>@Hu[@hGNnGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ 33v_JN>UMlJqBcO;J3>U@‡^<M_€CBE^LV5^ \[|jJN>5@
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonulM_WXV5@HOt\_|&M_WXWJTM[O3PCO‡J3>jMlJ ^aBXY[>mJtVjOQ@ 33r1tI\[gF@hGTMlJNBEI5YOQnCOQJ3@h^*ulM_GNBXM[i5WX@ˆShM[WEWX@HAZf?˜jf¥›fV5GNG3@HImJ˜nCOoJN@h^8f@hBXWXBEI5Y¦
BcO?VUO3@HAJ3\<P[@H@hgJ3GTM[STPy\[|„JN>5@ ^Ml€CBE^L V5^Sh @hBXWEBXI5Y<ulM_WXV5@ \_|ŽM_WXWŠJ3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO&J3>UM_JtM_GN@BXIVUOQ@wM_J0M_InyBXIUOoJTM_ImJ‡\_|;J3BX^<@[rq=?>VUOHv
M_JˆM_InJNBE^<@f?˜Uf  0¥ ¥ 3 ¦/! 3 # /Uo / ' ¦(ryJLO3nOQJ3@H^pOQJNM[GQJdv‹f?˜Uf BcOBEIUB]JNBXM[WEBX’h@dAŒJN\ 5 ¥}WX\l`@HG
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JN>UM_IJ3>U@WE@dM[OQJ?gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<JT M[O3PyBXIJN>5@wO3nOQ% J3@H^y ¦ r      %
–‡@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ˆO3>UM_GNBXI5YM[^a\KI5YyJTM[O3PCOtV5IjAC@hGœfœ¤BXOGN@hYKV5WXM_J3@dAxVUO3BEI5YbJo`\G3VUWE@dOt|}\KG1>jM_IUACWXBXI5YGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wG3@d‘mV5@HOQJNO Z GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
YKGNM[IKJ‡M_IjAGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1GN@hWX@HMKOQ@Krš'@@hWcM_iF\[GTMlJN@tJN>5@HO3@ Jo`\<GNV5WX@HO?BXIJN>5@ |}\[WXWX\l`‡BEI5Y Z
 
    - )
 

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 –‡@dOQ\KV5GTS(@Y[GTM_ImJ‡G3V5WX@S(\KIUOQBcOQJNO?\_|Jo`\ShWXM[VUOQ@dOhrŽ=?>5@dOQ@Jo`\S(WcM_VUO3@HO‡M[G3@ M_g5gUWEBX@HA`‡>5@HIMLJTM[O3PyG3@d‘mV5@HOQJNOJN\aWX\CSTPbMaG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r
Ì r !    3 
3   
*   
¥ŸMm¦£{|&MaJNM[O3+P \ BcO‡>5\KWXA5BEI5YM<G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ `‡>5\KO3@wS(@HBEWXBEIUYg5G3BX\[GNBEJonb@H‘mVUM[WXOtf?˜jf1v5J3>U@hIJ3>U@wJNMKOQPBXO0Y[GTM_ImJ3@dAMKShSh@HONOJ3\JN>5@
G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r   
¥}ij¦ÀtJN>5@hGN`‡BXO3@[Uv \ 3 `‡BXWEWŽI5\[Jij@<Y[GTM_ImJN@HA 4 vV5IUWE@dO3OBEJNO g5GNBE\KG3BEJonx BcO1YKG3@dMlJN@hG1J3 >UM[Ie f?˜Uf6 ¥}B›r @KrLgUG3B{¥ \ 3 ¦   ¦ ra£ƒI
ij\[J3 >'¥ŸMK¦ M_IjAŒ¥}iF¦M[ij\luK@[vmB]K| \ 3 BcOY[GTM_ImJ3@dAyM[SHS(@HONO&J3\LJ3>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ 4 vCM_IUAbB]|    ¥ 4 ¦ vJN>5@hIf?˜Uf BcO?OQ@hJ
J3\  ¥ 4d¦
r  ) &   (
)  *   ‡š™>5@HIMaJNMKOQPBXOtg5G3@Hu[@HIKJN@HAb|}G3\K^WX\CSTPBEI5YM<GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ iny|ŸM[BEWXBXI5Y<J3\y^<@H@(J0JN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Y[GTM_ImJ
S(WcM_VUO3@[vmBEJi5WX\CSTPCO&M_IjAJ3>U@0JNMKOQP<>5\KWXA5BEI5YˆJ3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@0BXI5>5@HG3BEJNO&J3>U@1g5GNBX\[GNB]Jona\_|!JN>5@1iUWE\CSTP[@dA<JNMKOQPaBE|J3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJona\_|JN>5@


JNMKOQPy>U\[WcACBEIUYLJN>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BXO?WX@HONOJ3>jM_IJ3>UM_J0\_|J3>5@i5WX\CSTP[@dAyJTM[O3PFr
   3 * 3 
£{|qMaJNMKOQPG3@HWE@dM[O3@HO‡MShG3BEJ3BcShM[W!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ B]Jt`?M[O?>U\[WcACBEIUYbM_IUABE|‹J3>5@ˆSh@hBXWEBXI5Yg5GNBX\[GNB]Jony\[|JN>5BcO0GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ @H‘mVUM[WXOtf?˜jf1v5J3>U@hIZf?˜Uf
BcO0^M[A5@w@H‘mVUM[WJ3\yJ3>5@L^<M_€CBE^LV5^\[|‹J3>5@aS(@hBXWXBEI5YbuM[WEVU@w\_|qM_WXW„\[J3>5@HGtGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO?BEIŒVUOQ@KÁj@HWXO3@af?˜Uf¤GN@h^M_BXIUOtV5IUST>UM[I5Y[@dA!r‡=?>5@
JTM[O3PG3@HWE@dM[O3BEIUYbJN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@a@hBEJ3>5@HGY[@(JTOiUMKSTPxB]JTO\[GNBEYKBEIjM_W‹g5GNBE\KG3BEJon\[GJN>5@>5BXY[>5@dOoJwg5GNBX\[GNB]Jonx\[|?M[WEW‹JTM[O3PO `?M_BEJ3BXI5Y|}\[GwM[In
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO`‡>5BXST>BEJ0^aBXY[>mJtOQJ3BXWEW„ij@>5\KWXA5BEI5YjvC`‡>5BcST>5@huK@hG?BXO0>5BEYK>5@hGdr
œ?fœ BcO1uK@hGNnxOQBX^<BEWcM_GJ3\'s [œ¤@h€5S(@hg5J1JN>UMlJBXIZœfœ•MbJNM[O3P`‡>5@hI'Y[GTM_ImJN@HAMG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ˆAC\@dO1IU\_JBE^<^<@HA5BXM_J3@hWXnM[SH‘mV5BEGN@
JN>5@Sh@hBXWEBXI5YZg5G3BX\[GNBEJonŒ\_|tJ3>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[r£ƒI§|ŸM[S(JHvŽV5IUA5@hG<œfœ¨JN>5@bgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon'\_|tMJNMKOQPeAC\@HOLI5\[JaST>UM[I5Y[@yVUgj\KI¢M[SH‘mV5BEGNBXI5YM
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@^<@hGN@hWXnRJ3>5@xulM_WXV5@\_| M'O3nCOoJN@h^ ulM_GNBcM_i5WX@xf?˜jf/ST>UM[I5Y[@dOhr§=?>U@gUG3BX\[GNB]Jone\[|MŒJNMKOQPkST>UM[I5Y[@dOaimnRJN>5@BEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@
ShWXM[VUOQ@\_|1œ?fœ¨\[IUWEnR`‡>5@HI§\[IU@b\[Ga^<\[GN@yJTM[O3POL`?M_BEJˆ|}\[G<MGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@yB]J<BcOL>U\[WcACBEIUYUrR=MKOQPCOLG3@d‘KVU@HOQJ3BXI5YZMŒG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@yi5WX\CSTP
M[WE^<\KOQJtV5IjAC@hG1BXAC@HImJ3BcShM_W‹O3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KIUO0V5IjAC@hGœfœ M[IUAx's [œ‹rj=?>5@L\[I5WXnA5B]DŠ@hGN@hIUSh@w`‡BEJ3>Zœ?fœ BXO0J3>UM_JM<JTM[O3iP \ 3 ShM_IM[WXO3\yiF@
i5WX\CSTP[@dA<|}G3\K^@hImJ3@HG3BXI5YLMaS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WŠO3@HS JNBE\KIvB]|„J3>5@HG3@1@(€CBXOQJNO?M[Imn<GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1S(V5GNG3@HImJ3WXnL>5@HWXAbinyOQ\K^a@1\_JN>5@hGJNMKOQP<`‡>5\mOQ@1g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
Sh@hBXWEBXI5YˆBcOY[GN@HM_J3@hG\[G@H‘mVUM[WUJN\ˆJN>UMlJ?\_q| \ 3 r‹9WXB]J3J3WX@1JN>5\[VUY[>mJ`\[V5WcAyO3>5\l` J3>jMlJJ3>5BcO?M_GNGNM[I5Y[@H^a@HImJ&g5GN@hu[@HImJNOŽJN>5@ V5I5I5@dS(@dO3ONM_GNn
BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@?i5WX\CSTPmBXI5YmO;SHM_VUO3@HAaACV5@JN\1JN>5@‡g5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_|ŠM1JNM[O3PˆMKSh‘mV5BXG3BXI5Y M1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@&iF@hBXI5YGNM[BXO3@HAwJ3\ u[@HG3n>UBEYK>LulM_WXV5@dO‡¥ŸS(@HBEWXBXI5Y
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon5¦MlJ‡JN>5@BEIjOoJTM_ImJ0B]JtMKSh‘mV5BXG3@dO‡MaG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[r‹£ƒIxœfœ‹vCBXIOoJN@HMKAb\[|‹MKS J3VjM_WXWEnyGTM_BcO3BEI5YaJN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJony\_|;J3>U@ JNM[O3PbMKSh‘mV5BXG3BXI5Y
MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kv!^a@HG3@HWEnŒJ3>5@ulM[WEV5@<\[|?MO3nOQJ3@H^8ulM_GNBcM_i5WX@¥{f?˜Uf?¦ BcO GNM[BXO3@HAŒJ3\JN>5@yS(@HBEWXBEIUYxuM[WEVU@[r nŒS(\K^<gUM_GNBEIUYbJN>5@yulM_WXV5@<\_|
f?˜Uf©M_YmM_BXIUOoJ1J3>5@<g5GNBX\[GNB]Jonx\[|MJNM[O3PxGN@H‘mV5@HOQJ3BXI5YMGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[vFJ3>5@<gF\KONOQBXi5BXWEBEJonx\_|?AC@HMKACWX\STPCO1BXOMuK\[BcAC@HAr£{|I5\xS(\K^<gUM_GNBXO3\[I


`‡BEJ3>ef?˜Uf9`\KV5WcAx>UMu[@ˆij@H@hIŒ^MKAC@¥ M[O1BEIŒœ&£oœ¦(vFMb>5BEYK>5@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3P^<MnWcMlJN@hGWE\CSTPOQ\K^a@LG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@GN@H‘mV5BXG3@dAxinJN>5BcO
JTM[O3PWE@dM[ACBXI5Y1J3\Mgj\[J3@hImJNBXM[WA5@HM[A5WE\CSTPwO3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KIL`‡>5@HG3@@HMKST>wJTM[O3Pw>5\[WcA5O‹M1gUM_G3JŽ\_|UJN>5@?G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOGN@H‘mV5BXG3@dAwin J3>5@?\[J3>5@HG‹JNM[O3PŠr
š'@I5\l`¤@h€Cg5WXM[BEIJ3>U@`\KG3PBXI5YL\[|‹œ?fœkJN>5GN\[V5YK>M[I@h€CM[^<g5WE@Kr
  $* 
f\KIUOQBcAC@HGˆM O3nOQJ3@H^ Sh \[IUO3BcOoJNBEI5YŒ\_|?|}\[V5 GLG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JTM[O3PC.O \`bvV\Ud_vV\Uf_vV\ n r=?>5@dOQ@|}\KV5GwJTM[O3PCOwOQ>jM_GN@<Jo`\IU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@
NG @HO3\[V5GTS(@dO .byM[IUA Fd[rRtONOQVU^a@ 2byBcOˆVUO3@HAkimn \`bv-\UdM_IUA \Uf[vqM_IUA FdBXOLVUO3@HAkin \`bM[IUA \ n r'tONOQV5^<@J3>UM_J
JN>5@wg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbulM[WEV5@dO‡\_|-\`bv \Ud_v\Uf[vjM_IjA\ n M_GN@ Ì65 v Ì v Ì CvFM_IUA 5 G3@dOQgF@HS(J3BXu[@HWEnKrtONO3V5^<@ˆ‰;f‰Ž˜ONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5YbM[^a\KI5Y@H‘mVUM[W
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3POHv5M_IjAbJN>UMlJ‡>5BXY[>U@hG‡g5GNBE\KG3BEJonyulM_WXV5@dO?BEIUA5BXSHMlJ3@ >5BXY[>U@hG‡g5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HOHr
 

‰U G3\K^/ J3>5@YKBEuK@hIA5MlJTM5vJN>5@wS(@HBEWXBEIUYagUG3BX\[GNB]Jonb\_|„JN>5@ Jo`\aGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO?ShM[IiF@@HMKOQBXWEnS(\[^<g5V5J3@HAr

  ¥¥  2bdh¦¦  ;;¥¥ ..  ¥¥ \q\ bHb ¦¦ cc"1    ¥ ¥\U\kdHnd1¦ ¦Qc ¦ .  ¥ \k5 fdr ¦Q¦  Ì 5r
   
[„@(J‡VUO‡S(\KIUO3BXAC@HG‡M_IbBXIUOQJNM[IKJ‡BXIbJN>5@@(€C@dS(VC JNBE\KIb\_ |J3>5@O3nCOoJN@h^6BXI`‡>UBXSTh

> \ b BcO@(€C@HShVCJ3BXI5YMl|~JN@hG‡M[SH‘mV5BEGNBXI5YˆJN>5@ G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ b r
š™>5@HI \ b MKSh‘mV5BXG3@dO0f– Ì vjf?˜Uf BcO‡OQ@hJ‡J3\ * ¥ b ¦ Ì Cr
¡t\l`9S(\KIUO3BXAC@HG?J3>5@ |}\KWEWX\l`‡BXI5YˆJo`\M_WEJ3@HG3IUM_J3@O3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KIUOJ3>UM_J0^<BEYK>KJ0M[G3BcOQ@ BXIJ3>5@wSh\[V5GTOQ@\_|;@(€C@HShVCJ3BX\[I\[|„J3>U@ JNM[O3PCOhr
(
  
(*) 
1O3O3V5^<@tJN>UMlJ \ n iF@HSh\[^< @HOGN@HMKACn[r @hBXI5Yˆ\[|„>5BXY[>5@HG?g5G3BX\[GNBEJon\ n vCgUG3@H@h^<gCJNO5\`btM_IUAOoJTM_G3JNO&J3\a@(€C@HShVCJ3@Kr‹0|~J3@HG0OQ\K^a@tJ3BX^<@[v!\ n
GN@H‘mV5@dOoJTO‡J3>U@ˆGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@  Fd[r ˜BXIUS(@ˆJ3>5@Lg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbulM_WXV5@ˆ\[|8\ n ¥}YKBEuK@hIJN\biF@ 5 ¦?BcOtYKG3@dMlJ3@HG‡J3>jM_I'f?˜Uf ¥Ÿ`‡>5BcST>BXO Ì K¦ ÁY\ n BcO


YKGNM[IKJN@HAbJ3>5@LG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ :d¥}inyJN>5@ˆGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@GN@H‘mV5@HOQJtS(WcM_VjOQ@¦‡M_IUAf?˜Uf¤BcOtO3@(J‡JN\ 5 r&š™>5@HI?\ n S(\[^<g5WX@(JN@HO‡BEJNOt@(€C@HShVCJ3BX\[I„v




Ì65

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

\`bt`‡BEWXWYK@(JtM<ST>UM_IjS(@J3\<@(€C@dS(VCJN@[r
(
  
(*)%.#
1O3O3V5^<@J3>UM_J5\ f ij@dS(\K^a@dO G3@dM[ACnKr @hBXI5Ya\_|;>5BEYK>5@hG?g5GNBX\[GNB]JonKv\ f g5GN@h@h^<gCJTO5\ b M_IjAOQJNM[GQJTOqJN\a@h€C@HS(V5J3@[rŽ0|~J3@hG0O3\[^<@1J3BX^<@[v!\ f
GN@H‘mV5@dOoJTO|}\[G‡JN>5@w GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ b r1O?J3>U@g5G3BX\[GNBEJony\_|-\ f ¥}YKBEuK@hIJ3\iF@ Ì K¦BXO‡IU\_J0Y[GN@HM_J3@HGJN>UM_IZf?˜jf©¥Ÿ`‡>5BXST>xBcO Ì [¦ Á\ f `‡BXWXW


I5\[JtiF@ˆY[GTM_ImJN@HA b r \ f `\KV5WcAiUWE\CSTPŠvjM[IUA\ b `\KV5WcABEI5>U@hGNB]J0JN>5@ˆgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\_|-\ f ¥}inJ3>5@Lœfœ BXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@ˆShWXM[VUOQ@¦ r0˜\jv

\ b 7 O?g5GNBE\KG3BEJony`\[V5WcAST>UM_I5YK@t|}GN\[^ 6Ì 5 J3\ Ì Cr
!

¶ '¬0°Ž¬1· †½ Z¬t­® °q¶h®ˆ°q¶ · L¬0°Ž­‹¶(®a·­ · x¬0° 

    

=;M[O3PCOO3>UM_GNBXI5Y1M O3@(J‹\_|UGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO„VjOQBXI5Y œfœ^MnV5IjAC@hGNY[\tJ3>5GN@h@?BX^agF\[G3JNM[ImJJongF@HO;\_|UgUG3BX\[GNB]JonBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO Z A5BEGN@HS(J‹BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIv

BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hz›GN@hWcMlJN@HABXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIv„M[IUAZMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@aBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[Ir<£ƒI'J3>5@<|}\KWEWX\l`‡BXI5YUv`@ACBcO3ShVUO3OJN>5@HO3@<J3>UG3@H@<JonmgF@HO \[|BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO
JN>UMlJ‡JTM[O3PO?^MnyVUIUAC@hGNY[\aBXIœ?fœ‹r
'(  
 )  (*) 0“tBXG3@dS JtBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KI\CSHS(V5GTO?`‡>5@hIM<>UBEYK>5@hG0gUG3BX\[GNB]JonyJNM[O3Pb`?M_BEJNO|}\KGtM<WX\l`@HG‡g5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNMKOQPbJ3\GN@hWX@HM[O3@
MaGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1J3>UM_J0B]J0IU@h@HAUOhr
TL
CR TH

‰BXY[VUG3@ 1Z “1BXG3@dS JtœqGNBX\[GNB]Jon<£ƒIu[@HGNO3BE\KI

f\KIUOQBcAC@HG?J3>5@@h€CM[^<g5WE@wO3>5\l`‡IBXI‰;BXYUr 1 r˜VUg5gj\mOQ@LMLWX\l`•g5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNMKOQPO\ ^ BXO0>5\[WcACBXI5YyMS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W!GN@HO3\[V5 GTS(@ IUM[^<@HA ar

¡t\l`¢BE|M>5BXY[>5@HGqg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQP*\ ] I5@h@dA5OŽJN>5BcOqGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvlJ3>5@HIB]J`\KV5WXAa>UMuK@?J3\`?M_BEJŽJ3BXWEYW \ ^ ‚jI5BXO3>5@dOŽVUO3BEI5Y •M_IjA<G3@HWE@dM[O3@HO
BEJHr1šZ@aShM_IO3@h@wJ3>UM_J1BXIxJ3>5BcOtJonmgF@ˆ\[|qBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IvjMWE\l`@hGtg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbJTM[O3PACBXGN@HS JNWEnShM[VUO3@HOtMy>5BEYK>5@hG1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonbJTM[O3PbJN\yV5IUA5@hGNY[\
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIbiny>5\KWXACBXI5YaJ3>U@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@1BEJ0I5@H@HA5OHr
.0 ) &   (
 )  !*
  )   ( )  f\[IUO3BXA5@hG MbO3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KI`‡>5@hGN@LMbWE\l`@hG1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PBXO1>5\KWXACBXI5YMyGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ˆM[IUA
M>UBEYK>5@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonyJTM[O3PBcO0`?M_BEJ3BXI5Yb|}\[GtBEJHr=?>5@hI„vjJN>5@ˆgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\_|ŽJN>5@ˆWX\l`@hG0g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQPBXO1GTM_BcOQ@dAJ3\JN>UMlJ \_|ŽJN>5@ˆ`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y


>5BXY[>U@hG g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PxinxJ3>U@aBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@<S(WcM_VjOQ@a\_|?œfœ‹r!tO MG3@dOQVUW]JdvŠJ3>5@<BXIKJN@hGN^<@HACBcMlJN@Lg5GNBX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3POI5\[JIU@h@HA5BEI5YJN>5@

GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@V5IUA5@hGNY[\aBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HAbBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[Ir
£ƒI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HABXIu[@HGNO3BE\KI>UMKO1iF@h@HIZBXWXWEVUOQJ3GTMlJN@HAŒBEIZJ3>5@<@h€CM[^<g5WE@<O3>5\l`‡IŒBXI'‰;BXYUr 5Cr \U] BXOM>5BXY[>5@HG1g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3P
JN>UM_I \k^;vqM[IU;A \Ua>UM[OLg5GNBE\KG3BEJonZBXImJ3@HG3^<@HA5BXM_J3@biF@(Jo`@h@HI \U^ M_IUA \U]wr \U]M[IUA \U^ ij\[J3>¢I5@h@dARJ3>5@S(GNBEJ3BcShM_WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@f–wv
`‡>5@HG3@dM[VO \Ua‡ >UMKOŽI5\GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@GN@H‘mV5BXG3@H^a@HImJNOHrJO3\[^<@?gj\KBEImJ&\[|jJNBE^<@0BXIaJ3>5@t@(€C@HShVCJ3BX\[IvmM WE\l`¢g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQ*P \U^y>UMKOqM[SH‘KVUBEGN@HA
MˆG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ arŽ=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@Kvf?˜Uf  ulM[WEV5@1BXO?O3@(JJ3\<f@HBEW{¥›f–1¦qinaJ3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@0GN@H‘mV5@dOoJ?S(WcM_VUO3@[r‹9WEBEJQJNWE@WXM_J3@HGHvMw>5BXY[>bg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3*P \ ] G3@d‘KVU@HOQJNO‹JN>5@1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@ LrK\ ] `\[VUWXA<i5WX\CSTPL\KIf–™inLJ3>5@1G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@‡G3@d‘mV5@HOQJS(WcM_VjOQ@Kr nLJ3>5@1BEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@1ShWXM[VUOQ@Kv
\ ^ `\[V5WcAyBXI5>5@HG3BEJ?J3>5@ g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<\_K| \ ] rŽ¡0\l`v5Sh\[IUO3BcAC@hGJ3>5@ BXImJ3@hGN^<@HACBcMlJN@ g5G3BX\[GNBEJonLJTM[O3j P \ a rŽ=?>5\KV5Y[h> \ a IU@h@HAUOIU\aGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[v


BEJ SHM_IIU\_J @(€C@HShVCJ3@<ACV5@LJ3\bJ3>5@aGNM[BXO3@HAg5G3BX\[GNBEJon\[| \ ^ r £ƒIŒJ3>5BcO ShM[O3@[vFJN>5@ˆJTM[O3P \ a BcO1ONM_BcAJN\V5IjAC@hGNY[\BEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HA

BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr
 (   )  !*
  )  (*) 1£ƒIŒœ?fœ‹v5`‡>5@HIŒM<JNMKOQPGN@H‘mV5@HOQJNO1MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BEJNO1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBcO1ST>U@HSTP[@dAM_YKM[BEIjOoJ f?˜jf1r
=?>5@ GN@H‘mV5@dOoJNBEI5YaJTM[O3PBXO?YKGNM[IKJN@HAbVUOQ@ \[|„J3>U@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@t\KI5WEnb`‡>5@hIBEJNO?g5GNBE\KG3BEJonBcO?Y[GN@HMlJN@hGJ3>UM[IŒf?˜Uf1r5=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@Kv@hu[@HI`‡>U@hI
 

MˆG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@?J3>UM_J?MwJNMKOQP<BcO&GN@H‘mV5@dOoJNBEI5YˆBXOBXA5WE@KvKJN>5@G3@d‘KVU@HOQJ3BXI5YJNMKOQP<^Mn<ij@AC@hIUBE@dAbM[SHS(@dO3OqJ3\wJN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@0BE|!J3>5@G3@d‘mV5@HOQJ3BXI5Y
JTM[O3P 7 Og5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BXOWX@HONO&JN>UM_Ixf?˜Uf1rC9JNM[O3P`‡>5\mOQ@1g5G3BX\[GNBEJonaBcO?Y[GN@HM_J3@HGqJ3>jM_IyJN>5@S(V5GNGN@hImJ3WXn<@(€C@HShVCJ3BXI5YLJNM[O3PŠvCi5VCJ?Y[GN@HM_J3@hGJ3>jM_I
Ì[Ì

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 TL
CR TI

TH

;‰ BEYKV5G3@25 Z £ƒI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(zƒ–‡@HWXM_J3@HAb£ƒIu[@hGTO3BE\KI
f?˜Uf¤M_IjAbI5@H@HA5OtMLGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@tJN>UMlJ‡BcO0S(V5GNGN@hImJ3WXnyI5\[J?BXIVUO3@[v5BcO‡O3M[BXAbJ3\VUIUAC@hGNY[\<Mu[\KBXAUM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HAyBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[Ir
tu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@hz›GN@hWcMlJN@HAyBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIBXO1M_WcOQ\O3\[^<@(JNBE^<@HOtG3@h|}@hGNG3@dAJ3\bMKO‡g5GNBE\KG3BEJonSh@hBXWEBXI5Y_z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dAbBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIvUO3BEIjS(@ˆM<>5BXY[>U@hGtgUG3BEz
\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PBXOI5\[J M[WEWX\l`@HAJ3\@(€C@dS(VCJN@[v!I5\[J1iF@HShM[VUO3@LBEJGN@H‘mV5@dOoJTO1MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@JN>UMlJ BcO1M[WEGN@HMKACnWE\CSTP[@dAxinxM_I5\[J3>5@HGtJTM[O3PFvŠi5V5J
iF@HSHM_VUO3@<B]JTOg5GNBE\KG3BEJonxBXOwWE@dO3OJN>UM_I'J3>U@uM[WEVU@a\[|0f?˜jf1r£ƒI'MuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dAxBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I„vM>UBEYK>5@hGg5GNBX\[GNB]JonxJTM[O3Pi5WX\CSTPO|}\KG
MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@aJN>UMlJwBcOwI5\[Jwij@HBEIUYVUO3@HA'inZM_InZ\_|J3>5@JTM[O3PCOhr=?>5\[V5YK>'J3>5BcOwGN@HOQJ3GNBXS(J3BX\[I'^<BEYK>KJˆM[g5gF@HM_GwJ3\xiF@J3\\xGN@HOQJ3GNBXS(J3BXu[@
M[IUAŒ`?M[OQJ3@h|}V5W›vMWEBEJQJNWE@<JN>5\[VUY[>mJ`\KV5WXA'O3>5\l`©JN>UMlJJN>5BXOwG3@dOoJNG3BcS JNBE\KIŒBcO I5@HSh@HONO3M[G3nJN\xg5G3@Hu[@HIKJAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPOHr=?>5BcOJonmgF@\_|BEI5z
uK@hGTOQBX\[IBcO1J3>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@ˆgF\[g5VUWXM[G3WXnShM[WEWX@HAZM[OAC@HMKACWE\CSTPxMu[\KBXAUM_IUSh@ˆBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I„vj\KGO3BE^<g5WXnŒMuK\[BcA5M_IUSh@wBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I„ÁjJN>5@<G3@dM[O3\[Ix|}\KG
JN>5BXOŽJ3@hGN^©BcO‹J3>jMlJ‹J3>5@‡iUWE\CSTPBEIUY SHM_VUO3@HAaACV5@JN\ J3>5@‡g5GNBX\[GNB]JonwSh@hBXWEBXI5Y G3VUWE@?BcO;J3>5@0Sh\KOQJ;|}\KGqMu[\KBXA5M[IUS(@\_|ŠAC@HMKACWX\STPwM[^<\[I5YJNMKOQPCOHr
TL CR2
CR1
TH
Ceil(R1)=10
CSC=10 pri(TH )=8
;‰ BXY[V5GN@ 4Z 0uK\[BcA5M_IUSh@–‡@hWcMlJN@HA£ƒImuK@hGTOQBX\[I
š'@1IU\l` BEWXWXVUOoJNGNM_J3@ AC@HMKACWX\STPyMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@0BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIyVUO3BEI5Y<M_I@(€5M_^<g5WX@[r&f\KIUOQBcAC@HG&JN>5@ @(€5M_^<g5WX@O3>5\l`‡IBEI‰;BEYjr 4 r‹£ƒIbJN>5@
@h€CM[^<g5WE@ O3>5\l`‡IyBXI‰;BXYUr 4 v5MˆWE\l` gUG3BX\[GNB]JonaJTM[O3P¥ \ ^ ¦M[IUAbML>5BXY[>g5G3BX\[GNBEJonLJTM[O3P¥ \ ] ¦qiF\_JN>I5@H@HAyJo`\aG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO – Ì M_IUA–
ACVUG3BXI5YJ3>5@HBEGwSh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IjOhr<tONOQVU^a@aJN>UMlJ J3>U@aWX\l`©g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3CP \ ^ BXO g5GN@HO3@hImJNWEnxVUO3BXI5YxMShG3 BEJ3BcShM[WŽG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ b r<=?>5BcO 

^<@HM[IUO JN>UMlJˆ`‡>U@hIRJ3>U@yG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@<`MKO Y[GTM_ImJ3@dA!v‹ f?˜jf©^LVUOQJˆ>UMu[@<iF@h@HIkOQ@hJˆ@H‘mVUM[WŽJ3\JN>5@f@hBXW{¥ b ¦(r¡t\l`v`‡>5@HIkM>5BXY[>

g5GNBX\[GNB]JonˆJNM[O3P\ ] G3@d‘mV5@HOQJNOqJ3\wVUO3@0JN>5@tGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@ d vKBEJi5WX\CSTPCOqiF@HShM[VUO3@0B]JTO&gUG3BX\[GNB]JonLBXOWX@HONOŽJ3>jM_If?˜Uf1rtOM_WXG3@dM[ACnLgj\KBEImJN@HA
\KVCJHvKJ3>5BcOg5G3\luBcOQBX\[I<>UMKOqiF@h@HIyBEIjS(\[GNgF\[GTMlJ3@dAaBEIbœ?fœeBXIy\[GTAC@hGqJ3\LMuK\[BcA<AC@HMKACWE\CSTPCOHr¡0\[JM[WEWX\l`‡BEIUY J3>5@tJNM[O3PP \U]™J3\LM[ShSh@HONO Fd
g5GN@HShWEVjAC@HOqJ3>5@1gj\mO3O3BEiUBEWXB]JonaJN>UMl5J \k]¤^MnaWcMlJN@hGG3@d‘KVU@HOQJ 2b0M_IUOA \k^^MnaG3@d‘KVU@HOQJ :dtWE@dM[ACBXI5YˆJ3\ˆMLAC@HMKACWE\CSTPŠr‹0WcOQ\wIU\_J3@tJ3>UM_J
BE|\U] 7 O1g5G3BX\[GNBEJonBcO1>5BEYK>5@hG1J3>jM_IRf?˜jf1vjJN>5@hIZB]JwAC\@dOt^<@HM[IJN>UMl2J \U] `‡BXWEW‹I5@Hu[@HG1I5@H@HA .bˆM_IUDA \k]žBXIJ3>jMlJShM[O3@LSHM_I'O3M_|}@hWXn
iF@M_WXWE\l`@HA<JN\M[ShSh@HONO-:d[r‹=?>U@@h€5M_^<g5WX@ O3>5\l`0O&J3>UM_J0Mu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@1G3@HWXM_J3@HAbBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IyBcOJ3>U@gUG3BcS(@1J3\<gUMnaJ3\MuK\[BcAyAC@HMKACWX\STPCOHr
st\l`@Hu[@hGdvUM<JTM[O3Pb^Mnij@ˆA5@hI5BX@HAMKShSh@HONO?J3\bMyG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ @hu[@HIx`‡>5@hIMyY[GTM_ImJ0\_|‹J3>U@ˆGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@S(\KV5WcABEIIU\y`Mnb`\KV5WXA>jMu[@
SHM_VUO3@HAMyAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPŠr=?>UM_JtBcOhvFB]J1BXOtgj\mO3O3BEiUWE@JN>UMlJ1V5IUAC@HG1œfœ™MJNM[O3PbVUIUAC@hGNY[\@dO0Mu[\KBXA5M[IUS(@ BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIvCJ3>U\[V5YK>BEJNO1GN@H‘mV5@HOQJ
|}\KGqM1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@&BXIaIU\`?MnwS(\KV5WcAˆ>UMuK@SHM_VUO3@HALM_InˆAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPCOhršZ@‡BXWEWXVUOQJ3GTMlJN@&JN>5BXO&M[O3gj@dS JŽBEIaJN>5@|}\[WXWE\l`‡BXI5Y VUO3BEI5Y M_Ia@(€5M[^agUWE@Kr
f\KIUOQBcAC@HGMaGN@HM_WEz›J3BX^a@ O3nOQJ3@H^/BEI`‡>5BcST>yJN>5@hGN@M_GN@t|}\KV5GJNMKOQPC5O \ b !v \ d !v \ f v5M[IUiA \YnKrŽtONOQV5^<@J3>jMlJ?J3>5@gUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dO&\[|„JN>5@HO3@
JN>5G3@H@aJNM[O3PCOM_GN@ v Uv CvM_IjA #Ì 5 G3@dOQgF@HS(J3BXu[@hWXn[r‰UV5GQJN>5@hGwMKO3O3V5^<@aJ3>UM_JJ3>5@<JTM[O3PC2O \ b M[IUBA \YnO3>UM_GN@<MxS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WŽGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@f– Ì
M[IUAJN>UMlJ?J3>U@1JTM[O3PCQO \ d M_IUiA \ f O3>UM[G3@ MLShG3BEJ3BcShM[WŠG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ f– rŽ=?>5@Sh@hBXWEBXI5Y<g5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HO\_|J3>5@ GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOf– Ì M_IjAf– M_GN@


#Ì 5 M_IUA aGN@HO3gj@dS JNBEuK@hWXn[r?tONOQV5^<@JN>UMlJtJ3>5@JTM[O3+ P \ b ‚UGTOQJtM[Sh‘mV5BXGN@HO?JN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ˆf– Ì r=?>5@HIvjJ3>5@af?˜jf `\[VUWXAiF@ˆOQ@hJ0J3\ 6Ì 5

 

¥ S(@hBXWXBEI5Y<g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon\[|‹f– Ì ¦inJN>5@ G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@1YKGNM[ImJS(WcM_VjOQ@Kr;£{|;JNMKOQjP \ d GN@H‘mV5@HOQJNO0f– I5@h€JHvJ3>U@hIB]J0`\[V5WcAyiF@GN@(|}VUO3@HAM[ShSh@HONO

iF@HSHM_VUO3S@ \Ud7 Oqg5GNBX\[GNB]JonLBXOWE@dO3OqJ3>UM[If?˜Uf1rK£ƒIJ3>5BcOShM[O3@[v \Ud‡`\KV5WcAyOQV5DF@HGMu[\KBXAUM_IUSh@BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIaJ3>5\KV5Y[><JN>5@hGN@tBcOqI5\ˆgj\mO3O3BEiUBEWXB]Jon


\[|‹M<AC@dM[ACWX\CSTP@hu[@HIBE-| \Ud1`?M[O?gF@hGN^<B]J3J3@dAMKShSh@HONO&JN\f– r 

 Ì

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ¡t\l`/WE@hJ<VjOˆJNG3nRJN\'‘mVUM[ImJ3BEJNMlJNBEuK@hWXneAC@(JN@hGN^aBXI5@J3>5@xACVUGNM_J3BX\[Ie|}\KGa`‡>UBXST> MJTM[O3Pe^<MnRV5IjAC@hGNY[\ŒJ3>5@xACBEDF@HG3@HImJLJongF@HOa\_|
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOq`‡>5@HIyGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO&M_GN@tO3>UM_GN@HA<VUIUAC@hG‡œ?fœ‹rK=\ˆBXWEWXVUOQJ3GTMlJ3@>5\l` J3>UBXO?ShM[IyiF@AC\KI5@[v`@1Sh\[^<g5VCJN@0J3>U@tJTM[O3PaBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO
ACVU@yJ3\ZG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@yO3>UM_GNBEIUYxJ3>5GN\[VUY[>RJ3>U@y|}\[WXWX\l`‡BEI5YJo`\@h€5M_^<g5WX@HOHr£ƒIeJ3>U@M_IjM_WXnO3BcOwGN@hYKM[GNA5BEI5YxgUG3BX\[GNB]JonZBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOˆACV5@yJN\
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@OQ>jM_GNBEI5Yjv`@>UMu[@ M[ONO3V5^<@HAJN>UMlJ0\KIUS(@ MˆJNM[O3PyBEJ‡G3@HWE@dM[O3@HOMLGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[vmB]J0AC\@HO?IU\_J0M[SH‘KVUBEGN@M[In\_J3>U@hG?G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r;£ƒI
\[J3>5@HG‡`\KGNA5OHvmJNMKOQPCO@(€C@HShVCJ3@ BXIJo`\<g5>UMKOQ@dOhvGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ M[SH‘mV5BEGN@g5>UM[O3@|}\[WXWE\l`@HAbinyG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@G3@HWE@dM[O3@tg5>UMKOQ@KrŽ£ƒIbJN>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
MKSh‘mV5BXG3@Lg5>UM[O3@[vŠJTM[O3PCO1PK@h@Hg\[I'M[Sh‘mV5BXGNBEI5YJ3>U@LGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO0JN>5@hnxIU@h@HA ¥}IU\GN@hWX@HMKOQ@¦0M_IjABXIŒJN>5@<G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@wGN@hWX@HM[O3@ˆgU>UM[O3@ˆJN>5@hn
\KI5WEn§G3@HWE@dM[O3@bGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO¥ŸI5\eM[Sh‘mV5BXGNBEI5Y¦ r 0I5WX@HONOaJ3>5@JTM[O3PCOaM[G3@@hI5|}\[GTS(@HA§J3\Z|}\[WXWX\l`6J3>UBXOACBcONS(BXg5WEBXI5@KvAC@hJ3@HG3^<BXIUMlJNBE\KI§\_| M
‘mVUM[IKJNB]JTMlJNBEuK@iF\[VUIUA\[IJ3>5@BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIyJ3BX^<@`\KV5WcAbiF@HSh\[^<@wACB ShV5WEJHr


  $* . 
O3nCOoJN@h^ >UM[Oq|}\[V5G&JNMKOQPCO Z \`bv \Udlv \Uf[r‹=?>U@HO3@‡JNMKOQPCOŽI5@H@HAaJo`\ˆS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WUG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO&f– Ì M_IUAbf– r;1O3O3V5^<@‡JN>UMlJJ3>5@0gUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dO
\[|&J3>U@L|}\KV5GJNMKOQPCO M_GN@LMKOt|}\KWEWX\l`0O Z    ¥\`bh¦  Ì65 c .  ¥\kdH¦  5c    ¥\UfH¦  c .  ¥\ n ¦  ra=?>5@a|}\[V5GJTM[O3PO Z \`blv \Ud_v \UfLM[IUA


\ n >UMuK@ij@H@hIM[G3GTM_I5YK@HABEIA5@HS(GN@HMKOQBXI5Y\KGNAC@HG‡\_|‹J3>U@hBXG1g5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dOhr?=?>UMlJ1BXOHv .  ¥\qbh¦ .  ¥\UdH¦  g gg     ¥\ n ¦(r?=?>U@ˆ@(€5MKS J



GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@GN@H‘mV5BXGN@h^<@hImJNOt\_|ŽJN>5@HO3@wJTM[O3PO1M_IUAxJ3>5@aACV5GTMlJ3BX\[I|}\KG1`‡>UBXST>xJN>5@wJTM[O3PCO0I5@H@HAJN>5@ˆJo`\yGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO‡>UMuK@ij@H@hIZO3>5\l`‡I
BXIx‰BXYUr  r&f\[^<g5VCJN@ J3>5@wACBEDŠ@hGN@hImJ‡Jongj@dO?\_|‹BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUO&J3>UM_J0@HMKST>bJTM[O3Py^<BEYK>KJ0>jMu[@1J3\<V5IUAC@HG3YK\<BEIJ3>U@`\KGNOQJ?SHM[O3@[r
Task Priorities

Pri(T1)= 10 T1 40ms
CR1

60ms
Pri(T2)= 7 T
2

10ms

T
Pri(T3)= 5 3
CR2

20ms
T
Pri(T4)= 2 4

‰BXY[VUG3@ Z =;M[O3P
GTM_g5>\_|Ž”Ž€5M_^<g5WX@ r r

 


˜\KWEV5J3BX\[I Z tO OQ>U\l`‡IŒBXIZ‰;BEYj r  vFJN>5@aJNM[O3PC\`b`\[VUWXAxGN@H‘mV5BXGN@wJ3>U@aGN@HO3\[VUGN Sh@ 2bw|}\KG 5 ^OM_IUA :dL|}\[G Ì#5 ^Ohr=?>5@aJTM[O3P

\Uf `\[V5WcAG3@d‘KVUBEGN@ G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ .bt|}\[G 15 ^O‡M[IUAJNM[O3+ P \ n `\[V5WcAG3@d‘KVUBEGN@ :d |}\KG ^<OHr [„@(J0VUO0MKO3O3V5^<@‰;f‰Ž˜ONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5Y
M[^a\KI5Y<@H‘mVUM[W!g5G3BX\[GNBEJon<JNM[O3PCOhrŽ¡t\l`  J3>U@wS(@hBXWXBEI5Y<\[|‹M[ImnbG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ f– ShM[IiF@wShM[WXShV5 WcMl5 J3@dAbVjOQBXI5Yy”Ž€Cg5Gdr r r Ì MKO Z


  ¥ ¦¥"   < \ 3' \  3 0  / ##$ ' ¦

1OQBXI5YLJ3>5BcOhvC`@Y[@(Jtf@hBXW{¥ b ¦-•^Ml€¥ v  ' ¦  M[IUAf@HBEW{¥ d ¦- ^<M_€¥ v ' ¦/ `r [@hJVjO?I5\l` AC@(JN@hGN^<BEI5@JN>5@
ACBEDŠ@hGN@hImJ1JongF@HO \[|&BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUO0J3>UM_J@HM[ST>JNM[O3Px6Ì 5 ^<BEYK>mJ O36ÌVC5 DŠ@hGdvM_IUAJ3>5@ACV5GTMlJNBE\KI\_|J3#Ì >55 @aBXImuK@hGT6Ì OQ5 BX\[IjOhrˆf\[IjOQBcAC@hGNBXI5YyJN>5@aJNM[O3PCO


\KI5@ imn\[I5@ Z
 =MKOQPi\`bShM_IO3VCDŠ@hGtA5BEGN@HS(JtBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IR¥ŸACVU@wJ3\yJ3>5@wGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wf– Ì ¦?inyJTM[O3iP \Uf \KGˆ¥ŸACVU@wJ3\<JN>5@ˆGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wf– ¦?i+n \ n r
‰5GN\[^,M_IBXIUO3gj@dS JNBE\KIŒ\_|&‰;BXYUr  BEJ SHM_IiF@ˆ@dM[O3BEWXnxOQ@H@hIxJN>UMlFJ \`bwSHM_IO3VCDF@HGACBEGN@HS(J1BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIA5V5@ˆJN+\ \Uf|}\KG 15 ^OtM[IUA


Ì<r

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ACV5@aJ3\C\ n |}\[G 5 ^OHr*\`bL`‡BXWEWŽI5\[JˆOQV5DF@HGwM_InBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dABXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIvOQBXIUSh@aBEJwBcOJ3>5@>5BXY[>U@HOQJ gUG3BX\[GNB]JonJNM[O3PŠr
‰5GN\[^ M<O3BE^<BXWXM[G‡G3@dM[O3\[I5BXI5YjvKBEJ0BXO0@HM[O3nJN\<O3@h@JN>UMlJS\`bShM[IIU\_J‡V5IUAC@HG3YK\AC@HMKACWE\CSTPbMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@tBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIr


 =MKOQiP \Ud `‡BEWXW„I5\[J1O3VCDF@HG1M[ImnACBXG3@dS J0BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I„vUOQBXIUSh@B]J AC\@HO‡I5\[JtI5@H@HAx M_InG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@|}\[G0BEJNO1S( \[^<g5V5JNMlJNBE\KIUOHr VCJdv\Ud

ShM[IaO3VCDŠ@hGŽBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@?G3@HWXM_J3@dAˆBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KILACV5@?JN.\ \Uf`‡>U@hPI \Uf‡M[Sh‘mV5BXGN@HO 2bM[IUA \`bq`?M_BEJNO;|}\KG 2b_r;£{JqBXOŽIU\_JqACB ShV5WEJ


J3\OQ@H@w|}GN\[^ ‰;BXYUr  J3>UM_2J \UdL`‡BEWXWŽOQV5DF@HGBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@aGN@hWcMlJ3@dAxBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IŒ\[IZMKShSh\[V5ImJ1\[| \Ufw|}\KG 15 ^OHrw˜BE^<BXWXM[G3WXn[vA5V5@



J3P\ \ n B]J0ShM[IVUIUAC@hGNY[\aBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dAyBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIy|}\[G 5 ^Ohrq˜BXIUShF@ \Ud AC\@HO?IU\_J0GN@H‘mV5BXG3@ M_InGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvmBEJ0ShM[II5\[J

OQV5DF@HG0M_InbAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPyMu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@hz›GN@hWcMlJN@HABXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr


 \Uft`‡BXWEWŠI5\[J?O3VCDŠ@hG‡M_InACBXG3@dS J?BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IbO3BXIUS(@B]J0AC\@dO&I5\[J0OQ>UM[G3@M_In<G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@0`‡BEJ3>MˆWX\l`@hG&gUG3BX\[GNB]JonaJTM[O3PFrŽst\l`@Hu[@hGdv
\UfˆShM[IŒO3VCDF@HG1BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@LG3@HWXM_J3@dAxBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IM[IUAAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@GN@hWcMlJ3@dAxBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IA5V5@ˆJN+ \ \ n |}\KGM_J^<\mOoJ 5
^Ohr 

 \ n `‡BXWXWI5\_J0O3VCDŠ@hGtM[Imnbg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IvCM[O?BEJ0BcOJ3>5@WX\l`@dOoJ‡g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3PFr
šZ@ I5\l`9G3@Hg5GN@HO3@hImJJN>5@^Ml€CBX^ˆV5^ A5V5GNM_J3BX\[I|}\[G‡`‡>5BcST>@HM[ST>JNMKOQPOQVCDŠ@hGTO|}GN\[^6@dM[ST>yJongF@\_|;BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IbBXIx=M[i5WX@ r r Ì r
=;M[O3P “1BEGN@HS(J £ƒI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@ 0u[\KBXAUM_IUSh@
\Ud \Uf \ n \Ud \Uf \ n \kd \kf \ n
\ b € 15  5 € € € € € €
\ d € € € € 15 5 € € €
\Uf € € € € € 5 € € 5 
 

=;M_i5WX@ r r Ì œqGNBE\KG3BEJon<£ƒIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUO|}\[G0”Ž€5M[^agUWE@ r r
 !

T1
20ms

CR 1
T
2 10ms 10ms

30ms
T T
3 CR 2
6
40ms

T 10ms
4 50ms

CR 3

T
5

‰;BXY[V5GN@ Ì65Z –0@HO3\[V5GTS(@w˜>UM[G3BXI5Y<0^<\[IUYy=MKOQPCO\_|Ž”Ž€5M_^<g5WX@ r r r

  $* .
[„@(J‡VUO‡S(\KIUO3BXAC@HGM<O3nCOoJN@h^/`‡BEJ3>xMLO3@(J‡\[|„gj@HG3BX\CACBcS1GN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@tJTM[O3PCOQ\`b g gg \
[r‹=?>U@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1M_IjASh\[^<g5VCJNBEI5YaGN@H‘mV5BXG3@H^a@HImJNO\_|
JN>5@HO3@aJNM[O3PCOt>jMu[@aij@H@hIROQ>5\l`‡IZBEIR‰;BEYjr Ì65 rˆtONO3V5^<@LJN>UMlJ JN>5@aJNM[O3PCOF\qb g gg \L>UMuK@LiF@h@HI'M[G3GTM_I5YK@HABXI'A5@HS(GN@HMKOQBXI5Y\[GTAC@hG\_|
Ì

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

JN>5@hBXG0g5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HOHrqf\[^<g5VCJN@ J3>5@wACBEDŠ@hGN@hImJ‡Jongj@dO?\_|‹BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUOJ3>jMlJ0MaJNMKOQPy^<BXY[>mJ‡>UMu[@JN\aVUIUAC@hGNY[\jr

(*) 
U‰ \[G&@dM[ST><\_|!JN>5@tYKBEuK@hIaJNMKOQPCO&`@0>jMu[@0S(\K^<g5VCJ3@dA<J3>U@t^Ml€CBX^ˆV5^ACV5GTMlJNBE\KI<|}\[G&`‡>UBXST>BEJ^<BXY[>mJ&>UMuK@?J3\LO3VCDŠ@hG&|}G3\K^ ACBEDŠ@hGN@hImJ
JongF@HO‡\[|BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOM[IUA>UMu[@ GN@hg5GN@HO3@hImJ3@dAJN>5\KO3@ BEIx=;M_i5WX@ r r r 

=;M[O3P “1BXG3@dS J £ƒIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@ 0uK\[BcA5M_IjS(@

\Ud \Uf \ n \ m \
\kd \kf \ n \ m \
\Ud \Uf \ n \ m \

\`b € 6Ì 5 € € 6Ì 5 € € € € € € € € € €
\Ud € €  5 € € € #Ì 5 € € #Ì 5 € 6Ì 5 € € 6Ì 5
\Uf € € € € 6Ì 5 € €  5 € #Ì 5 € €  5 € 6Ì 5
\kn € € € € € € € € € #Ì 5 € € € € 6Ì 5
\Um € € € € € € € € € #Ì 5 € € € € €
=;M_i5WX@ r r “tBEDF@HG3@HImJt=&ngF@HO?\_|‹£ƒIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO|}\[G0”q€CM[^<g5WE@ r r r
 !

[„@(J‡VUO‡I5\l`9@(€5M_^<BXI5@J3>5@gUG3\Kgj@HGQJNBE@dOJ3>UM_J?>U\[WcAb|}\KG0OQVjST>M[IBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIyJTM_i5WX@[r
 ”&MKST>bBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IyJNM_iUWE@ BcO‡M_IV5g5gF@hG?J3GNBcM_I5YKV5WXM[G?^<M_J3GNB]€!rŽ=?>5@ WX\l`@HGJNG3BcM_IUY[V5WcM_GB]JN@h^O‡\[|@HMKST>yJTM_i5WX@M_GN@ M[WEWŠ’H@hGN\UrŽ=?>5BcO
OoJNG3VjS J3VUG3@w\[|ŽJ3>5@aBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IJTM_i5WX@HOtBXO@h€gF@HS(J3@dAOQBXIUSh@LMyWX\l`@hGtgUG3BX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQPShM[II5\[JO3VCDF@HGM[InBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO0ACVU@wJ3\M
>5BXY[>5@HGgUG3BX\[GNB]JonyJNM[O3PŠr
 =?>5@LMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@ JNM[i5WX@ˆBcO1O3BE^<BXWXM[G0JN\bBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@wJTM_i5WX@ˆ@h€5S(@hg5Jt|}\[G1J3>U@LShMKOQ@ˆ\_|ŽJNMKOQPJN>UMlJ AC\bI5\[J1I5@H@HAM[InGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r
=?>5@<G3@dM[O3\[Ix|}\KGJ3>5BcO BXOM[YKM[BEIZI5\_Ju[@HG3n|ŸM[GJ3\xOQ@H@hPŠrL=?>U@LJTM[O3PCO1IU\_JI5@h@dACBXI5YxM_InxG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[vŠI5@Hu[@HGGN@H‘mV5@dOoJ|}\[GwM[In
G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@1MKO‡M<S(\[IjOQ@d‘KVU@hIUSh@1JN>5@hnShM[II5\[JtOQV5DF@HG0Mu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOHr
‰UG3\K^*f\[GN\[WXWXM[G3n Ì \_|Ž=?>5@H\[GN@h^ r r `@M[WEGN@HMKACn>UM[AJN>5@ |}\[WXWE\l`‡BXI5YaG3@dOQVUW]J Z


/)(10.")=
_"
kK) '"/%)=
_
24V#<1"@ 
=&  /)=
1=@!)  ! )=
1_
  
(<X

‰UG3\K^/J3>5BcO0GN@HO3V5WEJ0B]Jt|}\[WXWE\l`0OJN>UMlJ0JN>5@JN\_JNM[W„ACV5GTMlJNBE\KI|}\[G0`‡>5BcST>xM_InJTM[O3P+\ 3 ^MnbiF@i5WX\STPK@HAinbWX\l`@HG‡g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQPCOHv
Sh\[IUO3BXA5@hGNBEI5Y<M_WXW!JongF@HO?\_|‹BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjO&BcO0M[O|}\KWEWX\l`0O Z
 o 3  0 43 b m¥ 3 4 ¦cd¥ 3 3 4 ¦cd¥ 3 4 ¦ '

     g<g"gh¥ r g [¦
`‡>5@HG3@ 3 4ˆBcO0i5WX\CSTPmBXI5Yy\[|ŽJNMKOQhP \3qinMbWE\l`@hGtg5G3BX\[GNBEJonyJNMKOQhP \-4LACV5@ˆJ3\bACBXGN@HS JBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[Iv 3 3 4ˆBcOtiUWE\CSTPBEIUY\_8| \3qin \-4wA5V5@
JN\aBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hz›GN@hWcMlJN@HABEIuK@hGTOQBX\[Iv 3 4 BXO‡iUWE\CSTPBEIUYa\[6| \3‹iOn \-4A5V5@J3\yMu[\KBXAUM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HA<BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIr
  
 

=?>VUOHv[JN>5@ ^Ml€CBE^LV5^/ACV5GTMlJNBE\KI|}\[G?`‡>5BcST>bMˆJNM[O3PShM[Iyij@i5WX\CSTP[@HAyimnBEJNOWX\l`@HG&g5GNBX\[GNB]JonaJNMKOQPCO\[IbMKShSh\[V5ImJ\[|O3>UM_GNBEIUYw\_|
BcO0JN>5@ˆWcM_GNY[@dOoJ0@HImJ3GNnBXIxJ3>U@LS(\KG3GN@HO3gF\[IUACBXI5Y<GN\l`9|}\KG0JN>5@wJTM[O3PBXIxJ3>U@ˆBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IJTM_i5WX@[r0š'@LSHM_IxI5\l` ^<\CACBE|}n”q€Cg5GHr r Ì 1 \_|
f>UM[gCJ3@HG J3\yAC@hJ3@hGN^<BEIU@1JN>5@GN@HO3gj\KIUOQ@JNBE^<@\_|ŽMLJNMKOQOP \ 3 MKO|}\[WXWE\l`0O Z



3 %#% 3 3 o 3 3 4 b  4 3  4 g"g<gH¥ r g 1 ¦

3 b

3  
 

`‡>5@HG3@ %#% 3 BcOJ3>5@wAC@HWXMnACV5@ J3\O3@hWE|~z{O3VUO3gj@HIUO3BE\KIUOhv5M[IUA o 3 BXO‡J3>5@ JN\_JNM[W!BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IACV5@ J3\GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1O3>UM_GNBEIUYUr

 

  º '®ˆ° ‹µw· ¬0µ Ž¯°Ž¬0­,® 

  

£ƒIJ3>5BcO‡O3@HS JNBE\KIvC`@ A5BXONS(VUONO?OQ\K^<@1BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJ?|}@HMlJNV5GN@HO\_|‹œfœ‹ršZ@ ‚jGNOQJgUG3\luK@tJN>UMlJ?JNMKOQPCO?M_GN@ OQBXI5Y[WX@i5WE\CSTPBXI5YL\KIMKShSh\[V5ImJ

\[|;GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1VUONM_Y[@Kr
Ì

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 &   .0
) jÆÈ lȈÆlÃ3ÉˆÈ Ä~Ë[ÇEÉ (ÇEÊdÂlÄ~Ë& CË [Éhà    l
  

   0f\KIUO3BXAC@HG?J3>UM_J1MLJNMKOQPi\ 3 IU@h@HAUO0M<OQ@hJ0\_|‹G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO‡˜C– 2# 3' rÀ1iuBX\[VUO3WEnKvJ3>5@LS(@hBXWXBEI5Y<\[|;@dM[ST>G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ 3 BXIŒ˜C–

^LVUOoJ‡iF@ Y[GN@HMlJN@hGJ3>UM[I\KG?@H‘mVUM_WFJN\agUG3B{¥\ 3 ¦(rq¡0\l`¤MKO3O3V5 ^<@1J3>UM_J?`‡>U@hIh\ 3 MKSh‘mV5BXG3@dOO3\[^<@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ 3 v5M_I5\[J3>5@HGJTM[O3Pj\ 4 `MKO
M[WEGN@HMKACn>U\[WcACBEIUYbMyGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@4 4 v!M_IUAxJ3>UM_J 3 c" 4 ar ˜VUST>ZMbOQBEJ3VUM_J3BX\[I`\[VUWXAxWX@HMKAJ3i\ \ 3 J3\i5WX\STPxM_|~J3@hG M[SH‘mV5BEGNBXI5YyM
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr VCJdv5`‡>5@HiI \ 4 WX\CSTP[@dA 4 f?˜Uf OQ>U\[V5WcAb>jMu[@ij@H@hIxOQ@hJ?J3\MlJ‡WX@HM[OQJ‡g5GNB›¥ \ 3 ¦inJ3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@tY[GTM_ImJ‡S(WcM_VUO3@ \_|‹œfœ
M[IUA \ 3 S(\KV5WcAI5\_J>UMu[@iF@h@HIY[GTM_ImJ3@dA 3 r0=?>5BcO0BcO1MySh\[ImJ3GTM[A5BXS(J3BX\[I`‡B]JN>xJ3>U@ˆg5GN@h^<BcOQ@Kr?=?>U@hGN@(|}\[GN@[vj`‡>5@hDI \ 3 M[Sh‘mV5BXGN@HO‡\KI5@


GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ M_WXW!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOGN@H‘mV5BXGN@HAyinB]J0^LVUOoJ‡iF@ |}G3@H@[r

š'@SHM_IBEIMˆO3BE^<BXWXM[G?`MnO3>5\l` J3>UM_J‡\[IUSh@MwJNM[O3jP \3‹M[Sh‘mV5BXGN@HO&MLGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvKBEJ0ShM_II5\_J?V5IUA5@hGNY[\LM[InBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HA
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr;1O3O3V5^<@1J3>UM_J‡MLWX\l`@HGg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3jP \wBXO>5\KWXA5BEI5Y<O3\[^<@1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@ M_IUAMˆ>5BXY[>U@hG?g5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNM[O3jP \ LBXO?`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y
|}\KG&JN>5@1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r VCJdvmJ3>5BcOBXOI5\_J?gF\KONOQBXi5WX@1M[OS(@HBEW{¥Ÿ– ¦Ž^LVUOQJiF@M_JWX@HMKOoJ?M[O^ˆVUST>bMKO&gUG3B{¥ \ [¦(rq=?>5@ f?˜jf OQ>U\[V5WcA<J3>U@hGN@(|}\[GN@
>UMuK@ˆiF@h@HI'O3@(J J3\MuM[WEVU@ˆJN>UMlJBcOM_JWE@dM[OQJ MKO1^LVUST>ZMKOg5G3B{¥ \  ¦1M[IU?A \ 3 `\[V5WcA>UMuK@ˆiF@h@HIZg5GN@huK@hImJ3@dAx|}GN\[^ MKShS(@dO3O3BXI5YyJN>5@
 

GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ 3 BXIJ3>5@ ‚jGNOQJ‡g5WXMKS(@Kr‹=?>UBXO?BcO‡M<S(\[ImJNGNMKACBXS(J3BX\[I`‡B]JN>JN>5@g5GN@h^<BcOQ@`@OQJNM[GQJN@HA`‡B]JN>rq=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@KvB]J0BcO?I5\_J‡gF\KONOQBXi5WX@

JN>UMlJtMLJNMKOQPbV5IUAC@HG3YK\m@dO?BEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@dAyBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IMl|~JN@hG‡BEJtM[Sh‘mV5BXGN@HO?MaG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[r
1OQBXI5YtM‡O3BE^<BXWXM[G„GN@HMKOQ\KI5BEIUYUvh`@&SHM_IwO3>5\l`ŒJN>UMlJ;M?JNMKOQP ShM[II5\_JO3VCDŠ@hG;M_In1MuK\[BcA5M_IUSh@ŽBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[I Ml|~JN@hGMKSh‘mV5BXG3BXI5Y0M‡GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r
=?>VUOHvK\KIUS(@ MJTM[O3PM[Sh‘mV5BXGN@HOMwGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@0BEJ‡ShM_II5\_JV5IUAC@HG3YK\LM[Imn<BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr£{J?BcO&JN>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@1S(WX@HM_GJ3>jMlJJNM[O3P<V5IUAC@HG‡œfœ
M[G3@O3BEI5YKWE@ i5WX\CSTPBEI5Yjr !

=?>5@|}\KWEWX\l`‡BEIUY<Sh\[GN\[WXWXM[G3n<@dM[O3BEWXn|}\[WXWX\l`0O&|}GN\[^=?>5@h\KG3@H^ r r


%  * "$#  &Ë KÉ(à   ©ÆŃÆ)È bÂTÆ_Ë CË KÉ(à KÊÆl

  Å +<ÊlÈTÅ?ÊlˊÉwÄ~Ë ÉhÃTÈ ÄŸÊlË Cà Ä~ËbÄ~Å ÈwÉ ÉT CśğÊlkË l
  

œ&G3BX\[GNB]Jonf@hBXWEBXI5Yœ&G3\[J3\CS(\KW!BXOt|}GN@h@|}GN\[^†AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPOHvUVUImiF\[VUIUAC@HAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhvUM[IUAST>UM[BEIxiUWE\CSTPBEIUYKOHr‡£ƒIJ3>5@ˆ|}\[WEz
WX\l`‡BEIUYUvC`@ A5BXONS(VUONOJ3>U@HO3@ |}@HMlJNV5GN@HO?\_|‹œfœ‹r
(   
*.   (*
 (*)  % a“1@HM[A5WE\CSTPCOŽ\CShShV5Gq\[IUWEna`‡>5@hIyA5B]DŠ@hGN@hImJ1¥Ÿ^a\KG3@?JN>UM_Ib\[I5@¦;JNMKOQPCOŽ>5\KWXA<gjM_G3JNOŽ\[|Š@dM[ST>
\[J3>5@H6G 7 O‡GN@H‘mV5BXG3@dAG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO‡M_J0J3>5@aO3M[^<@ J3BX^a@Kv!M_IUAJN>5@hIxJN>5@hnGN@H‘mV5@HOQJ0|}\KG‡J3>5@LG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO?iF@hBXI5Y>5@hWcAin@dM[ST>x\_JN>5@hGdr VCJ


V5IjAC@hGœfœ‹v5`‡>5@HI\[IU@JNMKOQPBXOt@(€C@HShVCJ3BXI5Yy`‡BEJ3>ŒO3\[^<@wGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOHv5M_In\[J3>5@HG‡JNMKOQPShM[IxI5\_J1>5\[WcAxMGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@J3>jMlJ1^Mn@hu[@HG


iF@1IU@h@HA5@HAimnaJN>5BXOJTM[O3P<imny=?>U@h\[GN@h^ r r r‹=?>jMlJ?BXOHv`‡>5@hIMwJTM[O3PaBcOY[GTM_ImJ3@dA\[IU@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvmM[WEWŠBEJNOG3@d‘mV5BEGN@HAyG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO&^ˆVUOQJ
iF@ |}G3@H@[rq=?>5BcO?g5GN@huK@hImJNOJN>5@gj\mO3O3BXi5BEWXBEJony\_|‹M_InbAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPFr


( ) 
) 
  (* (
# ( )   ( )  (*


/>UBEYK>5@hGwgUG3BX\[GNB]JonJNM[O3PZO3VCDŠ@hGTOV5IiF\[V5IUA5@HARg5GNBE\KG3BEJonŒBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIv`‡>5@HIeB]JLBXO`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y|}\KGˆMxWX\l`@HGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonxJNMKOQPŒJ3\xGN@hWX@HM[O3@
 

O3\[^<@y\[|JN>5@bGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO GN@H‘mV5BXG3@dARimn'BEJHvqM_IjARBEIeJN>5@b^<@dM_Ie`‡>5BXWE@bBEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@g5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNMKOQPCOgUG3@H@h^<gCJˆJN>5@bWX\l` g5G3BX\[GNBEJon

JTM[O3P|}GN\[^pfœ VjO3M[Y[@[r VCJOQVjST>ZMOQBEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IŒSHM_IZI5@huK@hG>UM_g5gF@hIZBEIRœfœ9OQBXIUSh@L`‡>5@HI5@huK@hG My>5BXY[>U@hG g5GNBE\KG3BEJonbJTM[O3Px`M[B]JTO
|}\KGO3\[^<@xG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO<`‡>UBXST> BcObShV5GNG3@HIKJNWEn¢ij@HBEIUYkVUO3@HA in MkWE\l`,g5GNBE\KG3BEJoneJTM[O3PFv?JN>5@hI J3>5@@h€C@HS(V5J3BXI5YkWX\l`@HGyg5GNBE\KG3BEJonkJTM[O3P


BcO ^M[AC@LJ3\BXI5>5@hGNBEJ1JN>5@<g5G3BX\[GNBEJonx\_|qJN>5@<>5BEYK>ZgUG3BX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3Pk¥}inŒ=?>5@H\[GN@h^ r r ¦(rL˜\jv!J3>5@<BXImJ3@hGN^<@HACBcMlJN@LgUG3BX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3PCO1SHM_I

I5\[JŽg5G3@H@h^<gCJ‹WE\l`@hG;g5GNBE\KG3BEJon JNMKOQP |}GN\[^žfœ§VjO3M[Y[@[r;=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@KvlV5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAˆgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOSHM_ILI5\_J‹\CShS(VUG;VUIUAC@hGqœ?fœ‹r


( & ( )
(*)
-  (*


nb=?>5@H\[GN@h^ r r GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ O3>UM_GNBEIUYaM[^a\KI5YLJNM[O3PCO?V5IUAC@HGtœfœ¢BcO0OQBXI5YKWE@ i5WX\CSTPmBXI5Yjr

 

=?>5\KV5Y[>œ?fœ¤MuK\[BcA5O0AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPOHvFV5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUOHvjM[IUAST>UM[BEIiUWE\CSTPBEIUYUÁFJNMKOQPCO1V5IUAC@HGœ?fœ¤OQJ3BXWEW‹OQV5DF@HG
|}GN\[^*Mˆ|}@H`¤JongF@HO‡\[|;BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUOHr;£ƒIJN>5@ |}\[WXWX\l`‡BEI5YjvC`@wA5BXONS(VUONOJ3>U@ˆACBEDF@HG3@HIKJ‡JongF@HO‡\[|BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOJ3>UM_J‡JNMKOQPCO?^MnyV5IUA5@hGNY[\
`‡>5@HIG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@O3>UM[G3BXI5Y<M_^<\[I5YLJ3>U@h^*BXO?^M_IjM_Y[@dAbVjOQBXI5Yœfœ‹r

Ì1

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 b² ®Lº7¬ !­­‹¯¬0­,¶h· ­;¶H·¸"¹ «†¬t­®a¯°Ž±‡¬ ²´µ°q¶h·¸ °Ž® ;®y±‡®a»
  

£ƒIŒJ3>5BcOOQ@dS JNBE\KI`@<ACBcO3ShVUONO1O3\[^<@aBXONOQVU@HOtJ3>UM_J ^MnxM_GNBcOQ@L`‡>5BEWX@aVUOQBXI5YG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ˆO3>UM_GNBXI5Ybg5GN\_JN\CS(\[WcO‡JN\A5@hu[@HWE\KgŒMG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@

M[g5g5WXBXSHMlJ3BX\[IjOŽG3@d‘mV5BEGNBXI5Y JNMKOQPCO‹JN\ˆOQ>jM_GN@‡I5\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@‡GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhr=?>5@‡‚UGTOoJBXONOQVU@‡J3>UM_J&`@0ACBXONS(VjO3O&BXO&>5\l`§JN\wVUO3@tœfœRBXI
ACnIUM[^<BXSgUG3BX\[GNB]JonOQnCOQJ3@H^<OHrt˜V5ijOQ@d‘KVU@hImJ3WXn[vF`@LACBXONS(VjO3O0J3>5@aOQBEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IUOtBEIŒ`‡>5BXST>JN>5@LA5B]DŠ@hGN@hImJ1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@ O3>UM[G3BXI5Yyg5GN\_JN\CS(\[WcO
`@ >UM[AACBcO3ShVUONOQ@dAb`\[V5WcAij@VUO3@(|}VUW r

    !"#$"&%')(* +% ,-
˜\|ŸM_G BXIZM[WEW‹\[VUGACBcONS(VUONOQBX\[IjOtGN@hYmM_GTACBEIUYyVUONM_Y[@L\_|?œfœ‹vF`@a>UM[AŒBE^<g5WXBcS(BEJ3WXnŒM[ONOQVU^a@dAJ3>jMlJ J3>5@LJNMKOQPxgUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dO1M[G3@aOoJTMlJNBXS[r
?= >UM_J‡BXOHv5MLJNM[O3P(7 Og5GNBX\[GNB]JonyAC\@dOIU\_J0ST>UM_IUY[@1|}\[G‡BEJNO?@hImJNBEGN@1WXBE|}@ J3BX^a@/.7|}GN\[^/JN>5@J3BX^<@B]J0M_GNGNBEuK@HO&J3\aJ3>5@JNBE^<@BEJ‡Sh\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOHr
£ƒIACnIUM[^<BXSgUG3BX\[GNB]JonOQnCOQJ3@H^<OHv5JN>5@ˆgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\_|qM<JTM[O3Pb^<BEYK>mJST>UM[I5Y[@`‡BEJ3>JNBE^<@[r01O1MbS(\[IjOQ@d‘KVU@hIUSh@[vCJN>5@ˆg5GNBX\[GNB]JonS(@hBXWXBEI5YmO
\[|q@hu[@HG3nGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@wIU@h@HAUO0JN\biF@aM[g5g5GN\[g5GNBXM_J3@HWEnG3@dS(\[^<g5V5J3@HA@HM[ST>J3BX^a@aMJTM[O3P7 O1g5G3BX\[GNBEJonST>UM[I5Y[@dOhrt£ƒIZM[AUACB]JNBE\KIvFJ3>5@LulM_WXV5@
\[|„J3>U@wf?˜jf™M_IjAyJN>5@ BEI5>U@hGNB]JN@HAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonaulM[WEV5@dO?\_|JN>5@ JNMKOQPCO>5\KWXACBXI5YaG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOM_WcO3\ˆI5@H@HAbJ3\<ij@ST>UM[I5Y[@dA!rŽ=?>5BcO?G3@Hg5G3@dOQ@HImJNO
ML>5BXY[>G3V5I5z JNBE^<@\lu[@hGN>5@dM[A!r‹=?>5@ >5BXY[>bGNV5IJ3BX^<@\luK@hGN>5@HMKA<^M_P[@dOVUOQ@ \[|œfœ¢BEIACnIUM[^aBcS1g5G3BX\[GNBEJonyOQnCOQJ3@h^OV5IUM_JQJNGNMKS J3BXu[@Kr

10 #*32/"4#5)#$6879,-+#*: ";,<(=>? @#A%B#C;#5D
š'@0>UMuK@0OQ\|ŸM[G&ACBcO3ShVUONOQ@dAaJ3>5GN@h@0BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJ&GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@‡O3>UM_GNBXI5Yg5GN\_J3\CSh\[WcO‹|}\[GqGN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@?JNMKOQPCO Z g5GNBX\[GNB]JonLBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@‡g5G3\[J3\CS(\KW
¥ œq£oœ¦(v[>5BXY[>U@HOQJ&WE\CSTPK@hGqg5GN\_JN\CS(\[W;¥Ÿ:s [„œ¦qM_IUAgUG3BX\[GNB]JonaS(@HBEWXBEIUYwg5GN\_J3\CSh\[W„¥ œfœ¦(rK=?>5@OQ>U\[G3JNS(\K^<BEI5YmOqM_IjAM[ACulM_ImJTM_Y[@dOŽ\_|ŠJN>5@HO3@
g5GN\_JN\CS(\[WcO?M_GN@ACBXONS(VjO3O3@HAij@HWE\l`r
 œqGNBE\KG3BEJon£ƒI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@‡œ&G3\[J3\CS(\KW¥Ÿœq£oœ¦ Z =?>5BcOŽBcOqMO3BE^<g5WX@‡g5GN\_J3\CSh\[W5M_IjAL@hDF@dS JNBEuK@hWXnˆ\lu[@HGNSh\[^<@HOJN>5@‡V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAag5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IygUG3\Ki5WE@H^/\_|J3GTM[ACBEJ3BX\[IUM[WŠG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@O3>UM[G3BXI5YwJN@HST>5IUBX‘mV5@dOhrq=?>5BcO?g5GN\_JN\Sh\[WFG3@d‘mV5BEGN@HOJN>5@ ^aBXI5BX^M_W„O3V5g5gF\[G3J|}GN\[^
J3>5@a\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUYO3nOQJ3@H^ M_^<\[IUYM_WXW;J3>5@aGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@aOQ>UM[G3BXI5Yg5G3\[J3\CS(\KWXOt`@<ACBcO3ShVUONOQ@dA!rws0\l`@huK@hGdvjV5IjAC@hGœq£oœ JNMKOQPCO^Mn
OQV5DF@HG?|}G3\K^ ST>UM_BXIi5WE\CSTPBXI5YM_IUAœq£oœ M_WcO3\<A5\m@dO?I5\_J0gUG3@Hu[@hImJ‡AC@HMKACWX\STPCOHr
 s0BXY[>5@dOoSJ [„\STPK@hG‡œqGN\_JN\CS(\[W{¥Ÿ:s [„œ¦ Z 's [œ¢GN@H‘mV5BXGN@HO?\[IUWEny^<\CAC@HGNM_J3@OQVUg5gj\KGQJ?|}GN\[^/JN>5@\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUY<O3nCOoJN@h^rŽ£{JtO3\[WXu[@HOJN>5@
ST>UM_BXI<i5WX\STPBXI5YˆM[IUAAC@HMKACWX\STPLg5GN\[i5WX@h^OŽ\[|!œ&£oœ‹rKst\l`@Hu[@hGdv[:s [„œkSHM_I<^M_P[@0J3>5@0BXImJ3@HG3^<@HA5BXM_J3@0g5GNBX\[GNB]JonˆJNM[O3PCOŽV5IUA5@hGNY[\
WXM[G3YK@1BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hz›GN@hWcMlJN@HAbBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUO?M_IjASHM_IJ3>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@ SHM_VUO3@JNMKOQPCOJ3\<^<BcO3OJN>5@hBXGtAC@dM[ACWXBEIU@HOHr
 œqGNBE\KG3BEJonbf@hBXWEBXI5YœqGN\_JN\CS(\[W‹¥Ÿœ?fœ¦ Z œfœ¢\lu[@hGTS(\K^<@HO&J3>5@O3>5\[G3JNSh\[^<BEIUYKO\_|J3>5@iUMKOQBcSœq£oœ M[O`@hWXWM[O‡'s [œ§gUG3\[J3\CS(\KWXOHr
œfœegUG3\[J3\CS(\KWUBcOq|}GN@h@‡|}GN\[^/AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPaM[IUAyST>UM[BEIbi5WE\CSTPBXI5YUr;£ƒIbœfœkg5G3BX\[GNBEJonL\[|„MJNMKOQPaBcO&I5\[J?ST>jM_I5YK@HA<V5ImJ3BXWŠMw>5BXY[>5@HG
g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<JNMKOQPyGN@H‘mV5@dOoJTOJ3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r;£{J‡J3>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@O3VCDŠ@hGTO?^ˆVUST>WX\l`@HGBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hz›GN@hWcMlJN@HAbBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUOJ3>jM_I's [„œ‹r
‰UG3\K^ JN>5@LM[ij\luK@ˆACBcO3ShVUO3O3BX\[IUOt`@aShM_IxBXIC|}@HGtJN>UMlJ œfœ™BcOt`@hWXW‹OQV5BEJ3@dA|}\[GVUO3@ˆBXIŒM_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOt>UMuBEIUYyWXM[G3YK@IV5^ˆiF@hG\_|
JTM[O3PO&M_IUA<^M_InaS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W5GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhv[`‡>5BEWX@tœ&£oœRij@HBEI5YLM u[@hGNnLO3BX^agUWE@0gUG3\[J3\CS(\KW5BXOOQVUB]JTM_i5WX@?J3\wiF@0VUO3@HA<BXIyO3^<M[WEWFM_g5gUWEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHr
E
µw· »h¶h·¸"½§µ­;¿ ¬ '¬t· x¬t·±0¶h¬0­



tIŒM[ONOQVU^ag5J3BX\[IJ3>jMlJ1`?M[O0BE^<g5WXBXShB]JBEIZM_WXWJ3>U@LONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5YbM[WEYK\[GNB]JN>5^O‡`@LACBXONS(VjO3O3@HABXIZf>UM_g5J3@hG BcO0JN>UMlJ0JN>5@wJTM[O3PCO0BXIM_I
M[g5g5WXBXSHMlJ3BX\[IyM[G3@‡BXIUAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIKJdrq=?>UMlJBXOHv[JN>5@hGN@0BcO&IU\ˆS(\KIUOoJNGNM[BEImJq\KI<J3>5@1\[GTAC@hGqBXIy`‡>5BcST><J3>U@1ACBEDF@HG3@HImJqJNMKOQPCO&SHM_IiF@0JTM_P[@HIV5g


|}\KGt@(€C@dS(VCJNBE\KIr1st\l`@Hu[@hGdvCJN>5BXO1BcO0|ŸM[G0|}GN\[^*J3GNV5@wBXIg5GTM[S(J3BcShM_W;OQBEJ3VjMlJ3BX\[IjOhvF`‡>5@hGN@ˆ\KI5@JTM[O3P^MnI5@h@dAxG3@dOQVUW]JTO0|}GN\[^,M_I5\[J3>5@HG
JTM[O3PFv\KG&JN>5@tJTM[O3PCO&^<BXY[>mJ>jMu[@0JN\ˆiF@ShM_GNGNBE@dA<\[VCJ?BEIS(@HGQJTM_BXIy\[GTAC@hG|}\[GJ3>U@gUG3\Kgj@HG&|}V5IjS J3BX\[IUBEI5Ya\_|„J3>5@ OQnCOQJ3@H^r‹š™>5@HIO3VUST>
AC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HOLM_^<\[I5YJTM[O3PCO@(€CBcOoJdv„JN>5@bONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5YJ3@dST>5I5Bc‘mV5@HOwA5BXONS(VUONO3@HARBXI¢f>UM_gCJN@hG JNV5GNIe\[VCJwJN\xij@bBEIUO3V yS(BX@hImJLM[IUA
I5@H@HAJ3\<iF@wOQVUB]JTM_i5WXnb^<\CACBE‚U@HA!r
 

š'@Ž‚UGTOoJ;ACBXONS(VjO3O!>U\l`ZJN\0AC@huK@hWX\[gwM‡ONMlJNBXOQ|ŸM[S(J3\[GNn1ONST>5@dACV5WX@‹|}\[GM‡O3@(J\_|JNMKOQPCOŠJN>UM_IwSHM_IiF@qVUO3@HA BXIJNM[i5WE@hz{A5G3BXu[@HI ONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Yjr

  $*   ( ) *- (
& Ž=?>5@|}\[WXWE\l`‡BXI5Y1M[G3@J3>U@^M[BEIaOoJN@hgUO‹\[|jM1O3BX^agUWE@‡M_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>U^9|}\KGŽAC@(JN@hGN^aBXI5BXI5Y M0|}@dM[O3BEi5WX@?O3ST>5@dACV5WX@
|}\KG0MaO3@(J0\[|gF@hGNBE\CACBcS GN@HM_WEz›J3BX^a@JTM[O3PO`‡>5\mOQ@AC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HO0M[G3@ YKBEuK@hI Z


Ì5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 T1

T2 T3

T5 T4
‰;BEYKV5G3@ ÌKÌ Z œqGN@HSh@HAC@HIUS(@ –‡@hWcMlJNBE\KIUO3>5BEg0^<\KI5Yy=MKOQPCO|}\[G0”q€5M_^<g5WX@ r r 


  *)# #( 6   
+-+$6  ,  ( $(#   %+'  (
(*#  &* 0
 &*)+6 $# ) 
 $* 

1 '
 
)0' *)  #  $  *+ $# +%
 
 #-$ 6  1 *) $ 
* ' 
   $
 
#-$ +$+ ' 6!-$1
 (
 $ $$ *)0 #-$ 

 
1  0&-$
 $$ *) + (&$
  6  1 $%  "' #!$ ,  +* !(# 

-  $( /' ( 6 &$1

š'@qI5\l`'BEWXWXVUOoJNGNM_J3@‹JN>5@qVUO3@q\_|JN>5@&M_iF\lu[@ŽM[WEYK\[GNB]JN>5^ JN\0S(\[^<g5V5J3@&M?|}@dM[O3BEiUWE@qONST>5@HA5V5WE@‹|}\KGM‡O3@(J„\[|JNM[O3PCOŠ`‡B]JN>ˆAC@Hgj@HIUAC@hIjS(BX@HOHr
  $*  &“1@(JN@hGN^aBXI5@M |}@HMKOQBXi5WX@tO3ST>U@HACV5WX@‡|}\KG&JN>5@tGN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@?JNM[O3PCOq\[|„M JNMKOQP<OQ@hJ  \qb(c/\Ud c"ggg cR\ m ' |}\[G`‡>5BcST>J3>5@1g5GN@HS(@hz
AC@HIUS(@ˆG3@HWXM_J3BX\[IUO‡>jMu[@iF@h@hIZOQ>5\l`‡IBXIŒ‰;BEYjr Ì[Ì |}\KG0VUO3@w`‡B]JN>ŒM<JTM_i5WX@(zƒACGNBEuK@hIxO3ST>U@HACV5WX@hGdr‡=?>5@w@h€@dS(VCJNBE\KIJ3BX^<@HO0\[|‹J3>5@ˆJNM[O3PCO
\`b(cR\Ud c"gg gc/\ m M[G3@ Z 5Cv 6Ì 5 v Cv 1 v M[IUAJ3>5@wSh\[GNG3@dOQgF\[IUA5BEI5YaAC@HMKACWXBEI5@dO0M_GN
 @  5 v  5 v Cv 5 v 4 v[GN@HO3gj@dS J3BXu[@HWEnKr
 


(*) =?>5@ACBEDF@HG3@HIKJtOQJ3@HgUO‡\[|„J3>U@wOQ\KWEVCJNBE\KI>jMu[@ ij@H@hI`\[GNP[@HAb\[VCJ0M[IUAOQ>5\l`‡IBEIx‰;BXYUr Ì r 

!

 
 )  
 
  &     œ&G3@dS(@dAC@hIUSh@1Sh\[IUOQJ3GTM_BXImJNOM_^<\[I5YLJNMKOQPCOShM[IiF@1>jM_IUACWX@HABXIiF\_JN>”“1‰eM[IUA–t—

JN>5G3\KV5Y[>J3>U@ |}\[WXWE\l`‡BXI5Ya^a\CACBE‚jSHMlJ3BX\[IJN\LJN>5@wM_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>U^r
 

 “t\<I5\[J0@hIUM[i5WX@ MLJTM[O3PyV5ImJ3BXW„M_WXWBEJNO?g5GN@HA5@HS(@dO3O3\[G‡Sh\[^<g5WX@(J3@JN>5@hBXG0@(€C@dS(VCJNBE\KIr
 f>5@HSTP<JN>5@ JNMKOQPCO`?M_BEJ3BXI5YaJ3\<ij@ @HIUM_i5WX@HA'¥}\KIxM[ShSh\[V5ImJ?\_|;B]JTO‡g5GN@HAC@dS(@HONO3\[GTO&S(\K^<g5WE@hJ3BXI5YaJ3>5@HBEGt@(€C@HShVCJ3BX\[IUOT¦Ml|~J3@HG‡@huK@hGNn
JNMKOQPbSh\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOHr
š'@?>5\l`@Hu[@HG;^LVUOQJ‹GN@h^<@H^ˆiF@hG‹J3>jMlJŽJ3>U@0M[ST>5BX@hulM_iUWE@?O3ST>U@HACV5WcM_iUWE@?VCJNBEWXBE’dMlJNBE\KIa\[|UJTM[O3PO‹`‡BEJ3>AC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HOŽ`\[VUWXALij@‡WX\l`@hG
Sh\[^<gUM_GN@HAJ3\`‡>5@HIŒJN>5@aJNM[O3PCO M_GN@LBXIUAC@Hgj@HIUAC@hImJdr<=?>U@hGN@(|}\[GN@[vŠJN>5@O3ST>U@HACV5WcM_iUBEWXB]JonxGN@HO3V5WEJNO `\[GNP[@dAx\[VCJBXIŒJN>5@<WXMKOoJwST>UM[gCJ3@HG
`\[V5WcAI5\_J0iF@wM_g5gUWEBcShM[i5WE@ `‡>5@HIJNM[O3PbAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HO‡@h€CBXOQJHr
²
   ¹ «
 £ƒIZ^M[ImnŒG3@dM_WEz›WXB]|}@<M_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHvGN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@ˆJTM[O3POM[G3@aGN@H‘mV5BXG3@dAJN\O3>UM[G3@aI5\[I5z›g5GN@h@H^<gCJNM[i5WE@aGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOM[^<\[I5YJ3>5@H^az
OQ@HWEuK@HOHr£{|!JNGNMKACBEJ3BX\[IUM[WjGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@0O3>UM[G3BXI5YJN@HST>5I5Bc‘mV5@HOO3VUST>bM[OOQ@H^M_g5>5\KG3@dO&M[G3@tA5@hg5WX\ln[@dA<BEIbJ3>5BcOO3BEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IvV5IiF\[V5IUA5@HA
g5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUO^<BEYK>mJ0\SHS(V5G‡WX@HMKACBXI5YaJ3\<G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JNMKOQPCOJN\a^<BcO3O‡J3>5@HBEG0AC@dM[ACWXBXI5@HOHr
Ì4

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Step1: Arrangement of tasks in ascending order:

T1 T3 T2 T5 T4

Step 2: Schedule tasks as late as possible

without violating precedence constraints:

T1 T3 T2 T5 T4
0 6 8 14 20 25 33 40 50

Step 3: Move tasks as early as possible

without altering the schedule:

T1 T3 T2 T5 T4

‰;BXY[V5GN@ Ì Z ˜C\[WXVCJ3BX\[I\_|‹”Ž€5M_^<g5WX@ r r 
0 2 8 13 20 30


 =?>5@ˆgUG3BX\[GNB]JonBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@Lg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW¥ œq£oœ¦‡BcO1gF\KONO3BEi5WXnJ3>U@aO3BE^<g5WX@HOQJ g5G3\[J3\CS(\KW|}\KG O3>UM[G3BXI5YbShG3BEJ3BcShM[WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOtM[^a\KI5Y

MO3@(Jˆ\[|?GN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@JNMKOQPCOHr£{JLGN@H‘mV5BXG3@dO^<BEI5BX^M_W?OQVUg5gj\KGQJˆ|}G3\K^8JN>5@yV5IUA5@hGNWEnBXI5YGN@HM_WEz›J3BX^a@b\[gF@hGTMlJ3BXI5YO3nCOoJN@h^r=?>5BcO
g5GN\_J3\CSh\[Wj|}\[G‡OQ>jM_GNBEI5YaS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WŠGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOqBcO&JN>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@ O3V5g5gF\[G3J3@HAbinyM_WX^a\mOoJ?@huK@hGNn<G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@\[gF@hGTMlJ3BXI5YaOQnCOQJ3@h^OHrŽ=?>5@
g5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@?^a@dST>UM_IUBXO3^©g5GN@huK@hImJNO;V5IiF\[V5IUA5@HAag5GNBE\KG3BEJonwBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhr„st\l`@Hu[@HGHvlBEJqij@dS(\K^a@dO;J3>5@‡gUG3\KY[GTM_^<^<@h#G 7 O
G3@dOQgF\[IjOQBXi5BXWEBEJon<J3\\luK@hGTS(\[^<@tJ3>5@wAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPbM_IjAST>UM[BEIi5WX\CSTPmBXI5Y<g5GN\[i5WX@h^OJN>5G3\KV5Y[>ShM[G3@h|}V5W!g5GN\[YKGNM[^a^<BXI5YUr
 œfœeBXIUSh\[GNgj\KGNM_J3@HO&M[A5ACBEJ3BX\[IjM_WFG3V5WX@HOBXIyJ3>U@tiUMKOQBcStœ&£oœkM_IUAb\lu[@HGNSh\[^<@HO;JN>5@A5@HM[A5WE\CSTPŠvKVUImiF\[VUIUAC@HAbg5GNBE\KG3BEJonLBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIv
M_IUALST>UM_BXIai5WE\CSTPBXI5Y1gUG3\Ki5WE@H^O\[|Fœ&£oœ‹rst\l`@Hu[@HGHvV5IUA5@hGqœfœŒJNMKOQPCO;^<BEYK>mJŽOQJ3BXWXWUOQV5DF@HG;^<\CAC@HGNM_J3@?BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOHr„œ?fœŒ>UMKO
ij@H@hI<`‡BcAC@hWXnLMKShS(@HgCJ3@dA<M[OŽM gF\[g5V5WcM_GŽGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@O3>UM_GNBXI5Y g5G3\[J3\CS(\KW5M_IUAaBcOŽI5\KG3^M_WXWXnVUOQ@dAaVUOQ@dAL|}\[G&AC@Hu[@HWE\Kg5BEIUY^<\CAC@HGNM_J3@
M_IUAWcM_GNY[@G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@M_g5gUWEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHrŽœfœ BXO‡O3V5g5gF\[G3J3@dAbin^<M[Iny^<\A5@hGNISh\[^<^<@hGTS(BcM_W!GN@HM_WEz›J3BX^a@\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUY<O3nCOoJN@h^OHr
 =MKOQPLAC@hgF@hIUA5@hIUShBE@dOqShM[IaiF@0>UM[IUACWX@HALJ3>UG3\KV5Y[>a^<BEI5\KG&M_WEJ3@HGNM_J3BX\[IUO;JN\ J3>5@‡ijM[O3BXSJTM[O3PˆO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YwM_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>5^OHrst\l`@Hu[@hGdv
J3>5@wMKST>5BX@hulM_i5WX@VCJ3BXWEBX’HM_J3BX\[I\_|J3>5@wONST>5@dACV5WX@hGTO‡ACG3\Kg`‡>U@hIJNMKOQPCO?M_GN@ I5\_J0BXIUAC@Hgj@HIUAC@hImJdr

 «  ;² ²
Ì r0“t@hJ3@HG3^<BXI5@ `‡>5@(JN>5@hG?JN>5@|}\[WXWE\l`‡BXI5Y<OoJTMlJ3@H^<@hImJNO‡M[G3@   ©\[G   Lr5£ƒI@dM[ST>ShM[O3@ oVUOoJNB]|}nn[\KV5G‡ST>5\[BcS(@BEI\[IU@\KG
Jo`\<O3@hImJ3@HIUS(@dOhr


¥ŸMm¦b–0M_J3@q^<\KI5\_JN\[I5BcSŽO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y0ShM[I ONMlJNBXOQ|ŸM[S(J3\KG3BXWEn1ij@&VUOQ@dA|}\[G„ONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Y0MKShSh@HONOŠ\_|5OQ@Hu[@HGNM[Wl>UM_GTAG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@ŽgF@hGNBE\CACBcS

JTM[O3POJN\MS(@hG3JNM[BEIO3>UM_GN@HAS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr
¥}ij¦tWEYK\[GNB]JN>5^Oq@(€CBcOoJ`‡>5BcST>ygj@HG3^<BEJO3>UM_GNBXI5Yw\_|MLOQ@hJ\_|!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOŽBXIJ3>5@@(€5ShWEVUO3BXu[@‡^<\CAC@1M[^a\KI5YJTM[O3PO&\_|„ACBEDŠ@hGN@hImJ
g5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dO?`‡B]JN>5\[VCJtM[InJNMKOQPCO>UMuBEIUYLJN\<BEIUShV5GtM[ImngUG3BX\[GNB]JonbBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[Ir
¥ŸSH¦š™>5@HI§MO3@(Jˆ\[|0G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@<JTM[O3POLM_GN@yO3ST>U@HACV5WX@HARVjOQBXI5YŒ–0—Œ M_IjAeOQ>UM[G3@S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WqGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOVUO3BEIUYxJ3>5@bg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
Sh@hBXWEBXI5Y g5GN\_J3\CSh\[WŠ¥Ÿœfœ¦ vlBEJŽBXO‹gF\KONOQBXi5WX@J3>UM_JŽMtJNMKOQPˆ^<MniF@‡AC@hIUBE@dALMKShS(@dO3OJN\ M1GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@@hu[@HIL`‡>U@hILJ3>5@?GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
BcO‡I5\[J?GN@H‘mV5BXGN@HAimnM_Iny\_JN>5@hG?JTM[O3PŠr
¥ŸAU¦stBEYK>5@HOQJqWE\CSTPK@hG‹g5GN\_J3\CSh\[W¥Ÿ:s [„œ¦;^<M[BEImJTM_BXIUO;J3>5@0JNM[O3PCO‹`M[B]JNBEIUY1|}\KGqM OQ>UM[G3@dAˆIU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@?G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@BEI‰;£o‰;À
\KGNAC@HGHr
¥}@d¦š™>5@HIbMO3@(J&\[|ŠgF@hGNBX\A5BXS‡GN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@?JNMKOQPCOqONST>5@HA5V5WE@dA<VUO3BEI5YL–0— O3>UM_GN@0S(@HGQJTM_BXIS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WUGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO;VUO3BEI5YLœqGNBE\KG3BEJon
£ƒI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@ œ&G3\[J3\CS(\KWŽ¥Ÿœq£oœ¦ v5O3\[^<@ \_|;J3>5@ JTM[O3PCO?^aBXY[>mJ0O3VCDF@HG0V5IiF\[V5IUA5@HAg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOHr
Ì

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ~¥ |N¦£ƒIbJ3>5@s0BXY[>U@HOQJ%[„\STPK@hGœqGN\_J3\CSh\[W‹¥Ÿs'[œ¦(vK|}\KG?@HM[ST>S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WFG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@1MLOQ@HgUM_GTMlJN@1‘mV5@hVU@1I5@H@HA5OJN\LiF@1^M[BEImJNM[BEIU@HA
|}\KG?J3>5@ JTM[O3PO?`?M_BEJ3BXI5Ya|}\[G?JN>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhr
¥}Y¦b1OQBXI5YyJN>5@ˆijM[O3BXSwœ&G3BX\[GNBEJonb£ƒI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@aœqGN\_JN\Sh\[W&¥ œq£oœ¦|}\[G O3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YbM[SHS(@dO3Ot\_|qMbO3@(J\_|qGN@HM_WEz›J3BX^a@wJNM[O3PCO‡JN\bM
O3@(J0\[|I5\KICz›gUG3@H@h^<gCJNM[i5WX@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO`\KV5WcAbGN@HO3V5WEJ?BXIJNMKOQPCO?BXIUS(V5GNGNBEI5YaV5IiF\[V5IUA5@HAg5GNBE\KG3BEJonyBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhr
¥}>j¦š™>5@HIMyO3@(J0\_|qOQJNM_J3BcS g5G3BX\[GNBEJonbgF@hGNBE\CACBcS G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@ JTM[O3POtO3ST>5@dACV5WX@HAVUO3BEIUYy–0— O3>UM[G3@O3\[^<@wS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
VUO3BXI5YxJ3>U@yg5GNBE\KG3BEJonZSh@hBXWEBXI5Yg5GN\_JN\CS(\[W1¥Ÿœfœ¦ v!JN>5@yJNBE^<@bA5V5GNM_J3BX\[IR|}\KGw`‡>5BcST>kMJNMKOQP'ShM_IeVUIUAC@hGNY[\xBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hz
GN@hWcMlJN@HAyBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIbBcO?@(€5M[S(J3WXn<J3>5@ONM_^<@ M[OJ3>U@ A5V5GNM_J3BX\[Ib|}\[G‡`‡>5BcST>BEJ0ShM[IbV5IUA5@hGNY[\<AC@HMKACWE\CSTPyMuK\[BcA5M_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@dA
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr
¥ŸBc¦˜VUg5gj\mOQ@?M‡JTM[O3P I5@h@dA5OJN>5GN@h@I5\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@&O3>UM[G3@dAG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO;f– Ì vKf– v_M_IUAaf– r ACVUG3BXI5YB]JTOSh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[I„r
tIUAC@hG0:s [„œ•¥ŸstBEYK>5@HOQ%J [„\CSTP[@hG?œqGN\_JN\CS(\[W~¦ vm\[IjS(@1J3>5@JNMKOQPyMKSh‘mV5BXG3@dO&\KI5@\_|JN>5@HO3@ G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOHv[BEJ‡BXOY[VjM_GTM_ImJ3@H@HAI5\[J


JN\i5WE\CSTP|}\KG0M[SH‘KVUBEGNBEIUYˆJN>5@\_JN>5@hG‡GN@H‘mV5BXG3@dAbGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOHr
¥ 3¦š™>5@HI:s [„œ ¥ŸstBEYK>5@HOQSJ [\CSTP[@HGœ&G3\[J3\CS(\KWc¦qBXOVUO3@HAM[OJN>5@ g5G3\[J3\CS(\KWF|}\[G‡OQ>jM_GNBEI5YaOQ\K^<@ShG3BEJ3BcShM[WFGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOM_^<\[I5YaM
O3@(J0\[|GN@HM_WEz›J3BX^a@JTM[O3POHv5AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPbShM[I5I5\_J‡\CShShV5G0ACV5@JN\G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@O3>UM[G3BXI5YUr
¥ŸPC¦£{|qJNGNMKACBEJ3BX\[IUM[W„GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ˆO3>UM[G3BXI5Yy^<@HST>jM_I5BcOQ^O1OQVUST>ZM[OOQ@H^<M[g5>5\KG3@dOtM_IjAx^<\[I5BEJ3\KGNO1M_GN@wVUO3@HAxJN\O3>UM_GN@ˆMKShS(@dO3Ot\_|
O3@huK@hGTM_W„GN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@JNMKOQPCOtJ3\MbO3BEI5YKWE@aS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W;G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[vjI5@hBEJ3>U@hG V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAxg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUOHvjIU\[G1A5@HM[A5WE\CSTPCO
SHM_I\SHS(V5Gdr
¥ŸWc¦š™>5@HIkMxOQ@hJˆ\_|‡gF@hGNBE\CACBcS<GN@HM_WEz›J3BX^a@<JTM[O3PCOwO3ST>U@HACV5WX@HA'VUO3BXI5Y–0—6O3>UM[G3@yShG3BEJ3BcShM[WqG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOVUO3BXI5YJ3>5@bg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
Sh@hBXWEBXI5YˆgUG3\[J3\CS(\KW„¥Ÿœ?fœ¦ vmBE|„M JNMKOQPShM[IyOQV5DF@HGBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@0iUWE\CSTPBEIUYwinaM[I5\_JN>5@hG&JNM[O3PL|}\[G?S(@hG3JNM[BEIyA5V5GNM_J3BX\[IvKJ3>U@hI
BEJ0^MnbM_WcOQ\O3VCDŠ@hG0ACBXG3@dS J‡BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IACV5@ JN\<J3>UM_J‡JNM[O3P|}\KG?J3>5@wONM_^<@ACV5GTMlJNBE\KIr
¥Ÿ^¦š™>5@HI¢MZOQ@hJL\_|0gF@hGNBX\A5BXSbG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JTM[O3POLO3ST>U@HACV5WX@HAkVUOQBXI5Y'–0—*OQ>UM[G3@S(@hG3JNM[BEIkShG3BEJ3BcShM[WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOVUO3BXI5YJN>5@
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonS(@HBEWXBXI5YLgUG3\[J3\CS(\KW;¥ œfœ¦(vB]|‹MwJTM[O3P \`b1ShM[IbO3VCDF@HG‡BEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@ti5WX\CSTPBEI5YainyM_I5\[J3>5@HG&JTM[O3jP \Ud0|}\KG?Sh@hG3JNM[BEI
ACVUGNM_J3BX\[IvJN>5@hIxBEJ0^MnbM_WcOQ\O3VCDŠ@hG0AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPbMu[\KBXA5M[IUS(@BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[Ib|}\[G?JN>5@ˆONM_^<@ACV5GTMlJ3BX\[IACV5@ JNj\ \Ud1@h€5S(@hg5J3BXI5Y
BEK| \ b AC\@dO?I5\_J0I5@H@HAM_InyGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr
¥}Ij¦š™>5@HIkMOQ@hJw\_|?G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@aJNMKOQPCOO3>UM_GN@S(@hG3JNM[BEIRS(GNBEJ3BcShM_W&G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOVUO3BEIUYJN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonŒSh@hBXWEBXI5Yxg5GN\_JN\Sh\[W‡¥Ÿœ?fœ¦(v
JN>5@>5BXY[>5@dOoJ0g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3PbAC\@HO?I5\[JtOQV5DF@HG0M_InyBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhr
¥}\¦yš™>5@HIMLOQ@hJ\_|G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@‡JTM[O3POO3>UM_GN@tS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WFGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOŽVUO3BEI5YˆJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<S(@hBXWXBEI5YLg5GN\_J3\CSh\[W¥ œfœ¦ vKJ3>5@WE\l`@HOQJ
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3PAC\@HO?IU\_J0OQV5DF@HGtM_InyBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOhr
¥}gj¦£{JBXObgj\mO3O3BEiUWE@xJN>UMlJBEI¤MkG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@O3nOQJ3@H^¾@Hu[@HI J3>5@WX\l`@HOQJbg5GNBE\KG3BEJonkJTM[O3P§^Mn O3VCDŠ@hGV5Iij\KV5IUAC@dA g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOV5I5WX@HONO‡MaO3V5BEJNM[i5WE@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@(zƒOQ>UM[G3BXI5YwgUG3\[J3\CS(\KWFBcO‡VUO3@HAr
¥ ‘¦š™>5@HIMLOQ@hJ\_|GN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@‡JNMKOQPCOOQ>UM[G3@1S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WFG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOŽVjOQBXI5YwJN>5@tgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<S(@HBEWXBXI5Yˆg5GN\_JN\CS(\[W¥Ÿœfœ¦ vMJTM[O3PaSHM_I
V5IjAC@hGNY[\MlJ‡iF@HOQJ0\[I5@ \[|‹ACBXGN@HS JdvCBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@[v5\KG‡Mu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@hz›GN@hWcMlJN@HABXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIACV5@ JN\M_InJNMKOQPŠr
¥}G ¦b=?>5@?g5GNBX\[GNB]JonwSh@hBXWEBXI5Yg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW!¥Ÿœfœ¦„SHM_Iaij@‡Sh\[IUO3BXA5@hGN@HAJN\1iF@0MO3M_J3BcOo|ŸMKS J3\KG3n g5GN\_JN\CS(\[WmJN\ O3>UM[G3@MO3@(JŽ\[|jOQ@HG3BcM_WXWXn
GN@hVUONM_iUWE@ g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@ GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOM[^<\[I5Y<M<OQ@hJ0\_|GN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@JNM[O3PCOhr
¥ ON¦£{|Šg5GNBE\KG3BEJonwS(@HBEWXBEIUYgUG3\[J3\CS(\KWŠ¥ œfœ¦„BcOŽBX^<g5WE@H^<@hImJ3@dALBXI<0I5BE€L\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5YO3nCOoJN@h^OHvlJ3>5@HIaJ3>5@0Sh@hBXWEBXI5Y g5GNBE\KG3BEJonulM_WXV5@
\[|‹M<S(GNBEJ3BcShM_W!GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1`\[V5WcAij@ JN>5@^Ml€CBE^LV5^6\[|JN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonulM_WXV5@HO?\[|‹M[WEWŠJN>5@ JNMKOQPCO?VUO3BEIUYLJN>5BcO‡G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r
¥~JT¦=?>5@LACV5GTMlJ3BX\[I|}\[Gt`‡>5BXST>M<WX\l`@hG‡g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJTM[O3PShM[IBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@i5WE\CSTPM<>5BEYK>5@hGtg5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNMKOQPBXO0M[WXO3\<BXA5@hImJ3BcShM[W
JN\<J3>5@wACVUGNM_J3BX\[I|}\[G‡`‡>5BcST>BEJtShM[IMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@i5WE\CSTPyBEJHr
¥}Vj¦tIUAC@hGœfœ @huK@hI MŒJTM[O3Pk`‡>5BcST>™AC\@HO<I5\[JyG3@d‘KVUBEGN@M[InkG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ShM_I V5IjAC@hGNY[\'g5GNBE\KG3BEJoneBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[I§|}\[GbO3\[^<@
ACVUGNM_J3BX\[Ir
r0”Ž€Cg5WcM_BXI J3>5@Zg5G3\Ki5WX@h^OJN>UMlJ^aBXY[>mJM[G3BcO3@xB]|w>UM[GNA GN@HM[W]z›J3BX^<@xJNMKOQPCOyM[G3@Œ^<MKAC@xJN\¢O3>UM_GN@S(GNB]JNBXSHM_W1G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOM[^a\KI5Y
J3>5@H^OQ@HWEuK@HOVUO3BEI5YaJNGNMKACB]JNBE\KIUM_W!\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5Y<OQnCOQJ3@h^ g5G3BX^<B]JNBEuK@HO‡O3VUST>M[O‡O3@h^M_g5>U\[GN@HO\[G?^<\[I5BEJ3\KGNOHr G3BX@  nb@(€Cg5WcM_BXI>5\l`


J3>5@dOQ@ g5GN\[iUWE@H^<O‡SHM_Iij@\luK@hGTS(\K^a@Kr


r r0”Ž€Cg5WcM_BXIZVjOQBXI5YM_IeM[g5g5GN\[g5GNBXM_J3@<@(€5M[^agUWE@M[OJ3\x`‡>nZMxShG3BEJ3BcShM[WqG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@<ShM_IRYK@(JˆS(\KG3GNV5gCJN@HAZB]|?JN>5@JNMKOQPZVUO3BEI5YBEJˆBcO
g5GN@h@h^<gCJN@HA!v5M[IUAJ3>5@HIxM_I5\[J3>5@HG?JNM[O3PyBcO?Y[GTM_ImJ3@dAyVUO3@\_|J3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r
5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 jr‡š™>UMlJ AC\ynK\[VxV5IUA5@hGTOoJTM_IUAinJ3>5@ˆJ3@HG3^  gUG3BX\[GNB]JonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUaBXIxJ3>U@LS(\KImJ3@(€J\_|ŽG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JTM[O3PxO3ST>5@dACV5WXBEIUY eš™>U@hI
OQ@Hu[@HGNM[W‹JNM[O3PCOˆO3>UM_GN@yMŒO3@(JL\_|tS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHv„BcOwBEJLgF\KONO3BEi5WX@JN\ZMu[\KBXA'g5GNBX\[GNB]JonZBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IeM_WEJ3\KY[@(JN>5@hGˆimn'VUO3BEIUYŒM
OQVUB]JTM_i5WX@JNM[O3PbONST>5@HA5V5WEBXI5YM_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>U^ ”q€Cg5WXM[BEIn[\KV5G‡M_IUO3`@hGdr
5r0”Ž€Cg5WcM_BXIŒJN>5@y\Kgj@HGNM_J3BX\[I'\_|?g5G3BX\[GNBEJonŒS(@HBEWXBEIUYxg5G3\[J3\CS(\KWt¥Ÿœ?fœ¦BXIeOQ>UM[G3BXI5YxS(GNBEJ3BcShM_W&G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO M_^<\KI5YG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@<JNMKOQPCOHr
”Ž€Cg5WcM_BXIb>5\l`•œfœ BcO0M_i5WX@J3\Mu[\KBXAAC@HMKACWX\STPŠvCV5IiF\[V5IjAC@HAg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhvCM_IjAST>UM[BEIi5WX\CSTPmBXI5YmOhr
1 r0”Ž€Cg5WcM_BXIJ3>U@ A5B]DŠ@hGN@hImJJonmgF@HO\[|„g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUO&J3>UM_J?MˆJNMKOQP^<BXY[>mJ‡OQVCDŠ@hG‡ACVU@tJN\aMLWE\l`@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNMKOQP<`‡>5@HIbJN>5@
g5GNBE\KG3BEJonS(@HBEWXBEIUYgUG3\[J3\CS(\KW0¥Ÿœfœ¦1BXO VUO3@HAZJN\OQ>UM[G3@<S(GNBEJ3BcShM_WŽGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO M_^<\[IUYMxO3@(J\_|?GN@HM_WEz›J3BX^a@aJTM[O3PFrbfM[I'MJTM[O3P
OQV5DF@HGiF\_JN>BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hz›GN@hWcMlJN@HABXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIyM_IUAACBEGN@HS(JBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIyACV5@J3\<O3\[^<@tWX\l`@HGgUG3BX\[GNB]JonLJNMKOQP £{|;n[\[VM_IUO3`@HGBXI
J3>5@0M G3^MlJNBEuK@[v[Sh\[IUOQJ3GNVUS(JŽMO3V5BEJNM[i5WE@‡@h€5M_^<g5WX@?J3\S(\KG3GN\[iF\[GTMlJN@nK\[V5GŽM_IjOQ`@hGdr„£{|!n[\KVaM[IUO3`@HGŽBEIaJ3>U@‡I5@hYmMlJ3BXu[@Kv_@(€Cg5WcM_BXI
`‡>nyI5\_Jdr


5Cr0£o“tO @hB]‚UJwI5gF@L\KJ3ON>5O3@aBEi5JNWX@<@hGNJ3^<\O A5Š@hÃuÄŸBXÊlO3Ã@Ä~Å MG3Ä~@dË OQl\KÉ(V5ÃTGNÈ Shğ@aÊlËO3>UM[M[IUG3A BXI5CYË g5TGNÊ \_CJ3Ë \CKShÉ \[WŽF`‡Ã >5ğBcÊlSTà >'Ä~Å SHM_Ä~IRË lY[ÉhVjÃTM_ÈTğGTÊ_M_ËxImJ3M[@HO@ˆVUJN>UO3@HMlAJwBXI5I'\G3JT@dM[M_O3WEPŒz JNBEV5^<IU@ˆA5@h\KGNgjY[@H\GN@HM_O J3BXI5¥}YB~¦OQg5nCG3OQBXJ3\[@hGN^BEJoOHn r

      

Z
BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[I '¥ŸBEB~¦V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[I KVUOQJ3BE|}nbn[\KV5G‡M_IUO3`@hGTOhr
 

4 r‡š™>UMlJ‡AC\Ln[\[VbV5IUAC@HGNOQJNM[IUAinxÄ~Ë UÉ(à Ä~ŃÆlˊÂNÉ ƒÃ3ÉhÇEÆlÅƒÉ <Ä~Ë lÉhÃTÈTğÊ_Ë Œ”Ž€Cg5WcM_BXIy>5\l`™BEJ?SHM_IbM[G3BcOQ@1`‡>5@hIG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO&M_GN@1O3>UM_GN@HA

BEIŒ@(€5S(WXVUO3BEuK@ˆ^<\CAC@LBXIZMbG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@L@hIuBEGN\[I5^<@HIKJdrfM[IBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dABEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IxiF@L@HWEBX^<BEIjMlJ3@dAŒM[W]JN\[Y[@hJ3>5@HG ¢£{|
 

n[\KV5GM[IUOQ`@hGBcO[n[@HON5vm@(€Cg5WcM_BXIb>U\l` b£{|;n[\KV5GM[IUOQ`@hGBcO[I5\KUv[JN>5@hI@(€Cg5WcM_BXIb>5\l` SHM_IBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HA<BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO



ij@wSh\[ImJNM[BEIU@HA 

 r0tO3BEIUYwJo`\ˆ\[GJ3>UG3@H@1O3@hImJ3@HIUS(@dO@h€Cg5WXM[BEIb>5\l` œfœ¢ShM_Ibij@VUO3@HA|}\KGGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@tOQ>jM_GNBEI5YLM_^<\[I5YaMˆO3@(J?\_|JTM[O3PCO&`‡>5@HIyJN>5@
JNMKOQPCO?M_GN@O3ST>5@dACV5WX@HAVUO3BEI5Yy”“1‰rjfM[InK\[V5G‡O3\[WXVCJ3BX\[IiF@VUOQ@dABEIg5GTM[S(J3BcShM_W!O3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KIUO £{|;IU\_JHvC`‡>nI5\_J 

Ì#5 r?š™>5@hI”&“‰RBXOVUO3@HA|}\[GJNMKOQPONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5YˆBXIMLGN@HM_WEz›J3BX^a@1M_g5g5WXBcShMlJNBE\KIv@(€Cg5WcM_BXIMLO3ST>5@H^<@tin`‡>5BcST>bOQ>jM_GNBEI5YL\_|ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W
G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO‡M[^<\[I5YJTM[O3PCO0ShM[Iij@aOQVUg5gj\KGQJN@HA!r BXu[@aM_IM[WEYK\[GNB]JN>5^ BXIgUO3@hVUA5\_zƒS(\CAC@wI5\[JNM_J3BX\[IJ3\AC@HONS(GNBEiF@wJN>5@LOQJ3@HgUO‡JN\
>UM_IjACWE@ GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Y[GTM_ImJ‡M_IUAGN@hWX@HMKOQ@Kr
ÌKÌ r‡ OQ@hJ?\[|>UM[GNAbG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@gj@HG3BX\CACBcStJTM[O3PCOIU@h@HAbJ3\<iF@O3ST>5@dACV5WX@HA\[IMˆVUI5BEgUG3\CS(@dO3O3\[GVUO3BEIUY<–t—wr5=?>5@|}\KWEWX\l`‡BEIUYˆJTM_i5WX@
S(\KIKJTM_BXIUOaJ3>U@AC@(JTM_BXWXO\[|1JN>5@HO3@xgF@hGNBE\CACBcSJNMKOQPCOM_IjA§JN>5@hBXGyVUO3@\_|J3>5GN@h@xIU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@xOQ>jM_GN@HA¢G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOHr¤fM_I
J3>5@ˆJNMKOQPCSO \UdLM_IUCA \Ufˆ^a@H@(J1J3>5@HBEGG3@dOQgF@HS(J3BXu[@ˆA5@HM[A5WEBXI5@HO1`‡>5@HIg5GNBE\KG3BEJonSh@hBXWEBXI5YygUG3\[J3\CS(\KW¥Ÿœ?fœ¦0BXOtVUOQ@dA|}\[GGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
O3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y
=;M[O3P  3  3 – Ì – – r 
\`b  55 r5 Ì  5
 z 5 6Ì 5

\ d
z z z
 55  
\Uf r55  5
\ n   5 r  6Ì 5 #Ì 5 6Ì 5
\ m 5 5 z z 
M[3O‡BEBEIUJNOtA5BXACSH@HMlMKJ3AC@dO0WEBXI5JN>5@Kr@ˆ=?gF@h>5GN@ˆBX\@hAImJ3\_GN|ŽBE@dJNO‡MKBXOQIhP J3\ >53 @ˆM[– IUA vU – 3 BXIUvjACM[BcIUShAxM_J3– @dOtBES(JNO\KWES(VU\K^a^aIjgUO‡VCBEJNIjM_ACJ3BXBXSH\[MlIJN@J3BXJ3^<>5@[@wr J3=?BX^a>5@L@ˆACgFV5@hGTGNMlBX\J3BXA\[I\_|q|}\K@HG0MKST`‡>>5JNBcMKST>OQPMaBXOtJNM[J3O3>UPb@aIUON@hM_@H^<AU@O
Ì r
J3>5@ IUM[^<@HAG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@tBXIIU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJNBEuK@1^<\CAC@Kr‹1O3O3V5^<@J3>UM_J0Ml|~J3@HG0MwJTM[O3PyGN@hWX@HM[O3@HOMLG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[vBEJ‡A5\m@dOI5\_J0M[SH‘mV5BEGN@


J3>5@wONM_^<@ \[G‡M[Imnb\_J3>U@hG‡GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr
Ì r?š™>5BXWE@B]J<BXOLBXI§Y[@HI5@hGTM_WqJ3GNV5@yJN>UMlJMu[\KBXA5M[IUS(@BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIeBEI¢œfœ¨BcOLJ3>5@g5G3BcS(@gUM_BcARJN\ZMu[\KBXAeO3BEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IUOLWE@dM[ACBXI5YxJN\
AC@HMKACWX\STPCOHÁmO3\[^<@hJ3BX^a@dOŽJTM[O3PO^<BEYK>mJV5IUA5@hGNY[\LMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@‡BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I`‡>U@hIJN>5@hBXG?G3@d‘KVU@HOQJq|}\[G?MwGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1ShM_IbBEIyIU\ˆ`?Mn


ShM[VUOQ@AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPCOhrq£ƒWXWXVUOoJNGNM_J3@J3>UBXOtimnS(\KIUOoJNG3VjS J3BXI5YM_I@h€CM[^<g5WE@ JN\yOQ>U\l` J3>jMlJt@Hu[@hI`‡>5@HIJ3>5@HG3@BcO‡I5\yST>UM[IUS(@\[|‹M[In

AC@HMKACWX\STPCOiF@hBXI5YyShM[VUOQ@dA!v5MLJNMKOQPyVUIUAC@hG0œ?fœ ^aBXY[>mJtOQJ3BXWEW!VUIUAC@hGNY[\MuK\[BcA5M_IUSh@tBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr

CÌ


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

Ì r r‡ O3@(Jˆ\[|0gj@HG3BX\CACBcS<JNMKOQPCOwIU@h@HAeJ3\ŒiF@ONST>5@dACV5WX@HAR\[IkMŒV5I5BXg5GN\Sh@HONOQ\KGHrx=?>5@b|}\[WXWE\l`‡BXI5YJTM_i5WX@Sh\[ImJNM[BEIUOwJ3>5@AC@(JTM_BXWXOˆ\_|
J3>5@dOQ@gF@hGNBX\A5BXS<JTM[O3PCOwM_IUA'JN>5@hBXGˆVjOQ@y\[|‡I5\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@yO3>UM_GN@HA'GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO – Ì vŽ– v;M[IUAe– r rfM_IRJTM[O3PD\Uf^<@h@hJ
B]JTO‡AC@HMKACWXBEI5@ `‡>5@HIJ3>5@JNMKOQPCO‡M[G3@ O3ST>U@HACV5WX@HAV5IUA5@hG0–0—¨M[IUAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonyS(@hBXWXBEI5Y<g5GN\_JN\CS(\[WŽ¥ œfœ¦BcO?VUO3@HAb|}\[G‡GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ 

O3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y
=;M[O3P - 3  3 – Ì – – r % 3 
\`b  55 r5 Ì  5 6Ì 5
 z 5 6Ì 5 5

\Ud
z z z 6Ì 5
55   
\ f r55  5
\ n  5 r  6Ì 5 #Ì 5 6Ì 5  5
 5  5 z z  

\Um
S(\K3WEBXV5IU^<ACBcIUShOtMlJNBEIj@HOACBXJNSH>5Ml@<JN@gjJ3@H>5G3BX@ˆ\CJ3AŒBX^<\[|&@ˆJNACMKV5OQGTDP MlJN\(BE3?\KIM[IU|}\[A Gt `‡3?>UBXIUBXSTAC>BcShM<M_J3JT@HM[OO3PBEJNOwIU@hSh@H\[AU^<O‡g5J3VC>UJT@ˆMlJNIUBEM[\K^aI@dJ3ABX^<G3@[@drOQ\K=?V5GT>5S(@<@ @hBEImIŒJNG3I5BX\[@HICO z{BXg5IŒGN@hJN@H>5^a@yg5– J3BXÌ u[v„@– ^<\CvACM[@[IUv A'3q– Bcr O
-
%


J3>5@wO3@hWE|;O3VUO3gj@HIUO3BE\KIbJNBE^<@w\[|„JNMKOQ+P \(3Qrq0WXW!J3BX^<@V5I5BEJNO‡>jMu[@ ij@H@hIxO3gj@dS(BE‚U@HABXI^<BXWEWXB~˜@HSh\[IUA5OHr

Ì Ur‡ O3@(Jq\_|!gF@hGNBE\CACBcS?JTM[O3PO‹IU@h@HAaJN\wiF@tO3ST>U@HACV5WX@HAa\KIyM V5I5BXg5G3\CSh@HONOQ\KGHr;=?>5@‡|}\[WXWX\l`‡BEI5YJTM_i5WX@tS(\KImJNM_BXIUO‹JN>5@tAC@hJNM[BEWcOŽ\_|ŠJN>5@HO3@
gj@HG3BX\CACBcS0JTM[O3PO?M[IUAyJN>5@hBXG‡VUO3@ \_|„I5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@O3>UM[G3@dAyGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhrqfM_IbJ3>5@ JTM[O3jP \kf^<@h@hJ‡B]JTO‡AC@HMKACWEBXI5@ `‡>5@HIbJN>5@
JNMKOQPCO?M_GN@O3ST>5@dACV5WX@HAV5IUAC@HGt–0—¨M[IUAbJ3>5@g5GNBX\[GNB]JonbSh@hBXWEBXI5Y<g5GN\_JN\Sh\[WŽ¥Ÿœ?fœ¦BcO?VUO3@HA|}\[G‡GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@O3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y
=;M[O3P  3  3 – Ì – – r 
\`b  55 r5 Ì  5
 z 5 6Ì 5

\ d
z z z
55
  
\Uf r55  5
\ n  5 r  6Ì 5 #Ì 5 6Ì 5
\ m 5 5 z z 
S(\K3 WEBXV5IU^<ACBcIUShO1MlJNBXIU@HOACBcJNSh>5Ml@<JN@ˆgjJN@H>5G3BX@a\CAŒJ3BX^<\[|&@aJNACMKVUOQDP GNM_\J3BX3 \[IM[IU|}A \KG1 `‡3 >UBXIUBXSTAC>'BcShM_MyJ3@HJTM[OO3BEPJNOwIUSh@h\[@H^<AUOtg5JNVC>5JT@<MlJNIUBE\KM_I^<J3@dBXA^<GN@[@HrO3\[=?V5>5GT@<S(@w@hImBXIŒJNG3IUBX@H\[O ICz{BXIŒg5GNJN@h>5@h@y^<–gCJNÌ BEuKv„@ˆ– ^<v\CM[ACIU@[A'rL0W– Xr W


J3BX^<@V5I5BEJNO‡>UMuK@1iF@h@HIxOQgF@HShB]‚U@dABEI^<BEWXWXBc˜@dS(\KIUA5OHr
Ì Crtf\[IUO3BcAC@hGtMyG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@wO3nOQJ3@H^`‡>U\KO3@ JNM[O3PST>UM_GTM[S(J3@hGNBcOoJNBXSHO‡M_IUAxAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HOM_GN@wAC@HONS(GNBXij@dABEIJN>5@w|}\KWEWX\l`‡BEIUY<JNM_iUWE@Kr
tONOQVU^a@ JN>UMlJtJ3>5@JTM[O3PCO‡>UMu[@ ’H@hGN\g5>UM[O3BXI5YyM_IUAGN@hgF@HM_Jt`‡B]JN>M<gj@HG3BX\CA\_| 5 ^y˜@dS_r?“t@hJ3@hGN^<BEIU@ˆMa|}@HMKOQBXi5WX@wO3ST>5@dACV5WX@
`‡>5BcST>Sh\[V5WcAbiF@VUO3@HAinbMaJNM[i5WX@(zƒACG3BXu[@HIONST>5@HA5V5WE@HGHr
=;M[O3P f\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IJ3BX^<@K¥  3 ¦^y˜@HS “t@dM[ACWXBXI5@y¥ $ 3 ¦^y˜@dS “1@hgF@hIUA5@hIUShn
\`b r5 z
Ì
5
\ d 5 \ b c/\ f
\Uf 5 \`b
6Ì 5 55
5
\ n \Ud
Ì1 rtgjf@H\[G3IUBX\CO3BcAyAC@h\[G‡| Ma G3@dM_^WEz OQJN@dBE^<S_rq@ =?OQ>5nC@1OQJ3JN@HMK^6OQPyBEIST>j`‡M_>5GTM[BcSTS >JN@h‚UGNBXu[OQ@ J3BcGNSh@HOM_M_WEz›IUJ3ABX^aAC@ @hgFgF@h@hIjGNBEAC\C@hACIUBcShS1BE@dJNO‡MKOQM_PCGN5O @1\ ACb @dgO3g Shg \UG3BXm iF>U@HAyMu[BX@I’hJ3@H>5G3@\a|}g5\[>UWXWXMK\lOQ`‡BXI5BEI5YYˆM_JNIUM[Ai5WEGN@K@hrqgF“t@HMl@hJ‡J3@H`‡G3^<BEJ3>BXI5M@
Ì 5
ML|}@HM[O3BXi5WE@ONST>5@HA5V5WE@ `‡>5BcST>xS(\KV5WXAiF@VUOQ@dAimnMˆJTM_i5WX@(zƒACGNBEuK@hIO3ST>U@HACV5WX@hGdr
=MKOQP f\[^<g5VCJTMlJNBE\KIJNBE^<@m¥  3 ¦^y˜@dS “1@HM[A5WEBXI5@y¥ $ 3 ¦^˜C@HS “1@hgF@hIjAC@hIUShn
\`b Ì 5 z
\ d r5 55 \ b
\Uf #Ì 5 5 \Ud
\ n 5  5 \`b



Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Ì 5rtf\[IUO3BcAC@hGtMyG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@wO3nOQJ3@H^`‡>U\KO3@ JNM[O3PST>UM_GTM[S(J3@hGNBcOoJNBXSHO‡M_IUAxAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HOM_GN@wAC@HONS(GNBXij@dABEIJN>5@w|}\KWEWX\l`‡BEIUY<JNM_iUWE@Kr
=?>5@HO3@JNMKOQPCOGN@hgF@HM_Jy@huK@hGNn Ì  5 ^<O3@HS[r•“1@(JN@hGN^<BEI5@ZMR|}@HMKOQBXi5WX@O3ST>5@dACV5WX@x`‡>5BcST> S(\[VUWXA iF@VUO3@HA in M'JTM_i5WX@(zƒACGNBEuK@hI
O3ST>U@HACV5WX@hGdr
=;M[O3P f\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IJ3BX^<@K¥  3 ¦^OQ@dS “1@HM[A5WEBXI5@y¥ $ 3 ¦^<O3@HS “t@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(n
\`b 6Ì 5 5 z
\Ud 6Ì 5 45 \`b
\ f r5 15 \ b
\ n 5 Ì5 \Uf[v \Ud
\Um r Ì5 \ d

«†¬ [¬0°Ž¬t·±‡¬0­


 Ì  K\[>5I§œ‹Kr [@H>5\CS(’hPn [V5B0˜>jM5vŽ–0M_YKV5IUM_J3>UM[Ik–0M oPV5^M_GdrŒœ&G3BX\[GNB]JonZBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@yg5GN\_JN\Sh\[WcO Z tI§M_g5gUG3\mM[ST>'J3\ZG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@

O3nmIjST>5G3\KI5BX’HMlJNBE\KIr

 CÃNÆlË5ÈhÆKÂ(śğÊlËUÈwÊ_Ë qÊ + CŃÉhÃTÈTv r ZXÌ[Ì 5  Ì[Ì 4 5v Ì  5 r
 

r

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 
   !#"$!%'& )(* +-,
.!/!#,0+1 324!5(6+57 8(.9;:8!5(6<!

=>@? ACBEDGFIHKJLNMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATOGUCVXWYWQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW]>@^Q>@J?RD>;LNVYO)?SUCHK_`JLND;? UCMIMHKLZPRUCJLNAaV>GLN>;\b?SPRAaD$LKVcdMbAaMIFHNUaOSeYfVI? O?gUa>AaVhBiATO

J)jILN>kMXATMIFIHZUCO)LlJ[^mAaB.DGFIHKJLNMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATOnUaVWoWQLN>@JO)LN\IFQJ?gWo>@^Q>@J?RD>pLZ>pJj?O?gP?RVqJkWQO)AaMrLKVoMIO)LZP?S>pAaBJ)jI?S>?>@^Q>@J?SD$>SetsAvu%WQFUaH
MIO)AQP?g>>AaOD$UTPwjILNVI?S>nUCO)?GUyxvUCLNHZUC\IHN?GUCJzIB{J[^J)A >LK|qJ[^J)jIAaFX>UaVW}O)FIMX?S?S>pUCVXW}Jj?GMIO)LZP?S>pUaO?;>@?RJJ)A WQO)AaM~?Rxa?SVmBiFIOJj?ROgek?R_
>LNWI?S>S€aWQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW;MIHZUvJ@BiATOD>>FPwjUa>6VI?RJ[uATO‚T?SWGƒ.„.>UCO)? PAaD$D$AaV;MIHZUaPR?ae6†VIAaJjI?SO‡O?gUa>AaV0JjUCJˆUvJ@J)O)UTPJw>#O)?SUaHl_`JLND$?‰>@^Q>@J?RD
WQ?Sxa?SHKATMX?SO)>‡JA$WQ?RMIHNAv^$D0FIHKJLNMIO)AQP?S>)>AaOˆUaVW8WQLZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SW >@^Q>@J?SD$>LZ>‡J)jI?EBŠUT>[J)?RO.O?g>@MbAaVX>@?EJLND;?g> UCVW$BŠUaFIHKJ@_`JAaHN?ROwUCVXP?Bi?gUvJ)FIO?g>
AaB>FPwjm>^Q>[J)?RD>Re ‹IFO@J)jI?ROnWQLN>@JO)LN\IFQJ?gW}MIO)AQP?S>)>LKVIc$LZ>AaB{J?RVd>@FILKJ)Ua\IHN?ŒBiAaOEUaMIMIHNLNPSUvJ)LKATV> JjXUvJnUaO?ŒVXUvJFO)UaHKHN^ WQLZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SW}UaVW
J)jI?p?Rxa?SVqJ)>.ACB/LNVqJ?SO?g>[J‰UCO)?cT?RVI?SO)UCJ?gWtUvJ‰ca?SAacTO)UaMIjILZPRUCHNHN^GWQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW HKAQPSUvJLNAaVX>Re†V ?|IUaD;MHK?nACB6>@FPwj UCV UCMIMIHNLZPRUvJ)LKATV8LZ> UCV
UaFQJATD$UCJ?gW8Mb?J)OATHK?SFID4O)?zV?RO)^a€u‰jI?RO)?nJjI?ŒMHNUaVTJLZ>‰>MIO?gUaW Avxa?SO U$PRAaV>LNWI?ROwUC\IHN?cT?RATcaOwUCMIjILZPEUaO?gUIe
†>.PRAaD$MUaO?gW;JA$>PwjI?gWQFIHNLKVcGO)?SUaHl_`JLND$?J)UT>@‚Q>AaV8UGFIVILNMIO)AQP?S>)>AaOg€T>)PwjI?SWQFHKLNVIcGJ)Ua>‚Q>ˆATV8DGFIHlJ)LKMOAQP?g>>AaO.UCVW WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW
>^Q>[J)?RD>nLN>pU D0FPwjdD;ATO?;WQLKŽPRFIHKJpMOAT\IHK?SDeŒd?$jUTW~>?R?RV~JjUCJnATMQJLNDUCH>)PwjI?SWQFHK?SO)>EBiAaOŒU >@?RJnAaBˆLKVXWQ?RMb?RVWI?RVqJŒO?gUCHK_J)LKD$?
JwUa>‚>$jXUyxa? MXATHK^VIATD;LZUCHPRAaD$MIHN?|QLKJ[^’‘iLNVqJJjI?}VFIDG\X?SOACBEJwUa>‚Q>;JAo\X?m>)PwjI?gWQFIHN?SW“e•”Avu.?Rxa?SOS€WQ?J)?RO)D;LNVILNVIchUCV–AaMQJ)LKDUaH
>)PwjI?SWIFIHK?nBiATOU;>?JAaBO)?SUaHl_`JLND$?EJwUa>‚Q> AaV}U;D0FIHKJLNMIO)APR?S>)>@ATO AaO‰U$WQLN>@JO)LN\IFQJ?gW>@^Q>@J?RD1LN>‰UaV}sEƒ_—jUaO)W8MIOAT\IHN?RD™˜ š`e
›}FHlJ)LKMIO)AQP?g>>AaO;>@^Q>@J?RD>;UCO)?8‚VIAvu‰VYUT>kJ)LKcTjqJHN^oPRAaFIMHK?gWY>^>@J?SD>Reoœ jILZ>;PwjXUCOwUaPJ)?RO)LN>@JLZP$ACBnUmD0FHlJ)LKMIO)AQP?g>>AaO;>@^Q>@J?RD
WQ?SVIACJ)?S> J)jI?Œ?|QLZ>[J)?RVPR?ŒACB>@jXUCO)?SW MIj^>LZPRUCH5D$?SD;ATO^8LKV Jj?0>@^Q>@J?SD ežV}PRAaVqJOwUa>@JS€IUWQLZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SW>^Q>[J)?RD4LZ>PSUCHNHK?gW U;HNAAT>?RHN^
PRAaFIMIHN?SW >^>@J?SD1UaVW8LZ>WQ?SxaATLNW ACB6UCV^8>jUCO)?SW MIj^Q>@LZPRUaHbD$?SD;ATO^Te6žVUGJ)LKcTjTJ)HK^ PATFIMIHN?SW >@^Q>@J?RD€QJ)jI?ŒLNVTJ)?RO)MIO)APR?S>)> PAaD$DGFQ_
VILZPRUCJLNAaVŸ‘i[ƒ „ “ELZ>nLKV?|QMX?SV>LKxT?$UaVWrPRUCVd\X?LNcaVAaO)?SWmPRAaD$MUCO)?SWmJA J)UT>@‚}?R|Q?SPFIJLNAaVdJLND;?g>Re$œ jILZ>pLN>Œ>A \X?gPRUCFX>@?;LKVqJ)?RO_JwUa>‚
PRAaD$D0FIVLNPSUvJLNAaV;LZ>UaPwjILN?RxT?SW0JjIO)AaFIcTj0O)?SUTWI>UCVWGu‰O)LlJ)?S>JApJ)jI?‰>@jXUCO)?SWGD;?SD$AaO)^ae#”EAvu?Sxa?SOS€yJ)jI?>UaD$?.LZ>6VIAaJJO)FI? LKV;Jj?PRUa>?
AaBXWQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW;PAaD$MIFIJLNVIcn>^Q>[J)?RD>#u‰jI?RO)?LNVqJ?SO@_`J)UT>@‚ŒPATD$D0FIVILZPRUCJLNAaVŒJ)LKD$?g>UaO? PATD$MUCOwUC\IHN?J)AEJwUa>‚Œ?|Q?SPRFQJLNAaV0JLND;?g>Re6FI?
J)AkJjLN>O?gUa>AaV-€qUŒD0FHlJ)LKMIO)AQP?g>>AaO.>@^Q>@J?RD%DUy^GFX>@?nU0P?SVqJOwUCHNLK¡S?SWWQLZ>@MXUvJ)Pwj?RO¢v>)PwjI?SWQFHK?SOu‰jI?RO)?SUT>ˆUkWQLZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SW >@^Q>@J?SD%PSUCV
VIAaJSe †£P?SVqJOwUCHNLK¡S?SW>Pwj?SWQFIHN?ROEuATFIHNW O)?S¤qFILNO?pDUCLNVqJ)UaLKVILNVIc$J)jI?0>@J)UvJ)?kACBJj?0xvUCO)LKATF>.J)UT>@‚Q>‰AaB#J)jI?0>^Q>[J)?RD¥LKVmUPR?RVqJOwUCHNLK¡S?SW
WIUCJ)UŒ>@JO)FPJ)FIO)?ae6œ jILN>‡uATFIHNW;O)?S¤qFILNO? xvUCO)LNAaF>6MIO)AQP?g>>AaOw>LKV;Jj?E>@^Q>@J?SD£JAŒFMbWIUCJ?‰LKJˆu‰jI?SVI?RxT?RO6Jj?E>[JwUvJ)?‰ACB5UnJ)Ua>‚0PwjUaVIca?g>
UaVW PRAaV>?S¤qFI?SVqJHN^tuATFIHZW8O)?S>FIHKJLKV jILNcaj}PATD;DGFIVILZPRUCJLNAaVUaHbAvxT?RO)jI?SUTWI>Se
¦ Pwj?SWQFIHNLNVIcO?gUCHK_J)LKD$?pJwUa>‚>AaVmWQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW}UaVWD0FIHKJLNMIO)AQP?S>)>AaO>^>@J?SD>EPATV>LN>@J)>‰AaB6J[uAt>FI\Q_—MIO)Aa\IHN?RD>S§J)UT>@‚ UCHNHKAQPRUC_
J)LKATV$JAkMIO)AQP?g>>AaOw>UCVW>)PwjI?gWQFIHNLKVIckJ)Ua>‚Q>AaV$J)jI?LNVWQLNxLNWQFXUCHMOAQP?g>>AaOw>Se#œ jI?‰JwUa>‚;UT>>LNcaVID$?RVqJ‡MIO)Aa\HK?SD¨LZ>ˆPATVP?SOV?SW$u‰LKJj
jIAvu’JA$MUaO@J)LlJ)LKATV U$>?J‰ACB#J)Ua>‚Q> UCVW Jj?RV jIAvu•J)A$UT>>LNcaVtJ)jI?S>?pJA;J)jI?pMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO)>SeœUa>‚tUa>)>LKcTVID$?RVqJ PSUCV ?RLKJjI?SO\b?p>@J)UCJLZP
ATO.WQ^VUaD$LNPaežVtJj?p>@J)UCJLZPUaHKHNAQPRUCJLNAaV8>)PwjI?RD$?T€TJ)jI?ŒUCHNHKAQPSUvJLNAaV8ACB-JwUa>‚>J)AGVIAQWQ?g>.LN>.Mb?RO)D$UaVI?RVqJ‰UCVW WQA?S>.VIAaJ PwjUaVIca?nu‰LKJj
J)LKD$?ae6©jI?SO?gUa>LNV;JjI?WQ^VUCD$LZP J)UT>@‚0UT>>LNcaVID$?RVqJg€CJ)UT>@‚Q>‡UaO?‰UT>>LKcTVI?SW0JA0VIAQWQ?S>‡UT>6Jj?R^$UCO)LN>?aeœ jqFX>R€TLKV$J)jI?EWQ^VUaD;LZP‰PRUT>@?T€
WQLKª«?RO)?RVqJLKVX>[JwUCVPR?S> ACB6UGJ)Ua>‚tDUy^t\b?kUCHNHKAQPSUvJ?gWJ)AtWQLlª«?RO)?RVqJ‰VIAQWQ?g>Re‡†B{J?RO>@FPSP?g>>@BiFIH«J)UT>@‚ Ua>)>@LNcaVID$?SVTJ.JA$J)jI?pMIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>S€
u.?GPSUCV~PRAaV>LNWI?ROJ)jI?GJ)Ua>‚Q>EATVm?SUTPwjmMIO)AQP?S>)>AaOLNVWQLNxLNWQFXUCHNHK^}UCVXWJjI?SO?RBiAaO)?kJ)jI?;>?SPRAaVWmMIjUa>?kAaB‡JjI?;D0FHlJ)LKMIO)AQP?g>>AaOEUaVW
WQLZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SW>^Q>[J)?RD> O?gWQFPR?S>.JA;J)jI?k>Pwj?SWQFIHNLNVIcMIO)Aa\IHN?RD¬LNV FIVILNMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO)>Se
œ jI?EJ)UT>@‚UCHNHNAPSUvJ)LKATV$JA0MOAQP?g>>AaOw>LNV8DGFIHlJ)LKMOAQP?g>>AaOUCVWtWILN>@JO)LK\FQJ?gWt?RVxLNOATVID$?RVqJ)>ˆLN>.UCV8sƒ_—jUCOwW$MIO)Aa\IHN?RDUaVWtWQ?R_
J)?RO)D;LNVILNVIctUCVATMQJLNDUCH/>AaHNFQJLNAaVjUT> ?|QMbAaVI?SVTJ)LNUaH/PATD$MIHK?R|QLlJ[^Te ¦ A€XD$AT>@JACBJjI?kUaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID>.JjUCJUCO)?ŒWQ?RMIHNAv^a?gW8LNV}MIOwUaPJLZP?
UaO?;jI?RFOLZ>[J)LNPUaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID>Re$œUa>‚mUCHNHKAQPRUCJLNAaVoUCHNcaATOLKJjID>pPRUaVd\b?tPHZUa>)>Llz?gWmLNVqJA?RLKJjI?SO0>@J)UvJ)LNP;ATOkWQ^VUCD$LZP;UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID>Re;žV
>@J)UCJLZPŒUCHNcaAaO)LKJjID>‰UCHNH-J)jI?pJ)UT>@‚Q>UaO?pMUaO@J)LlJ)LKATVI?SWLNVqJAt>FI\>^Q>[J)?RD>Re.­ˆUTPwj >FI\>^Q>[J)?RD4LZ>EUT>>LNcaVI?gWtJ)AtU>@?SMUCOwUvJ)?nMOAQP?g>>AaOge
žV PAaVqJ)O)UT>[Jg€qLNV U;WQ^VUaD;LZPn>@^Q>@J?RDJwUa>‚Q>ˆO)?SUTWQ^;BiAaO ?|Q?SPRFQJLNAaV UCO)?EMIHZUaPR?SW8LKV AaVI?pPATD$D;ATVtMIO)LKATOLKJ[^¤qFI?RFI?pUCVXW8WQLZ>@MXUvJ)Pwj?SW
J)A~MIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw>nBiAaO0?R|Q?SPFIJLNAaV®Ua>kJjI? MIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>p\b?SPRAaD$? UyxvUaLKHZUC\IHN?ae}—J;LN>kJjI?SO?RBiAaO)?tMbAT>)>@LN\IHN?JjUCJ;WQLKª«?RO)?RVqJGLNV>@J)UCVXP?S>0ACB
Mb?RO)LKAQWQLZPEJ)Ua>‚Q>ˆ?R|Q?SPFIJ?nAaV8WQLKª«?RO)?RVqJ.MOAQP?g>>AaOw>Se#›}Aq>[J jUCOwWO)?SUaHl_`JLND$?>^>@J?SD>\FILKHKJ JA;WIUvJ)?nUaVWtMbAT>)>@LN\IHN^$LKV VI?SUaOˆBiFIJFIO)?
UaO?0UaHKH6>@J)UvJ)LNPGLNVmVUvJ)FIO)?aep”Avu.?Rxa?SOS€XLKVqJ)FILlJ)LKxT?RHN^mU8WQ^VUaD$LNP0O?gUCHK_J)LKD$?0>^Q>[J)?RD¯PRUaVmDUC‚a?GD$AaO)?k?ŽtPLN?RVqJpFQJLNHNLK¡gUvJLNAaV~ACB‡J)jI?

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

UyxvUCLNHZUC\IHN?O)?S>AaFO)PR?S>Se
œ jILZ>PwjUaMQJ?SOLN>ATOcqUCVILN¡R?gW0UT>BiAaHNHKAvu>Se/r? zOw>[JˆWQLZ>)PF>)>J)UT>@‚0UaHKHNAQPRUCJLNAaV$>PwjI?SD$?S>BiAaODGFIHKJLNMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO)>Se-r?VI?|JˆWQLZ>)PF>)>
WQ^VUaD$LNP}UaHKHNAQPRUvJ)LKATVYAaBJwUa>‚>;J)AhMIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>SeŸ‹#LNVUaHKHN^a€ u.?UTWIWQO)?S>)>;JjI?mPRHKAQPw‚Y>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV]MIOAT\IHN?RD LNV©WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW
>^Q>[J)?RD>Re

    !"#$%#'&
žVJ)jILZ>>?SPJLNAaVu.?EWQLZ>PRF>>UŒBi?Su•UCHNcaAaO)LKJjID>6BiATO>@J)UvJ)LNPSUCHNHK^$UCHNHNAPSUvJ)LKVIc0O?gUCHK_J)LKD$? J)UT>@‚Q>‡JAkJ)jI?EMOAQP?g>>AaOw>6ACB/UkD0FIHKJLNMIO)APR?S>@_
>AaO‰>^>@J?SDed?kUaHKO)?SUTWQ^‚VIAvu©JjXUvJLNV U$>@J)UvJ)LNPnJwUa>‚8UCHNHNAPSUvJ)LKATV UCHNcaATOLKJjD €QUaHKHNAQPRUvJ)LKATV LZ> DUaWQ?p\b?BiATO?pO)FIV8J)LKD$?T€UCVW J)jI?
UaHKHNAQPRUvJ)LKATV O)?RDUaLKV> xvUaHKLZW JjIO)AaFIcTj ATFQJEU;BiFIHNH/O)FIVACBJjI?k>^Q>[J)?RDeˆ†>UCHNO?gUaWQ^8D;?SVqJLNAaVI?gW5€QJj?pJ)Ua>‚ UaHKHNAQPRUCJLNAaV UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID>
BiATOD0FIHKJLNMIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>6WQAŒVACJJO)^kJ)AŒD$LKVILND$LK¡S?PATD;DGFIVILZPRUCJLNAaVPAq>[Jw>Ua>6LNVTJ)?RO)MIO)APR?S>)>PATD;DGFIVILZPRUCJLNAaVGJLND;?Teœ jILN>‡LN>6\b?SPSUCF>?
LNVYDGFIHlJ)LKMOAQP?g>>AaOw>kPRAaD$D0FIVLNPSUvJLNAaV®JLND;? LN>GJ)jI? >)UCD$? UT>0D$?SD;ATO^oUaPSP?g>>0JLND$?a€‡WQFI? JA~JjI?UyxvUCLNHNUa\ILNHKLKJ[^dAaB‰JjI?>jUCO)?SW
D$?RD$ATO^$LNV WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW >@^Q>@J?RD>Seœ jLN>.LZ>‡J)jI?O)?SUT>@ATVu‰j^$JjI?J)UT>@‚UCHNHNAPSUvJ)LKATVtUCHNcaAaO)LKJjID>J)jUvJ u.?nWQLZ>)PF>)>ˆLNVtJ)jILZ>>?SPJLNAaV
DUy^VIACJnuATO‚>)UvJLZ>@BŠUaPJ)AaO)LKHN^ LKV~WILN>@JO)LK\FQJ?gWm?RVxLNOATVID$?RVqJ)>Seœ jI?;UCHNHKAQPSUvJLNAaVmUaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID>‰J)jUvJpu?;WQLZ>PRF>>nUCO)?0PR?RVqJOwUCHNLK¡S?SW
UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID>RežV JjI?pBiATHKHNAvu‰LKVc€Qu.?pWILN>)PF>)>‰UGBi?Ru LKD$MbAaOJ)UaVTJDGFIHKJLNMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATOˆJwUa>‚8UCHNHKAQPSUvJLNAaVUCHNcaATOLKJjD$>Se
()+*-,-*/.102)+*-35476'08,-094:1*/4;=<>,-;538?@*A)+BCED‰œ jILZ>UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID¬DUCLNVqJ)UCLNV>.J)jI?pJ)UT>@‚Q> LNV LNVPRO?gUa>LKVIc;AaOwWQ?SO‰ACB/J)jI?RLNOFQJ)LKHNLN¡SUvJ)LKATV>Se
—J O?SD$Avxa?S>ˆJ)UT>@‚Q>AaVI?n\^$AaVI?BiOATDJjI?njI?gUaWtAaB-Jj?p¤qFI?SFI?pUCVW UCHNHKAQPRUCJ?g>‡J)jI?RDJ)A0J)jI?pHK?gUa>@J.FQJ)LKHNLN¡R?SW8MIO)APR?S>)>@ATOˆ?gUaPwjtJ)LKD$?Te
œ jI?GAa2\ F[?gPJ)LKxT?kACB‡>?RHN?SPJ)LKVcJjI?GHK?gUa>@JFQJ)LKHNLN¡R?SWmMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO‰?SUaPwjJ)LKD$?GLN>EJAt\XUCHZUCVPR?kFQJLNHNLK¡gUvJLNAaV~ACBJj?GWQLKªb?SO?SVqJEMIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>Se
žVtUŒMb?ROBi?SPJHN^$\UCHZUCVPR?SW$>^>@J?SD¨J)jI?EFIJLNHKLN¡SUCJLNAaHV GJI-UvJˆ?gUaPwjMIO)AQP?g>>AaO?g¤TFXUCHZ>6JjI?Avxa?SO)UaHKHQFQJ)LKHNLN¡SUvJ)LKATVACB«Jj?EMIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw> G ACB
J)jI?>@^Q>@J?SD e”E?RO)?J)jI?FQJ)LKHNLN¡SUvJ)LKATV$ACB5UpMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO KI5LZ>6Jj?>@FID$DUvJ)LKATV$ACBbJjI?FIJLNHKLN¡SUCJLNAaV$ACB5UCHNHQJ)UT>@‚Q>UT>>LKcTVI?SW0JAŒLKJSe6—MB L NOI
LZ>J)jI?E>?JˆAaB5UaHKHJ)UT>@‚Q>‡UT>>LKcTVI?SW0JAGUŒMIO)APR?S>)>@ATPO KI@€aJ)jI?RVtJjI?FIJLNHKLN¡SUCJLNAaVACB«J)jI?MIO)AQP?S>)>AaPO KI-LZP> GJIRQTSVU#WYXYZ\[]G5^`_v€Tu‰j?RO)? Ga^`_
LZ>‰J)jI?kFQJ)LKHNLK¡gUvJ)LKATVWIFI?ŒJAtJjI?ŒJwUa> ‚ N U e.—Bcƒ b LN>‰JjI?0>?JACB‡UCHNH-MIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw>LNVJj?G>^>@J?SD>R€QJ)jI?RV GdQeSVU#W1fRg'GJI‡”EAvu?Sxa?ROg€
F>LNVIctJ)jILN>nUCHNcaATOLKJjD1LKJLZ>ExT?RO)^ WILlŽtPFHlJnJA8UTPwjILN?Rxa?0MX?SO@Bi?gPJp\UCHZUCVPRLKVcACB‡FQJ)LKHNLK¡gUvJ)LKATV>UTPO)AT>)>WQLKªb?SO?SVqJMIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw> BiAaOnUCV
UaO\ILKJOwUCO)^ŒJwUa>‚;>?Jge6œ jXUvJLZ>S€TLKJLZ>‡xT?RO)^GWQLKŽtPFIHKJˆJ)A0DUC‚T? G I Q GtBiATOˆ?SUTPw$ j K I eœ jI?E>LKD$MIHN?Ej?RFIO)LN>@JLZP‰F>?SWtLKV$J)jILN>.UCHNcaATOLKJjD
cTLKxT?S>>FI\bAaMQJ)LKDUCHO)?S>FIHlJw>Re‰œ jI?GAa2\ F[?gPJ)LKxT?ŒACBˆUCV^ caAAQWFQJLNHKLN¡SUCJLNAaV}\UaHNUaVPLNVIc8UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID4LZ>‰J)A8D$LNVILKD$LN¡RH? S7hIjikPl ‘ G>mnG I “ l €
u‰jI?SO?.V;LN>VFID0\b?RO6AaBXMIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw>-LNVkJj? >^Q>[J)?RD€ G$LZ>UyxT?ROwUCcT?‡FQJLNHNLK¡gUvJLNAaVGACBbMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO)>S€gUaVoW G I LN>FQJ)LKHNLN¡SUvJ)LKATVGAaBMIO)AQP?S>)>AaRO p
œ jILZ>UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID¬LZ>>@FLlJwUC\IHN?Œu‰jI?RV J)jI?kVFID0\b?ROEACB6MIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO)>.LNVU$DGFIHKJLNMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO‰LN> z|?gW5eœ j?ŒFQJLNHKLN¡SUCJLNAaV\UaHNUaVPLNVIc
UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID¬PRUaV \b?ŒF>?SW u‰jI?RV J)jI?pJ)UT>@‚Q>‰UvJ J)jI?ŒLKVXWQLKxLZWQFUaH-MIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>.UCO)?Œ>Pwj?SWQFIHN?SW F>LKVc$­‹.e
qrtsO)#uwv*A)$<>,-;538?@*A)+BCyxz38?{>|}<~D•žV}J)jILN>UCHNcaATOLKJjID€«U$J)UT>@‚>?JLZ>MXUCOJLKJLNAaVI?gW}>@AJ)jUvJn?SUTPwj}MUCOJLKJLNAaV}LZ>>)PwjI?gW_
FIHN?SW~AaV~UtFIVILNMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATOEF>LKV> c b›m† >Pwj?SWQFIHNLNVIcepœ jILZ>UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID¥UCJ@J)?RD$MQJ)>J)A8F>?GUT>Bi?Su MIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO)>UT>EMbAT>)>LK\IHN?aenœ jILZ>
UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID1FVIHKLN‚a?kJjI?GFQJLNHKLN¡SUCJLNAaVm\XUCHZUCVPRLKVIc UCHNcaAaO)LKJjID¥WQA?S>VACJO)?S¤qFILNO)?ŒJjI?GVFID0\b?ROACB‡MIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw> ACBJj?G>^>@J?SD4J)A8\b?
MIO)?SWI?J?SOD$LNVI?SWdUCVW~caLNxa?SV~\b?BiAaO)?;jUCVW-ek—JpPRHNUT>>LKz?S>EJjI?WQLKª«?RO)?RVqJJwUa>‚Q>LNVqJAUtBi?Su¨PHZUa>)>?S>\Ua>?SW~AaVmJ)jI?$FQJLNHNLK¡gUvJLNAaVdACB
J)jI?‰J)UT>@‚«eˆfVI?‰ATOˆD$AaO)?‰MIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>UaO?UT>>LNcaVI?gWG?R|IPHNF>@LNxa?SHK^0JAk?gUaPwjPHZUa>)>AaBbJwUa>‚Q>Re6œ jI??g>>?RVPR?‰ACB«JjLN>.UCHNcaATOLKJjID LN>‡JjUCJ
JwUa>‚> u‰LKJj}>LKD$LNHNUaO‰FQJLNHNLK¡gUvJLNAaV xvUCHNFI?S>EUCO)?n>)PwjI?SWIFIHK?gW AaV JjI?k>)UCD$?pMIO)APR?S>)>@ATOSe
žV8JjILZ>‰UCHNcaATOLKJjID€qJ)UT>@‚Q> UCO)?pPHZUa>)>@LKz?SW8\Ua>?SW8AaV8JjI?SLKO‰FQJ)LKHNLN¡SUvJ)LKATV UTPRPATO)WILKVIc0JA;Jj?BiATHKHNAvu‰LNVIcGMbAaHNLZP^ae6—B#JjI?nJ)UT>@‚Q> UCO)?
J)A;\b?kWQLNxLNWQ?gW LKVqJAD¥PHZUa>)>@?g>R€QUGJ)UT>@ ‚ N I \b?RHNAaVcT>.JAUPRHNUT>> F8€ €=‚Hƒ„d€ILKª
†‘ T‡_/ˆ ‡ m ° ‰“ ƒ‹Š IzŒw5I € †‘ ‡_ m ° “ Ž Ž"ŽRA‘ aŽ ° “
e
¦ FMIMXAq>@? u?8u‰LN>jhJAdMUCOJLKJLNAaVoJ)jI? J)Ua>‚Q>kAaBEUm>@^Q>@J?SDLNVqJA~BiAaFIO;PHZUa>)>@?g>Re~œ j?RV®\^oF>LKVIcr­|QMIOgd e e ° €J)jI? WQLKª«?RO)?RVqJ
PRHNUT>>?S> PRUaV \b?pBiAaO)D0FHNUCJ?SW WQ?SMX?SVWQLNVIcAaV Jj?ŒFQJLNHKLN¡SUCJLNAaV ACBJjI?pJwUa>‚Q>‰Ua>.BiAaHNHNAvu>R§
 ,-08‘"‘“’5Dn†‘ ”‡ m ° ‰“ ƒ‹• k € †‘ ‡‡ m ° “
 ,-08‘"‘$–MDn†‘ —‡ m ° ‰“ ƒ‹•c˜o€ †‘ ”‡ m ° “
 ,-08‘"‘H™RDn†‘ š‡ m ° ‰“ ƒ‹•c›o€ †‘ —‡ m ° “

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ,-08‘"‘
D‰ƒ‹•€ †‘ š‡ m ° “
‹OATD Jj?~UC\bAvxa?T€J)jI?mFQJ)LKHNLN¡SUvJ)LKATV©caO)LNW]BiATOJjI?dWQLlª«?RO)?RVqJ PRHNUT>>?S>8PRUCVŸ\b?mBiATFIVW–JAh\b?a§®„HZUa>)> ° §–‘-Ie  ° € ° š`€‰PRHNUT>>$I§
‘/I€ I€ Ie  ° š`€PHZUa>)>I§‰‘/Ie °  € Ie q“€QUCVXW PRHNUT>> X§‘-I€ Ie °  š`e
r?PRUaVGxLN?Ru]­‡|QMIOSee ° Ua>WQ?RzVILNVIcŒcaO)LNW>6AaVGJjI?‰FQJ)LKHNLN¡SUvJ)LKATV$MIHKAaJ‡ACBXJjI? JwUa>‚>Se6†–J)Ua>‚kLZ>Ua>)>@LNcaV?SW0JAŒUpcaO)LNW;WQ?SMX?SVWQLNVIc
ATV LKJ)>EFQJLNHNLK¡gUvJLNAaV/e.—JLN>‰VACJWQLKŽtPFIHKJJ)AtAa\>?RO)xa?nJ)jUvJJ)jI?0>LK¡S?ŒACB6Jj?kcaO)LNW>UvJjILNcaj?RO‰JwUa>‚ FQJ)LKHNLN¡SUvJ)LKATVxyUaHKF?S>EUaO?ŒPRATUCOw>?RO
PRAaD$MUCO)?SW}JA JjUCJpUCJnHNAvu J)UT>@‚}FQJ)LKHNLN¡SUvJ)LKATV~xvUCHNFI?g>Rekœ jI?;caO)LZWm>@LN¡R?;ACB.PHZUa>)> ° J)Ua>‚Q>ELZ> ° _ Ie  ° Q%Ie  €u‰jI?RO)?SUT>J)jI?GcTOLZWm>LK¡S?
AaB‰JjI? PHZUa>)> JwUa>‚>0LN> Ie Qe ¦ LND0FIHZUvJ)LKATVY>[J)FWQLN?S>GLKVXWQLNPSUvJ)?tJjXUvJGFX>@LNVIc}J)jI? V?|J0zIJ$UCHNcaATOLKJjID UvJGD;Aq>[JHQe  }J)LKD$?g>kJ)jI?
ATMQJLND0FID1VFID0\b?ROAaBMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO)>.UCO)?ŒO?g¤qFILKO)?SW-ed?kVAvu’LNHKHNF>@JOwUvJ?pJ)jI?ku.AaO)‚LKVIc;ACB6J)jILN>‰J)Ua>‚ UaHKHNAQPRUCJLNAaV D;?RJjIAQWF>LNVIcUCV
?R|QUaD$MIHK?Te
 sM09C ,-r-’5D
œ jI?EBiAaHNHKAvu‰LNVIcpJwUC\IHN?>jIAvu>6J)jI?E?R|?gPFQJ)LKATVJLND$?S>‘iLNV8D>@?gPS“UaVWMb?RO)LKAQWI>‘iLNVtD>@?gPS“‡ACB-U0>?JˆAaB ° ŒMb?RO)LNAWILNP‰O)?SUaHl_`JLND$?‰J)UT>@‚Q>Se
†>>FID$?EJ)jUvJ J)jI?EJwUa>‚Q>V?R?SWtJA;OFV8AaV UkDGFIHlJ)LKMOAQP?g>>AaO.u‰LKJ j ;MIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw>Re†HNHKAQPRUCJ?JjI?nJwUa>‚>ˆJA;MIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw>‡F>LKVc0J)jI?
VI?R|J‰zIJEUCHNcaATOLKJjIDe†E>)>FID$?J)jUvJ‰J)jI?ŒLNVWQLNxqLZWQFUaH-MIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw>UaO?nJA$\b?k>Pwj?SWQFIHN?SW F>LNVIHc b›m† UCHNcaATOLKJjD e
œUa>‚ N k N ˜ NO› N N N N N  N  N k
ŠI  ° ° ° °   °
 I °  ° 1 @ 1 t 1  @ ° 1 
œ#Ua\IHK?Tee ° §œUa>‚ ¦ ?J‰BiATO­|IUCD$MIHN?%e °
sEAvuŒ€Iu?GPRUCV}WQ?RJ?SOD$LNVI?ŒJj?kFQJLNHNLK¡gUvJLNAaV}AaB6JjI?0WILlª«?RO)?RVqJJwUa>‚>EUCVW\UT>@?gW AaVJjXUvJEu.?0PRUaV}Ua>)>@LNcaV Jj?0WQLKªb?SO?SVTJEJ)Ua>‚Q>
J)A$WILlª«?RO)?RVqJ‰PHZUa>)>@?g>Reœ jI?BiAaHNHKAvu‰LNVIcGJ)Ua\IHK?Œ>jIAvu>ˆJjI?ŒPATD$MIFQJ)UCJLNAaV ACB-J)jI?pFQJLNHNLK¡gUvJLNAaV ACB?SUTPwjtJ)UT>@‚tUaVWt\XUa>?SWtATV8J)jUvJ J)jI?
UT>>LKcTVID$?RVqJ‰ACB#JjI?pJwUa>‚>.J)AWQLlª«?RO)?RVqJEPRHNUT>>?S>Se
œ#UT>@‚ N k N ˜ NO› N N N N N N N k 
Š\I  ° ° ° °   °
aI °  ° 1 @ Y  Y 1 !  ° 1
G I Ie Ie ! e °  Ie   Ie ! Ie  Ie Y e  Ie °  e °
„HNUT>> °      
œ#Ua\IHK?Te e Q§ ¦ ATHKFQJ)LKATV8BiATO­|IUCD$MIHN? e °
"
6 *-4$# 09:&M% *-4; <>,-;538?@*-)"BC xz3a?')>( v D~œ jLN>.UCHNcaATOLKJjIDUvJJ?SD;MIJ)>JA;UCHNHKAQPRUCJ?‰JwUa>‚Q>JA0JjI?nMIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw>>@FPwjtJjUCJJ)jI?
JwUa>‚>‡AaV;JjI?ELKVWILKxLZWQFUCHXMIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>6PSUCV\b?E>@FXPRP?g>>@BiFIHNHK^;>Pwj?SWQFIHN?SW;F>LNVIc0­ˆn‹.eaœ jILZ>‡D$?SUaV>6J)jUvJ‡JwUa>‚Q>‡UCO)? JAŒ\b?EUa>)>LKcTVI?SW
J)A}MIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO)>n>@FXPwj~J)jUvJŒJ)jI?FQJLNHNLK¡gUvJLNAaVhUCJ0UCV^mMIO)AQP?S>)>AaOpWQA?S>ŒVIAaJŒ?|IP?S?SW ° e.LKVoMUTPw‚LKVIcLZ>ŒU}>[JwUCVWUCOwW~UCHNcaATOLKJjD;LZP
MIO)Aa\HK?SD e6r?pBiAaO)D0FIHZUvJ)?nJjI?pJwUa>‚8UCHNHKAQPSUvJLNAaV MIO)Aa\IHN?RD1Ua>‰U;\ILNV MXUaPw‚LKVcGMIO)Aa\HK?SD¬LKV J)jI?pBiAaHNHKAvu‰LNVIcXe
r? UaO? caLNxa?SV®VYMb?RO)LKAQWQLZPtO)?SUaHl_`JLND$?tJwUa>‚>Seo©jI?RVYJjI?LNVWQLNxLNWQFXUCH.MIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO)>GUCO)?tJAd\X?}>)PwjI?SWIFIHK?gWhF>LKVc~J)jI? ­‹
UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID€/J)jI?8VFIDG\X?SOG\ILNV>0VI?SPR?S>)>UaO^rPRUCVh\b?8?R|QMIO?g>>?SWhUT>R§* S hI ik GJI,+Tedœ jI?t\ILNV®MUTPw‚qLNVIcmMOAT\IHK?SD LZ>k‚VIAvu‰VoJ)A~\b?
sƒ_žPAaD$MIHN?J)?ae
¦ ?Sxa?SO)UaHb\LKV MUaPw‚LNVIcUCHNcaATOLKJjID>.?|QLZ>[Jge‡œ jI?nJ[uA;J)jUvJu.?ŒWQLN>)PFX>>‰UaO?JjI?pzXO)>@J@_`zIJ‰O)UaVWQATD4UCHNcaATOLKJjID¬UaVW8JjI?pzOw>@J@_`zIJ
WQ?gPO)?SUT>@LNVIctUCHNcaATOLKJjD$>Se‰žVJj?kzOw>[JzIJOwUCVXWQAaD UCHNcaATOLKJjID€J)Ua>‚Q>UCO)?0>?RHN?SPJ?SWmO)UaVWQAaD$HN^ UaVWmUa>)>LKcTVI?SW JA MIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)> LNV
UaV~UCO)\ILKJOwUCO)^ DUCVVI?ROpUa>HKATVIc UT>JjI?;FQJLNHNLK¡gUvJLNAaVdACBˆU MIO)APR?S>)>@ATOEWQA?S>nVIAaJ?R|QPR?R?gW ° epžV~JjILZ>p>PwjI?SD$?a€5UvJnD;Aq>[J ° e-;J)LKD$?g>
J)jI?ŒAaMQJ)LKDGFID4VFIDG\X?SO‰ACB6MIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>.UCO)?pO?g¤qFILKO)?SW-e
žV~JjI?GzOw>[J_zIJŒWQ?gPO)?SUa>LNVIc UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID€XJ)jI?GJ)Ua>‚Q>pUCO)?G>AaOJ?SWmLKVrVIAaVI_`LNVPO)?SUT>@LNVIctATO)WI?ROnACB‡J)jI?RLNO0„.ƒˆ= FQJLNHKLN¡SUCJLNAaVdLKVrUCV
ATO)WQ?SO?gWmHNLN>@Jt‘{J)jUvJkLZ>R€/JjI?;JwUa>‚mu‰LlJ)jrJjI?$jILNcajI?g>[JŒFQJ)LKHNLN¡SUvJ)LKATVoLN>ŒUT>>LKcTVI?SWmJjI?$zXO)>@JŒMXAq>@LKJLNAaV-€#UCVWr>@A AaVb“eœ jI?$J)UT>@‚Q>pUCO)?
>?RHN?SPJ?SWrATVI?t\^~ATVI?$BiOATD J)jI?tAaOwWQ?SO?gW~HNLN>@JGUaVWoUa>)>@LNcaVI?gWdJAJj?t\ILNV•‘iMIO)AQP?S>)>AaO“J)A}u‰jILZPwjhLlJ0PSUCVozIJ0LNV©‘{J)jUvJ0LZ>S€WQA?g>


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 IV AaJpPSUCF>?ŒJ)jI?GFIJLNHKLN¡SUCJLNAaVmJ)A8?R|QPR?R?gW ° “ep†¨J)UT>@‚LZ>UT>>LNcaVI?gWJA8JjI?;MIO)APR?S>)>@ATO‰JA u‰jILZPwjmLKJzIJw>zO)>@JSe ¦ LND0FHNUCJLNAaV~>@JFWILK?g>
LNVxaAaHNxLKVckHNUaOcT?VFID0\b?RO AaB5J)Ua>‚Q>UaVWMIO)AQP?g>>AaOw>‡>jIAvuŸJjUCJJ)jI?nVqFD0\b?RO.ACB-MIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw>‡O)?S¤qFILNO?gW$\q^;J)jILN> UaMIMIO)ATUaPwjLZ> ° e 1
J)LKD$?S>‰JjI?ŒATMQJLNDUCH5VFID0\b?ROEACB#MOAQP?g>>AaOw>Se

>&   #   #% # & T $

¦ A BŠUaOŒu?$jUTWdWQLZ>)PF>)>@?gWd>@J)UCJLZP$UCHNHKAQPRUCJLNAaVdACBˆJwUa>‚Q>nJAMIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>Se0”EAvu?Sxa?ROg€5LNVdDUCV^~UaMIMIHNLNPSUvJ)LKATV>J)Ua>‚Q>ŒUCO)OLNxa?;Ua>^VQ_
wP jIO)AaVAaF>HK^]UvJ WQLKª«?RO)?RVqJtVIAQWQ?S>Se žV•>@FXPwjŸUh>)P?SVUCO)LNA€ U®WQ^VUCD$LZP}UCHNcaATOLKJjID LN>tVI?R?gWQ?SW–J)A®jUCVXWQHK?mJjI?~UaOO)LNxqLNVIcrJ)UT>@‚Q>Se
^VUCD$LZPUCHNcaAaO)LKJjID>pUa>)>@FD;?;J)jUvJ0UaVq^mJ)Ua>‚~PSUCVr\X??R|?gPFQJ)?SWrAaVoUCV^mMOAQP?g>>AaOge$›mUCV^mAaBJ)jI?tWQ^VUCD$LZP$>@ATHKFQJ)LKATV>ŒUCO)?
VUCJFIOwUCHNHN^8WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SWUCVW WQA$VIAaJEUa>)>@FID$?nJjXUvJ‰Jj?RO)?nLZ>U$P?SVqJOwUCH-UCHNHNAPSUvJ)LKATV8MbAaHNLNPR^8O)FIVIVILNVIc$AaV>@ATD$?nMOAQP?g>>AaOge
žV JjI?kWI^qVXUCD$LNPpUaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID>R€OwUvJj?RO.JjUaVMIO?gUCHNHKAQPSUvJLNVIcGJ)UT>@‚Q>JAMIO)AQP?g>>AaOw>R€TJj?JwUa>‚Q>‰UCO)?nUT>>LKcTVI?SW8JA$MIO)AQP?g>>AaOw>UT>
UaVW;u‰jI?RV$J)jI?R^$UCO)LN>?ae ¦ LNVP?‰J)jI?‰JwUa>‚GUCHNHNAPSUvJ)LKATVGJ)AŒVIAQWQ?S>PRUaV;\b?DUaWI?‰AaV$Jj?LKVX>[JwUCVqJ)UaVI?RATF>6HKAqUaW;MbAT>LlJ)LKATVACBbJjI?VAWI?S>S€
J)jI?EUaPwjLK?SxyUa\IHN? >)PwjI?gWQFIHZUC\IHN?‰FQJLNHNLK¡gUvJLNAaV$LNV$JjILZ>‡PSUa>?>@jIATFIHZWG\b?‰\b?J@J)?ROˆJjUaVGJ)jI?E>@J)UCJLZP‰UCMIMIO)ATUTPwjI?S>Se/”EAvu?Sxa?ROg€vJ)jI?WQ^VUCD$LZP
UaMIMIO)ATUaPwj~LKVPRFIOw>pjILKcTjdO)FIVdJLND$?;AvxT?RO)jI?SUTWm>LKVPR?;JjI?UCHNHNAPSUvJ)AaOŒPATD;MbAaV?RVqJnO)FIVIVLKVIc}UCJp?Sxa?SO^}VIAQWQ?$VI?S?SWI>nJ)A‚a?R?SMmJ)O)UTPw‚
AaBJjI?GLKV>@J)UaVqJ)UCV?RAaFX>HNATUaWMbAT>LKJLNAaV~UCJ?RxT?RO)^ AaJjI?SOEVIAQWQ?TeEžV~PRAaVqJOwUa>@JS€bLNV~Ut>@J)UvJ)LNPkJ)UT>@‚}UCHNHNAPSUvJ)LKATVUaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID€JwUa>‚Q>EUCO)?
Mb?RO)DUCVI?SVTJ)HK^mUT>>LNcaVI?gWJAMIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw>EUvJnJj?$>^Q>[J)?RD¯LNVILKJLZUCHNLK¡gUvJLNAaV~JLND$?$UaVWdVIA AvxT?RO)jI?SUTWLN>nLNVPFOO)?SWdWQFIO)LKVIc O)FIV~J)LKD$?Te
†EHN>A€6LKBE>@ATD;?$J)LKD$?g>kJwUa>‚>0UCO)?t\XATFIVWoJ)A~Um>LKVcaHN?MIOAQPR?S>)>@ATOkAaO0U~>@FI\X>@?RJ0ACBMIO)AQP?g>>AaOw>R€#WQ^VUCD$LZP8UCHNHNAPSUvJ)LKATVru.AaFHNWo\b?
LNVI?ª«?SPJLNxa?Te
žV JjILZ>>?SPJLNAaV u?kWQLZ>)PF>)>.J[uA$MbAaMIFHNUaOWQ^VUCD$LZPO)?SUaHl_`JLND$?nJ)Ua>‚8UaHKHNAQPRUvJ)LKATV UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID>Re
vR3M: ‘+‘+r ‹0 ?\r]‘+‘"*/4; 094  * */4;VD
žVJ)jILZ>‡D$?J)jIAQW5€?Rxa?SO^GMIO)APR?S>)>@ATODUCLNVTJwUCLNV>J[u.ApJ)Ua\IHN?S>.PRUCHNHN?SWH‘")"02)‘)+0 ,-r;UCVWH‘M‘ )+r]C ,/3a0 )+0 ,-r.œ j?E>[JwUvJ)F>JwUC\IHN?
AaBUGMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATOPATVqJ)UCLNV>.LNVQBiAaO)DUvJLNAaV UC\bAaFQJ.Jj?JwUa>‚Q>u‰jLNPwj LlJ‰jUT>.PRAaD$D$LlJJ?gWtJ)A;O)FIV-€QLNVPRHKFWILKVIc;LNVQBiAaO)DUvJLNAaV UC\bAaFQJ J)jI?
?R|?gPFQJ)LKATVhJLND$? UaVWhMb?RO)LKAQWI>GACB‰J)jI?tJwUa>‚>Sedœ j? >^>@J?SD HKAqUaWrJ)Ua\IHN? PATVqJ)UCLNV>kJjI? HNUCJ?S>@JGHNATUTWhLNVQBiAaO)DUvJLNAaVhAaBEUCHNHAaJjI?SO
MIO)AQP?g>>AaOw>.ACB6JjI?G>@^Q>@J?RDe ‹IO)AaD4JjI?kHZUvJ)?S>@JEHNATUaW LNVQBiAaO)DUvJ)LKATVUCJ‰JjI?GACJ)jI?ROMOAQP?g>>AaOw>S€TJ)jI?0>FIO)MIHKFX>EPATD$MIFQJLNVIctPSUCMUTPLKJ[^
UyxvUCLNHZUC\IHN?nUCJ‰JjI?kWILlª«?RO)?RVqJ‰MIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)> PSUCV \X?kWQ?RJ?SOD$LNVI?SW5e
œ jI?GJLND$?Uv|QLN>nLZ>ŒWQLNxqLZWQ?gWmLNVTJ)Au‰LKVWIAvu>R€5u‰jILZPwjdUaO?;LNVTJ)?RO)xvUCHZ>EAaBˆzI|Q?SWrWQFIOwUvJ)LKATV-e0†.JpJj?;?SVWmAaB?gUaPwj~u‰LNVWQAvuŒ€5?gUaPwj
MIO)AQP?g>>AaO6\IO)ATUTWIPRUT>[Jw>/J)AkUCHNHIACJ)jI?ROMOAQP?g>>AaOw>#JjI? BiOwUaPJLNAaV$ACB5PATD$MIFQJLNVIcŒMbAvu?SO6LKV$J)jI?‰VI?|J‡u‰LNVWQAvu]JjUCJ‡LN>ˆPFIO)O?SVqJHN^ŒBiO?S?
BiATOˆLKJ  JjUCJLZ>R€TJjI?BiOwUaPJ)LKATVACB«Jj?VI?R|Jˆu‰LKVXWQAvuŸBiAaOu‰jILNPwj8LlJ.jUa>ˆVIA0PATD$D;LKJ@J)?SWtJ)Ua>‚Q>Re6­‡xT?RO)^0MIO)AQP?g>>AaOATVtO?gP?SLKxLNVIckU
\IO)ATUTWIPRUT>[JˆBiOATD¬U0VIAQWQ?pUC\bAaFIJJ)jI?HNATUTWtMbAT>LlJ)LKATV8FIM«WIUCJ?S>J)jI?n>^Q>[J)?RDHNATUTW$J)Ua\IHK?Te©jI?RV8J)UT>@‚Q> UCO)LN>?UCJ.UGVIAQWQ?a€J)jI?nVIAQWQ?
zOw>@JEPwjI?SPw‚Q> u‰jI?RJjI?SO‰JjI?pJwUa>‚ PSUCV \X?kMOAQP?g>>?SW HNAPSUCHNHK^ UvJ‰Jj?ŒVIAQWQ?ae—BLKJPRUaV \b?kMIO)AQP?g>>?SW5€J)jI?RVLKJEFIM«WIUvJ)?S>‰LKJ)>E>[JwUvJFX>
JwUC\IHN?ae—B6VIACJg€ILKJHKAAa‚Q>.AaFIJ‰BiAaOU;MIO)APR?S>)>@ATOˆJ)Au‰jILZPwj LKJPRUaV A ATUaWtJjI?pJwUa>‚«e
©jILNHN?HKAAa‚LNVIc}AaFIJŒBiAaO0U}>FILKJ)UC\HK?MIO)AQP?g>>AaOg€5Jj?tMIO)APR?S>)>@ATOŒPAaVX>@FIHKJ)>kLlJw>0>^>@J?SD™HNATUTW~JwUC\IHN?$JAmWI?J?SOD$LNVI?J)jI?HK?gUa>@J
HNATUTWQ?SWdMIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>LNVdJ)jI?t>^>@J?SD u‰jILZPwjrPSUCVoUaPSPAaD$D$AQWIUvJ)?;JjILZ>pJ)UT>@‚«e$—JpJjI?SVh>@?SVWI>ŒATFQoJ b‹6.>8-‘ b‰?g¤TF?S>@JnBiATOŒ\ILZWI>)“J)A
J)jI?S>?MIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO)>Seh©jILNHK?}HNAAa‚LKVcdATFQJ$BiAaOUrMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATOS€‡UaVYAvxa?SOHNATUTWQ?SW®MIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO;PwjI?gPw‚Q>0LKJ)>t>FIO)MIHNF>;LKVQBiATODUCJLNAaV]UaVW
>?RHN?SPJ)>pU8MOAQP?g>>AaOpPRUaHKHN?SW]‘{J)jI?;BiAPRF>)>@?gW~MIO)AQP?g>>AaO“ek”EAvu?Sxa?ROg€bO?SD;?SD0\b?ROnJjXUvJpJjI?$LNVQBiAaO)DUvJ)LKATV]‘iL`e ?aekJ)jI?>@^Q>@J?SD HKAqUaW
JwUC\IHN?g“.D$LNcajqJ‰\X?pAaFIJACBWUvJ?Te‡œ jI?RO)?BiATO?T€qJjI?SO?pLZ>‰UGHNLN‚a?RHNLNjIAAW8JjXUvJ‰\^JjI?pJ)LKD$?pJ)jI?ŒMIO)APR?S>)>@ATOu‰LKJj?R|QPR?S>)>.HKAqUaW8>?RVXWI>‰U
JwUa>‚8J)A8U$BiAQPF>)>?SW}MIO)AQP?g>>AaOg€JjI?0BiAQPF>)>@?gW}MIO)AQP?S>)>AaO‰D$LKcTjqJEjUyxa?GUCHNO?gUaWQ^ PwjUCVIcT?SW LKJ)>n>[JwUvJFX>EUCVXW\X?gPAaD$?GAvxa?RO)HNATUaWI?SW5e
‹AaOnJjILZ>nO?gUa>AaV-€«U MIOAQPR?S>)>@ATOPRUaV~VIAaJp>LND;MHK^}AaªX_—HKAqUaWmU8J)UT>@‚ J)A UaVIACJ)jI?ROpVIAQWQ?;\Ua>?SWmAaVmJ)jI?$LKVIBiAaO)D$UCJLNAaVmLKJŒjUa>LNV~J)jI?
>^Q>[J)?RD¬HNATUTWtJwUC\IHN?ae
œ jI?$MIO)Aa\HK?SD ACB Aa\>AaHN?J)?GLNVQBiATODUvJ)LKATVrUCJŒJjI?VAWI?S>pLZ>ŒAvxa?SO)PRAaD$?0F>LNVIc JjI?$BiATHKHNAvu‰LKVc >@JOwUvJ)?Rca^Te†MIOAQPR?S>)>@ATOn>?RVW>
ATFQJO?g¤qFI?S>@J)>.BiATO\ILZWr/‘ b‹6 >)“ ATVIHN^8LKBLKJWQ?RJ?RO)D$LKV?S> J)jUvJ‰J)jI?ŒJ)UT>@‚8uATFIHNWPRAaD$MIHN?J?ŒLNV JLND$?a€?Sxa?SV u‰j?RV JjI?pJ)LKD$?kV?R?SWI?SW
J)Atca?RJEJj?0\ILZWI>EBiOATD4J)jI?0AaJjI?SOEMIO)AQP?S>)>AaOw>‰UCVWJ)jI?RVd>@?SVWQLNVIctAaFIJEJj?kJ)UT>@‚ JAtJjI?0BiAPRF>)>@?gW}MIO)APR?S>)>@ATOSe œ jI?;PO)LlJ)?RO)LNU$BiATO
>?RHN?SPJLNVIcUGMOAQP?g>>AaO DUy^t\b?Œ\Ua>?SW AaV BŠUaPJATO)>‰>FPwjUa> MIO)Ay|QLKD$LKJ[^$JA$Jj?ŒMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATOS€qLlJw>‰?|IUTPJ‰HKAqUaW LKVIBiAaO)D$UCJLNAaV-€Q?RJ)Pae

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 œ jI?0BiAQPF>)>@?gW~UTWIWQO)?S>)>@LNVIc8UaVW}\ILZWIWQLNVIc>[J)O)UCJ?RcT^jIAvu?Sxa?SOLKVXPFIOw>njILKcTj~PATD$D0FIVILZPRUCJLNAaVmAvxT?RO)jI?SUTWLKVdDUCLNVTJwUCLNVILNVIctJ)jI?
> ^Q>[J)?RDHKAqUaWdJ)Ua\IHK? UvJkJ)jI?tLNVWQLNxqLZWQFUaHˆMIO)AQP?g>>AaOw>Re ©LKVXWQAvu>@LN¡R?tLZ>0UaVoLKD$MbAaOJ)UCVqJ0MXUCOwUCD$?J)?ROkWQ?RJ?RO)D$LKVLKVIcmJjI? PAaD$DGFQ_
VILZPRUCJLNAaVdAvxa?RO)jI?gUaWLNVPFIO)O)?SW5ek—BJjI?;u‰LNVWQAvu¨>LK¡S?GLZ>pLNVPO)?SUT>@?gW5€bJjI?SV~J)jI?PAaD$DGFIVILZPRUvJ)LKATVmAvxa?SOj?SUaW}WI?SPO)?SUT>@?g>
5jAvu?Sxa?ROg€
J)jI?LKVIBiAaO)D$UCJLNAaVhUvJkxvUaOLNAaF>nMIO)AQP?g>>AaOw>nuATFIHNWd\b?tAa\>AaHN?J)?aetœ jILZ>ŒDUy^mHN?SUTW~J)AmU>PR?RVUaOLNAu‰jI?RO)?$VIAaVI?AaBJ)jI?$BiAQPF>)>?SW
MIO)AQP?g>>AaOw>‡\ILZWI>‰WQF?J)A>[JwUvJFX>.PwjXUCVIcT?LNV8J)jI?pu‰LKVXWQAvu’WQFIOwUvJ)LKATV-e6—B/J)jI?pu‰LKVWIAvu WQFIOwUvJ)LKATV8LZ>JAA>@DUCHNHbJjUaV8J)jI?pLKVIBiAaO)D$UC_
J)LKATVtuATFIHZW\X?O?gUa>AaVUa\IHN^0FIMQJ)AQWIUvJ)?UvJJjI?LKVXWQLKxLZWQFUaHXMIO)AQP?g>>AaOw>R€a\IFQJ.JjI?nPAaD$DGFIVILZPRUvJ)LKATVAvxa?SOjI?gUaW;LNVtDUCLNVTJwUCLNVILNVIckJ)jI?
>@J)UCJF>.JwUC\IHN?S>‰u.AaFHNW \X?ŒFVUaPSP?RMIJ)UC\HK^tjLKcTj-e
6  V<,-;53a?\*-)"BC D
œ jI? \IFWIWI^®UCHNcaAaO)LKJjIDJO)LN?S>0JA~AvxT?ROwPATD;?$J)jI? jILKcTjYPATD$D0FIVILZPRUCJLNAaV®AvxT?RO)jI?SUTWrACB‰Jj?8BiAQPFX>@?gWYUaWWQO?g>>LNVIc~UCVXWh\ILZWIWQLNVIc
UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jIDe~œ jI?8\FWIWQ^hUCHNcaATOLKJjD LZ>0xT?RO)^d>LKD$LNHNUaO0J)A}BiAQPF>)>?SW®UTWIWQO)?S>)>@LNVIc~UaVWo\ILZWIWQLNVIcdUaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID€\FQJ$WILlª«?ROw>kLNV®J)jI?
DUCVVI?RO‰LNVu‰jILNPwj Jj?pJ)UCO)ca?RJ‰MIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO)>.UCO)?nBiAaFIVW-e
žV8JjILZ>‰UCHNcaATOLKJjID€U0MOAQP?g>>AaO.PRUaV8\b?LNV UaV^;AaB/J)jI?EBiATHKHNAvu‰LNVIckJ[u.A;>@J)UCJ?g>R§6FIVWI?RO)HKAqUaWQ?gWtUCVW8Avxa?SOHNATUTWQ?SW5eœ jI?p>[JwUvJFX>
AaB.U VIAQWQ?$LN> 4 rt?\,/3a0 r ŸLKBLKJ)>pFQJ)LKHNLK¡gUvJ)LKATVdLZ>pHK?g>>J)jUCVo>@ATD$?0J)jIO?g>@jAaHZWmxvUCHNFI?ae;œ jUvJŒLZ>ŒU8MOAQP?g>>Aa%O KI LZ>Œ>)UCLZW}JA\b?
FIVXWQ?RO)HKAqUaWQ?gWLlPB GJI ƒ N/€«œ jI?0MIO)AQP?g>>AaO‰LZ>>)UCLZWJ)At\X?;Avxa?SOHNATUTWQ?SW LKB‡LlJw>FIJLNHKLN¡SUCJLNAaVmLZ>cTO?gUvJ?SO‰JjXUCVmJ)jI?kJ)jIO)?S>jIAaHZWxvUCHNFI?
‘ŠLe ?ae GJINX“e
=EVIHKLN‚a?8BiAQPF>)>@?gW®UaWWQO?g>>LNVIcmUCVWY\ILZWIWQLNVIc€LNVhJj? \IFXWIWQ^®UCHNcaATOLKJjD \IO)ATUTWIPRUT>[J0WIAq?g>0VACJGAQPSPFIO;MX?SOLNAQWQLZPRUCHNHN^oUCJ0J)jI?
?SVW8AaB#?Sxa?RO)^u‰LNVWQAvuŒe† MIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO\IO)ATUTWIPRUT>[Jw>ˆATVIHN^tu‰jI?RV Jj?p>@J)UCJF> AaBU;MIO)AQP?S>)>AaO PwjUCVIcT?S>?RLKJjI?SO BiOATD¬Avxa?SOHNATUTWQ?SW;J)A
FIVXWQ?RO)HKAqUaWQ?gWŒAaO6xLZP?.xa?ROw>)UIe/‹FIO@J)jI?ROg€vu‰jI?SVI?RxT?RO#JjI?‰>@J)UvJ)F>ACBXUMIO)AQP?S>)>AaO#PwjXUCVIcT?S>S€gLKJ‡WQA?S>#VIACJ\IO)ATUTWIPRUT>[J/JjILZ>6LKVIBiAaO)D$UCJLNAaV
J)AmUCHNH‡MIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>pUaVWrHKLND$LlJw>kLKJkAaVIHN^mJ)AmU}>@FI\X>@?RJkACB‰MIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>nPRUaHKHN?SWrLKJ) >  

e8œ j?RO)?tUCO)?$>?RxT?ROwUCH‡PROLKJ?SOLZU \Ua>?SW
ATVhu‰jILNPwjrJ)jI?8\IFXWIWQ^o>@?RJ0ACBUMIO)AQP?S>)>AaOŒLZ>0WQ?g>@LNcaVI?gW5e‹#LNOw>[Jg€#LKJ;>jIAaFHNWrVIAaJ0\X?tJAAmHZUCO)ca?$VIACJ0JAA~>D$UaHKH`e žVhD0FIHKJLK_`jAaM
VI?RJ[uATO‚Q>S€qJjI?Œ\IFXWIWQ^ >?JAaBU;MIO)AQP?S>)>AaO LN>.J[^MILZPRUaHKHN^J)jI?ŒMIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>ˆJjXUvJEUCO)?pLlJw>‰LND;D$?gWQLNUCJ?ŒVI?SLKcTj\XATO)>Se

 “o5' o&  d "& T $



œUa>‚ >)PwjI?SWIFIHKLNVIc$J)?SPwjIVILZ¤qFI?S>EPRUCV}\b?kF>?SW J)A8UaPwjILN?RxT?p?ª«?SPJ)LKxT?ŒBŠUCFHlJ_J)AaHN?ROwUCVPR?nLNV}O)?SUCHK_`JLND;?k>^Q>[J)?RD>Seœ jILZ>LZ>EUaV ?RŽtPLN?RVqJ

J)?SPwjIVILZ¤qFI?Ua>GLlJO)?S¤qFILNO?g>kxa?SO^oHNLlJJHN?O?gWQFIVWIUaVqJGjUaO)WQu UCO)?tO)?S>AaFIOwP?g>Reo‹UaFIHKJ@_`JAaHN?ROwUCVXP?8PSUCVY\b?UaPwjILN?RxT?SWh\^®>)PwjI?SWQFHKLNVIc
UTWIWQLKJLNAaVUaHˆcajAT>@JGPATMILK?g>0LNVYUTWIWQLKJLNAaVoJA~JjI? MIO)LKDUCO)^oPAaM^rACBEUJwUa>‚«e~œ jI?8cTjIAT>@JGPRAaMILN?S>0D$Uy^rVIAaJG\b?8LZWQ?RVqJLZPRUaHˆJ)AmJ)jI?
MIO)LND$UaO^ PATMq^ \IFQJEDUy^ \X?;>[J)OLNMIMb?SW}WQAvu‰Vxa?SO)>LNAaV>.J)jUvJpPRUCV\b?k?|Q?gPFQJ)?SWLNVm>@jIATO@J)?ROEWIFIO)UCJLNAaV>‰JjUaVJjI?kMOLNDUCO)^ae œ jI?
cTjIAT>@JpPRAaMILN?S>ACB.WQLlª«?RO)?RVqJpJ)UT>@‚Q>nPRUaV~\b?;AvxT?RO)HKAqUaWQ?gWAaV~JjI?$>UaD$?;>HKAaJpUaVWmLNVoPRUa>?0AaB.U >@FXPRP?g>>?|Q?gPFQJ)LKATV~ACB.U8MIO)LND$UaO^T€
J)jI?kPATOO)?S>MXATVWQLNVIc;\UaPw‚FIM DUy^\X?kWQ?gUCHNHKAQPSUvJ?gW5e
! #P$  &
#RP
"> $# o%5   &  R  
.?S>LZWQ?S>kJjI? JOwUaWQLKJLNAaVXUCHˆFX>@? ACBEPHNAQPw‚Q>kLNV]U~PRAaD$MIFQJ)?RO;>@^Q>@J?RD€‡PRHKAQPw‚Q>kLNV]Um>^Q>[J)?RD UCO)?tF>?BiFHBiATOkJ[u.A~DUCLNV®MIFOMbAT>?S>S§
WQ?RJ?SOD$LNVILKVc$JLND;?SAaFQJw>UCVXW8J)LKD$?k>@J)UaD;MLKVIcXe‡œ LKD$?SAaFQJw>UCO)?pF>@?RBiFIH5J)AtU$O?gUCHK_J)LKD$?pMIO)AacaOwUCD$D$?RO.LNVU$xvUaOLN?J[^tAaB>LlJ)FUvJ)LKATV>S€
UaVWtLKJ)>.F>?LNVPRHKFWI?S> WQ?J)?RO)D$LKVILNVIcGJjI?nBŠUaLKHNFIO)?AaB#UŒJwUa>‚tWQFI?JAGJjI?pD$LN>)>LKVIcGACB6U0WQ?gUaWQHNLKV?aeœ LKD$?pAaFIJ)> UvJ \XAaJj8JjI?Œ>?RVWQ?SO
UaVWYO)?SPR?RLNxa?SOG?SVWI>$LZ>?S>MX?gPLZUCHNHK^®PRAaVxa?SVILN?RVqJGBiATOtPATD;DGFIVILZPRUCJLNAaVYLNV©WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW]?RVxLKO)AaVID$?SVTJw>Re–œ jI?R^]PRUCV–\b?}F>@?gW]UT>
LNVWQLZPRUCJAaOw>.BiAaOEMXAq>>LK\HK?pJ)O)UaV>@D$LZ>>LNAaVtBŠUaFIHKJ)>ATOWQ?RHZUy^Q>R€QATO‰BiAaO‰VAaVI?R|LZ>@J?RVqJO)?SPR?RLNxa?ROw>Se‡œ LKD$?k>@J)UCD$MILNVIcLZ>‰F>?BiFIH/LKVm>?RxT?ROwUCH
UaMIMIHNLNPSUvJLNAaVX>Re6.FQJUkMIO)AaD$LNVI?RVqJ F>@?ACB-J)LKD$?Œ>@J)UCD$MILNVIcGLN>.LNV8D$?S>)>Uaca?nPAaD$DGFIVILZPRUvJ)LKATV8UCD$ATVIckJwUa>‚>Se6œ jI?LZWQ?gU0LZ>‡J)jUvJ J)jI?
D$?S>)>)UCca?k>?RVXWQ?ROuATFIHNW}UaHN>ALNVPHNFWQ?0JjI?;PFIO)O?SVqJ‰JLND;?;UCHNAaVIctU8D$?S>)>Uaca?ae œ LND;?;>[JwUCD$M>EVIACJnAaVIHN^ cTLKxT?pJjI?GO?gP?SLKxT?ROE>AaD$?
LZWQ?SUGUC\bAaFQJJjI?pUCcT?ACB/U0D$?S>)>Uaca?a€T\IFQJ‰PRUaV8UCHZ>@A0\X?F>@?gW$BiAaO.AaOwWQ?SOLNVIckMIFOMbAT>?S>Seœ LND$?>@J)UaD;MLKVIcGO?SHKLN?S>ˆAaVtcTAAWtO?gUCHK_J)LKD$?
PRHKAQPw‚8>?RO)xLNPR?S>Se
†%WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW~>^Q>[J)?RD¥J[^MILZPRUCHNHN^}jUa>AaVI?;PHNAQPw‚UCJn?gUaPwjmAaBJjI?$VIAQWQ?g>ReŒLlª«?RO)?RVqJŒPHNAQPw‚>LNVdU8>^Q>[J)?RD J)?RVWmJA WILKxT?RO)ca?
>LKVXP?kLKJnLZ>EUaHKD$Aq>[JELND$MXAq>>LN\IHK?0JAtjXUyxa?ŒJ[u.A8PHNAQPw‚Q>‰JjXUvJO)FIV}?R|QUTPJ)HK^UvJJjI?;>UaD;?G>@Mb?R?gW5eEœ jILZ>EHZUaPw‚ ACB‡>^VPwjIO)AaV^ UaD;ATVIc

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 PRHKAQPw‚Q>/LZ>?|QMIO)?S>)>@?gWkUa>/Jj?
    UCVWGWQ?J)?RO)D$LKVI?g>-J)jI?‰UvJJ?RVXWIUCVqJWQOLKB{J6ACBIJ)jI?‰PHNAPw‚Q>#u‰LlJ)jkJ)LKD$?ae /UTPw‚pACBX>^VPwjIO)AaV^nUaVW
WQO)LKB{JUCD$AaVctPHNAPw‚Q> DUC‚T?S> J)jI?ŒJ)LKD$?0>@J)UaD;MLKVIc UCVW JLND$?RATFQJEAaMb?ROwUvJ)LKATV> LNVmUtWQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SWO)?SUCHK_`JLND;?k>^Q>[J)?RD1D;?gUCVILNVIcTHK?g>>Se
œ jI?SO?RBiAaO)?a€«J)A jUyxT?GD$?gUCVILNVIcCBiFH6JLND;?SAaFQJw>ŒUCVWmJLND$?_ž>[JwUCD$MILNVIc}>@MUaVIVILNVIc D;ATO?GJjXUCVrAaVI?;VIAQWQ?$ACB U WQLZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SWr>^>@J?SD€
J)jI?PRHKAQPw‚Q>VI?S?SW;JA0\X?E>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡R?gW5e6œ jILN>ˆDUC‚a?g>‡PHNAQPw‚G>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaVUpxa?SO^GLKD$MbAaOJ)UCVqJˆLZ>)>@FI?ELKVtWQLZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SWtO?gUCHK_J)LKD$?
>^Q>[J)?RD>Reœ jI?pBiATHKHNAvu‰LNVIcWQLN>)PFX>>LKATV> UCO)?pLKVqJ?SVWQ?gW8J)A$MIOAvxLZWQ?Œ>@ATD$?n\XUa>LNPnLZWQ?SUT> O?ScTUCOwWQLNVIcGPRHKAQPw‚8>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV-e
 !#"%$&%'(*),+-'&
œ jI? cTATUCHqACB«PHNAQPw‚k>@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaV0LN>J)AnDUa‚a? UCHNHPRHKAQPw‚Q>LKVGJj?‰VI?J[u.AaO)‚ŒUCcaO)?R?AaVGJjI?SLKO6J)LKD$? xvUCHNFI?S>Se6‹IAaO6D$AT>@J‡WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW
O)?SUaHl_`JLND$? UaMIMIHNLNPSUvJ)LKATV>R€TLlJ‡LZ>AaB{J?RVt>FQŽtPLN?RVqJJ)AŒca?JJ)jI?EWQLKª«?RO)?RVqJˆPHNAQPw‚>‡ACB5UŒ>@^Q>@J?RD%UCcTO?S?ATV$>AaD$? J)LKD$?xvUCHNFI?‰u‰jILZPwj$DUy^
\b?nWILlª«?RO)?RVqJˆBiO)AaD%J)jI?Eu.AaO)HNW;J)LKD$?p>[JwUCVWUCOwW5e›~UCV^$ACB-^aATFD$LKcTjTJ.‚VIAvuŸJjUCJˆJ)jI?u.AaO)HZW;JLND;?n>[JwUCVWUCOwWLN>.PRUaHKHN?SW$FVILKxT?ROw>UaH
PRAqATO)WILKVUCJ?gWtJ)LKD$?8‘=EœE„ “eb=EœE„’LZ>‰\Ua>?SW ATV J)jI?kLNVqJ?RO)VUCJLNAaVUaH-UvJATD$LNPnJ)LKD$?8‘œ#†E@“ DUCLNVTJwUCLNVI?SWUCJƒUCO)LN>.\^ UyxT?ROwUCcTLKVIc;U
VFIDG\X?SOAaB5UCJATD;LZPEPRHKAQPw‚Q>BiO)AaD%HZUC\bAaOwUvJATOLN?S>ˆUCO)AaFIVW;J)jI?Eu.AaO)HZW5e=œE„–>@LNcaVXUCHZ>ˆPRUaV\X?nDUaWQ?EF>@?ACB5J)jIOATFIcaj$J)jIO)AaFIcT/ j .pƒ ¦
0‘ .nHKAT\UCH-ƒ6Aq>@LKJLNAaVILNVIc ¦ ^Q>[J)?RDt“.O)?SP?SLKxT?ROw> UCVW >@Mb?SPRLNUaHKLN¡R?gW O)UTWQLKA$>@J)UvJ)LKATV>Se
©jI?SVŒJj?.PRHKAQPw‚Q>-AaBU>@^Q>@J?SD UaO?>@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡S?SWpu‰LKJjkO)?S>MX?gPJAaVI?ACBQJj?PHNAQPw‚Q>-ACBQJ)jI? >@^Q>@J?RD€yLKJLZ>#PSUCHNHK?gWpLKVqJ)?RO)VUCHPHNAQPw‚
>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV-e©jI?RV >@^VPwjOATVILK¡gUvJ)LKATVtACB#UG>@?RJ‰ACB#PRHKAQPw‚Q>ˆu‰LKJj>AaD$?E?R|qJ)?RO)VUCH5PRHKAQPw‚$LN>.Mb?ROBiAaO)D$?SW5€LKJ LZ> PRUaHKHN?SW8?|J?SOVUaH
>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV-epœ jI?RO)?$UCO)?kJ[u.A8DUCLNVdUaMIMIO)ATUaPwjmBiAaOnLKVqJ?SOVXUCH>@^VPwjOATVILK¡gUvJ)LKATV-§P?SVTJ)O)UaHKLN¡R?gWmPHNAQPw‚}>@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaVmUaVW
WQLZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SWPRHKAQPw‚8>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV-e
1 !  &  o 2 !  $P$ > &   '&2%  '&

Master

C1 C2 Cn−1 Cn Slave clocks

‹ LNcaFIO)? ° §„?SVTJ)O)UaHKLN¡R?gW8>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV >^Q>[J)?RD
žVP?SVTJ)O)UaHKLN¡R?gW PRHKAQPw‚8>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV-€qAaV?nAaB#J)jI?kPHNAQPw‚Q>LZ>WQ?g>@LNcaVXUvJ?gW UT>JjI?ŒDUa>@J?SOPHNAQPw‚beœ jI?ŒAaJjI?SOPHNAQPw‚>.AaB#J)jI?
>^Q>[J)?RD1UaO?ŒPSUCHNHK?gW >HZUyxa?S>‰UaVWUCO)?Œ‚a?SMQJLKV}>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV u‰LlJ)jJjI?ŒDUa>@J?SOEPHNAQPw‚«eˆœ jI?kDUa>@J?SOPHNAQPw‚8LZ>UCHZ>@A>AaD$?J)LKD$?g>
PSUCHNHK?gW;JjI? 4365 
 7 8 7eœ jI?nUCO)O)UaVIca?SD$?RVqJACB5Jj?PHNAQPw‚Q>LKVtJjILZ>>)PwjI?SD;?EACB-PHNAQPw‚;>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV;jUa>>PwjI?SDUvJLZPRUaHKHN^;\X?S?RV
>jIAvu‰VLNVt‹#LNce ° e#žV8‹LNce ° €aJjI?nPHNAQPw‚c> • k:9 ŽjŽ • h UaO? J)jI?>HZUyxa?PHNAQPw‚Q>6JjUCJ.UaO? J)A0\b?E>@^VPwjOATVILK¡S?SW;u‰LKJjJ)jI?EDUa>@J?SOPRHKAQPw‚«e
œ jI?>?RO)xa?SO6\IOAqUaWIPSUa>@J)>6LKJ)>6J)LKD$?‰J)AkUCHNHIACJ)jI?ROPHNAPw‚Q>BiATOˆ>@^VPwjOATVILK¡gUvJ)LKATV;UCB{J?ROˆ?Rxa?SO<^ ;N]JLND$?LNVTJ)?RO)xvUCH`efVPR? JjI?>@HZUyxa?
PRHKAQPw‚Q>.O?gP?RLNxa?ŒU0JLND$?Œ\IOAqUaWIPSUa>@JBiO)AaD¬JjI?ŒDUa>@J?SOS€Q>?J‰J)jI?RLNOPHNAQPw‚8Ua> Mb?RO J)jI?pJLND$?pUCJ‰JjI?pDUa>@J?SOPHNAQPw‚beœ jI?ŒMXUCOwUCD$?J)?RO
;'N>@jAaFIHZWo\X? PRUCO)?BiFHKHN^dPwjIAq>@?SV-e —B ;'NLZ>0PwjIAq>@?SVdJ)A}\X?8JAAm>D$UaHKH`€#JjI?SVhJjI?8\IOAqUaWIPSUa>@JpBiOATD Jj?8DUa>@J?SOkLN>ŒBiO?g¤TF?RVqJ
UaVW JjI?;>@HZUyxa?g>‰O)?RDUCLNVLKVmcTAAW}>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV u‰LlJ)j}Jj?0DUa>@J?SOEUvJUaHKH#JLND$?S>S€X\FQJFIVVI?SPR?S>)>UaOLNHK^ jILNcajmPATD$D0FIVILZPRUCJLNAaV
AvxT?RO)jI?SUTW~LZ>ŒLNVPFIO)O)?SW5e —%B ;NLZ>0PwjIAq>@?SVrJAm\b?JAA}HZUCO)ca?T€-Jj?RVoJj? PHNAQPw‚Q>pD$Uy^rWQO)LlB{JGJAA}D0FPwj®UaMUCOJS= e -?RJ0F>0UT>>FID$?
J)jUvJJ)jI?0DUC|LND0FD1OwUvJ)?ŒACB‡WQO)LlB{JE\b?J[u.?R?SVJ[uALNVWQLNxLNWIFUCH6PHNAQPw‚>LN>EO?g>[J)OLZPJ)?SW J? A >be —J>jIAaFIHZW\b?kMXAq>>LN\IHK?kJA8WQ?RJ?SOD$LNVI?
J)jI?ŒDUv|QLKDGFID4WQO)LKB{JO)UCJ?p\X?RJ[u?S?RVUCV^J[u.APHNAPw‚Q>S€IPHNAQPw‚D$UaVFQBŠUaPJFIO)?ROw>.F>@FXUCHNHK^8>Mb?SPLKBi^tJ)jILZ>Ua> ATVI?pACBJjI?Œ>MX?gPLKzXPRUCJLNAaV
MUaO)UaD$?J?SO)>.AaB6UPRHKAQPw‚«e‡œ jI?ŒMUaO)UaD;?RJ?SO >tLN> FVILlJHK?g>>>LNVP?pLKJED$?SUa>FIO)?S> WQO)LlB{J;‘{JLND$?g“ Mb?ROEFIVILKJJLND$?ae ¦ FMIMXAq>@?kPRHKAQPw‚Q>‰UCO)?
O)?S>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡R?gW;UCB{J?SO?Sxa?RO)@ ^ ;N’LKVqJ?SOxvUaHeœ jI?SV-€qJjI?nWQOLKB{J ACB#UaVq^$PHNAQPw‚;BiOATD J)jI?EDUT>[J)?RO PHNAPw‚$u‰LNHKHb\b?\bAaFIVXWQ?SW8\qA^ >-;'Nke
‹OATDJjILZ>S€ILlJEPSUCV \X?kPRAaVPRHKFXWQ?SW JjXUvJ‰Jj?ŒD$UC|QLKDGFID4WQO)LlB{J\b?J[u.?R?SV}UCV^$J[uAPRHKAQPw‚Q> u‰LKHNH-\b?ŒHKLND$LlJ)?SW J A :>B;'Nke

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

  sM09C ,-r  –MDˆ†>>FID$?EJ)jUvJJjI?nWQO)LlB{J O)UCJ?\b?J[u.?R?SV8UCV^;J[u.A0PHNAQPw‚>ˆLN>O)?S>@JO)LNPJ?SW;J)A > Q
°   e ¦ FIMIMbAT>?Eu.?Eu UCVqJ‡J)A
LND$MIHK?SD$?RVqJˆU>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡R?gW0>?JACB«>@LK|0WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW$PHNAQPw‚Q>#FX>@LNVIcJjI?PR?RVqJOwUCHQ>^qVXPwjIOATVILN¡SUvJ)LKATV0>)PwjI?RD$? >@AnJjXUvJ6JjI? DUv|QLND0FID
WQO)LKB{JE\X?RJ[u?S?RV}UCV^8J[uAPHNAQPw‚Q>‰LN>O?g>[J)OLZPJ)?SW JAQ ° „kUvJEUaV^tJLND$?a€bWQ?J)?RO)D;LNVI?pJ)jI?kMb?RO)LKAQWu‰LKJju‰jILZPwjJjI?0PRHKAQPw‚Q> VI?S?SW
J)A;\b?ŒO)?S>^qVXPwjIOATVILN¡R?SW-e
 3a, R)+*-354 D6œ jI?.DUv|QLKDGFID WQO)LlB{JO)UCJ?ˆ\b?J[u.?R?SV0UCV^J[uAUCO)\ILlJ)O)UaO^nPHNAQPw‚>#u‰jI?SVŒJjI?.PHNAQPw‚>UCO)?ˆ>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡R?gWpF>@LNVIcEUP?SVTJ)O)UaH
J)LKD$?>?RO)xa?SO‡u‰LKJj8UŒO)?S>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV;LKVqJ)?RO)xyUaHAaB ;'N©LZ>‡cTLKxT?RV\^ :>B;'N ƒ ge6œ jI?RO)?BiATO?T€CJ)jI?EO)?S¤qFILNO?gW$O?g>@^VPwjOATVILK¡gUvJ)LKATV
LNVqJ?RO)xvUCH ;'N PRUCV \b?Œ?|QMIO)?S>)>@?gW UT>R§
› ›
;'NTƒ °
°  °     "Š Q °°    +Š Q °  °  ˜ +Š Q ° Y+Š



œ jI?SO?RBiAaO)?a€O)?S>^qVXPwjIOATVILN¡SUvJ)LKATV8Mb?RO)LKAQW D0F>@J\b?ŒHK?g>>.J)jUCV ° Ya>Se "
žV}J)jI?$UC\bAvxa?kPRUaHNPRFIHZUvJLNAaVX>R€bu?GjUyxa?0LKcTVIAaO)?SW J)jI?;PRAaD$D0FVILNPSUvJ)LKATVJLND;?Tenœ jXUvJpLN>S€J)jI?GJLND;?;LKJEJ)Ua‚a?g>BiATOU8PRHKAQPw‚ JLND$?
I\ O)ATUTWIPRUT>[J6J)AŒ\X?‰O)?SPR?RLNxa?SW$UCJJjI?‰AaJjI?SOˆPHNAQPw‚>Se ¦ LKD$LNHNUaOHN^a€au?‰jUyxT?‰Ua>)>@FID$?gW0J)jUvJAaVPR?a€vJ)jI?EPHNAQPw‚0\IO)ATUTWIPRUT>[Jw>6UCO)?.O)?SPR?RLNxa?gW5€
J)jI?GPRHKAQPw‚Q>UCO)?k>?JEJ)AJj?kO?gP?SLKxT?SW JLND$?kLNV>[JwUCVqJHN^ae”EAvu?Sxa?SOS€ILNVmO)?SUaHKLKJ[^8LKJEJwUC‚a?g>U$zVLlJ)?GUCD$ATFIVqJACBJLND$?ŒJA >@?RJUtPRHKAQPw‚«e
œ jI?SO?RBiAaO)?a€XFIVIHN?S>)>J)jI?GPRAaD$D0FIVLNPSUvJLNAaVJ)LKD$?$UCVW}JjI?0JLND;?0JA >@?RJEJj?GPHNAQPw‚ LZ>n>@FILKJ)Ua\IHN^PRAaD$Mb?RV>)UvJ)?SW5€XJjI?;>@^VPwjOATVILK¡S?SW
J)LKD$?pDUy^\X?gPAaD$?Œ>HKAvu.?RO UCVW >@HNAvu.?RO.u‰LlJ)j O)?S>MX?gPJ JAUaV8?|J)?RO)VUCH5PHNAQPw‚«€TJ)jIAaFcaj JjI?S^tuATFIHZW8UCD$ATVIc0J)jI?RD>?RHNxa?g>O)?RDUaLKV
>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡R?gWdUaD;ATVIc JjI?SD>@?SHKxT?S>pu‰LKJjILNVoJjI?t>Mb?SPLKz?gWd\bAaFVW5e ”EAvu?Sxa?SOS€5LKJ0LZ>Œxa?SO^~WILlŽtPFHlJŒJ)AmPAaD$Mb?RV>)UvJ)?$JjI?g>@?$J[u.A
J)?RO)D$>kLKVhMIOwUaPJLZPRUaHˆ>@^Q>@J?SD$>Se8r?tHN?SUyxT?GJ)jILZ>0Ua>0UCVo?|Q?ROwPLZ>?$JAJj?tO?gUaWQ?SOpJA~WI?J?SOD$LNVI?$Jj?tO)UCJ?tUCJku‰jILNPwj®U}PR?RVqJOwUCHNHN^
>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡R?gW8PHNAQPw‚tu.AaFIHZW WIOLKB{Ju‰LlJ)jO?g>@Mb?SPJ‰JAUCV ?|J?SOVXUCH-PHNAQPw‚«e

 M P
">  ! #P  >&  '& 2%# &

C1 C5

C2

C3 C4

‹ LNcaFIO)?oQ§ELZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SW~„HNAQPw‚ ¦ ^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaV
œ jI?DUCLNV0MIO)Aa\IHN?RD u‰LKJj0JjI?‰P?SVqJOwUCHNLK¡S?SWŒPHNAQPw‚Œ>@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaVk>)PwjI?SD;?LN>#J)jUvJ6LlJ6LZ>>F>)P?SMQJLN\IHN?ˆJ)A>LKVIcTHK?MXATLKVqJBŠUCLNHKFO?Te
†EVq^8BŠUCLNHKFO?pACBJj?ŒD$UT>[J)?ROPRHKAQPw‚8PSUCF>?S>.\IO)?SUa‚WIAvu‰V8ACBJj?k>@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaV >Pwj?RD$?ae‡LN>@JO)LN\IFQJ?gWPHNAPw‚ >@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaV
AvxT?ROwPAaD$?g>-J)jILN>ˆ>@?Sxa?RO)?ˆjXUCVWQLZPRUaMGAaBXJ)jI?P?SVqJOwUCHNLK¡S?SW0PRHKAQPw‚0>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV0>)PwjI?SD;?Te#žV$WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW$PHNAQPw‚0>^qVXPwjIOATVILN¡SUvJ)LKATV-€
J)jI?RO)? LN>VIApDUa>@J?SOPRHKAQPw‚Œu‰LKJj$O?g>@Mb?SPJ#J)Apu‰jILNPwj;UCHNHI>@HZUyxa?.PHNAQPw‚>6UaO?ˆJAp\X?‰>?Jge.FQJg€aUCHNHJjI?‰PRHKAQPw‚Q>ACBXUp>^>@J?SD£UCO)?DUTWQ?ˆJ)A
Mb?RO)LKAQWQLZPRUaHKHN^t?R|QPwjXUCVIcT?EJ)jI?RLNOPHNAQPw‚O?gUaWQLNVIcT> UaD;ATVIc;JjI?SD>@?SHKxT?S>Se6 UT>@?gWtAaV Jj?ŒO?gP?RLNxa?gWJ)LKD$?ŒO)?SUaWILKVIcq>.?SUaPwjPHNAQPw‚LKV J)jI?
>^Q>[J)?RDPAaD$MIFIJ?S>JjI?n>@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡S?SW0JLND;?T€qUaVW>?J)>ˆLlJw>ˆPRHKAQPw‚GUTPRPRAaOwWQLKVcaHN^8‘Š>?R?E‹LNce a“e6”EAvu?Sxa?SOS€CLKJˆLZ>‡MbAT>)>@LN\IHN? JjUCJ.>AaD$?
PRHKAQPw‚Q>‰UCO)?Œ\UaW ATO\X?gPATD;?Œ\XUaWWQFIO)LKVc$JjI?0>^Q>[J)?RD1AaMb?ROwUvJLNAaV/e UaWPHNAQPw‚Q> ?|QjILN\ILlJHNUaOcT?pWIOLKB{J)>  WQO)LlB{Jw>HZUCO)ca?RO.J)jUCVJ)jI?
DUCVFQBŠUTPJ)FIO?gW}>@Mb?SPRLlzX?SW JATHK?SO)UaVP?Te UaWPHNAQPw‚>EDUy^ ?Sxa?RV}>@JATMm‚a?S?RMILNVIc$JLND$?GUaHKH/JAacT?J)jI?ROge‹IATO@J)FIVUvJ)?RHN^a€JjI?G\UaW}PRHKAQPw‚Q>
PSUCV0\b?.?SUa>LNHK^pLZWQ?RVqJLKz?gWGUaVWŒJwUC‚a?SV0PRUaO?ACBXWIFIOLNVIcp>@^VPwjOATVILK¡gUvJ)LKATVŒ\q^pO)? F[?gPJLNVIcJjI?.J)LKD$?.xyUaHKF?S>ACBXUaV^pPRHKAQPw‚pu‰jILZPwjGWQLKª«?ROw>
\^ UaV^ UCD$ATFIVqJEHNUaOcT?RO.JjXUCVJj?0>@Mb?SPRLlzX?SW\bAaFIVW-e †£D;ATO?ŒLNV>LNWILKATF>‰MIO)Aa\IHN?RD1LN>EMXAq>@?gW \q^.^¡SUCVqJ)LKVI?kPRHKAQPw‚Q>Se†£.^¡SUaVQ_
J)LKVI?$PHNAQPw‚LN>nUtJ[u.AC_`BŠUaPR?SW}PRHKAQPw‚«e—JŒPRUaV}JOwUCVX>@D$LKJpWQLKª«?RO)?RVqJxvUCHNFI?g>J)A WQLKª«?RO)?RVqJpPRHKAQPw‚Q>EUCJJ)jI?$>UaD;?0JLND$?aepžVd‹LNce I€/„ °

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 LZ>UŒ.^q¡gUCVqJLNVI? PHNAQPw‚ŒJjUCJ‡LN>ˆ>@?SVWQLNVIcnJLND;?‰xvUaHKFI?
$ŠJAnJj?PHNAPw‚$„ UaVWYmŠ J)ApJjI?PRHKAQPw‚;„ nUvJ6J)jI?>UaD$?J)LKD$?‰LNV>@J)UCVqJge
—J‡jUT>\b?R?RVMOAvxT?SW0JjUCJˆLlB5HN?S>)>6JjXUCV$AaVI?JjILNO)W;AaBbJ)jI?EPRHKAQPw‚Q>UCO)? \UaW$ATO‡^¡gUCVqJLNVI?k‘iL`e ?ae6VIAŒD$AaO)? JjUaV$AaVI?ATFQJ‡ACBbBiAaFO
UaO?Œ\UTWAaOn^¡gUCVqJLNVI?g“€IJ)jI?RVmu.?kPRUaV}jUyxa?pJ)jI?0cTAAWPRHKAQPw‚Q>EUaMIMIO)Ay|LNDUvJ)?RHN^8>@^VPwjOATVILK¡S?SW5e œ jI?0BiAaHNHKAvu‰LNVIcLZ>‰Jj?G>)PwjI?RD$?
BiATOˆ>@^VPwjOATVILK¡gUvJ)LKATVGAaBbJ)jI?EPRHKAQPw‚Q>R,e -?RJ‡JjI?SO?E\X?VtPRHKAQPw‚Q>6LNVtUk>@^Q>@J?SD e6­ˆUTPwj;PRHKAQPw‚GMX?SOLNAQWQLNPSUCHNHK^G\IO)ATUaWPRUa>@J)>6LKJ)>‡JLND$?xvUCHNFI?
UCJEJj?0?RVXW}ACBˆPR?ROJ)UCLNVmLNVqJ?RO)xvUCH`eE†E>)>FID$?kJjXUvJnJjI?;PHNAPw‚Q>ELKV}J)jI?$>@^Q>@J?RD UCO)?kO)?S¤qFILNO?gW JA \X?$>@^VPwjOATVILK¡S?SW u‰LKJjILNV JLND$?
FIVLlJw> ACB#?gUaPwj ACJj?ROge6œ j?RO)?BiAaO)?ELKBUGPRHKAQPw‚O)?SP?SLKxT?S>.UkJ)LKD$?Œ\IO)ATUTWIPRUT>[JJjUCJWQLlª«?ROw>BiOATD¬LKJ)> Avu‰VtJ)LKD$?pxvUCHNFI?p\^D;ATO?JjXUCV
pJ)LKD$?tFVILlJw>R€/JjI?SVoLlJ0PSUCVoWQ?J)?RO)D;LNVI?$J)jUvJŒJ)jI?t>@?SVWQLNVIc}PHNAQPw‚mD0F>@Jk\b?tU \XUaWrAaVI?UaVWo>UCBi?RHN^mLKcTVIAaO)?GJjI?O)?SPR?RLNxa?SW~JLND$?
xvUCHNFI?g>Re­ˆUTPwj8PHNAQPw‚Uyxa?ROwUCcT?S>6ATFQJ UaHKH«cTAqAQW$J)LKD$?pxvUCHNFI?S>O)?SP?SLKxT?SWtUCB{J?SO.UG\IO)ATUaWPRUa>@J>@J?SM UCVXW8>?J)>LKJ)>JLND$?nxvUaHKFI?u‰LlJ)j8J)jILZ>
UyxT?ROwUCca?nxvUCHNFI?ae œ jILZ>>)PwjI?RD$?ŒjUT>‰\X?S?RVmMO?g>@?SVTJ)?SW LNV MX>@?SFWQA8PRAWI?pBiAaO)D4LNVJjI?ŒBiATHKHNAvu‰LNVIce.­ˆUaPwj}PRHKAQPw“ ‚ • I PSUCO)OLN?S> ATFQJJ)jI?
BiATHKHNAvu‰LKVc;ATMX?SO)UCJLNAaV>S§
# ?@3M:Yr ?@r */‘ )"?@*  R)+r ‹:Y,-3M:& % ‘M4:+B?@3a4*-.Y02)"*/3a4cD
   
   ‚'ƒ  ! ""#$
%  ‘ l ‘ #IRm U “ l& w“ '()(*,++ -)./ )
0  021  1 . 1 %43 0  1  1 .' 1 %43 0 " U 
#I  1  1 .' 1 %53 0 +('( ))6,++7 0 1 (8 1 %43 090 : ; .' 1  1<)0 ( 3= ;'10 1 %43 0
>
sEACJ? J)jUvJ‡?gUaPwj$PHNAQPw‚0ACBbJj?E>@^Q>@J?SD£LKVXWQ?RMb?RVWI?RVqJHN^;PSUCO)OLN?S>6ATFQJJj?>UaD;?>?J‡AaB«>@J?SM>Se —B5UCHNHIVtPRHKAQPw‚Q>6ACB5UŒWQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW
Byzantine
t+e
C1 C5

t−e

C2

C3 C4

‹LNcaFIO)? I§.^¡SUCVqJ)LKVI?0„HNAQPw‚tLN>EU;œ u.A‹UTP?SW}„HNAPw‚

e e e

C1’ C2 C3 C1"
‹ LKcTFIO? X§6O)LlB{JE.?J[u.?R?SV œ u.A8„HKAQPw‚Q> LNVƒˆO?g>@?SVP?nACB6.^q¡gUCVqJLNVI?0„HNAPw‚Q>
>^Q>[J)?RD¬PRUaOO)^$AaFQJ J)jI?nUa\XAvxT?>@J?SM>R€IUaVW8UCJ‰D;Aq>[J D4PRHKAQPw‚Q>ˆATFQJ‰ACB/VPHNAQPw‚Q>UaO?n\UaW-€UaVW? & 
@P„d€qJ)jI?RV u?p>jIAvu•LNV8J)jI?
BiATHKHNAvu‰LKVcGJ)jUvJ J)jI?ŒcaAAQW PRHKAQPw‚Q> u‰LNHKH-\b?k>^qVXPwjIOATVILN¡R?SW8u‰LlJ)jILNV ›ACB \bAaFIVW-e
h
r?zOw>@J.>jIAvu©LKVtJjI?BiAa›!HNA HKAvu‰LNVIcŒJ)jI?RATO?SD%JjUCJ.U0.^¡SUaVqJLNVI?PRHKAQPw‚$PRUCV8D$Ua‚a?‰J[u.A0cTAAWPRHKAQPw‚Q>.WQLlª«?RO.LNVtJj?RLNO.PRAaD$MIFQJ)?SW
UyxT?ROwUCca?EJLND$?Œ\q^ UvJD$AT>@J e
h
D Br]38?@r]C ’F  E4GIH ›A 3  47 3 
       5 3 KJLG    MH  3NGO: ?P RQSHG 43NG    HG 5TH  0&UH 7
3 47!H 7     =3NG9H
5   :3 V  7
     
h 3NG 4 365  W8 H: 5M 6J  7  <
  7 YX 7  
ZG KJ 5FHR[ 365 -5\X  7 5 3 % 3   7 3 ]%% 0 %4G 4 &   Z ^
  

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 # @? 3M35x D /?JFX>PRAaV>LNWI?ROJ)jIO)?R?GPRHKAQPw‚Q>n„ ° €/„ Q€-„ tACBˆU8WQLN>@JO)LN\IFQJ?gW~>^Q>[J)?RD Ua>n>@jIAvu‰V}LNV~‹LNce IežVr‹#LNce)I€-„ tUaVWd„ 
UaO?ŒJ[u.A8cTAAW~PHNAPw‚Q>UCVWo„ ° LZ>U ^¡gUCVqJLNVI?GPRHKAQPw‚«eœ j?;PRHKAQPw‚Q>n„ 8UCVWo„ 8UCO)?kO)?S¤qFILNO?gW}VIAaJEJA WQLKªb?SOn\^D$AaO)?kJ)jUCV 
UT>Œ>@jIAvu‰VrLNVr‹LNce Ie8„  \b?RLNVIcmU^¡gUCVqJLNVI?PHNAQPw‚m>@jIAvu>nJ[u.AWQLlª«?RO)?RVqJkxvUCHNFI?g>nJAd„ ° UCVWh„ QesEAvuŒ€5JjI??Rªb?gPJkAaBJ)jI?
.^¡SUaVTJ)LKV?PHNAPw‚0LKV$J)jI?‰JAaJ)UaHl_`JLND$?PRUCHZPFHNUCJLNAaV$LN>JAkDUC‚T?.JjI?‰J[u.AŒcaAAQW$PHNAQPw‚>WILlª«?RO\q^;UvJ‡D$AT>@J @ ˆUT>‡>@›jA Avu‰VGLNVt‹LKcXeXe
œ jI?SO?RBiAaO)?‡J)jI? ?ª«?SPJAaBbUn>@LNVIcaHN? ^¡gUCVqJLNVI? PHNAPw‚kPSUCVGD$Ua‚a?J[uAnUCO)\ILKJOwUCO)^pPRHKAQPw‚Q>#LKV$U>^Q>[J)?RD J)AnWILlª«?RO\^ h LNVGJLND;? xvUCHNFI?Te
¦ AX€aBiATO „ .^q¡gUCVqJLNVI?EPRHKAQPw‚Q>ˆPSUCVDUC‚T?‰J[u.AkcaAAQWtPHNAQPw‚Q>‡WQLKªb?SO\^UvJ.D;Aq>[J   „4LNV8Uyxa?SO)Uaca?‰PATD$MIFQJ)UCJLNAaV-e‹OATD J)jILZ>ˆLKJ
BiATHKHNAvu>«JjXUvJ/BiO)AaD Jj?‡JLND$?ˆPATD$MIFQJ)UCJLNAaVŒ\^JjI?LKVWILKxLZWQFUCHPHNAQPw‚Q>R€SJjI?ˆLKVWILKxLZWQFUCHPHNAQPw‚Q>5u‰LKHNHq\X?ˆ>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡R?gWnu‰LlJ)jILKV ›!ACB e
h"
/?J JjI?pJ)LKD$?ŒO)?S¤qFILNO?gWtBiATO ;PHNAPw‚Q>.J)A$WIOLKB{J‰BiOATD  „ J)A‰\X? ;'Nke6ATOS€ 
;'N>H€   m   „
ATOS€
Ž"Ž ŽR‘-8Ž a“ ;'NT€  Pm   > „


e
©jI?SO? ;'N LN> J)jI?pJLND$?ŒO?g¤qFILKO)?SW8BiAaO GcTAqAQW PHNAQPw‚>J)AtWQOLKB{J‰BiO)AaD   „ J)A Se
r?Œ‚VIAvu•J)jUvJ
;Ne€ ‘  „  ° “ m   „  >


;'N € *> 
Ž"Ž ŽS‘-8Ž T“
e
r?ŒVIAvu LKHNHKFX>[J)O)UCJ?ŒJ)jI?0PATD$MIFQJ)UCJLNAaVACBJj?0>@^VPwjOATVILK¡gUvJ)LKATV Mb?RO)LKAQW BiAaOJjI?0WILN>@JO)LK\FQJ?gW}PHNAPw‚ >@^VPwjOATVILK¡gUvJ)LKATV UaHKcTAC_
O)LlJ)jID4FX>@LNVIcUCV ?|IUCD$MIHN?ae
 sM09C ,-r'  ™MD /?J‡UpWQLN>@JO)LN\IFQJ?gW0O)?SUaHl_`JLND$?.>^Q>[J)?RD£jXUyxa? ° PRHKAQPw‚Q>S€aUCVW0LlJ‡LZ>O ?g¤qFILKO)?SWkJApO)?S>@JO)LNPJ#J)jI?RLNODUv|QLKDGFID¨WQO)LKB{JJ)A
 Q ° „T, e /?J‡J)jI?DUv|QLND0FID%WQO)LlB{J.ACBbJjI?EPRHKAQPw‚Q>Mb?RO‡FVILlJˆJLND;?;‘ >Q“6\b?
°  e?J)?RO)D;LNVI?‰J)jI?O)?S¤qFILNO?gW$>@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaV
LNVqJ?RO)xvUCH`e
 3a, R)+*-354 D.‹IO)AaDJ)jI?kWQ?SOLNxvUvJLNAaV BiAaOWILN>@JO)LK\FQJ?gW PRHKAQPw‚8>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV-€u.?pjUyxa?

;'N7Q °›

° 

°  

;N Q ° +Š
œ jF>.J)jI?ŒO?g¤qFILKO)?SW >^qVXPwjIOATVILN¡SUvJ)LKATV8LNVqJ?RO)xvUCH5LZ> ° $>?SPR>Se
"


   # 
 žP VŸATD;JjIMLZFQ>8J?SPwO)jX>SUCeˆMQœJ)?RUaOt>‚ u.>)?PwjIz?SOwWQ>[FJ HKLNWIVILNc>)PLNFV >)>DG?SW–FIHKJjILNMIAvuOAQPRO?S?g>)UC>@HKAT_J)OLKD$UCV?WJwWQUaLZ>>[‚J)>8OLN\IPRUCFQVŸJ)?SW}\b?d>^Q>)>[PwJ)jI?R?SDWI>‰FIHKLZ?g>W–U$AaD0V©FD0PwjFD$HlJ)LKAaMIO)O)?kAQPP?gAT>D$>AaMIOtHK?RUa| VMIW©O)AaWQ\LZ>[HK?SJ)D¬
OLN\IFQJ)?SW
JjXUCV
JjI?ŒFVILKMOAQP?g>>AaO >)PwjI?SWQFHKLNVIc$MIO)Aa\IHN?RDe

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

  dIM O)?oAa\I>)HNUy?RDu¯>SJ§‡jJ)UCUTJ >@‚J)jIUC?rHNHNAJ)PSUTUv>@J)‚•LKAT>)VPwjIJ?SAtWILNFIVHKWQLNVILNxc]LNWQMIFXOUCATH/\IMHN?ROD< LNV DGFIHlJ)LKMOAQP?g>>AaO UCVW WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW >@^Q>@J?RD>PATV>LN>@J)> ACB0J[uA–>@FI\I_
AQP?g>>AaOw>‰UCVXWJ)UT>@‚>Pwj?SWQFIHNLNVIctUvJJjI?GLKVWILKxLZWQFUCH#MIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>Se œ jI?kJwUa>‚
CU HNHKAQPSUvJLNAaV MIO)Aa\IHN?RD¬LZ>UaV sƒ_—jUCOwWtMIO)Aa\HK?SD e
 žVUnWILN>@JO)LK\FQJ?gWGO)?SUaHl_`JLND$?‰>@^Q>@J?RD€TLlJ‡LZ>xLlJwUCHJ)AŒjUyxa?‰UCHNHJj?PHNAPw‚Q>6LNV;JjI?E>^Q>[J)?RD>>^qVXPwjIOATVILN¡R?SW0u‰LlJ)jILNVtUaPRPR?RMQJwUC\IHN?
JATHK?SO)UaVP?Te#r?Œ?|IUCD$LNVI?SW UP?SVqJOwUCHNLK¡S?SW8UaVWU$WQLN>@JO)LN\IFQJ?gWPHNAPw‚ >@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaV >Pwj?RD$?S>Se
 „?RVqJOwUCHNLN¡R?SW PHNAQPw‚8>@^VPwjOATVILK¡gUvJ)LKATV8LZ>‰>@F>)P?SMQJLN\IHN?pJA>LKVIcTHK?pMbAaLNVqJ‰BŠUCLNHKFIO)?aeˆfV JjI?ŒAaJjI?SO‰jUCVXW5€U$WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SWPHNAQPw‚
>@^VPwjOATVILK¡gUvJ)LKATV~>Pwj?RD$?PRUCVr‚a?S?RM~JjI?cTAqAQWrPHNAQPw‚>nLNVrUWQLZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SWo>^Q>[J)?RD™>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡R?gWmAaVHK^mLKB VIA D$ATO?;JjXUCV
!
ACBJjI?kPRHKAQPw‚Q>‰UCO)?\XUaW AaO‰.^¡SUCVqJ)LKVI?Te

 # !   

° e ¦ )J UCJ?pu‰jI?RJjI?SO^aATF PRAaV>LNWI?RO.JjI?pBiATHKHNAvu‰LNVIc>[JwUvJ?SD$?RVqJ)> D {(  AaOvJ<   0e aF>@JLKBi^t^TAaFIOUaV>@u.?RO LNV?SUaPwj PRUT>@?Te

‘ŠUq“ fMQJ)LKDUaH>Pwj?RD$?S>6BiATO‡>Pwj?SWQFIHNLNVIcŒjUCOwWGO?gUCHK_J)LKD$? J)UT>@‚Q>6LNV$D0FIHKJLNMIO)APR?S>)>@ATO‡PATD;MFQJLNVIcŒ?RVxLNOATVID$?RVqJ)>6jUyxT? \X?S?RV
WQ?SxLN>?SW \^8>FILlJwUC\IHN^t?R|qJ)?RVWILKVIc$J)jI?k­ˆn‹YUaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jIDe
‘i\X“ =>@LNVIcJjI? WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW0PRHKAQPw‚p>@^VPwjOATVILK¡gUvJ)LKATVk>PwjI?SD$?a€vLKJLZ>/MbAT>)>LK\IHN?‡J)A‚T?R?SMŒJjI?.caAAQWkPRHKAQPw‚Q>-AaBACBUnWQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW
>^Q>[J)?RD4jXUyxqLNVIc ° ;PHNAQPw‚Q>.>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡R?gW5€Qu‰jI?SV8J[u.A$ACBJjI?kPRHKAQPw‚Q> UCO)?n‚VIAvu‰V JA$\b?k.^q¡gUCVqJLNVI?Te
‘ŠPS“ žVhUWQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SWrjUCOwWdO?gUCHK_J)LKD$?PATD;MFQJLNVIc?RVxLKO)AaVD;?SVqJS€5JwUa>‚~UCHNHKAQPSUvJLNAaVdJALNVWQLNxLNWQFXUCH‡VIAQWQ?g>pF>LKVIcmU \ILNV
MUTPw‚LKVIc UCHNcaAaO)LKJjID1LKV~PRAa@V F[FVPJ)LKATVmu‰LlJ)j}J)UT>@‚>)PwjI?SWQFHKLNVIc8UCJEJj?0LNVWQLNxqLZWQFUaH#VAWI?S>FX>@LNVIcJ)jI?G­‹ŸUCHNcaATOLKJjD
PSUCV \X?k>jIAvu‰V JA\b?pJjI?ŒD$AT>@J‰MIO)ACzXPRLK?SVTJge
‘ŠW“ œ jI?GBiAQPF>)>?SWmUTWIWQO)?S>)>@LNVIc8UaVW}\ILZWIWQLNVIc UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID¥F>@?gW}BiATOEJwUa>‚ UaHKHNAQPRUvJ)LKATVmLNV~WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SWmO)?SUaHl_`JLND$?G>^Q>[J)?RD>
>@J)UCJLZPRUCHNHN^8UCHNHKAQPSUvJ?g>.J)UT>@‚Q>JAVIAQWQ?g>Re
‘i?g“ œ jI?kBiAPRF>)>@?gW}UaWIWQO)?S>)>LKVIcUaVW\ILZWIWQLNVIc8UCHNcaATOLKJjD¬BiAaOJ)Ua>‚UCHNHKAQPRUCJLNAaV}PRUaVjUCVWIHK?0WI^qVXUCD$LNPŒJ)Ua>‚ UaOO)LNxyUaHN>‰UaVW
LZ>>FILlJ)?SW BiAaO‰FX>@?pLNV DGFIHKJLNMIOAQPR?S>)>@ATO@_—\Ua>?SWtO?gUCHK_J)LKD$?Œ>@^Q>@J?SD$>Se
‘{B)“.FWIWI^–UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID>$O?g¤TFLKO)?}HK?g>>8PAaD$DGFIVILZPRUvJ)LKATVŸAvxa?RO)jI?gUaWYPRAaD$MUaO?gWYJ)AoBiAQPF>)>@?gWŸUaWIWQO)?S>)>LKVIchUaVWŸ\ILZWIWQLNVIc
UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID>LNVD0FIHKJLNMIO)AQP?S>)>AaO O?gUCHK_J)LKD$?nJ)UT>@‚ >PwjI?gWQFIHNLKVce
‘ic“8œ jI?8\ILKVI_`MUTPw‚LKVIcm>)PwjI?SD;?LZ>ŒJ)jI?tATMQJLNDUCHUaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID BiATO0UCHNHNAPSUvJ)LKVIcmU}>?JGACB‰MX?SOLNAQWQLZPO?gUCHK_J)LKD$?$JwUa>‚>ŒJA}J)jI?
VIAQWQ?g>‰ACB6WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW>@^Q>@J?SD e
‘ijX“ žV–U~WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW–>@^Q>@J?SDu‰j?RV®J)jI? D;?g>>)UCcT?8PATD$D0FIVILZPRUCJLNAaVhJ)LKD$?LZ>0VIATVQ_—¡R?RO)A~UaVWY>LKcTVILKzXPRUaVTJg€6JjI?>LKD$MIHN?
LNVqJ?RO)VUaH6>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaVm>)PwjI?RD$?;F>LKVIcU8JLND;?>?RO)xa?SOEDUC‚T?S>EJjI?>^qVXPwjIOATVILN¡R?SW}JLND;?$LNVPO)?RD$?SVTJwUCHNHK^}WQ?SHNUy^T?SW
\^tJ)jI?ŒUyxa?SO)Uaca?ED$?g>>)UCcT?EJ)O)UaV>@D$LZ>>LNAaV JLND;?kUCB{J?SO‰?Rxa?SO^t>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV LKVqJ?SOxvUaHe
Ie­|QMIHZUCLNVu‰j^;UaHKcTAaO)LlJ)jID>6JjUCJ.PSUCV\b?F>?SW>)UvJ)LN>@BŠUaPJATOLNHK^0JA;>PwjI?gWQFIHN?O)?SUCHK_`JLND;?J)Ua>‚Q>‡ATVD0FIHKJLNMIO)APR?S>)>@ATO)>‡ACB{J?SV8UCO)?
VIACJ>)UvJ)LN>@BŠUaPJAaO)^$JAt>)PwjI?gWQFIHN?nO)?SUaHl_`JLND$?nJ)Ua>‚Q>.AaV}WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW>@^Q>@J?SD$>S€IUCVXW8xLZP?_—xa?SO)>)U
e‰žV~U8WILN>@JO)LK\FQJ?gW~>^>@J?SD€«>LK|}PRHKAQPw‚Q>VI?R?gW}JA \X?$>^qVXPwjIOATVILN¡R?SW J)A U8D$UC|QLKDGFID WQLKªb?SO?SVP?GACB  ° CD ¦ ?SPk\X?RJ[u?S?RVdUaV^
J[uAtPRHKAQPw‚Q>Se †>>FID$?kJ)jUvJEJjI?GLKVWILKxLZWQFUCH6PHNAQPw‚Q>‰jUyxa?kUtD$UC|QLKDGFID O)UCJ?ŒACBˆWIOLKB{JEACcB
°   ežcaVAaO)?kPHNAPw‚ >@?RJ@_—FIM
JLND$?S>‰UCVXW PRAaD$D0FVILNPSUvJ)LKATV HZUvJ)?RVPRLK?g>Re
‘ŠUq“t©jUCJLZ>#JjI? OwUvJ)?UvJ6u‰jILZPwjkJ)jI?.PRHKAQPw‚Q>#VI?R?gWŒJAn\b?.>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡R?gWŒF>LKVIc;‘iL{“U>LKD$MIHN? P?RVqJ)O)UaHaJ)LKD$? >@?SOxT?RO/D$?RJjIAQW
‘ŠLKL{“‰>LKD$MIHN?pLKVqJ?SOVXUCH->^qVXPwjIOATVILN¡SUvJ)LKATVd‘Uyxa?ROwUCcTLKVcq“D$?RJjIAQW
‘i\X“ ©jUCJLN>‰JjI?kPRAaD$D0FIVLNPSUvJLNAaV Avxa?SOjI?gUaW8LKV?SUTPwj AaB/J)jI?pJ[uA>)PwjI?RD$?g>
‘ŠPS“ †>>FID$LKVc0J)jI?nUyxT?ROwUCcT?EPATD;DGFIVILZPRUCJLNAaVtHZUvJ)?RVPR^$JA;\X? Ie ° D>?SPC€qu‰jUCJ.u.AaFIHZWt\b?JjI?ŒWQO)LlB{J ACB/JjI?p>@^VPwjOATVILK¡S?SW
J)LKD$?Œu‰LKJjO?g>@Mb?SPJ‰JA;Jj?k=EœE„©BiAaO‰?SUTPwj AaB#J)jI?nJ[uA>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV >)PwjI?SD;?g>
Xe ‘ŠUq“t©j^mLZ>nJjI?PRHKAQPw‚}O)?S>AaHNFQJLNAaVdMIOAvxLZWQ?SW}JAO?gUCHK_J)LKD$?;MIO)AacaOwUCD>E\q^dWQLlª«?RO)?RVqJkPATD$D;?SO)PRLNUaH#O)?SUaHl_`JLND$?GATMX?SO)UCJLNVIc
>^Q>[J)?RD>OwUCO)?RHN^pzVI?RO‡JjUaVGBi?SuŸjqFVWQO)?SWI>AaBbD$LNHKHNLZ>@?gPAaVXWI>JjIATFIcaj$cTLKcqUj?ROJ¡PHNAQPw‚Q>UCO)?.FX>@?gWG\^0JjI?g>@?>^Q>[J)?RD>
°

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ‘i\X“}„.UaVGPHNAQPw‚pO?g>@ATHKFQJ)LKATVpzVI?SO#J)jUCVGD$LKHNHKLZ>?SPATVWI>#\X?.MIO)AvxLNWQ?gWpJAnO)?SUCHK_`JLND;?MIO)AacaOwUCD>-UCJ6UaHKH 8—BX^a?g>R€y\IO)LN? ^p?|QMIHZUCLNV
jIAvuŒe

Ie‰©j^kLN>‡LlJ‡VI?gP?g>>)UCO)^pJAk>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡R?JjI?PRHKAQPw‚Q>6LNV$UpWQLZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SW;O)?SUaHl_`JLND$? >^Q>[J)?RD LN>)PF>)>Jj?‰O?SHNUCJLNxa?‰UaWQxvUaVTJwUCcT?S>

UCVW WQLZ>UTWQxvUCVqJ)Uaca?g>AaB/J)jI?kP?SVTJ)O)UaHKLN¡R?gW UaVW WQLN>@JO)LN\IFQJ?gWPHNAPw‚ >@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaV >Pwj?RD$?S>Se
eE?g>PROLN\b?kJj? ]  %
% H 7  % 3NGO HG 3 3NGO$UCVWmJjI ? 
G>PwjI?SD$?S>EBiAaOnOFIVVILKVc U8>?JpACB‡O)?SUaHl_`JLND$?kJwUa>‚>LNV~U
WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW?SVqxLNOATVID$?RVqJSeˆ„ATD;MXUCO)?‰JjI?g>@?EJ[uA;>Pwj?RD$?S>u‰LlJ)j8O)?S>MX?gPJJAGPRAaD$D0FVILNPSUvJ)LKATVtAvxa?SOjI?gUaW$UCVXW8>)PwjI?SWQFHKLNVIc
MIO)ACzXPRLK?SVP^Te

°a°

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 
   !"$#&%('*),+ !- +

.0/,12436587:9;11<24=<3>3? 27A@B1<3>=C9D 36EBF89G>H993IE,123JFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1R=37A5TSU1<FTKM31<7:9VW9<GC243IEBH5TFL/4X*13IGC2/4FLYQH439>Z [3624FTXP245LFTXP2P1<3IE,127A1

1<FTKM3>5L\]@4=<N^E4HG$1<FTNP/_NA`a=39;H5b1C9FL/c7:G>G>N:=CE47A/OG3M1Nd7e@42^\B9;F8G>7:5fG5LNBGCVdF89g^FT1<7A5f1Ne1<243h9<7i1<FL9;`j7:G1NP=\dN:@k3>=C7i1FLN:/]N:`a7l=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
9\B9m1<3>KnZo[d3p2O7:En7A589;NM@kN:FL/Q13IE&NPHB1R127A1q=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>Ks97A=<3J@4=FLKs7A=<FT5L\W=<3I9@ONP/9FTt45L3J`uN:=a3I/9;H=FL/4Xr127A13>gP3>=<\
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3q1C7:9VsKr3I31C9RFb1C91FLKr3I5TFL/4399R=<3IYQH4FL=3IKM3>/Q1<9IZowx=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XM9;\B9;13>KyFT/h1H4=</n7:GC24FL3>gP3I9f124F89Rt^\WH9FT/4Xs7:@4@4=<NAS
@4=<F87i13z1<7P9;Ve9<GC243IEBH5TFL/4XW1<3IGC24/FLYQH439>Z6{NP=Ks7A5L5L\:|k=37A5TSU1<FTKM3zNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>Ks9q@=Nig^F8EB3}3>~BFTt4FL5LFb1m\&1Nh123z@4=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=<9R1<N
93>5L3IG1 7:/*7A@@4=NP@4=<FL7A13f9<GC243IE4H45TFL/4XJ@ONP5TF8G\7:KMN:/4XJ9;3Ig:3>=C7A5Q9;H@4@ONP=;1<3IEz@ONP5TF8GFL3I9IZ-3>@5TNi\^KM3>/Q1 NA`O7:/*7A@@4=NP@4=<FL7A13o1C7:9V9GC243EBH45TS
FL/4Xe1<3IGC24/4F8YQH43WNPHB1zNA`R1<243h9H4@4@kN:=13E13IGC2/4FLYQH439F89p1<243>=<3`uNP=3W7:/_FTKM@kN:=1<7A/Q1*G>N:/G>3>=</`uN:=3Ig:3>=<\€=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3s@4=<N:X:=C7AKMKM3>=Z
"NstO3r7At45L361NhEB31<3>=<KrFL/43p1<243z9H4FT1<7AtFT5LFb1m\&NA`‚7s9<GC243IE4H45TFL/4X,7:5TXPN:=<Fb1<24K`uNP=7MX:FLg:3I/n@4=NPt45L3>Kn|O7r1<24N:=<N:H4XP2nH4/EB3I=<9;1<7:/EBFL/4XsNA`
1<243JGC2O7A=C7:G$1<3>=<FL9;1F8G>9fNA`ƒgi7:=FLN:H9 =<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3q1<7P9;Vs9<GC243IEBH5TFL/4X*7:5TXPN:=<Fb1<24Ks9fF89FTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1Z [d31243I=3>`uN:=<3q27PE,7*=<7A1243I=f3I5L7:tONP=<7A13
EBF89<GH9<9;FLN:/,N:/W=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31<7P9;Vs9<GC243IE4H45TFL/4Xz13IGC2/4FLYQH439 7:/EWG>3>=1<7AFL/W=<3>587i1<3IEsF899H439 9HGC2,7P9 927A=<FL/4XNA`-G=<Fb1<FLGI7A5k=39;NPH4=<G>3I9‚7:/E
27:/EB5LFT/X*1C7:9V,EB3I@O3I/EB3>/OGFL3I9IZ
.0/12FL9*? 2O7A@B1<3>=|ƒD3s3~47AKMFL/43r1243WFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1p`u3I7A1H4=<3I9J1<27i1z7n=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3MN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xe9\^9;13IK„F89p3~B@k3IG13IEd1<Nl9;H4@@ONP=;1Z
q/45T399"1<243I93f`u37i1<H4=39"7:=37:EB3YQH7i1<3>5L\69H4@4@kN:=13Et^\7A/*N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XJ9;\B9;13IK&|iFT1 tO3GN:KM39ƒ1<NJ9<7i1<FL9;`j7:G1NP=FL5T\JFLKr@5T3IKr3I/Q1oG>3>=1<7:FT/
GI7i13IX:NP=FL3I9NA` =<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3p7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9RN:/&124F89aNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13>KnZ‚[3zEBF89<GH9<91NsDa27A13~^13I/Q1a12439;3=<3IYQH4FL=<3IE,`u3I7i1<H4=<3I9a7A=<3
9H4@4@kN:=13EMtQ\*123qgi7A=<FTNPH9‚G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5L5T\r7†g†7:FT587At5T3a=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X9\B9m1<3>Ks9IZ "NXQ7AFL/M7tO3>1;13I= FL/9FTXP2Q1I|QD 3q7:5L9NpFL/QgP3I9;S
1<FTXQ7i131243FL/Q13I=/7:5L9‚NA`‡1243N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X9\B9m1<3>Ks9 1<N3~47AKMFL/43a1<2433~47PG$1‚DR7†\^9‚FT/sDa24F8GC2M123q=<3IYQH4FL=3Ez`u37i1<H4=39‚7A=<39H4@4@kN:=13IE Z
"Nl7A@4@=3GF87i13s9N:KM3sNA`R1<243M`uH4/E47:KM3>/Q1<7:5fF899H43I9z7iˆ‡3IG$1<FT/Xn1243,E43I9FTXP/]7:/E_EB3Ig:3>5LN:@Kr3I/Q16N:`7e97A1F89m`j7PG$1NP=\€=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xh9\B9m1<3>Kn|‰D 3MEBF89G>H9<9q1<243M@4=<N:t45L3>Ks9127A1JDN:H5LEdG=<N:@€H@€FT` N:/3r7A1;13IKM@B1<9J1<NhH93M7,XP3>/43I=<7:5"@4H=@kNP93*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>KŠ9;HGC2c7P9/Fb~_N:=z[‹FT/E4NiD9p`uN:=rEB3>gP3>5LN:@4FL/4Xe=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3W7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9IZnŒ€7A/^\d=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3sN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xl9\B9m1<3>Ks9z7:=3W7A1
@4=<3I93>/Q1z7†gi7AFL587At45L3WGNPKrKM3I=<G>FL7:5T5L\:Zh[d3,7:/7A5L\^>3W9N:KM3s@kN:@4H4587A=*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3sNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13>Ks9I|-7:/E]FL/QgP3I9;1FLXP7A13sDa2^\l1<243I93
@kN:@4H5L7:=‚9;\B9;13>Ks9oGI7A/4/4N:1otO3aH93IEr7:G>=NQ99 7:5T547:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z"[d37:5L9N63~47AKMFL/431243ŽR6^.0‘‹9m1C7A/E47:=<E`uN:=o=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9a7A/E&FT1<9RFLKM@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
R24F89zGC2O7A@B1<3>=zF89NP=XQ7A/4FL>3E]7:9p`uNP5T5LNiD9IZl’"FL=C9m1|oD 3,E4FL9<GH9<9p1<243,FLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1z`u37i1<H4=39p1<27i1M7A=<3sH9;HO7A5L5T\=3YQH4FT=<3IE1<N€tk3
9H4@4@kN:=13Eet^\&7,=37A5TSU1<FTKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\^9;13IKnZq[3*9;1<7A=1qt^\eEBF89G>H99FL/4Xs123z1<FTKM3*93>=<g^FLG>3z9H4@4@kN:=1<9@=Nig^F8EB3IEnt^\&1243*=37A5TS
1<FTKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XM9\B9m1<3>Ks9I|49;FL/G37PG>G>H4=<7A1367A/E&24FLX:2&@4=<3IG>FL9FTNP/&G>5TNBGCVB9a7A=<3Jg:3>=<\WFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1R1NM1239;HGIG399;`uH45‰N:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/&7:/^\
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM37A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/ Zo^H4t93IYQH43I/P1<5T\P|PD3qEBF89<GH9<9o1<243F899H43I9‚127A1 7A=<F89;3aFT` D 37A1;1<3>KM@B1f1<NH93q7pXP3>/43I=<7:54@4H4=<@ONQ9;3aNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>K“9HGC2r7P9"q/4FT~zN:= [‹FL/EBNiD9-FT/M7=37A5TSU1<FTKM3R7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9IZ"{3>~^1I|AD3 3>~B@45L7:FT/r24NiD”9N:KM3NA`41<243`uH4/E47:KM3>/Q1<7:5B@4=NPt45L3>Ks9
7P99NBGF87i13ElDaFT12]1<243M1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5oN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xn9\B9m1<3>Ks9s•j7P9J`j7A=z7P96=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9p7:=3MGNP/G3I=/3IE–67:=3rNig:3I=<G>N:KM3*FL/
1<2431<243rG>N:/Q13IKM@ONP=<7:=\h=37A5TSU1<FTKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XW9;\B9;13IKM9IZq[31<243>/9;H=gP3>\h9N:KM3*NA` 1243rFLKr@kN:=1<7:/Q1`u3I7A1H4=<3I9NA`o1<243*EBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13IKM9o127A1 7A=<3RtO3IFT/4XG>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5L5T\zH9;3E‰Z ’"FL/7:5T5L\:|PD 3aF8EB3>/Q1<Fb`u\M9;NPKM3N:`O1<243FLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1‚@7A=C7AKM3>13>=C9
t7P9;3E,NP/hDa2FLGC2ngi7A=<FTNPH9=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p9\^9;13IKs9aG>7A/&tk3ptO3I/GC24Ks7A=<V:3E‰Z
— ˜™Iš›œ,›qž Ÿh™a›¡
? 5LNBGCV^9o7:/E*1FLKM39;3I=g^F8G3I9 7:=3a7AKMNP/4Xp9;NPKr3RN:`O1<243at7:9F8G`j7:GFL5LFb1<FT39 @4=Nig^F8EB3IEz1Np@=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=C9ƒt^\z3Ig:3I=\p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>KnZpR243z1<FTKM3M9;3I=g^F8G39@4=<Nig^FLEB3Eet^\e7A/€NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>K¢7A=<3t7P9;3EeN:/7,9NA`£1mDR7A=<3zG5LNBGCVeG>7A5L5L3IEn1<243r9\B9m1<3>K¢G>5TNBGCV‡Z
R2439\B9m1<3>K¤G5LN^GCVhFL9KM7:FT/Q1C7AFL/43IE&t^\W1<243N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XM9\B9m1<3>K¥V:3>=</43I5‰t7:93IE&N:/&1<243FL/P1<3>=<=H@B1<9R=<3IG>3>FLg:3IEh`u=<N:K1<24327:=<E4D7:=3
G>5TNBGCV‡Z‚^FT/OG3J27A=CEs=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3J9;\B9;13IKM9H9H7:5T5L\M27†g:3q1FLKrFL/4XMGNP/9m1<=<7:FT/Q1C9o12O7i17A=<3qN:` 1243JN:=CEB3I=fNA`-7`u3ID¦KMFLG>=Nr9;3GN:/OE49>|Q1<243
§

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 9\B9m1<3>K G5LNBGCV&924N:H5LEe2O7†g:3z9H
GFL3>/Q15L\ /43*=39;NP5THB1<FTNP/1<Nh9H4@4@kN:=1q123z/43G3I9<9<7A=<\W1FLKM3r93>=<g^FLG>3I9IZNiD3>gP3>=|EB39;FLX:/43I=<9qNA`
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13>Ks9/E&FT1g:3I=\WEBF
GH45T1a1Ns9H4@4@kN:=1 /43p=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/&9;\B9;13>K¥G5LN^GCVB9IZ .0/&G>H4==<3>/Q1R13GC24/4NP5TNPX:\:|Q1<243
=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/dNA`R27A=CEBDR7A=<3*G>5TNBGCVB96FL9 O/43>=p1<27A/]7n/7:/4NP93IG>N:/E •jGNP/Q13>KM@kN:=C7A=<\e@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=J9@k3>3IE963~4G3I3IE q–$ZHB1| 1<243
G>5TNBGCVz=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/*tk3>FL/4XKs7:E437†g†7:FT587At5T3at^\zKMNBEB3I=/M=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3aNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13IKM9o1Np1<243@4=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=<9"FL9fN:/45L\zN:`‡1243aNP=<EB3I=
N:`-93>g:3I=<7:5KMFL5T5LFƒ93IGNP/E49 N:=RDN:=C9;3PZ ƒ31aH9 =C9m1aFL/QgP3I9;1FLXP7A13qDa2^\s=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>K EB39;FLX:/3>=C9 O/E,FT1EBF
G>H45T11<N
Ks7AFL/Q1<7:FT/n9;\B9;13IK¥G5LNBGCVB9RDaFb1<2n9H
GFL3>/Q1<5T\ /436=39;NP5TH41FLN:/ Zo[361243I/n3~47AKMFL/436g†7:=FLN:HO91FLKr393>=<g^FLG>3I9 12O7i1q7A=<36t4H4FL5b1t7:93IE
NP/,1<2439;\B9;13IK¥G5LNBGCV‡|47A/EhKs7:EB3p7†gi7AFL5L7:t45L31<Nr1243p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3J@=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=C9>Z
R243p2O7A=CEBD7:=3pG>5TNBGCV,FL/l7WG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=@k3>=<FTNBEBF8G>7:5T5L\,XP3>/43I=<7A139RFT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9z•jNA`£13I/lG>7:5T5L3IEh1FLKM3*93>=<g^FLG>3JFL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9<–ZRw`£13I=
37:GC2€G>5TNBGCVnFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41I|‡123*VP3>=</43>5-H4@‡E47i1<3I91243M9NA`£1mDR7A=<3zG5LNBGCVn7:/E€7:5L9N,@k3>=`uN:=<Ks9G>3>=1<7:FT/lN:1243I=6D NP=V]•u3>~^@5L7:FT/43ElFL/^3G
 Z § Z § –$Zzw 12=37:E€GI7A/X:3>11<243sGH4=<=3I/Q11<FTKM3M=37:EBFL/4XhNA`f1<243s9;\B9;13IK¢G5LN^GCVet^\lFL/^g:NPVQFL/4X&7h9\B9m1<3>K„GI7A5L5 9H4@4@kN:=13Elt^\e1<243
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\^9;13IK •j9HGC2d7P9a123rŽR6^.0 ‘ !#"$$&%('&"*),+A–Z R24-3 /43I=q1<243z=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/€NA`o123rG>5TNBGCV‡|1<243rKrNP=3`u=3YPH3>/Q1
/43I3IE€1Nntk3*1<243r1FLKM3M93>=<g^FLG>3*FL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9J7:/Ed5L7:=XP3>=JFL9J1<243s7AKMN:H4/Q16NA`@4=NBG>3I9<9;NP=q1<FTKM3r1243MVP3>=</43>5o9@O3I/E496FL/d=<3I9@ONP/EBFL/4X
1<Ne12439;3,FT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9>ZeR24F89NigP3>=<243I7PE€@5L7PG3I9z7e5TFLKMFb1C7i1<FTNP/_N:/_24Ni.D /43hFL91243,9\B9m1<3>KŠG5LNBGCV€=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/_7lG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=zGI7A/
9H4@4@kN:=1IZ w/4N:1243I= FL9<9;H3 1<27i1‚GI7A@9"123=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/zNA`O1243a9\B9m1<3>K“G5LNBGCVpFL9-1<27i1 1<243R=39;@kN:/93 1FLKr3RN:`12/3 0#!#"$1$%('&"*)2+
9\B9m1<3>K GI7A5L5oFL9/4NA1zEB3>13I=KMFL/4FL9;1F8GAZ,.0/]`j7:G$1|ƒ3Ig:3>=<\€9\B9m1<3>K„GI7A5L5q•uNP=6`uN:=p1<27i1Ks7i113I=3>gP3>=<\e`uH4/G1FLN:/_G>7:5T5£–JFT/^gPN^GI7i1<FTNP/d27P9
9N:KM3,7P99NBGF87i13E 3mFb113I=IZ 4a3>KM3IKztk3>=1<27i1 3mFT1;13I=*DR7:9*EB(3 O/43IEc7P91<243hE4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/G>3,tk31mD3>3I/_1243hD NP=<9;1;S0G>7P9;3s=<3I9@kN:/93s1FLKM3
7:/E&1243ztO39m16G>7:93p=<3I9@ONP/9;361<FTKM3,•U9;3I3*^3GA6Z 5BZ 4Z § –ZR2463 3mFb113>=JF89qG>7:H93IE&@7A=15L\&N:/e7:GIGN:H/P1N:`oFT/Q13I==<H4@B1C927†g^FL/4Xs24FLX:243I=
@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\&12O7A/€9\B9m1<3>K¢G>7:5T589IZJ[‹23>/d7:/€FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B16N^GIGH4=C9I|1<243M@4=NBG>3I9<9;FL/4XWN:` 7,9\B9m1<3>K¢G>7:5T5-F89J9;1<7:5T5L3IE Z6R23*@4=<N:t5T3IK X:31C9
7:X:X:=C7†gi7i1<3IE&FT/d123z`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/Xh9Fb1<H7i1<FTNP/ Zw589;NO|k1243r@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/l1<FTKM3MNA` 9\B9m1<3>K G>7:5T5896G>7:/lgi7A=<\&tk3IGI7AH93rKM7:/^\&NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9MEBFL9<7At5T3&FT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9rDa24FL5T3&@4=<N^G>3I9<9;FL/4X7d9\B9m1<3>K GI7A5L5UZ”R23hgi7A=<F87i1FLN:/”FT/ 1243n=<3I9@ONP/93W1FLKM3_7• 3mFT1;13I=C–rFL/Q1=<NBEBHG39
7:/d3I==<N:=JFT/1<243s7:G>G>H4=C7:G\eN:`f1<243M1FLKM3rgi7:5TH43r1<27i1p1<243WG>7:5T5LFT/X,1<24=37:EdX:3>1<9J`u=<N:K 1<243MV:3>=</43I5UZr.0/G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5L5T\l7†gi7:FT587At45L3
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>Ks9I2| 3mFT1;1<3>=C9a7:9<9;NBG>FL7A13IE,DaFb1<2&9\B9m1<3>K GI7A5L5L9aGI7A/,tk3p9;3Ig:3I=<7:5OKMFL5T5LFL93IG>N:/E9>ZoR24F89 3mFb113I=aFT/Q1=<NBEBHG>3I9a7A/h3>=<=NP= FL/
1<2431FLKr3=<3I7:E4FT/4XQ9ƒNPtB1<7:FT/3IEt^\7@4=<N:X:=C7AKnZƒw9NA`£1mDR7A=<3 G5LNBGCV6=39;NP5THB1<FTNP8/ /43I=-127:/z1<24FL9-3I==<N:="FL9"123>=<3`uN:=<3/4NA1 KM3I7A/FT/4X:`uH45vZ
[3p/4NiD 3~47AKMFL/4361243*EBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q17PG$1<FTg^FT1FL3I9R1<27i17:=3pGI7A=<=FL3IEhN:HB1tQ\&7M27A/OEB5T3I==<N:HB1<FT/437A`£13I=q7sG5LNBGCV,FL/P1<3>=<=H@B1NBG>GH=<9IZ
^Ht9;3YQH43>/Q15L\:|D 3pEBF89G>H9<9R24NiDx9H
GFL3>/Q15L\ O/436=39;NP5THB1<FTNP/&GI7A/&tO3p@=Nig^F8EB3IEhFT/h123p@4=39;3I/G36N:9` 3mFT1;1<3>=FL/&`uH4/G$1<FTNP/eG>7A5L589>Z
:<;=: >@?BADC#EFGHJILKKM6NHPOQK#ADC&ISR1R1TBGU
V 7:GC2c1<FTKM3e7]G5LNBGCV_FT/Q13I==<H4@B1sNBG>G>H4=C9>|‚tk3I9F8EB3I9MFL/G=<3>KM3I/P1<FT/X€1<243l9;N:`£1mD7:=3&G5LNBGCVk|‚1243e27:/EB5L3>=M=<N:HB1<FT/43eGI7A=<=FL3I9*N:HB1M1<243
`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XM7PG$1<FTg^FT1FL3I92W
Expiration time

t4=15 t3=3 t2=3 t1=1

Handler Handler
2 1

’"FLX:H=3 § W‚Q1<=HOG$1H=3pN:`-7MRFTKM3I= X H43>H3

Y[Z\0]L^!_1`a`QbacedP_\f_g9_1h&b2`i 4a3I7:5bSv1FLKM3hNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xd9\B9m1<3>Ks9*KM7:FT/Q1C7AFL/”3>FT123>=r@O3I=;S @4=<N^G>3I9<91<FTKM3I=MYQH43IH43I9*N:=M79;FL/4X:5L3
9;\B9;13IK*S DaF8EB3r1FLKr3I=*YQH43IH43:Z,R23,9m1<=HOG$1H=3MNA`9HGC2_7h1FLKr3I=*YQH43IH43s27:9tO3I3>/_9;2NiDa/FL/_’-FTXOZ  Z § Zhw1FLKM3>=zYQH43IH43
GNP/P1C7AFL/9‚7:5T51FLKr3I=<9 7A=<=<7:/4X:3ErFT/sNP=<EB3I=‚NA`‰1<243>FL=f3>~B@4FT=C7i1<FTNP/r1FLKr39>ZjV 7:GC2r1FLKM3>= FL97:9<9;NBG>FL7A13IErDaFT12,727A/E45T3I=‚=NPHB1FL/43PZ
R243627A/OEB5T3I=a=NPHB1FL/43pF8912436`uH/G$1<FTNP/n127A1/43>3E491Nstk3pFT/^gPN:V:3EWDa243I/&124361<FTKM3>=q3~B@4FL=39>Zow13I7PGC2&G>5TNBGCVWFL/Q13I==<H4@B1|
k=l&m7n,oqprtsButnvm7waxty7nvz|{asBzan}x~sujx~€sx~y7Ds‚vrqƒ}z,wm„ƒ}r~y x†‡r~nBˆay7{s{Š‰(x~€as ut2utxts‹om7n,oqpn}ŒLƒ6onvD‡waxtsBrBŽS€,wuBxt€s rtsButnvm7waxty7nvz|n}Œƒueauex~s‘om7n2oqp
onvr~r~sut‡!nvza{uSxtn’xt€sj{wr~ƒ“x~y7nvz/n}ŒJx~y7Dsxt€0ƒ“x”sm„ƒ}‡u~suS‰!s•x†–sszx†–n utwoosButu~y ˆ(sjom7n2o~p6xty7oqp,u=

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 1243V:3I=/43I5GC243GCV^9‚1243q1FLKM3>=RE47i1C79m1<=HOG$1H=39‚FL/s1243q1FLKM3>= YQH43IH431<N*93>3FT`ƒ7A/^\*1FLKM3>=3>g:3I/Q1f27:9fNBG>GH==<3IE‰Z-. ` FT1/E9
127A17r1FLKr3I=a3>gP3>/Q1a27:9RNBG>G>H4=<=3E‰|^1243I/nFb1qYQH43IH43I91<243GNP==<3I9@ONP/EBFL/4Xr27A/E45T3I=a=NPHB1FL/436FT/&1<243p=37:EB\hYPH3>H43PZ
Y
Jba_ \0_  ect`,bi ^FT/OG3r1243MNBG>G>H4=<=3I/G3*NA`f1<243M5L7P9m1pG5LNBGCVe3>gP3>/Q1I| 9N:KM3*1<7:9VB9JKrFLX:2Q1627†g:3M7A=<=<FTgP3IEnN:=6tk3IG>N:KM3
=37:EB\cE4H43n1N]1<243n`uH45 5T5LKM3>/Q1,N:`6G>3>=1<7AFL/ GN:/OEBFb1<FTNP/9M1<243>\ D 3I=3nDR7AFT1FL/4X`uN:=‘Z 4a3IG>N:5L5T3G$1s`u=<N:K 7t7P9;F8GeGNPH4=<93&N:/
N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xn9\^9;13IK 12O7i17A=<=FLg^FT/XW1<7P9;VB9p7:/El1C7:9VB9DR7AFT1FL/4Xh`uN:=9N:KM3M3>gP3>/Q1M•U9;HOGC27P9p7h@O7AX:3*`u31CGC2dNP=7h93>Ks7:@424N:=<3
3>gP3>/Q1C–p7:=3WYQH43IH43IE]FL/”7nDR7AFT1*YQH43>H3:ZlR243s1C7:9VB9pFT/c1243hD7:Fb1zYQH43IH43h7:=3WGC243GCV:3E€1<N€93>3WFT`7A/^\€1C7:9Vd2O7:9ptk3IG>N:KM3
=37:EB\*FT/W1243Kr37A/WDa2FT5L3:ZoR243a1C7:9VB9‚Da24F8GC2,7A=<3a`uNPH4/EM1<N27†g:3qtO3GN:KM3=<3I7PEB\:|^7A=<3YQH43>H3IEsFL/s123q=<3I7:E4\rYQH43IH43:Z-. `ƒ7
1<7P9;VW2O7†gQFL/4Xr24FLX:243I=a@4=FLN:=<FT1m\s127:/,1<243zG>H4==<3>/Q1<5T\s=<H4/4/4FL/4XM1C7:9VWFL9`uNPH4/Eh1Ns2O7†g:3JtO3GN:KM3p=<3I7PEB\:|^1<243>/&123GH4=<=3I/Q15L\
=H/4/4FL/4Xr1<7:9VWF89R@4=<3>3>KM@B1<3IEn7A/OEW1<2439GC23IEBH45L3>=aF89aFL/^g:N:VP3IE‰Z
Y
Jba_[_L_1^”b2ct]9h_b!i w1z37:GC2]G5LN^GCVdFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41I| 1<243,9<GC243IE4H45T3I=zEB3G=<3>KM3>/Q1<9J1<243s1<FTKM3,95TF8G3l•jt4HEBXP31$–6=3>S
Ks7AFL/4FT/Xe`uN:=*1243h3~B3IG>HB1FL/4Xe1C7:9V‡Z€. `a123h=<3>Ks7AFL/4FL/4Xlt4HOEBX:3>1z`uN:=z1243,1<7P9;V]tk3IGNPKM3I9I3>=<N€7A/OE]1243,1<7P9;V]F89/4N:1*\:3>1
GNPKr@5T3>13:|^1<243>/&1<24361<7P9;VWF89a@4=<3>3IKM@B13E‰|7A/OEW1<2439GC23IEBH45L3>=aF89RFL/QgPN:VP3IEs1<NW9;3I5T3G$17A/NA123>=R1<7P9;VW1NM=H/ Z
:<; O K#A 6TTBGU TU @ > ?BA CE ISRA?BM6H#TAG
[3z27PEn@ONPFT/Q1<3IEeNPHB1FL/€^3IG:Z  Z § 1<27i11243I=3z7:=31mD NsKs7AFL/€EBF
GH45T1FL3I9FL/l@4=<NigQF8EBFL/4XW7s24FLX:2e=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/n1FLKr3I=IZ’"FL=C9m1|1<243
NigP3>=<243I7PE&7P99NBGF87i1<3IEnDaFT12l@4=<NBG399FT/Xs1243rG5LNBGCV&FL/Q13I==<H4@B1JtO3GN:KM393~4G>3I9<9;FLg:3z7P91<2431<FTKM3M9;3I=g^F8G3=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/eX:31C9D/3>=Z
^3GNP/EB5L\:|O1243m3 Fb113>=67:9<9N^G>FL7A13EhDaFT12l1243z1FLKr3*5TN^NPVQH@l9;\B9;13>KG>7:5T5••!#"$$&%('&"*),+A– F89N:`£13I/lNA` 123zN:=CEB3I=NA`f93>gP3>=C7A5
KMFL5T5LFL93IG>N:/E9>Z€R23>=<3`uN:=<3:| FT1*F89z/NA1*HO9;3>`uH45f1<N€@4=<Nig^FLE43,7lG5LNBGCVdDaFT127e=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/c7:/Q\  /43I=z1<27A/c124F89>Z@ NiD3>gP3>=|-9N:KM3
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3q7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9o/3>3IEs1NzEB37A5ODaFb1<2s1FLKMFT/4X*GN:/O9m1<=<7:FT/Q1<9‚NA`‰123N:=CEB3>=fNA`ƒ76`u3ID/O7A/4Nz93IG>N:/E9>Z ’4NP= 9HGC2W7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9I|
7:/&FLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1qYQH43I9;1FLN:/nF89,fW .m9aFb1J7i1q7A5L5 @kNP9<9;FLt45L361N,9H4@4@kN:=1a1FLKM3KM3I7P9;H4=<3>KM3I/P1aDaFT12e/7:/4NW93IGNP/Eh=39;NP5THB1<FTNP/!lw“D7†\s1<N
@4=<Nig^FLE439;H
G>FT3I/P1<5T\  /43rG5LNBGCV,=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/nF89t^\hKs7:@4@4FL/4X,7s27:=<E4D7:=3pG5LNBGCVhFL/Q1Ns1<243z7PE4EB=<3I9<99;@O7:G3zNA`‚7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZaw/
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/lGI7A/e1<243>/€=37:E&123z27:=<EBDR7A=<3G5LNBGCV&E4FT=<3IG15L\,1<24=NPH4X:2l7,/4N:=<Ks7A5"Kr3IKMN:=<\h=<3I7PEnN:@k3>=C7i1FLN:/nDaFT124NPHB12O7†gQFL/4Xs1<N
Ks7AVP3W7e9;\B9;13IK G>7:5T5vZn’4N:=p3>~47AKM@45L3:|-N:/_7lŽ 3>/Q1<FTH4K @4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=I|"7nH9;3I=p12=37:E]G>7:/tk3WKs7:E43M1Nl=<3I7PEl1<243,Ž 3>/Q1<FTH4K 1FLKM3
9;1<7:Kr@GNPH4/Q13>=Z6R24FL96G>N:H4/Q13I=J9;1<7:=;1C97A1#",Da243>/€1243M9\^9;13IK FL9J@kNiD 3I=3EnN:/7A/EeFL/G>=3IKr3I/Q1<967i`£1<3>=J3I7:GC2€27A=CEBDR7A=<3zG5LNBGCV
FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1IZlw1*1NBE47†\%$ 9@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=9@O3I3IE‰| 1<24FL9*KM3I7:/9p1<27i1MEBH4=<FT/4X€3>g:3I=\d/7A/NP93IGNP/EFT/Q1<3>=<g†7:5U|-1<243hG>N:H4/Q13I=zFL/G=<3>KM3I/P1C9
93>gP3>=C7A5k1FLKM3I9IZ
qNiD 3Ig:3>=|aKs7AV^FL/4X”1<24327A=CEBDR7A=<3dG5LNBGCV =37:E47:t45T3dt^\¦7A/x7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/ 9;FLX:/F OGI7A/Q15L\‹=<3IEBHG>3I9,1243]@kN:=1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\‹NA`1<243
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/ƒZ-’N:=‚3>~B7:KM@45T3P|PDa23>/W7A/s7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/M=<H4/4/4FL/4XNP/W7pŽ 3>/Q1FLH4K@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP= FL9f@ONP=;1<3IEr1N*7pEBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1f@=NBG399N:=|i1<243
/43ID¦@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=KM7†\M/4N:1a27†g:3J7z24FLX:2h=39;NP5TH41FLN:/hG>N:H4/Q1<3>=|Q7:/EhG>3>=1<7:FT/45L\r12436KM3>KMNP=\W7PE4EB=<3I9<9fKs7A@&7A/E,=39;NP5TH41FLN:/,DN:H5LE
EBFTˆ‡3>=Z
:<;& '@T)( ILKR
[3M27:E€@ONPFT/Q13ElNPHB11<27i161<FTKM3>=p93>=<g^FLG>3zF89J7hg^Fb1C7A5o93>=<gQF8G3z127A1JF89J@4=<NigQF8EB3Ee1Nn7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9t^\l7A5L5 =37A5TSU1<FTKM3zNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9><Z 4a37A5TSU1<FTKM3JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xr9;\B9;13IKM9 /4NP=Ks7A5L5L\M9H4@4@kN:=11mD N*KM7:FT/h1m\^@O39NA` 1<FTKM3>=C29 W"@k3>=<FTNBEBF8Gq1FLKr3I=<9R7:/E,7:@O3I=FLNBEBFLGr•uNP=
NP/43p9;24N:1C– 1<FTKM3>=C9IZ-[3p/4NiD EBFL9<GHO999N:KM36t7P9;F8G6GN:/OG3>@41<9a7AtkN:H411<243I9361mDN*1m\^@k3I9RN:`"1<FTKM3>=C9IZ
Z/_\0ct]*”ct^,+|cedP_\0`!i Ž 3>=<FLN^E4FLGM1<FTKM3I=<9M7A=<3,HO9;3EcKs7AFL/45L\d`uNP=s97:Kr@5TFL/4X€3Ig:3I/P1C9*7A1r=<3>XPH4587A=zFL/Q13I=gi7A589*N:=r@O3I=;`uNP=KMFL/4Xd9N:KM3
7PG$1FLg^Fb1<FT39z@k3>=<FLN^E4FLGI7A5L5T\PZ_/G>3h7€@O3I=FLNBEBFLGW1FLKM3>=rFL9r9;3>1I|‚FT1M3~B@4FL=39@k3>=<FTNBEBF8G>7:5T5L\:Z]R24F89zF89zFLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q13EcH9FL/4Xl1<243,1<FTKM3I=
YQH43IH437:9`uNP5T5LNiD9><Z V 7:GC2h1FLKr361<243@k3>=<FTNBEBF8G1FLKM3>=3>~^@FT=<3I9I|^1243G>N:=<=39;@kN:/OEBFT/X*27:/EB5L3>==<N:H41FL/436FL9aFL/^g:NPV:3IE |^7:/Eh124361<FTKM3I=
E47A1<7M9;1=<HG$1<H4=36F89RFT/O9;3I=;1<3IEht7:GCVsFL/Q1Nr124361<FTKM3I=YPH3>H43W•U9;3I36’-FLXZ  Z § –Z‚’4NP=3>~47AKM@45L3:|47r@O3I=FLNBEBF8Gq1<FTKM3I=Ks7†\stO3931R1N § ""
KW^3Gp7A/EhFb1C9a27:/EB5L3>=931a1NM@kN:5L5‰123613>KM@k3>=C7i1<H4=3p93>/9N:=a7A`£13>=q3>g:3I=\ § ""*KW^3IG6FL/Q13>=<gi7A5vZ
- R2439;3s1<FTKM3I=<9*7A=<3,9;3>11N€3~B@4FL=3WNP/45L\dNP/G3PZe[7A1<GC2EBNPXn1FLKM3>=C9z7A=<3,7e@kN:@H45L7:=
3>~B7:KM_\@4ct5T]*36N:ce`-^/NP./4]93p\
9;240 N:h1R_21FLKr1 33I=<]9Ib5Z 46+ŠctdP_\`i
[]7i1CGC2EBN:X€1FLKM3>=C9r7:=3hH93IEc3>~^13>/O9;FLg:3I5T\]FL/ =<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,@4=<N:XP=<7:KM91N]EB31<3IG1MFT`7€1<7P9;V]KMFL9<93I9rFb1C9MEB3I7PEB5TFL/43P| 7A/OE_123>/
1<NFL/4FT1F87i1<3e3~4G3I@B1FLN:/ 27A/E45TFL/4X]@4=<N^G>3IEBH=39*H@ONP/ 7EB37:EB5LFT/3eKrF89<9>Z w/ 3~47:Kr@5T3&H93&N:`J7DR7i1<GC2OEBN:Xd1FLKM3>=s27P9MtO3I3>/

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 f(){
wd_start(t1,exception−handler); start

t1

wd_tickle(); end
}
-’ FLX:H4=<3Š5JWoq93pNA`o7r[7A1<GC2E4N:XMRFTKM3>=
FL5T5LH9;1=C7i1<3IEdFT/]’-FTXOZ  Z 54Zz.0/]’"FLXZ  Z75B|ƒ7hDR7i1<GC2OEBN:X,1FLKr3I=pFL9p9317A1J1<243s9m1C7A=1pNA` 7nG3I=;1C7AFL/dG>=FT1F8G>7:5 `uH4/G$1<FTNP/
<)2+M12=NPH4X:2
7 0$ 1$<)=$ +zG>7:5T5vZ6R243  0$1$j)=$ !+*G>7A5L5 9;3>1<9q1243rD7A1<GC2€E4N:XW1<FTKM3I=q1<Nh3>~^@FT=<3zt^\&1243M9@O3GF 3IElE43I7:E45TFL/43n•£1 § 1FLKM3
H4/Fb1C9<–`u=<N:K„1243W9;1<7:=;1<FT/4XnN:`f123s1<7P9;V‡ZM. ` 1<243M`uH4/G1FLN:/ <)2+WEBN^3I9p/NA1GNPKr@5T3>13s3>gP3>/]7i`£1<3>=   1<FTKM3sH4/4FT1<927†g:3M3>587A@O9;3E‰|
1<243>/s1<243qDR7i1CGC2EBNPX61FLKr3I=f3>~^@FT=<3I9I|PFL/EBF8G>7A1FL/4Xp1<27i1 1243q1<7:9VMEB3I7PEB5TFL/43F89 KrF89<9;3Es7A/Er1<243q3>~BG>3>@B1<FTNP/s27A/OEB5TFL/4X*@4=NBG>3IEBH4=<3aF89
FL/4FT1F87i13E‰Zo.0/hGI7:93q1<243J1<7P9;VsGNPKM@45T3>139RtO3>`uN:=<3q1<243DR7i1CGC2EBNPX1FLKM3>=R3~B@4FL=<3I96•uFvZ 3PZ 12431<7P9;VWG>N:KM@45L31<3I9DaFb1<24FL/hFT1<9aEB37:EB5LFL/43–|
1<243>/&123pD7A1<GC2EBNPXz1<FTKM3I=FL9R=<3I931aH9FL/4Xs7  $&%0#"*)2+pG>7A5L5vZ
 &› nžo› ¡   ›  !#"k˜™>š % › $&›'ž o)™ (+* œ ,,¡  ›qš
3`uNP=3E4FL9<GH9<9FT/4XW7:tONPHB1G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5 =<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XW9\B9m1<3>Ks9>|OD 3zKzH9;1G5L3I7:=5L\,H/EB3>=C9;1<7A/OE,1<243`u37i1<H4=39a/4NP=Ks7A5L5L\
3>~^@k3IG13EdN:`7&=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3rN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X&9\B9m1<3>KnZsR24FL96DaFL5L5‚7A589;N&3>/7:t45L3rHO961NeGNPKM@7A=<3z1<243r`u3I7A1H4=<3I9p9H4@4@kN:=13E€t^\€EBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13>Ks9`uN:=93>5L3IG1FL/4Xe7A/]7A@4@=NP@4=F87i1<3zNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>K `uNP=7A/]7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/]7i1p27A/OE‰ZrR2FL9pDN:H5LE
7:5L9NW5L31HO9qH4/OEB3>=C9m1C7A/E&1<243MEBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/OG3I9qtO3>1mD 3I3>/€7W1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5ƒNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>K7A/El7W=37A5TSU1<FTKM3zNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XW9\^9;13IKnZq.0/
1<243a`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4XO|AD3aFLEB3I/Q1FT`u\*9N:KM3aFTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1o`u37i1<H4=39 =3YQH4FT=<3IErN:`‡76=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13IK&|Q7A/Er39;@k3IG>FL7:5T5L\1<24NP93R127A1
7:=36/4NP=Ks7A5L5L\W7At93>/Q1aFT/&1<=<7PEBFb1<FTNP/7A5‰NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XM9;\B9;13>Ks9IZ
- ? 5LN^GCV7A/E1<FTKM3I=r93>=<g^FLG>3I9pDaFT12c7PEB3IYQH7A13W=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/_7:=3sNP/43WNA`a1<243WKMNP9;1zFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1
F899e]H4S3^/9p. FT/]h=<3I 7:5b+ŠSv1FLceKMd[3r_\ @=1*NPX:=C7AKM]KM\bFT/4i XOZ q7A=CE=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/_EB3Ig:3>5LN:@Kr3I/Q16N:`£13I/_=3YPHFT=<3I969H4@4@kN:=1NA`1FLKr3I=z93>=<gQF8G39
DaFT12l=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/&N:` 1243*N:=CEB3>=N:`‚7M`u3>D KMF8G=<NP93IGNP/E49IZR^1FL5T”5 /43I==<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/O9aKs7†\,tk3z=<3IYQH4FL=3EhFL/€GI7:93pNA`fG3I=;1C7AFL/e9;@k3IG>FL7:5
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Zf? 5LN^GCVB9R7A/OEs1FLKM3>=C9a7A=<3J7rg^FT1<7A5‡@7:=;1aN:`"3>gP3>=<\M=37A5TSU1<FTKM3JN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XM9;\B9;13IK&Z /,1243pN:1243I=R27A/E |^1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13>Ks9R/4NP=Ks7:5T5L\WEBNM/4NA1@=Nig^F8EB3q1<FTKM3z93>=<g^FLG>3I9DaFT12e9;H
G>FT3I/Q15L\W24FLX:2n=39;NP5TH41FLN:/ Z
0 _ 21 +|cedP_PZ\0ct]\0c b 43_g_ e`i w =<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3sN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xl9\B9m1<3>KŠKzHO9m1*9H4@4@kN:=1*9;1<7A1F8Gs@4=<FTNP=FT1m\€5L3>gP3>589>Zlwy@4=FLN:=<FT1m\€5L3>g:3I5
9H4@4@kN:=13E,t^\,7:/hNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>K¥FL9aGI7A5L5T3Eh9;1<7A1F8GA|BDa243I/hNP/G3J123p@4=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=R7:9<9;FLX:/O97r@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sgi7A5LH43J1Ns7*1<7P9;V‡|^1<243
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XJ9\B9m1<3>KEBN^3I9 /4N:1oGC2O7A/4XP3 FT1‚t^\zFT1<93>5T`mZ Q1C7i1<FLGR@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\p5L3>gP3>589o7A=<37:5L9NpG>7A5L5L3I6E 587:9<;>=@?BA2CD7'EF5GAIHJ5GA2?LKM;N7)OP7);RQ$Z [d3EBF89<GH9<9
FL/e9;3G$1FLN:/  Z *127A1q7r1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5‡N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>K¥E4\Q/O7AKMFLGI7A5L5T\hGC27A/4XP3I9 123p@4=FLN:=<FT1m\s5T3Ig:3>589RNA`-1<7P9;VB9`u=<N:K¥@4=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=
7P99FTXP/43IEWg†7:5TH3I9f1NrKM7A~BFTKMFL>369;\B9;13>K1<24=NPH4X:2@4HB1IZ‚^HOGC2,@4=<FTNP=FT1m\M5T3Ig:3I5L9f127A1R7:=3JGC27A/X:3IE,EB\^/7AKMF8G>7A5L5L\rt^\M1<243NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ky7:=36N:t^g^FLN:H95T\s/NA1q9;1<7i1<FLGJ@4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT39>Z
S #`,b + #`/. Z\0_1_1d b2ce]hi ’4NP=q9HG>G>3I9<9m`uH45ƒN:@k3>=C7i1FLN:/hNA`o7M=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/ |Da243>/43Ig:3I=7M24FTXP2n@4=FLN:=<FT1m\WG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5‰1C7:9V
7:==<FTgP3I9I|o7A/”3>~B3IGH41FL/4Xd5LNiD @4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\1<7P9;Vc924NPH45LE”tO3nKs7:E43,1<NdFL/9;1<7A/Q1<5T\_\^FL3>58E_123l?Ž 1<NdFT1IZR243h1FLKr3eEBH=<7A1FLN:/c`uNP=
Da24F8GC2,7z24FTXP243>=@4=<FTNP=FT1m\*1<7:9VMD7:Fb1C9ftk3`uNP=3Fb1RF89 7:5T5LNiD 3Er1Nr3~B3IG>HB13FL9YQH7A/Q1<Fb1C7i1FLg:3I5T\M3>~^@=3993IEs7P9?@9PQ8TEU587:7VCEF?BAIH<WX?BA2CD7ZY
? NP/P1<3>KM@kN:=C7A=<\p=37A5TSU1<FTKM3RN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X69\^9;13IKs9o27†g:3 1<7P9;V*@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/z1<FTKM39oNA`k1243aNP=<E43>= NA`‰7`u3>D KMFLG>=Np93IGNP/E49I”Z qNiD 3Ig:3>=|
FL/r1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5^N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xp9\^9;13IKs9>|i1<243RD NP=<9;1‚G>7P9;3 1<7P9;V@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/*1FLKM3aFL9o1m\Q@FLGI7A5L5T\pN:`O1<243aN:=CEB3>= N:`k769;3GNP/E‰Z-[d3EBF89<GH9<9
FL/,1<243p/43>~Q193IG1FLN:/W1<27i1a1<24F89a9;FLX:/4F OGI7A/Q15L\s5L7:=XP3587i1<3>/G>\sFL9aGI7AH93IEht^\W7r/4N:/BS @4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3JV:3>=</43I5UZ . 1aX:N^3I9DaFT124NPHB1q9<7†\QFL/4X
1<27i17W=37A5TSU1<FTKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XW9;\B9;13>K¤/43I3IE491NW27†gP37s@4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3pV:3I=/3>5ƒ7:/Ee9;2N:H458En27†g:361C7:9V,@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/n1<FTKM3I9NA` 1<243
NP=<EB3I=RNA`o7z`u3IDxKMF8G=<Ns9;3GN:/OE49>Z

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 S .0/Q13>=<=<H4@B1 587i1<3>/G>\MFL9REB,3 /43IEh7:9‚12431FLKM3JEB3I5L7†\Mtk31mD3>3I/W123qNBG>G>H4==<3>/OG3
:NZ` \07A_ /d”ctFT^ /Qb 1 3I==<t_H4@B#1h7: /Ee1<24`,3Mb
=,hH4&/b2/4_\FT/\ XhN:`‚b1324J3sb2G>_1N:h=<^ =<i39;@kN:/E4FT/4X,.;J4¥•j.0/Q13>=<=<H4@B1^3>=<g^FLG>3 4aNPHB1FL/43†–$Zz.0/d=37A5TSU1<FTKM3rN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X&9;\B9;S
1<3>Ks9>|O123H4@4@k3>=tONPH4/EeNP/&FL/Q13I==<H4@B1q587i1<3>/G>\hK*H9;1qtO3ztONPH4/EB3El7A/EnF89a3>~^@k3IG13En1NWtk35L3I9<9a1<27A/l7r`u3ID KrF8G=<NW93IGNP/E49IZ
R243,D7†\d5TNiDFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41z5L7A13I/G\dFL9*7:GC24FL3>gP3IE‰|-FL9zt^\€@k3>=`uN:=<KrFL/4Xet4H5TV]NA`R1<243,7:G1FLg^Fb1<FT39NA`a.;J4FL/c7lEB3>`u3>=<=3E@4=NBG>3IEBH4=<3
GI7A5L5R•UŽR?R–$Z wJŽ? F89J3I9<9;3I/Q1F87A5L5T\l7,1<7P9;Vn1<27i1p@k3>=`uN:=<KM9JKMNP9;16NA`f1<243M.;J 47:G$1<FTg^FT1m\:|‰t4H4163>~B3IGH413I967A`£13>=p.;# 4 GNPKM@45T3>139
7A1J7s5LNiD 3I=@4=<FTNP=FT1m\&g†7:5TH3:Zq’H4=;1<243>=|‡9;H4@@ONP=;1`uN:=q/3I9;13IElFT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9q7:=3HO9;H7:5T5L\nEB3I9FT=<3IE ZqR27i1JFL9I|‡7s=37A5TSU1<FTKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>K 924N:H5LEz/4NA1oN:/5T\tk3R@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTgP3RDa24FT5L3R3~B3IG>HB1FL/4XJV:3I=/43I5^=NPHB1FL/43I9I|At4H41o924NPH45LE*tk3a@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTgP3EBH=FL/4X6FT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41 93>=S
g^F8GFL/4XJ7P9-D 3I5T5vZ"R24F89-FL9 39;@k3IG>FL7:5T5L\pFLKr@kN:=1<7:/Q1"`uNP="27:=<Ez=37A5TSU1<FTKM3R7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9"DaFb1<2r9H4tBS KMFLG>=NQ9;3GNP/E61FLKMFT/X=<3IYQH4FL=3IKM3>/Q1<9IZ
0 - 0 [d327:EW7:5T=<3I7PEB\MEBFL9<GHO993IEsFL/&? 27:@B13I’= p127A1FT` =37A5TS
1<1 FTKM3a1C]97:9\V^b
9fq7A]=<\ 37A5L_15TNi`aD]!3I”Ez\0^!1Nz_ 91 237:J=3\0ceG>h= FT1F8G>7:dP54=]93h9;NP H4=CG3I_ 9o 7:1 KM+ŠN:ct/4dPXJ_ 12+ 3>#Ks`)9;.L3I`5TgPi 3I9oHO9;FL/4Xp1<243a1=C7:E4Fb1<FTNP/7A54=<3I9N:H=<G>3R927:=FL/4XJ13GC24/4F8YPH3I9I|
1<243>/s1<243q=<3I9@kN:/93a1FLKM3I9 NA`‡1<7P9;VB9 G>7A/stk3IG>N:KM3qH/QtkN:H/EB3IEW5T37:EBFL/4Xp1<NzEB3I7PEB5LFT/43KMFL9<9;39>Z R24F89fF89‚NP/43qG>N:KM@O3I5T5LFL/4Xz=<3I7P9;NP/M7P9
1<N,Da2^\n3>g:3I=\nGNPKMKr3I=<G>FL7:5ƒ=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3zN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X,9;\B9;13IK924NPH45LE€7i1q1<243rKrFL/4FLKzH4K @=Nig^F8EB3p123*t7P9;F8G@=FLN:=<Fb1m\hFT/243>=<Fb1C7A/G>3
KM3IGC2O7A/4F89;KEBF89G>H993IE*FL/W? 2O7A@B1<3>= Z ^H@4@ONP=;1‚N:`k@=FLN:=<Fb1m\*G3>FL5LFT/4X6@4=<NA1<NBGN:5 •UŽ?Ž–-FL9‚7:5L9NpEB3I9FL=<7:t45T3P|AFT`k587A=<X:3a7A/OE*KMNBEB3I=<7A13
9FTI3IE&7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9a7:=3J1NMtk39;H@4@ONP=;1<3IE‰Z
0 wq9`j7A=a7P9 XP3>/43I=<7:5bS @4H4=<@kNP93N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xr9;\B9;13IKM9R7:=36GNP/G3I=/43E‰|QFb1aF89R=<7:=3
1<N _O /E€c \0NP_1/4dP3*_11h&2b27A`|1p]9E4hNQ39J/4_1NAdP1]99H4\ @4@kN:=16#hg^FL=;91<H_1dP7A5 _1KMh&3>b!KMi NP=\l7:/ElKM3>KMNP=\e@4=<NA1<3IG1FLN:/l`u37i1<H4=39>Z NiD3>gP3>=|k3IKztk3IE4E43IEd=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13>Ks9o7:5TKMNP9;1o/43>gP3>=o9H4@4@kN:=1o12439;3`u3I7A1H4=<3I9IZ‚/45T\124NQ9;312O7i1f7A=<3RKM3I7A/Q1 `uN:=o587A=<X:3R7A/OErG>N:KM@45L3~*7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9
EBNOZ 43I7A5TSv1FLKr3rN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X&9\B9m1<3>Ks9J`uN:=6587A=<X:3M7A/E€Kr3EBFLH4K 9FTI3IE7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/967A=<3r3~B@O3G$1<3IE€1Nn@4=<NigQF8EB3*gQFL=1H7:5oKr3IKMN:=<\
9H4@4@kN:=1I|^/4N:1RNP/45L\M1NrKr3I31R123KM3>KMNP=\WEB3IKs7A/E49N:` 124362437†g^\rD3>FLX:2Q1R=37A5TSU1<FTKM3q1<7:9VB9NA`"7:/h7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/ |^t4H411<N*5L31R1<243
KM3>KMNP=\€E43>Ks7A/E4FT/4Xe/N:/BS =37A5TSU1<FTKM3s7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9p9HGC2]7:961<3~^13IE4Fb1<N:=C9>|"3S KM7:FT5‚9NA`£1mDR7A=<3:|ƒ31<G:Zs1Nl7:5L9Nn=H/NP/€1<243,9<7AKM3
@4587i1`uN:=<KnZ FT=1H7:5RKr3IKMN:=<\d=<3IEBHOG3I9z123&7†gP3>=C7AX:3sKM3IKrNP=\]7:GIG399z1FLKM3:|‚t4H41MEB3IX:=C7:EB39p1<243hDN:=C9;1;S0G>7:93sKM3>KMN:=<\]7:G>G>3I9<9
1<FTKM3:Z‚R23@k3>/7:5b1m\MN:`ƒH9FT/4X*g^FT=1H7:5‡Kr3IKMN:=<\rF89f1243JNig:3I=2437:Es7P99NBGF87i13EMDaFb1<2&9;1NP=FL/4Xp1<24367:E4EB=<3I9<9f1=C7A/95L7A1FLN:/s1C7At45L37:/E
@k3>=`uN:=<KMFT/4Xn1<243Wg^FL=;1<H7A5o1<Nl@42^\B9;F8G>7:5‚7:E4E4=39961<=<7:/95L7A1FLN:/9IZ,ŒeNP=3INig:3>=|‰`u3>1<GC24FL/4Xl@7:X:39J`u=NPK„1<243,93IGNP/E47:=\lKM3IKrNP=\€N:/
7&@7:X:3r`j7AH45T1FL/GH4=C99FTXP/4F OG>7:/P16587i13I/G\PZWR243>=<3`uNP=3P| N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xn9\B9m1<3>Ks9p9H4@4@kN:=1FL/4XngQFL=1H7:5oKr3IKMN:=<\lKzH9;1@4=<Nig^FLEB3r1<243
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3W7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9pDaFT12”9N:KM3WKM37A/9pN:`GN:/Q1<=NP5T5LFT/Xe@7AXPFT/4XO|"9HGC2c7:9 CD7)C H<5GK ;NH :T<A2W YdŒe3>KMNP=\d5TNBGCV^FT/Xe@4=3Ig:3I/P1C9
7h@7AXP3`u=<N:K tk3>FL/4Xn9;DR7A@4@k3IEe`u=NPK Kr3IKMN:=<\h1<Nh2O7A=CE€EBF89;V‡Zp.0/€1243s7AtO9;3I/G3*NA`fKM3>KMNP=\n5LN^GCV^FL/4XW`u37i1<H4=3P|‰KM3>KMN:=<\e7:G>G>3I9<9
1<FTKM3I9qNA`o3>gP3>/eG=<FT1F8G>7A5ƒ=37A5TSU1<FTKM361<7P9;VB9GI7A/l924NiD 5L7:=XP3 3mFT1;1<3>=|k7P9R123z7:GIG3I9<9R1<FTKM3DN:H458E&X:=<3I7A15L\hEB3I@O3I/EnN:/eDa243>1243I=1<243
=<3IYQH4FL=3E,@O7AX:3JF89aFT/&1<243p@42^\B9;F8G>7:5kKM3IKrNP=\,N:=a27P9RtO3I3>/e9;DR7A@@O3E,NPHB1IZ
Œe3IKMN:=<\z@4=<NA1<3IG$1<FTNP/sFL9 7A/4N:1243I=fFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1fF899H43a1<27i1/43>3E49‚1<Ntk3G>7:=3>`uH45L5T\MGNP/9;F8EB3I=3E‰Z "7:GCV*NA`ƒ9H4@4@kN:=1‚`uN:= Kr3IKMN:=<\
@4=<NA1<3IG1FLN:/n7AKMN:/4X*1<7P9;VB9R5L3I7PE491Ns7M9;FL/4XP5T3p7:EEB=399R9@7:G>3J`uN:=7A5L5‡12361<7:9VB9>Zowq=XPH4KM3>/Q1<9`uNP=a27†g^FT/4XrN:/5T\,7M9FT/X:5L367PE4EB=<3I9<9
9@7:G>3*FL/G>5THE43M9FLKr@5TF8GFT1m\:|ƒ9<7†g^FT/X,KM3>KMN:=<\et4FT1<9I| 7A/Ed5LFTXP2P16D3>FLX:2Q169\B9m1<3>K„GI7A5L5L9IZz’N:=p9;Ks7:5T5 3>K*tO3E4EB3Ed7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>|‡1<243
NigP3>=<243I7PEWNA`‚7r`u3ID 6FL5TN \Q139aNA`oKM3>KMNP=\W@k3>=q@4=NBG>3I9<9G>7:/&tk3H4/O7:G>G>3>@B1C7At45L3:Z NiD3>g:3I=I|BDa23>/e/4NsKM3>KMNP=\W@=N:13IG1FLN:/nF89
@4=<Nig^FLE43IErt^\z1<243qNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9;\B9;13IK&|:1243JGNQ9m1fN:` EB3>gP3>5LN:@4FL/4X7A/OEr13I9;1FL/4Xz7@4=NPX:=C7AK“DaFT12N:HB1Kr3IKMN:=<\z@4=<NA1<3IG$1<FTNP/MtO3GN:KM39
gP3>=<\h24FLX:2eDa23>/e1<243*G>N:KM@45L3~BFb1m\&NA`o1<243*7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/eFT/G>=37:93I9IZw589;NO|OKs7:FT/Q13I/7A/OG3zG>NP9;1qFT/OG=<3I7:93I9q7:9q7:/^\&GC27:/4X:3zFT/eNP/43
KMNBEBH45L3pD NPH458E,=<3IYQH4FL=36=<31<3I9;1FL/4Xr1243p3I/P1<FT=<3p9;\B9;13IK&Z
VfKztk3IE4EB3El=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>Ks9JH9H7A5L5T\lE4Nh/4N:19;H4@@ONP=;16g^FT=1H7:5 Kr3IKMN:=<\:-Z VfKztk3IE4E43IEl=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9>|QG=<3I7A13@42^\B9FLGI7A5L5T\rGN:/Q1<FTXPH4N:H9‚t45TNBGCVB9oN:` Kr3IKMN:=<\`uN:=7A/W7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/MH4@kN:/,=3YPH3I9;1I*Z NiD3>g:3I=I|:Kr3IKMN:=<\`u=C7AX:KM3I/BS
1C7i1FLN:/&F89a7z@kNA1<3>/Q1F87A5‰@4=<N:t5T3IK`uN:=7r9;\B9;13>K 127A1aE4NQ39R/4NA1a9H4@4@kN:=1Rg^FL=;1<H7A5‡KM3>KMNP=\PZ wq5L9N|BKM3IKrNP=\s@=N:13IG1FLN:/htO3GN:KM39
EBF
GH45T11<Ns1NW9H4@4@kN:=1q7M/4N:/4Svg^FL=;1<H7A5‰KM3>KMNP=\hKM7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q19\^9;13IKnZ’N:=R12FL9q=37:9N:/ |BFL/eKs7A/^\,3IKztk3IE4EB3En9;\B9;13>Ks9I|41<243
VP3>=</43>5 7A/El1243MH93>=J@4=<NBG3I9<93I93~B3IG>HB13rFT/€1243s9<7AKM3*9@7PG3:|‡FvZ 3PZp123>=<3*F89J/4NhKM3IKrNP=\n@4=<NA1<3IG1FLN:/ ŠZ q3>/G>3:| 7&9;\B9;13>K GI7A5L5
7:/En7r`uH4/G$1<FTNP/lG>7:5T5 DaFT12FT/l7:/n7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/&7:=36FL/EBF89m1<FT/4XPH4F89;27:t45L3:Z R2FL9aKs7:V:3I9aE43>t4H4XPX:FL/4XW7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9aE4F
GH5b1|O9FT/G>37
=<H4/n7†D7†\s@kN:FL/Q13>=GI7A/nGNP==<H4@B1R123pN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xs9\^9;13IKyGNBEB3P|BKs7AV^FT/X*1<2439\^9;13I K ;`u=3I3>>3 4Z
- w9;\^/GC24=<N:/N:H9a. P Kr37A/9q/4N:/4Svt45LNBGCV^FT/4Xs. P*ZO"=<7PEBFT1FLN:/7:5ƒ=<3I7:Eƒ•U–RNP=qDa=<Fb1<3P•U–q9;\B9;S
1<1 3> KG>7A]95L\589b@kq3>]=\ `uN:=<K¥` Lh9\Q^ /O3”GC24\0]9=NPh/4] N:”HO`9R.:*0 Z4i . `‚7s@4=<NBG3997A1;1<3>KM@B1<91NW=<3I7PE&N:=Da=<Fb1<3pH9FT/4XW1243/N:=<KM7:5U|O9;\^/GC24=<N:/N:H9R=<3I7PE •U–RNP=
Da=<Fb1<3P•v–9\B9m1<3>K„GI7A5L5L9I|‡123>/Fb1p/43I3IE49J1<NhDR7AFT1pH4/Q1FL5 1243M27:=<EBDR7A=<327P9pGNPKr@5T3>13IEl1243s@2Q\B9FLGI7A5-. :*Z‡. 1pFL9J1<243>/FL/B`uN:=<KM3IE
N:`o1243M9;HOG>G399N:=q`j7AFL5TH=3*NA`‚1<243zNP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/ |‰7A/OEeNA`fG>N:H4=C9;31243r=3YQH4FT=<3IE€E47i1C7WFL/e1243MG>7P9;3*NA`f7h9;HGIG399;`uH45-=37:E‰Z6R2^H9qFL/


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 GI7:93 :N `O9;\^/GC2=NP/4N:H9"N:=-t45LNBGCVQFL/4XJ.:3>~B3IGH41FLN:/zN:`4123@=NBG399"F89 t45TNBGCVP3IEDa2FT5L3 FT1oD7:Fb1C9"`uN:=-1243R=<3I9H45T1<9-NA`41<243a9;\B9;13IK“G>7A5L5vZ
qNiD 3Ig:3>=|BFT`f7s@4=<N^G>3I9<9aH93I97P9;\^/GC2=NP/4N:H9
  k•U–N:=    ^•U–9\B9m1<3>KG>7:5T589z•UG>7A5L5L3IE   k•U–7:/E  B^•v–
FL/9N:KM3hN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X]9;\B9;13IKM9C–$|‚1243I/”1<243e9;\B9;13>KGI7A5L5RDaFT5L5a=3>1H4=</”FLKMKM3IEBF87i1<3>5L\_N:/G>3,1<243n. :¥=<3IYQH43I9;1M27:9rtk3>3>/@7P993IE
EBNiDa/1<N]1243l2O7A=CEBD7:=3&N:=WYQH43IH43IEFL/ 1243€N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X_9\^9;13IKn| 1m\^@4F8G>7:5T5L\ctk3`uNP=3n1<243l@42^\B9;F8G>7:5a. :¢N:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/ 27P9s3>gP3>/
tk3>XPH4/ ZR243r3~B3IG>HB1FLN:/€NA`‚1<243M@4=NBG>3I9<9F89/NA16t45TNBGCVP3IE‰|‡tk3IG>7:H93zFT1pE4NQ39q/NA16/43>3Ee1N&DR7AFT1q`uN:=J1<243*=<3I9H45T1<9NA`‚1<243M9;\B9;13>K
GI7A5L5UZ".0/9m1<3I7PE‰|AFT1oGI7A/rGN:/Q1<FT/^H433~B3IG>HB1FL/4X67A/E1243I/*=<3IG>3>FLg:3f1243R=<3I9H45b1C9-NA`41<243R. :NP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/587i1<3>=|iN:/G>3f1<243>\z7:=37†gi7AFL5L7:t45T3PZ
- 0 0 V‚K*tO3E4EB3IEd7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9JH9H7A5L5L\
27†gP3*c G>baN:ce]/h9;1 =C7AFL/Q1<_ 9 N:/dc \0G>_1NPdP9;1I_1|‰h&9FTb2I`3:| q]97A/O\El @kd NiD 3I_ =JG>”N:_ / 9H4KM_ @B 121FLN:+Š/ƒŠZ ced[V‚_ Kztk0 3IEEB_\3IE€#b2=ce3h7A 5TSU1<1 FTKML`23rb2_1N:dP@k3>`=C7ii 1FL/4X&9;\B9;13>Ks9J7A=<3z1<243>=<3`uNP=3*NA`£1<3>/
=<3IYQH4FL=3E*1Nztk3qGI7A@7:t45T3qNA` EBF89;V^5L3I9<9‚N:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/ Z R24FL9fFL9ftO3G>7:H9;3EBFL9VB9f7:=3aH9H7:5T5L\z1<N^Nt4H45LV^\*1<NH93FL/W3>K*tO3E4EB3IE,9;\B9;13>Ks9I|
FL/G=<3I7P9;3q@ONiD3>=GN:/O9;H4KM@B1<FTNP/ |^7A/EW7:5L9NzFL/G>=37:93R12436GNQ9m1NA`ƒEB3I@45TNi\^KM3>/Q1Z-’N:= 124F89f=<3I7P9;NP/ |QNA` 587i13q}O7:92WKM3>KMNP=\rFL9 tk3>FL/4X
FL/G=<3I7P9;FL/4XP5T\sH93IEh`uNP=R124F89a@4H4=<@kNP93:Z
VfKztk3IE4EB3EN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X_9\^9;13IKs9sH9H7A5L5T\”=39;F8EB3eN:/ 3IFb1<243>=s}k7:92KM3IKrNP=\”N:= 4JŒ_Zf’N:=WG>3>=1<7AFL/‹7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9MDa24F8GC2
=<3IYQH4FL=3M`j7P9m1<3>=*=39;@kN:/93:|-FT1*Ks7†\dtk3,/3IG399<7A=<\e1<N€=<H4/]1243h=37A5TSU1<FTKM3sNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X€9\^9;13IK NP/c7 4wŒ_Z-R2FL9zD NPH45LE]=<3I9H45T1
FL/l`j7P9m1<3>=q3>~B3IGH41FLN:/ |‰9FT/G>31<243r7PG>G>3I9<9a1FLKM3*N:`f7 4wŒF89q5LNiD3>=1<27A/l127A1JN:`f7 4JŒ_Zk.0==<3I9@O3G$1<FTgP3NA`‚Da243>1243I= 4JŒ NP=
4wŒ FL9RH93IE |47A5L5‰.?97A=<33>~B@O3I/9;FLg:3PZoR243>=<3`uNP=3P|P`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>Ks9aEB3I9FLX:/43Es`uN:=a3IKztk3IE4E43IEn7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9I|
FT1rF89MEB3I9FL=<7:t45T3,1N27†g:3&7:9r9;Ks7:5T5a7€`uNQN:1r@=FL/Q1n•jKr3IKMN:=<\HO97:X:3–z7:9r@kNP9<9;FLt45L3:Zc^FL/G3&3>K*tO3E4EB3IE @4=<NBEBHG$1C9M7A=<3W1m\^@4F8G>7A5L5L\
Ks7A/^HB`j7PG$1<H4=3EM5L7:=XP3q9<G>7A5L3:|P3>gP3>=<\*=<H4@k3>3q9<7†g:3EMN:/sKM3>KMN:=<\M7A/EsN:1243I=f27:=<E4D7:=3a=<3IYQH4FL=3IKM3>/Q1<9oFLKM@7:G1<9 KMFT5L5TFLN:/O9fN:`‡=<H4@k3>39
FL/n@4=!N 41IZ
  (e™  p¡    ›  !#"k˜™>š % › $&›'ž o)™ (+* œ ,,¡ -›qš
q/4Fb~cF89r7€@kN:@4H5L7:=*XP3>/43I=<7:5f@4H4=<@kNP93,N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X€9;\B9;13IKŠ127A1rDR7:9zN:=<FTXPFT/7:5T5L\]EB3>gP3>5LN:@k3IE]`uNP=*1<243&KM7:FT/4`u=<7:Kr3&GNPKr@HB13I=<9IZ
qNiD 3Ig:3>=|Oq/4FT~€7A/EeFT1<9gi7A=<FL7:/Q1<927†g:3/NiD @k3>=<KM3I7A13IEe1NnEB3I9VQ1N:@d7A/Ee3Ig:3I/l27A/OEB243>58ElG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=C9>Zp^FL/G3r/4FT~€7A/ElFb1C9
gi7A=<F87A/Q1<9RFL/43~B@k3>/9FLg:37A/OEe7A=<3JDaF8EB3I5T\n7†gi7AFL5L7:t45T3P|BFb1FL9aDN:=12^Da24FL5L361NsFL/QgP3I9;1FLXP7A136Da2431<243>=J/4FT~eG>7A/ntk3H93IE&FL/e=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>ZpR24F89JFT/^g:39m1<FTXQ7i1<FTNP/eD NPH45LE€5T37:EeHO9q1<N&9N:KM3r9;FLX:/4F OGI7A/Q1 /OEBFT/XP967A/E€D NPH458EeX:FLg:3*H969;NPKr3MG=<HG>FL7:5"FL/9FTXP2P1C9
FL/Q1Nr1243G>H4=<=3I/P1q/4Fb~^S t7:93IEh=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr36NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>Ks912O7i1q7A=<3pGH4=<=<3>/Q15L\,GNPKMKr3I=<G>FL7:5T5L\W7†gi7AFL5L7:t45L3:Z
R243J1<=<7PEBFb1<FTNP/7A5 q/4FT~hN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>K¥9HBˆ‡3>=C9`u=NPKy93>g:3I=<7:5‰9;24NP=;1CGNPKrFL/4XQ9 Da23>/nH93IEhFT/n=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3p7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z
  "! $#%&'(*),+- .#/0! 2  13'40+- 3! #5 6768'(6- 9;:<! =13'4$>*'46!?!3'A@B6CDE#53:<- 2)#:<F>HG F$: I
@J'K'4E6- 9L;:<! 2611,- : CE6;: 0F # 36 '4MF 0F9;13'(E3!?1;: N MG F$: IPO$'F 3-*6FQHQ$RF 6!S: CE6-T- RUC3 6F >:<F >13'B: 9
'B: ;: .#K3@V%6 #DOE#EW
[3p3>587AtkN:=C7i1<3q1<243I936@4=NPt45L3>Ks9RFT/&1<2436`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4Xr1mDNr9H4t93IG1FLN:/9IZ
& ;=: ‹
X AGKYOQK#ISI ( N6H#T I[Z ISKG6IS?
/43qNA`‡1243t4FLX:X:39m1‚@=NPt45T3IKs9 127A1 =<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3a@4=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=C9-`j7:G>3Da24FL5T3HO9;FL/4Xzq/4Fb~r`uN:= =37A5TSU1<FTKM37:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/WE43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1
F89612O7i1z/Fb~]V:3I=/43I5‚G>7:/4/4NA1ptk3W@4=<3>3IKr@413IE Z,R27i1F89I|"7A5L5‚FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1<9z7A=<3ME4FL9<7At45L3IEdDa243I/]7:/^\€N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xn9\B9m1<3>K¢=<N:H41FL/43
=<H4/9IZoƒNW931R12FT/4XQ9aFL/&@=NP@O3I=@k3>=C9@O3G$1FLg:3P|45L31H9R3I5L7:tONP=<7A13124F89aF899H43:Z
wq@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/@4=<N:XP=<7:KM9G>7:/dFL/^g:N:VP3zNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>K„93>=<g^FLG>3I912=NPH4X:2 Q:KPQG?@7VC :9<;2;RQ$Z Vo~47AKM@45L3I9JN:`9\^9;13IK„G>7:5T589JFT/4S
G>5THE431<2436N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IK 9;3I=g^F8G39‚`uNP=RG>=37i1<FT/4XM7*@4=NBG>3I9<9>|^FL/P1<3>=<@4=<N^G>3I9<9 G>N:KMKzH/4FLGI7i1<FTNP/ |^. : NP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9I|^31<G:Zowa`£13I=7
9\B9m1<3>KG>7A5L5 F89FL/^g:N:VP3IEht^\&7:/n7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/ |41<243z7A=<X:HKr3I/Q1<9RX:FLg:3I/et^\W123z7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/nDa24FL5T3FL/^g:NPVQFL/4XM1<243z9\^9;13IK¤GI7A5L5ƒ7A=<3
GC243GCV:3E€•j93>3p’-FLXZ  Z P–Z {q3~^1I|O7r9@k3IGF87A5‡FL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/&GI7A5L5T3Eh7 •uN:=a7 –F89R3~B3IG>HB13E‰Zowq9a9NQNP/&7P9
1<243J1=C7A@&FT/9;1=<HG1FLN:/,F89R3~B3GHB1<3IE‰|^1<243627A/E45T3I==<N:H41FL/43pGC27A/4XP3Ib,9f\5 124 36@4=<NBG3`a9] 9~N:b]=R\ 9mJ1C7i\01<_ 3ct`uh&=<N:b2__
K \\ ^ Q)7)5 b CDH`7p1N T7)5GWF7); C HE` 7W•uNP=
Q^ZE 7V5GOZA Q)H<5 C HE` 7†–$|O7:/E,1243p3>~^3GHB1<FTNP/hN:`"1<243p=<3IYQH4FL=3EWV:3I=/3>5‰=<N:HB1<FT/43p9;1<7:=;1C9>ZoR243GC27:/4X:36N:`"KMNBEB3EBH4=<FT/XM7M9\B9m1<3>KyGI7A5L5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

27P9a9GC23>Ks7i1<FLGI7A5L5T\stk3>3I/lEB3>@4F8G$1<3IE&FL/&’-FLXZ  Z 4Z
System call

check parameters
OS Service
(kernel mode) Trap Application Program
(user mode)
system call
next statement

-’ FLX:H4=<38#Wo.0/^g:NBGI7i1FLN:/hNA`ow/€@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xs^\B9m1<3>K^3>=<g^FLG>36R2=NPH4X:2&w“^\B9m1<3>K?7:5T5
w1*1243&=F89VN:`qEBFLX:=<3I9<9;FL/4Xe`u=<N:K 123W`uNBGH9rN:`a124F89MEBFL9<GHO99FTNP/ | 5T3>1rHO9zH4/OEB3>=C9m1C7A/E”7A/cFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xd9\B9m1<3>Ks9
G>N:/G>3>@B1Zn? 3>=1<7:FT/N:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/9p9HGC2_7:9p27:/EB5LFT/XlEB3>g^F8G3I9I|"G>=37i1<FT/4Xn@4=<NBG3993I9IL| 5L3sN:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/9I| 31CGAZ&/43>3E€1<NetO3hEBN:/43sFL/
1<243V:3I=/3>5‰KMNBEB3N:/5T\PZ R27A1FL9I|7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/n@4=<N:XP=<7:KM9R7:=3p@4=<3>gP3>/Q13EW`u=<N:K¤G>7:==<\^FT/4XrN:H4112439;3pNP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9I|7:/E&/43>3E,1<N
=<3IYQH439m11243MN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X,9;\B9;13IK•£12=NPH4X:2€7&9\^9;13IK G>7A5L5£–a1<N&GI7A=<=\&N:HB1J123*=<3IYQH4FL=3EeN:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/ ZpR24F89=<3I9;1=<F8G$1FLN:/€3>/7:t45T39
1<243hVP3>=</43>5f1Nd3>/B`uNP=<G>3hEBF89G>FT@5TFL/43h7:KMN:/4X€E4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1M@4=NPX:=C7AKs9pFL/”7:GIG399FT/Xe12439;3hN:Jt 3m3G$1C9>Zd.0/ G>7P9;3h9;HGC2”N:@k3>=C7i1FLN:/O9z7A=<3
/4N:1p@O3I=;`uNP=KM3IE€FT/1<243MV:3>=</43I5-KMNBEB3P|ƒEBFTˆk3I=3I/P1z7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/€@4=<N:XP=<7:KM9KMFTXP2Q1JFL/Q13>=`u3>=<3MDaFb1<2d37:GC2dNA123>= $ 96NP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/ Zrw/
3>~B7:KM@45T3sN:`7A/_N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xl9;\B9;13>K Da243>=<3,7:5T5‚NP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9D 3I=3s@k3>=`uN:=<KM3IEFT/_HO9;3I=zKMNBEB3WF8961243hN:/G>3s@ONP@4H4587A=NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>K p6n•£1<24N:HX:2Wp6rFL9o/3I7A=<5L\zN:tO9;NP5T3>13R/4NiDq–$Z .0/sp6‡|P7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/M@4=<N:XP=<7:Ks9-7:=3R`u=<3>3R1<NzG>7:==<\NPHB1f7A/^\zNP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/
FL/€H93>=6KMNBEB
3 A| FL/G5LHEBFL/4XnG=C7:924FL/4XW1<243r9\B9m1<3>K t^\lEB3I5T3>1FL/4X,1<243s9;\B9;13IK 5T39>ZR23*FL/9;1<7AtFT5LFb1m\n1<24F89pG>7A/dt4=<FT/4X&7AtkN:HB16F89
G>5T37A=<5T\6H4/7PG>G>3>@B1C7At45L3fFL/z=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3f3>/^g^FL=NP/4KM3>/Q1I|i7A/OEF89ƒH9H7:5T5L\GNP/9;F8EB3I=3E6H4/9<7i1F89;`j7:G$1<N:=<\6FT/*X:3>/3>=C7A5P7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9"7P9ƒD3>5L5vZ
.0/]/4FT~‰|ƒ7&@4=<N^G>3I9<9J=H4//4FT/X&FL/V:3>=</43I5oKrNBEB3sGI7A/4/4N:1Jtk3s@4=<3>3IKr@413IEdt^\lNA1<243>=p@=NBG3993I9IZ.0/]NA1<243>=6DN:=CE49I|‡1243Wq/4Fb~
VP3>=</43>5‡F89 WFH<W = EF587:7)C EU?LA2O<7>Z/,1<2436NA1<243>=a27:/E‰|^1<243/4FT~h9\B9m1<3>KyEBN^39R@4=3I3>KM@B1@4=<NBG3993I9 =H/4/4FL/4XMFT/&123JHO9;3I=aKrNBEB3PZ‚w
G>N:/93IYQH43I/G3pN:`-1<24F89F89a12O7i1q3Ig:3>/eDa23>/l7M5LNiD @=FLN:=<Fb1m\,@4=NBG>3I9<9aKs7AV:397W9\B9m1<3>K¥GI7A5L5U|1243*24FLX:2n@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,@4=<NBG3993I9aDN:H5LE
27†gP3z1<NeD7:Fb1pH4/Q1<FT5o1<243W9\^9;13IK GI7A5L5otQ\l1243s5LNiD @4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\l@=NBG3996G>N:KM@45L3139>ZW’N:=p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3M7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>| 124F89G>7:H93I967
@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\FL/^g:3I=<9FTNP/ Z"R23a5TNP/4X:39m1‚9\^9;13IK GI7A5L5L9oKs7†\z1<7AVP3RH4@M1N93>gP3>=C7A5^2^H4/EB=<3IE49‚NA`‡KrFL5L5TFk9;3GN:/OE49-1NG>N:KM@45L313PZ [dNP=<9;1;S0G>7P9;3
@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/h1FLKM3I9RNA` 9;3Ig:3I=<7:5O2^H4/E4=3E49NA`"KMFL5T5LF89;3GN:/OE49RG>7A/&3I7P9;FL5L\WG>7AHO9;3J24FLX:2,@=FLN:=<Fb1m\M1C7:9VB9 DaFT12n924N:=1RE43I7:E45TFL/43I9RN:`ƒ1<243
NP=<EB3I=RNA`o7z`u3IDxKMFL5T5LF89;3GN:/OE491NsKMF8991<243>FL=EB3I7PEB5LFT/439>Z
ƒ31oH9 /4NiD FT/^g:39m1<FTXQ7i1<3:|iDa2^\p123/4FT~zV:3I=/3>5BDR7:9 EB3I9FLX:/43E1<NJtk3a/4NP/BSv@=3I3>KM@B1FLg:3FL/z1<243 =C9m1o@4587:G>3:Z-.0/rq/4Fb~‰|PDa243>/M7
VP3>=</43>5P=NPHB1FL/43 9;1<7:=;1C9‰1<Nq3~B3GHB1<3:|A7A5L5QFT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9ƒ7:=3fE4FL9<7At45L3IE Z"R243FT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9ƒ7:=3f3>/7:t45T3EpN:/5T\p7i`£1<3>="1243 N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X9;\B9;13>K
=<N:HB1<FT/3GN:KM@45L31<3I9IZ-R2FL9fD7P9o7pg:3I=\3
GFL3>/Q1fDR7†\NA`‡@4=<3I93>=<gQFL/4XJ123FT/Q1<3>X:=<FT1m\zNA`k123V:3I=/43I5E47A1<7p9;1=<HG$1<H4=39>Z-. 1 9<7†g:3E1<243
NigP3>=<243I7PE49"7P99NBGF87i1<3IEDaFT12s9311FL/4Xp7A/E*=3I5T37:9FT/XN:`O5LN^GCVB9o7:/Ez=<3I9H45T13EzFL/*5LNiD3>=o7†g:3I=<7:X:3o1C7:9V@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/z1<FTKM39>ZoR24NPH4X:2
7M/4NP/BS @4=3I3>KM@B1<FTgP3JVP3>=</43>5 GI7A/n=<3I9H45b1aFL/eD NP=<9;1;S0G>7P9;3q1<7P9;Vh=39;@kN:/93J1FLKM3pNA`oH4@&1NW7s93IG>N:/E‰|BFT1qDR7:9aG>N:/9FLE43>=<3IE&7:G>G>3>@B1C7At45L3
t^\1243&/4FT~cEB3I9FLX:/43I=<9IZlw1z1<27i1*1FLKr3P|o123h/Fb~cEB39;FLX:/43I=<9zEBFLE”/4NA1z`uN:=<3I93>3WH9<7AXP3WNA`qq/4FT~]FL/c=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
q`fG>N:H4=C9;3P|FT1JG>N:H458En27†g:3ztO3I3>/l@kNP9<9;FLt45L3p1Nh3>/9H4=<3zGNP==<3IG1/4399RN:`‚V:3I=/43I5"E47A1<7W9;1=<HG1H4=<3I9qtQ\&H9FT/X,5LN^GCVB97A1J7:@4@4=<N:@4=<FL7A13
@4587:G>3I9q=<7A1243I=q1<27A/€E4FL9<7At45LFL/4XWFL/P1<3>=<=H@B1<9I|‡t4HB16Fb1JD NPH45LEl27†g:3=<3I9H45T13EeFT/€FT/G>=37:9FT/Xs1243M7†g:3I=<7:X:3J1<7P9;Vn@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/e1<FTKM3PZ
.0/]^3IG:Z  Z [OZ [WD3zFL/^g:39m1<FTXQ7i13z24NiD KMN^E43>=</l=37A5TSU1<FTKM3*N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>Ks9KM7:V:3z1243*V:3>=</43I5"@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLg:3*DaFb1<24N:HB1J12=NPH4X:2
H936NA` V:3I=/43I5bS 5L3>g:3I5‰7A/E&9;@FT/n5LN^GCVB9IZ
†zŒ ƒ}o•xB0y7z6xt€sr~s<y7uLnvzm nvzs<Dn,{s<n}Œ#nv‡ srqƒ“xty7nvz0y  svpvsBrtzsmJƒ}z{/wu~srLDn2{asBuSƒ}rts<y7z{y7utxty7z‚vwy7ut€0ƒ}‰m7sv

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

& ; 
6G ( T=C‘OQK9TAjKTH
ŠI I”?BR
.0/,1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5Oq/4Fb~,9\B9m1<3>Ks9I|Q=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3a1<7P9;VB9G>7:/W/4NA1tO367:9<9FTXP/43IEW9;1<7A1F8G@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\rgi7A5LH43I9IZ‚^N^N:/,7A`£13>=R7@=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=f931C9
7*@4=<FTNP=FT1m\*gi7:5TH43`uN:=a71<7:9V‡|Q1243JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xr9;\B9;13IKV:3>3I@9 N:/h7:5b1<3>=<FT/XzFT1aE4H4=FL/4Xz1243pGNPH4=C9;3N:`ƒ3~B3GHB1<FTNP/,NA`ƒ12431<7P9;V‡ZoR24F89
Ks7AVP3I9oFT1fgP3>=<\*EBF
GH45T1f1<Nz9GC23IEBH45L3=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3R1<7:9VB9oH9FT/Xz7A5LX:NP=FT124Ks9‚9HGC2s7:9 4Œlw‹NP= VfJ’|Q9FL/G3tkNA1<2M12439;39GC243EBH45L3>=C9
7P99H4KM31<27i1RN:/G>31C7:9V*@4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT39 7:=3q7P99FLX:/43E‰|PFT1a9;24NPH458Es/4NA1Rtk3J7:5b1<3>=<3IEMt^\W7A/^\rNA123>=@7A=1<9 NA` 1<243qNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X*9\B9m1<3>KnZ . 1
F89RFT/O9m1<=HG1FLg:361<NrH/EB3>=C9;1<7A/OE,Da2^\hq/4FT~h/43I3IE491<NWEB\^/7AKMF8G>7A5L5L\WGC27A/4XP3J1243p@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sgi7A5LH439RNA`-1<7:9VB9>Z
q/4Fb~HO9;39"=<N:H/E=<N:t4FL/z9<GC243IE4H45TFL/4XJNA`41C7:9VB9"DaFT12*KzH45T1FL5L3>g:3I5^`u3>3EBt7:GCV‡Z".0/12FL9o9<GC243>KM3P|†1243R9GC23IEBH45L3>=o7:==C7A/4XP3I9‡1C7:9VB9"FL/
K*H45b1<FT5L3>gP3>5kYPH3>H439f7:9f9;24NiDa/MFL/W’-FTXOZ  Z [OZ-w1 3>g:3I=\*@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/M@ONPFT/Q1I|P1239<GC243IEBH5T3I=f9GI7A/9o1243K*H45T1FL5T3Ig:3>5kYQH43>H43`u=NPK 1<243
1<N:@€•j24FTXP243I9;1f@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\4–o7:/EW93>5L3IG$1C9o1<2431C7:9Vr7A1‚1243J2437:EMNA`‰1<2463 O=<9;1f/4NP/BSv3IKM@B1m\rYQH43IH43:<Z V 7:GC2r1<7P9;VMF89f7A5L5LNiD 3Ez1<Nz=<H4/M`uN:=7
4~B3Ep1FLKM3aYPHO7A/Q1H4K¥•uN:="1FLKM3a9;5LFLG>3–"7i1‚7q1FLKr3PZ-q/4FT~z/4N:=<Ks7A5L5T\6H93I9-NP/4393IG>N:/Ep1FLKr3a95TF8G3PZ-R2O7i1 FL9I|AFT`123 =<H4/4/4FL/4XJ@4=<N^G>3I9<9
EBN^39 /NA1at45LN^GCVsNP=aGN:KM@45L31<3DaFT12FT/nN:/3J93IG>N:/E,NA`"FT1<9R9;1<7:=;1<FT/4Xr3~B3GHB1<FTNP/ |BFb1aF89@4=3I3>KM@B1<3IE&7A/E,1243p9<GC243IE4H45T3I=93>5L3IG1<91<243
/43>~^1a1<7:9Vs`uNP=EBFL9@7A1<GC24FL/4XZoq/4Fb~n9;\B9;13IKy24NiD3>gP3>=R7A5L5TNiD9aG>N:J/ XPH4=<FT/4X*123EB3`j7:H45b1NP/43p9;3GNP/EW1<FTKM395TF8G3E4H4=FL/4X ` L`,ba_d
R23V:3I=/43I5 @4=<3>3IKr@41<97s@=NBG399a127A1EBN^3I9a/NA1G>N:KM@45L313zDaFb1<24FT/eFT1<9J7:9<9FTXP/43IE,1FLKM3*YQH7A/Q1<H4Kn|=<3IGNPKM@4HB139
FT1<_19oh”@_=\5FLN:J=<b2Fb1mct]9\P|Ah 7A /ErFL/93>=1<9 FT1‚t7:GCVFL/Q1N6N:/3N:`O1<243a@4=<FTNP=FT1m\YQH43>H3I9oEB3I@O3I/EBFL/4XN:/*123a=3GN:KM@4H413IE*@4=<FTNP=FT1m\pgi7A5LH43aNA`k123R1<7:9V‡Z
Tasks Priority Level

2
Task Queues

6
-’ FTXPH4=3 [9W ŒlH45b1<FbS• 3Ig:3I5ƒ’43I3IEBt7PGCVXH43IH43I9
q/4Fb~l@k3>=<FLN^E4FLGI7A5L5T\lG>N:KM@4HB1<3I91243M@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\nNA`7W1C7:9Vet7:93IE€N:/l1<243r1m\^@O3MNA`f1243r1<7P9;Vl7:/ElFT1<9J3>~^3GHB1<FTNP/d2FL9;1NP=\PZR243
@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sN:` 7*1<7P9;Vd• U–F89a=<3IGNPKM@4HB13Eh7A1a1243p3I/EhNA` Fb1C*9 3012&1FLKM39;5LF8G3pH9FT/X*1<2436`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4X*1mDNr3>~B@4=399FLN:/29 W
  $• ^– =^• v– s• Q!– #" %$D^• j– &'&(&•  & § –
 M)• *+,^-–  M• 5 /. § –   M)• *5 +,/. § – &(&'&I•  &75:–
Da243I=3   $• +,^–FL9123r@=FLN:=<Fb1m\nN:`f123z1C7:90V *R7A11<243M3>/EdNA`fFT1<19  +2€1FLKM3s9;5LFLG>43 35s• Q–F891243MHB1<FT5LFT7i1<FTNP/€NA` 1243r1C7:9V
o`uNP=FT1<96 +2l1FLKr3r9;5LF8G3:|‰7:/7E  M)• *8,^–FL9q1243rD3>FLX:2Q13En24FL9;1NP=\nN:`?Žf“H41FL5TFLI7A1FLN:/lN:`‚1243z1<7P9;9V f7A11<243z3I/ElN:`‚Fb1C9
301<2e1FLKM3z9;5LF8G3:6Z =^• –aF89R1243*t7:93p@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,N:` 1243p1C7:9V)• –a7:/9 E " %$D^• –RF89a1<243/4F8G3zg†7:5TH3z7:9<9;NBG>FL7A13IE&DaFT102 Z9;3I=
@4=<NBG3993I9JG>7:/€27†gP3*/4NP/BS /43>XQ7i1FLg:3z/4FLG>3Mg†7:5TH3I9IZzR2^H9>|ƒ3ˆ‡3IG$1<FTgP3>5L\n1243M/4F8G3Mgi7A5LH43r5TNiD3>=C9q1243M@4=<FTNP=FT1m\ngi7A5LH43MNA` 7h@4=<N^G>3I9<9
•jFUZ 3:Zotk3>FL/4Xs/4F8G361<N*1<243pNA1<243>=a@=NBG3993I9C–$|
V‚~^@=IZ  7Z 5*27:9Rtk3>3I/&=<3IG>H4=C9;FLg:3I5T\WEB,3 /43E‰Z‚/B`uNP5LE4FT/4XM1<243p=<3IGH=<9FTNP/ |^D 36XP321 W
 M)• *+,^–  M• 5 :. § –  M)• ,[ /. 5P– ;&'&(& &'&(&>•  & P–
. 1 GI7A/stk33I7P9;FL5L\*93>3>/M`u=<N:K Vo~B@4=Z  Z J1<27i1 FT/M1<243G>N:KM@4HB1C7i1FLN:/MN:`k1<243D3>FLX:2Q13EM24F89m1<N:=<\zNA`"?Ž HB1FL5TFLI7A1FLN:/sN:`‰7p1<7:9V‡|A1<243
7PG$1FLg^Fb1m\d•uFvZ 3PZo@4=NBG>3I9<9;FL/4XMN:=R. :6– N:`"1<24361<7P9;VWFL/&1243pFLKMKM3IEBF87i1<3>5L\hGNP/G5LHEB3E,FL/Q13I=gi7A5‰F89aXPFTgP3>/W1<243pKs7i~BFLKzH4K¥D 3IFTXP2P1C7AXP3:Z
<

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 . `o71C7:9VWH93I9RH4@l?Žfx`uNP=R1243J`uH45L5ƒEBH4=C7i1<FTNP/,N:`-FT1<9a7:5T5LNA113IE,1FLKM3p9;5LFLG>3s•uFvZ 3PZ § ""
?Žf HB1<FT5LFT7i1<FTNP/O–$|B1<243>/  M•) ,^– F89
G>N:KM@4HB1<3IE]•ut^\ V‚~^@=IZ  Z P–f1<NstO37r24FLX:2ngi7A5LH43  FL/EBF8G>7i1<FT/XM7r5LNiD 3I=FL/4XrNA`-1243p@=FLN:=<Fb1m\sN:`ƒ1<24361<7P9;V‡Z /h1243pN:1243I=a27A/E |
FT` 123q1C7:9V*FLKMKr3EBF87i13Jt45LNBGCV:3IEs`uN:=f. P 7:99;N^NP/W7:9 Fb1a9m1C7A=13EsGN:KM@4H41FL/4XrE4H4=FL/4X*Fb1C9 7:5T5LNA113IEs1FLKr3695TF8G3P|P1<243>/9 M• ,^–
DN:H458Entk3*GNPKM@4HB13Ee7:97s5TNiD gi7A5LH43:|kFL/EBF8G>7i1<FT/X,7A/eFL/G=<3I7P9;3pN:`o1243z@4=FLN:=<FT1m\,NA`o1<243p1C7:9VkZtO9;3I=gP36127A11243r7:G1FLgQFT1FL3I9qNA`
1<243r1<7:9VlFL/€1<243s@4=<3IG>3IEBFL/4X&FT/Q13I=gi7:5L9JX:3>1p@4=NPX:=<3I9<9;FLg:3I5T\&5LNiD 3I=D3>FLX:2Q1<7:X:3PZz. 19;2N:H458E€tk3sG5L3I7:=1<27i1  M)• Q–JGI7A@B1<H4=39
1<243pD 3IFTXP2Q13IEh24F89m1<N:=<\WNA`‚?Žf HB1<FT5LFLI7i1<FTNP/hN:`"1<24361<7P9;V 7A1R1243p3I/E&NA`"FT1<<9 3012n1FLKM39;5LF8G3:Z
{qNiDp|49;H4tO9m1<Fb1<HB1FL/4X Vo~B@4=  Z rFL/ V‚~B@4=IZ  Z § |BD 36X:3>21 W
  $• ,^– = E^)• –  M• 5 :. § –  M)• *+,[ /. 5P– ;&'&(&  " %$D^• – &'&(&I•  & [Q–
R243J@4H4=<@kNP93N:`ƒ123JtO7:93@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\r13I=K )• 2 ^• –– FT/h12436@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sGNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/&3~B@4=<3I9<9;FLN:/de• Vo~B@4=Z  Z [Q–fFL9 1<NME4FTg^F8EB3
7:5T5B1C7:9VB9oFT/Q1<N7p9;3>1‚NA&` 4~B3IErt7:/E49oN:`‡@=FLN:=<Fb1m\z5T3Ig:3>589IZo/G>37J1<7P9;VF89f7P99FLX:/43E1<N76@4=FLN:=<FT1m\5T3Ig:3I5U|PFb1fF89o/4N:1f@kNP9<9;FLt45L3R`uN:=o1<243
1C7:9Vz1<NzKMNig:3aNPHB1f`u=<N:KFb1C9 7P99FLX:/43EMt7A/Er1<NzN:1243I=f@4=<FTNP=FT1m\ztO7A/E49EBH43q1NzE4\Q/O7AKMFLGq@4=<FTNP=FT1m\z=<3IG>N:KM@4HB1C7i1FLN:/O9>Z R243gi7A5LH439
N:` s• Q–7A/E " %$D^• –GN:KM@kN:/43I/Q1<97:=3sEB3I5TFLtO3I=<7A13I5T\=39m1<=F8G$1<3IEd1Netk3,9Ks7A5L5f3>/N:H4XP2d1<Ne@4=<3>g:3I/Q1z7n@4=NBG>3I9<96`u=NPK„KMFTS
XP=<7A1FL/4XR`u=NPK Fb1C9"7P99FTXP/43IE6tO7A/E‰Z-R243ftO7A/E49ƒ27†g:3ftO3I3>/zEB39;FLX:/3IEJ1NN:@B1<FTKMFL>3 . : GNPKr@5T3>1FLN:/p1<FTKM3I9I|†3I9@O3GF87A5L5T\6t45LNBGCV. P*Z
\^/7AKMF8G*=<3IG>N:KM@4HB1C7i1<FTNP/dN:`@4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT39DR7:96KMN:1FLg†7A13E€`u=<N:K¢1243M`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XnG>N:/9F8EB3>=C7i1<FTNP/ Zrq/4FT~EB39;FLX:/43I=<96NPt93>=<g:3IE
1<27i1WFL/‹7A/^\cGNPKr@HB13I=W9;\B9;13>Kn|. :1=C7A/9;`u3>=M=C7i13nF89M@4=<FTKs7A=<FL5T\c=<3I9@kN:/9FTt5T3h`uN:=W7:/Q\ 9;5LNiDy=<3I9@ONP/93,1<FTKM3:Z¦Žf=NBG>3I9<9;NP=<9
7:=3r3~^1=<3>KM3I5T\n`j7P9m1GNPKM@7A=<3IEl1N&1243r1<=<7:/9m`u3I=6=<7A13I9JN:` . :EB3>g^F8G3I9IZ*3>587†\lG>7:H93IEdtQ\e. P 1=C7A/O9m`u3I=<9123>=<3`uN:=<3M7A=<3z1<243
tkNA115L3>/43GCV,FL/n7PGC24FL3>g^FT/Xz`j7P9m1<3>=a1C7:9VW=39;@kN:/O9;3J1FLKM3I9IZ‚ƒNsKMFT1FLXP7A13J124F89@=NPt45T3IKn|BFb1F89EB39;FL=<7:t45L31<NMV:3>3I@n. : GC2O7A/4/43I5L9a7P9
t4HO9;\,7P9R@ONQ99FLt45T3PZ‚R24F89G>7:/htk37:GC24FL3>gP3IE,tQ\h7:9<9;FLX:/4FL/4Xr123J. P tkN:H4/OE,1C7:9VB9R24FTXP2h@=FLN:=<Fb1<FT39>Z
w9-7:5T=<3I7PEB\6KM3>/Q1FLN:/43E‰|A/Fb~z2O7:9 7931 NA`k@4=<FTNP=FT1m\6t7A/E9ƒ1<NDa2FLGC2rEBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1 1m\^@O39-NA`41C7:9V^9 7:=37:9<9;FLX:/43E‰Z"R23EBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1
@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\rt7A/OE49H4/EB3I=Rq/4FT~WFT/&EB3IG>=37:9FT/4XzN:=CEB3>= NA`ƒ@4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT39 7:=3 W-9D7:@4@k3>=|Pt45LNBGCVM. :*| 5T3JKs7A/4FL@4H4587i1<FTNP/ |BGC27A=C7:G13I=f. :
7:/E]EB3>g^F8G3,G>N:/Q1=<N:5v|ƒ7A/OE]H9;3I=@4=<NBG3I9<93I9IZ,"7P9;VB96@k3>=`uN:=<KMFT/4Xet5TNBGCV€. P 7:=3s7P99FTXP/43IEd1<243W24FLX:2439m1@=FLN:=<Fb1m\€t7A/E Z HB1|
Da243I/7:=3ht45LN^GCV_. P¤=<3IYQH4FL=3E ¢"NdXPFTgP3&7:/”3>~B7:KM@45T3&NA`t45TNBGCV_. P*| G>N:/9F8EB3>=r123h. P¥127A1sN^GIGH4=C9rDa24FL5T3&27A/OEB5TFL/4X]7
@7:X:3z`j7AH45T1JFL/d7,g^FT=1H7:5"KM3IKrNP=\e9\B9m1<3>KnZ 5LNBGCV&. P H93I9JŒlwSvtO7:93IEn1<=<7:/9m`u3I=I|‰7:/Ee243I/G3rKs7AV:393
G>FT3I/Q1JH93zN:`f. :
GC27:/4/43I5UZ,? 27:=<7PG$13I=6. :FL/G>5THE43I9pKMN:HO9;3s7A/OE€VP3>\^tONQ7A=CEe1<=<7:/9m`u3I=<9IZsR243M@4=<FTNP=FT1m\lt7:/E496D3>=<3ME43I9FTXP/43IE€1Nn@4=<Nig^FLEB3r1<243
KMNP9;1a3ˆ‡3IG1FLg:3pH936NA`-1243p. P GC27:/4/43>589IZ
"N*VP3>3I@W123J. P GC27:/4/43>589t4H9\:|47:/Q\M1C7:9Vs@O3I=;`uNP=KMFL/4Xr. : 924N:H5LEh/4NA1Rtk3pV:3>@41DR7AFT1FL/4Xrg:3>=<\s5LN:/4X*`uN:=q?ŽfzZ4’4NP= 1<24F89
=<3I7P9;NP/ |O7P99N^N:/€7P9q7s1C7:9Vnt45TNBGCVB9q`uN:=q. P*|OFT1<9@4=<FTNP=FT1m\&FL9JFL/G=<3I7P9;3EntQ\&1<243z@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\&=3GNPKr@HB1<7A1FLN:/l=<H45L3zX:FLg:3I/eFT@/ Vo~B@4=Z
 Z [OZ qNiD 3Ig:3I=I|4FT`f7r1<7P9;V&Ks7AVP3I9R`uH45L5-H9;3zNA`‚FT1<9587:9;17P99FTXP/43IEh1<FTKM3*95LFLG>3:|FT1F89qE4313I=KMFL/43IEe1NWtk3zGNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/BS tkN:H4/Ee7:/E
FT1<9R@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\MF89 =<3IE4HG3E‰ZoR2QHO9f1<2436t7:9F8Gq@42FT5LNP9N:@42^\MNA` /4FT~WN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>KF89f1<27i1R1<2436FT/Q13I=<7PG$1<FTgP31<7P9;VB9R7A=<3qKs7PEB3q1<N
7P99H4KM3p24FLX:243I=@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,5L3>gP3>5897A/Ee7:=3p@=NBG3993IEn7A1a1243*3I7A=<5LFT39m1ZR24F89XPFTgP3I91<243zFL/Q13>=C7:G1FLg:36H93>=C9aX:N^NBEn=<3I9@ONP/9;361<FTKM3PZ
R24F89o1<3IGC24/FLYQH4327:9o/NiDtk3IG>N:KM3q7:/,7:GIG3>@413IEMDR7†\zN:` 9GC243EBH45LFT/Xz9;N:`£1f=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr31<7:9VB9‚7:G>=NQ99f7A5LKrNQ9m1f7:5T5k7†gi7AFL5L7:t45T3aXP3>/43I=<7:5
@4H=@kNP936N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xs9\^9;13IKs9>|49HGC2n7:9aŒeF8G=<NP9NA`£1 $ 9[‹FL/EBNiD9aNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>Ks9IZ
[3*GI7A/e/4NiD 9;1<7i1<3`u=<N:K¥1243r7AtkNig:3pNPt9;3I=gi7A1FLN:/9127A1q123zNig:3I=<7:5T5‰3>ˆk3G$1JNA`‚@k3>=<FTNBEBF8G=<3IG>N:KM@4HB1C7i1FLN:/eN:` 1<7:9V&@4=FLN:=<FT1m\
gi7A5LH439RH9;FL/4X Vo~B@4=Z  Z [MFL97P9`uN:5L5TNiD9 W
 F G5F3: I 3Q RF6!S: C 13'B: 'J: LRHC.0!?1)E%6;: *F# EC 6)#/  <: FE$F#: N %6 #.O.#   ! : >0' 6   3: >*$'
6FQ $: >0 3' 1$'J: 'B: R- DN 3- #    3'4E6 #VG 9%<: FE$F#: N %6 .# O.#?6$'(! 6Q$  #/. $OP-   $
' 13'B: 'J: LR
- .N$- #EW
{qNrEBNPH4tB1127A1R1243p7A@@4=NQ7:GC2M1C7AV:3I/,t^\W/Fb~,F89g:3I=\s7A@@4=NP@4=<FL7A13`uNP=RKM7A~BFTKMFL>FL/4Xz1<24367†g:3>=C7AXP3a1<7P9;VM1<24=<N:H4XP24@4HB1|^7:/E
BE N^39aFT/OEB3>3En@4=Nig^F8EB36X:N^NBEn7†g:3>=C7AXP3=<3I9@kN:/93I91<FTKM3p1<NsFT/Q13I=<7PG$1<FTgP3M•U9;N:`£1q=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3†– 1<7P9;VB9IZf.0/&`j7:G1I|O7:5TKMNQ9m13Ig:3>=<\WKMNBEB3>=</
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xd9\B9m1<3>KEBN^3I9*g:3I=\_9FTKMFL5L7:=sEB\^/7AKMF8GW=<3IGNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/ NA`1<243,1C7:9V]@4=FLN:=<FT1FL3I9z1NKM7A~BFTKMFL>3h1243&Nig:3I=<7:5T59;\B9;13>K
1<24=NPH4X:2@4HB1J7:/En1<N,@4=<Nig^FLEB3zX:N^NBEe7†g:3>=C7AXP3p=39;@kN:/O9;3p1<FTKM3z1NW1<243rFT/Q13I=<7PG$1<FTgP3p1<7P9;VB9IZ/NiD3>gP3>=|B`uN:=J27:=<Ee=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p1<7P9;VB9I|


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

EB\^/7:KMFLGR924Fb`£1<FT/XJN:`O@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\pgi7A5LH439 FL9oG>5T37A=<5T\6FL/7A@4@=NP@4=F87i1<3:|A7P9 Fb1o@4=<3>gP3>/Q1<9"1<7P9;VB9-tk3>FL/4Xp9GC243EBH45L3IEr7i1o24FLX:2r@4=<FTNP=FT1m\p5T3Ig:3I5L9I|
7:/Eh7:5L9NM@4=<3>g:3I/Q1<9R9GC23IEBH45LFL/4XMH4/EB3I=@ONP@4H4587A=a=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31C7:9V,9<GC243IEBH5TFL/4Xs7A5LX:NP=FT124Ks9R9HGC2&7PD9 VfJ’”7:/E 4qŒlwZ
& ;& fH 6ILK; I
CTI”GCTI”R A‘G/T
[3M27†g:3r9;Nh`j7A=pEBF89G>H9<9;3Ee1mDNhXP5L7:=FL/4Xh924NP=;1CGN:KMFL/4XP9qNA`R/4FT~€FL/€27:/EB5LFT/4X&1<243*=<3IYQH4FL=<3>KM3>/Q1<9JN:`f=37A5TSU1<FTKM3M7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/92W
EB\^/7:KMFLGJ@4=<FTNP=FT1m\s=<3IGNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/9R7:/E,/N:/BS @4=<3>3>KM@B1C7At45L3JV:3>=</43I5UZ [3p/4NiD EBF89G>H9<9a7z`u3ID N:1243I=EB(3 OG>FT3I/GFL3I9RN:`-q/4Fb~h127A1
G>=NP@hH4@nDa24FL5L31<=\^FL/4Xr1NsH93p/4FT~hFL/n=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
(h`  P^ce_1h&b _gLct^!_ \0ceg9_\
1*]\b4 .0/c/4FT~‹•u=<3>KM3>K*tO3I=p127A1zD3,7A=<3M1<7:5TV^FL/4XeN:=p1<243WNP=FLX:FL/7A5‚q/4FT~_^\B9;13IK 6–
EB3Ig^FLG>3JEB=<FLg:3>=C9 =H4/hFT/hV:3I=/43I5‡KrNBEB3PZoR243>=<3`uNP=3P|QFT`"9H4@4@kN:=1 `uNP=a7z/43ID EB3IgQF8G3JF89f1<NMtO367:E4E43IE‰|^1<243>/,1243pEB=<FTgP3>=KMN^E4H45T3627P9
1<Nhtk3M5TFL/4V:3Ee1<N,1<243*VP3>=</43>5-KMNBEBH45L3I9  /43IG>3I9<9;FT1<7A1FL/4Xh7&9\^9;13IK X:3I/43>=C7i1<FTNP/€9m1<3>@ Zw9p7W=<3I9H45T1I|‰@4=<Nig^FLEBFL/4X&9;H4@@ONP=;1J`uN:=67
/43ID E43>g^FLG>36FT/e7A/n7A5L=<3I7:E4\WEB3>@45LNi\:3Eh7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/hF89aGH4K*tO3I=<9N:KM3PZ
0 S .0/dq/4FT~‡L| 5T3rt45LNBGCV^9J7A=<3M7A5L5TNBG>7A13El7:967A/OElDa243I/l123>\l7A=<3z=<3IYQH439m1<3IE€tQ\l7:/d7:@BS
@435L#F8G>^Z7i. 1<FTNP] /  Zwq_ 96 7&1 +ŠGNPctdP/9;_3YQH43>c e_/G>3:1L|‡_Da\24gLFLce5T^3M_17,`4 1<7:9VeF89Da=<FT1FL/4XW1<N&7 5L3:|‰FT16Ks7†\n3>/OGN:H/P1<3>=p7A/€3>=<=NP=Da243I/l1<243rE4FL9Ve=H/9JN:HB16NA`
9@7:G>3:Z .0/nNA1<243>=aDN:=CE49I|Q/NrXPH7A=C7A/Q1<3>3JFL9RXPFTgP3>/h127A1qEBFL9V,9@7:G>36D NPH45LEhtk37†g†7:FT587At5T3JDa243>/e7*1<7P9;V,Da=FT139a7*t5TNBGCVs1<NW|7 O5T3PZ
"=<7PEBFT1FLN:/7:5 5L3Da=FT1FL/4X,7:@4@4=<NP7PGC243I9a7:5L9Ns=39;H5b1FL/€95TNiD Da=FT1399FT/G>3=<3IYQH4FL=3E&9@7PG327P9R1N,tO3z7:5T5LNBG>7A13IEntk3`uNP=3pDa=<FT1FL/4X
7,t45TNBGCV‡Z6w/4N:1243I=@4=<N:t5T3IK¤DaFT12€1243*1=C7:E4Fb1<FTNP/7AS5 5T3M9\^9;13IKs9qF891<27i16t45LNBGCV^9qNA`o1<243r9<7AKM|3 5T3rKs7†\h/NA16tO3MGNP/P1<FTXPH4N:HO9;5L\
5LNBG>7i1<3IE”N:/c1<243eEBF89;V‡Z”R24F89rD NPH458Ec=<3I9H45b1MFL/ =<3I7PEcN:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/9z1<7AV^FL/4X€H/4@4=<3IEBF8G$1C7At45L3&1FLKr39>| =39;H5b1<FT/4XdFT/ 3mFT1;13I=sFT/ E47A1<7
7PG>G399IZq.0/d=37A5TSU1<FTKM|3 5T3r9;\B9;13IKM9J9FTXP/4F kG>7A/Q1J@O3I=;`uNP=Ks7A/OG3FLKM@4=NigP3>KM3>/Q1GI7A/dtO3r7:GC24FL3>gP3IEet^\e9m1<N:=<FT/X 5L3I96GNP/P1<FTXPH4N:HO9;5L\
NP/,1<243EBF89;V‡Zf^FL/G361<243 5L39;\B9;13IK @4=<3I7A5L5LN^GI7i1<3I9R9;@O7:G3P|^124361<FTKM39R`uN:=a=<3I7PE,7A/OEhDa=<FT136N:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/9a7A=<3KMNP=36@4=<3IEBF8G$1C7At45L3:Z
.0/”q/4FT~]9\B9m1<3>Ks9>|-=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3M1<FTKM3I=r9H4@4@kN:=1FL9zFT/O9;H
G>FT3I/P1*`uN:=Ks7:/Q\27:=<E
=<(h3I7: 5bSv1_ FLKM 3J7Aba@4_2@45L+ŠF8G>ce7idP1<FTNP_/\ 9IZ1L_R\24gL3rce^G_5LNB` GCV,1*=<3I9N:5L]HB\1bFLN: /&12O7i1qF89@4=<Nig^FLE43IEh1N,7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9aF89 § "MKMFL5T5LF 9;3GN:/OE49>|Da24FLGC2eF89a1<N^N,GNQ7A=C9;3
`uNP=aKM7:/^\W27A=CEh=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
  (e™  "+p¡" ›   ›  !#"k˜™>š % › $ &d›q'ž  )™ (+* œ ,,¡ -›qš ¡
[3z27†gP3z7A5L=<3I7:E4\h93>3>/€FT/e1<243r@4=3Ig^FTNPH993IG$1<FTNP/e12O7i1q1<=<7PEBFT1FLN:/7:5"/Fb~l9\^9;13IKs97:=3/NA1J9H4FT1<7:t45T3`uN:=JtO3IFT/4XhH93IEeFL/l27:=<E
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM367:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>Z-.0/&124F8993IG1FLN:/ |BD3pEBFL9<GHO991<243pEBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1q7:@4@4=<NP7:GC23I9f127A1R2O7†g:36tO3I3>/&H4/EB3I=;1C7AVP3>/h1NMKs7AV:3pq/4Fb~
9H4FT1<7At5T3J`uN:=q=37A5TSU1<FTKM367A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9IZ
6;=:  HJISGR1TAGR ' A ' I ' K  /T•H#TAG<?‘G/T Z‹ILKGIS?
w /O7AFLg:3z7A1;13IKM@B1qKs7:EB3zFT/n1<243z@7P9m1a1<NWKs7AVP361=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5ƒ/Fb~l9H4Fb1C7At45L3p`uNP==37A5TSU1<FTKM37:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9aD7P9at^\&7PE4EBFL/4X,9N:KM3
<= 3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,G>7:@7At4FL5LFb1<FT39zNigP3>=1<243,tO7:9FLG,V:3>=</43I5UZR243I93h7PE4EBFT1FLN:/7:5T5L\]FTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1<3IE”GI7A@7:t4FL5TFT1FL3I9*FT/OG5LHEB3IE”=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s1<FTKM3I=
9H4@4@kN:=1I|47r=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr31<7P9;VW9<GC243EBH45L3>=Rt4H4FL5b1NigP3>= 1243pq/4Fb~n9GC23IEBH45L3>=|^31CGAZjNiD3>gP3>=|:1<243I9363~^13I/9FTNP/9REBNM/4NA17:EEB=399 1<243
`uH4/OE47AKM3>/Q1C7A54@4=<N:t5T3IKM9 DaFT12r1<243/4FT~s9;\B9;13>K“127A1‚D 3I=3R@kN:FL/P1<3IErN:H41‚FT/r123a5L7P9m1f93IG1FLN:/ 3P/7AKM3>5L\:|:/4N:/BS @4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3RV:3I=/43I5
7:/E_EB\^/7AKMF8GM@4=<FTNP=FT1m\l5L3>g:3I5L9IZn{NeDN:/EB3I=p12O7i1*9H4@k3>== OGF87A5‚3>~^13>/O9;FLN:/9p1Ne1<243,G>7:@7AtFT5LFb1<FT39pNA`R1<243,/Fb~]V:3I=/43I5‚DaFT124NPHB1
7PE4EB=<3I9<9;FL/4Xl1<243h`uH4/E47:Kr3I/Q1<7A5E4(3 OG>FT3I/GFL3I9rNA`q1243e/Fb~”9\B9m1<3>KŠ`u3>5L5aDaF8EB3e9;24NP=;1rNA`1<243n=3YQH4FT=<3>KM3I/P1C9zN:`q27:=<E”=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z
6;  ‹ARHY ' *K#UjIH N/NK#A-*C!
qNP9;1;Sv1<7A=<X:3>1NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>Ks967A=<3*@kN:@H45L7:=5L\ntO3IFT/XnE43>@45LNi\:3ElFL/d3IKztk3IE4EB3Ed7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>Zz.0/€1<24FL9p7:@4@4=<NP7PGC2 |1<243M=37A5TS
1<FTKM3s7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/dE43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q16FL96EBNP/43*NP/7h24NQ9m16Ks7:GC24FL/43:Z*R243M24NP9;1JKs7PGC24FT/3*F89J3>FT1243I=7W1<=<7PEBFb1<FTNP/7A5 /Fb~€NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>KN:=67W[‹FL/EBNiD9J9;\B9;13IK&Z6R243*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3*7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/lFL9JEB3Ig:3>5LN:@k3IElN:/e1<243*2NP9;1J7A/OEe123*EB3Ig:3>5LN:@k3IE€7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/lF89
EBNiDa/5TNQ7:EB3E]N:/Q1N€7l1<7:=XP31ztkNP7:=<E]1<27i1rFL9z1NdtO3&3>K*tO3E4EB3E_FT/7e=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3&9;\B9;13IK&Zw 4JŒnS =39;F8EB3I/P1r9;Ks7A5L5=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
VP3>=</43>5‰F89RH93IE&FT/&1<24361<7:=XP31RtONQ7A=CE‰ZoR24FL9q7A@4@4=<NP7PGC2,27P9a9GC23>Ks7i1<FLGI7A5L5T\stk3>3I/n924NiDa/&FT/e’-FLXZ  Z  Z
§"

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ROM−resident
operating system

TCP/IP

Embedded
Host System processor

"’ FLX:H=3  W‚BGC23>Ks7i1<FLG84a3I@4=<3I93>/Q1<7A1FLN:/,N:` 7 qNP9;1;S0"7:=XP31^\B9m1<3>K

Target Board

R243MKs7AFL/FLEB37,tk3>2FT/Ed1<24FL9p7:@4@4=<NP7PGC2€F89q1<27i1p1<243M=37A5TSU1<FTKM3rN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xn9\^9;13IK¢=<H4/4/4FL/4XnN:/d1243r1C7A=<X:316tkNP7A=CEl/3>3IE9
1<N,tk3zV:3I@B1J7P9q9Ks7A5L5"7A/OEl9;FLKM@45L3*7:9q@ONQ99FLt45T3PZqR24F89qFLKM@45LFT391<27i11243*N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>K¤N:/e1<2431C7A=<X:3>1qtONQ7A=CEnD NPH458En5L7PGCV
g^FL=;1<H7A5‡KM3>KMN:=<\MKs7A/7:X:3>KM3I/P1a9H4@4@kN:=1I|^/43>FT123>=RD NPH458EWFT1a9H4@4@kN:=1a7A/^\MHB1FL5TFT1FL3I9a9HGC2&7:9RGNPKr@FT5L3>=C9>|^@4=<N:XP=<7:K 3EBFT1N:=C9I|Q3>1<G:Z
R243p@=NBG399N:=N:/h12361<7A=<X:3>1atONQ7A=CE,DN:H458Eh=H4/h123p=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>KnZ
R24324NQ9m1o9;\B9;13IK“FL9 7J/4FT~zNP=-[‹FL/EBNiD9;S t7:93IE9\B9m1<3>K 9H4@4@kN:=1FL/4X1243R@4=<N:XP=<7:K E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1 3>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P1|iFT/OG5LHEBFL/4X
G>N:KM@4FL5T3I=<9I|‡3IEBFT1NP=<9I|‰5TFLt4=C7A=<\:|‰G=<NP9<9;S G>N:KM@4FL5T3I=<9I|kE43>t4H4XPX:3I=<931CGAZzR2439;3M7A=<3zKM3IKrNP=\lE43>Ks7A/E4FT/4Xn7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/91<27i16=3YQH4FT=<3
g^FL=;1<H7A5oKM3>KMNP=\€9H4@4@kN:=1IZsR243M24NQ9m1F896H9H7A5L5L\€GNP/4/43IG13El1<Nn1243M1C7A=<X:316H9FT/Xn7n93>=<FL7:5o@ONP=;1pNP=7&q?Ž †.mŽ GNP/4/43IG1FLN:/
•U9;3I3r’-FLXZ  Z  –ZJR243r=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3*@4=<N:X:=C7AK¤F89EB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3ElN:/l1243r24NP9;1IZ6. 16FL91<243>/G=<NP9<9mS0GNPKr@FT5L3IE&1<NhXP3>/43I=<7A13zG>N^E43`uN:=J1<243
1C7A=<X:31p@4=<NBG399N:=Zr^Ht9;3YQH43>/Q15L\:|ƒ1243s3>~B3IGH41<7At5T3MKMNBEBH45L3sFL9pEBNiDa/5TNQ7:EB3El1<Nh1<243M1<7:=XP31ptkNP7A=CE‰Zs-7:9V^967:=3M3~B3GHB1<3IEdN:/
1<2431C7A=<X:31tONQ7A=CEs7A/Es12433~B3IG>HB1FLN:/WF89GN:/Q1<=NP5T5L3IEs7A1f123q24NQ9m1R9;F8EB3qHO9;FL/4X*7*9;\^K*tONP5TF8GG=<NP9<9;S EB3It4H4XPX:3>=Z-/G>31<243q@4=<N:XP=<7:K
DN:=<VB99HGIG3I9<9;`uH45T5L\:|BFT1F89R`uH93IE&N:/n7 4aJŒ N:=R}k7:92hKM3>KMNP=\,7:/EhtO3GN:KM39a=37:EB\M1<NstO3E43>@45LNi\:3EWFL/n7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>Z
? NPKrKM3I=<G>FL7:5-3>~47AKM@45L3I96NA`R24NQ9m1SU1C7A=<X:316=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3MNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13>Ks96FL/G5LHEB3WŽ6‡| q~^[N:=<VB9>|"7A/E /4 R‘*Z [d3,3~^S
7:KrFL/43&123I93nG>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5R@4=<NBEBHG$1C9MFT/‹^3G$1FLN:/  Z ^Z [d3eDN:H5LE”@ONPFT/Q1WN:H41r1<27i1M1<243&1<7A=<X:3>1rNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X]9;\B9;13>Ks9sEBH3h1<N
1<243>FL=q9KM7:5T5"9;FL>3P|5LFTKMFT13IE&`uH/G$1<FTNP/7A5LFb1m\P|O7:/E&N:@B1<FTKs7A5"EB3I9FTXP/e7:GC24FL3>gP3JK*HGC2ntO3>1;1<3>=q@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3 X:H4=<3I9a127:/h`uH5T5TSU}O3IEBXP3IE
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\^9;13IKs9>ZJ’4N:=J3~47:Kr@5T3P|1<243z1C7:9Vn@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/e1FLKM3I9NA`o123I93*9\^9;13IKs97:=3N:`o1243rN:=CEB3I=qNA`o`u3ID“KMFLG>=Nh9;3GN:/OE49
G>N:KM@7A=<3IEW1NW93>gP3>=C7A5‡2^H4/EB=<3IE49RN:`"KMFL5T5LF"93IG>N:/E49 `uNP=R1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5 /4FT~&9\B9m1<3>Ks9IZ
6;& O K#ILI ( N6H#TBAG O AT=GH  NNKA<C 
[3,27†gP3,7A5L=<3I7:E4\€@kN:FL/P1<3IE_NPHB1z1<27i1rN:/43hNA`a1<243,Ks703mNP=z924N:=1<G>N:KMFT/XP9N:`R1243h1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5 q/4FT~¤GNBEB3&7A=<FL93I96`u=<N:K 1<243
`j7PG$1R127A1EBH4=<FT/4XM7M9;\B9;13IK G>7A5L5v|47A5L5‰FT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9R7A=<3Ks7:9V:3E •jE4FL9<7At45L3IEO–o`uNP= 1<24363>/Q1FL=<36E4H4=<7A1FLN:/hNA`"3>~B3IGH41FLN:/,N:`ƒ1<243p9;\B9;13>K
GI7A5L5UZoR24F89f5L3I7PE49f1NrH4/7:GIG3I@B1<7:t45T3D NP=<9;1 GI7:931<7P9;VM=<3I9@ONP/931FLKM3I9NA`‰1<243JN:=CEB3>= NA`"7*9;3GN:/OE‰|^KM7:V^FT/4Xr/4FT~^SvtO7:93IEW9\B9m1<3>Ks9
H4/O7:G>G>3>@B1C7At45L3J`uN:=aKMNP9;127:=<Eh=37A5TSU1<FTKM367A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
wq/7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2c127A1M2O7:9rtO3I3>/ 1<7:V:3>/t^\c7d`u3>DygP3>/E4N:=C91<NFLKM@4=<Nig:3W1<243n=37A5TSU1<FTKM3&@O3I=;`uNP=Ks7:/G3&NA`J/4N:/BS @4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3
VP3>=</43>589FL91<243pFT/Q1<=NBEBHG1FLN:/&NA`-@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/h@kN:FL/Q1<9RFL/n9\B9m1<3>K =<N:H41FL/43I9IZoŽ‚=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/,@kN:FL/Q1<9RFL/h1<24363~B3IG>HB1FLN:/&NA` 7M9;\B9;13>K
=<N:HB1<FT/3M7:=3r1<243sFT/O9m1C7A/Q1<97A1pDa24FLGC21<243sV:3I=/43I5‚E47i1C7e9m1<=HOG$1H=3MF89pGN:/O9;F89m1<3>/Q1IZWw1z9HGC2]@kN:FL/P1C9>|ƒ1243sVP3>=</43>5‚GI7A/]97A`u3>5L\€tk3
@4=<3>3IKM@B13El1<N&Ks7:V:3MD7†\n`uNP=p7A/^\lDR7AFT1FL/4Xh2FTXP243>=p@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\e=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3z1C7:9V^91<N&=<H4/DaFb1<24N:H41zGN:=<=<H4@B1FL/4Xn7A/^\eV:3I=/3>5‚E47A1<7
9;1=<HG$1<H4=<3I9IZq.0/l1<24F897:@4@4=<NP7:GC2ƒ|ODa243I/e123*3>~^3GHB1<FTNP/lNA`f7h9;\B9;13IKGI7A5L5"=<3I7PGC243I97W@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/l@kN:FL/Q1I|k123*VP3>=</43>5-GC243IGCVB9a1<N
93>3FT`‚7A/^\&24FTXP243>=q@4=FLN:=<FT1m\W1<7P9;VB9a2O7†g:3ptk3IGNPKM3=37:EB\PZ . `o1<243>=<3pF89q7i15T37:9;1qN:/43P|FT1@4=<3>3IKM@B1<9R1<243z@=NBG399FL/4XsNA` 123V:3I=/43I5
=<N:HB1<FT/3h7A/OEcEBF89;@7A1<GC24391<243&D7:Fb1<FT/4Xd24FLX:2439m1r@4=FLN:=<FT1m\€1C7:9VFLKMKM3IEBF87i1<3>5L\:Z]R243hDN:=C9;1;S0G>7:93s@4=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/c587i1<3>/G>\FL/c1<24F89
1<3IGC24/4F8YQH43R123>=<3`uN:=<3RtO3GNPKr39 123a5TNP/4X:39m1o1<FTKM3atk31mD3>3>/r1mDNpGN:/O9;3GHB1<FTgP3@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/M@kN:FL/Q1<9IZ w9‚7J=39;H5b1|A123D NP=<9;1;S0G>7P9;3
=<3I9@ONP/93o1FLKM3I9"NA`B1<7P9;VB9ƒFTKM@4=<Nig:39 9;3Ig:3I=<7:5i`uN:58E49-GN:KM@7:=3EJ1Nq124NQ9;3o`uNP=ƒ1<=<7PEBFT1FLN:/7:5:N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xq9;\B9;13IKM9ƒDaFb1<24N:H41"@4=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/
@kN:FL/Q1<9IZ R24F89Ks7AVP3I9R@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/e@kN:FL/Q1;S t7:93IEhN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XW9\B9m1<3>Ks99H4FT1<7At5T36`uNP=H93FT/nKs7A/^\&G>7i1<3>XPN:=<FT39RNA` 27A=CE&=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>|†1<24N:H4XP2*FT1f9;1FL5T5^`j7:5T589o9;2N:=1-N:`123=<3IYQH4FL=<3>KM3>/Q1<9-N:`O27:=<E*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3R7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9-=<3IYQH4FL=FL/4XJ@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/z587i13I/G\
N:`"1<243N:=CEB3I=aNA`o7r`u3>D KrF8G=<NW93IGNP/E49RNP=5T399IZfwq/4NA1<243>=q7PEBgi7A/Q1<7:X:36NA`-123@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/n@ONPFT/Q1q7A@@4=NQ7:GC2&FL9a127A1Fb1qFL/^g:NP5TgP3I9
§:§

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

NP/45T\MKMFL/4N:=RGC27A/X:3I9‚1N*tO3JKs7:EB3q1N*1243JV:3I=/43I5OG>N^E43:ZoŒl7A/^\MN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xz9;\B9;13IKM9 FL/W`j7:G12O7†g:3a1C7AV:3I/s123@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/W@kN:FL/Q1
7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2hFT/&1<243p@7:9;1IZoŽf=NPKrFL/43I/P1G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5‡3~47AKM@45L3I9RN:`"1<24F89a7A@4@4=<NP7PGC2,FL/G5LHEB3ŠŽoS0‘“7:/E,[‹FL/EBNiD9q?’VqZ
6;  IS? /Y ‹ARH
DRHJI ( R
q/45TFLV:3*123r2NP9;1;Sv1<7A=<X:3>1J7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2eDa23>=<3r7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/dEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q16FL96GI7A=<=FL3IEeNPHB16N:/d7&93>@7:=<7A13z2NP9;1JKs7:GC2FT/43*=H/4/4FL/4X
1<=<7PEBFb1<FTNP/7A5k/4FT~‰|^FT/,93>5T`£S 24NP9;1 9\^9;13IKs9 7p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3q7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/sF89 E43>g:3I5TNP@O3EsN:/M1<2439<7AKM3J9;\B9;13>KN:/,Da24FLGC2W1243=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/]DN:H458E /7:5T5L\d=<H4/ Zlq`aGN:H=<93:|"Da24FT5L3,EB3I@45LNi\QFL/4Xn1<243,7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/ |ƒ1243,N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xl9\B9m1<3>K„KMNBEBH45L3I9127A1*7A=<3
/4N:13I9<9;3I/Q1F87A5 EBH4=<FL/4XM1<7P9;VW3>~B3IGH41FLN:/e7A=<363~4G5LHEB3E&E4H4=FL/4XWEB3I@45LNi\QKM3I/P1a1<NsKMFT/4FLKMFTI361243*9;FL>36NA`-123N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>KyFL/
3IKztk3IE4EB3E]7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/ Z 4a3IKr3IKztk3>=p1<27i1FL/_24NQ9m1SU1C7A=<X:31p7A@@4=NQ7:GC2 |‡1<243s1C7A=<X:31p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3rNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xn9;\B9;13>K D7P9p7&5T37A/
7:/EM3
GFL3>/Q1R9;\B9;13>K 12O7i1G>N:H458EMN:/5T\M=<H4/M1243J7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/st4HB1REBF8Es/4NA1 FT/G>5THOEB3q@4=<N:XP=<7:K EB3Ig:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1o`j7:G>FT5LFb1<FT3(9 3^@4=<N:XP=<7:K
EB3Ig:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1JDR7:96GI7A=<=FL3IEeNPHB1pN:/€1243M24NQ9m1p9;\B9;13IK&ZrR24F896KM7PEB3M7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/dEB3Ig:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q17A/EdEB3>t4HX:X:FL/4XnEBF
G>H45T1p7:/E
=<3IYQH4FL=3EnG=<NP9<9mS0GNPKr@FT5L3>=a7A/OEeG=<NP9<9mS0EB3>tH4X:XP3>=a9;H@4@ONP=;1ZRB3>5T`£Sv24NQ9m1J9;\B9;13>Ks9R1C7AVP37WEBFTˆk3I=3I/P1J7A@4@4=<NP7PGC2 Z R23=37A5TSU1<FTKM37:@BS
@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/WF89E43>g:3I5TNP@O3EsN:/W1243`uH45L5bSv}3IE4X:3IEWN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xr9;\B9;13>KnZf/G>3123J7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/s=<H4/99<7i1F89;`j7:G$1<N:=<FT5L\rN:/W1<243J24NP9;1I|QFb1RF89
`uH93IE&NP/n7 4JŒ N:=R}O7P9;2nKM3>KMNP=\WNP/&124361C7A=<X:31tkNP7:=<E&7A5LN:/XrDaFT12e7M@kNP9<9;FLt45L\,9;1=<FT@4@k3IEeE4NiDa/hgP3>=C9;FLN:/&NA`-1243pNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>KnZ
ŒeNQ9m1aN:`ƒ1239;3I5b`£S 24NP9;1aN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>Ks9127A1q7A=<3JG>H4=<=3I/P1<5T\h7†g†7:FT587At5T3P|^7:=36t7P9;3E,NP/hKMF8G=<NAS V:3I=/43I5k7:=<GC2Fb1<3IG$1<H4=<3:Zoq93
N:` 7rKMFLG>=NPV:3I=/43I5‰7A=CGC24Fb1<3IG1H4=<3q`uNP=7M9;3I5b`£S 24NP9;1aN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>K 3I/P1C7AFL5L9a93>gP3>=C7A5‰7:E4g†7:/Q1<7AXP3I9IZ
 F 62!S: C'439;O3'LF$-E6$'4C33: C)'( 30F- R   CD'4 @),FC;: *F 6- : ;: E#V#.) C36 #7:<F3'L')1E 6F Q*- :<F> 6FQ
13'4 CDE#%#U!6F6 >$3!3F63'4":<!?1- 3! $FEQP6 #UO3'LF 3- '40);:<F .#EW
K-T- $$'&@),FC;: *F 6- : ;: E##.) C3
6 #S! $! '(RM!6F6 >$3!3F  - U!6F 6 >,3! $FE *Q$.N3: C. !6F 6 >,3! $FE .%C 63'4=:<!?1- 3! $FEQM6 #
6QQ39 0F8!Q*)- .#  $: C?*133' 6?:<F8) #%$' !  Q,,W

R2437PE4E^S N:/nKMNBEBH45L3I9qGI7A/ntk3z3I7P9;FL5L\W3~4G5LHEB3E‰|kDa243>/43Ig:3I=R12439;3z7:=3p/NA1q=<3IYQH4FL=3E‰Z w9q7M=<3I9H45T1I|FT1qtk3IG>N:KM3I9agP3>=<\,37:9\

1<N€GNP/JX:H=3M1<243WN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xl9;\B9;13>Kn|-=39;H5b1<FT/4XeFL/”7e9Ks7A5L5bS09;FL>3E]9;\B9;13>KnZew589N|"1243hKrF8G=<NeV:3I=/3>5‚F895L3I7:/]7:/E123>=<3`uN:=<3
tk3IG>N:KM3I9pK*HGC2_KMN:=<3s3
GFL3>/Q1*G>N:KM@7:=3E€1<Nl7eKMN:/4NP5TFT12FLGsNP/43:Znw/NA123>=zEBF
GH45T1m\]DaFb1<2_KMN:/4NP5TFT124F8GsNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13>K
t4FL/E496KMNQ9m1EB=<FTgP3>=C9>| 5L3s9;\B9;13IKM9I|ƒ7:/E€@=N:1NBGNP5-9;1<7PGCV^91<Nh1<243MN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xn9\^9;13IK¢V:3I=/3>5o7A/Ed7A5L5oV:3I=/43I5 @4=NBG>3I9<9;39927A=<3
1<2439<7AKM3q7PE4EB=<3I9<9f9@7:G>3:*Z 3>/OG37z9;FL/4X:5L3@4=<N:XP=<7:KMKrFL/4Xp3I==<N:=oFL/,7A/^\rNA`‰1<243I93G>N:KM@ONP/43>/Q1C9fG>7:/WG>7:H9;376`j7i1C7A5kV:3>=</43I54`j7AH5b1Z
.0/_KMF8G=<N:V:3I=/3>5TSvt7P9;3EeN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xl9;\B9;13>Ks9I| 1<243I93,GNPKM@ONP/43>/Q1<9=H4/]FL/c9;3I@7A=C7i1<3MKr3IKMN:=<\PS @4=<NA1<3IG$1<3IE7:E4E4=399p9@7:G>3I9IZh^NO|
9\B9m1<3>KyG>=<7P9;2439N:/&124F89G>N:H4/Q17A=<36g:3>=<\s=C7A=<3:|B7A/E&KMF8G=<N:V:3I=/3>5TSvt7P9;3EsN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>Ks9a7A=<36H9;HO7A5L5T\WgP3>=<\s=3I5TF87At5T3PZ
[3s27†g:3s7:5T=<3I7PEB\lEBF89G>H993IEFL/_9;3G$1FLN:/  Z h127A1*7A/^\€q/4FT~QS t7P9;3Ed9\B9m1<3>K„2O7:9J1NeNigP3>=CGNPKr3*123M`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4X&1mD NnKs7AFL/
924N:=1<G>N:KMFL/4XP9zNA`1<243&1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5q/4FT~cV:3>=</43I5 FL/ NP=<E43>=1<Ndtk3nH93`uH45RFL/ 27:=<Ec=37A5TSU1<FTKM3h7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/,9 W,/4N:/BS @4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3
VP3>=</43>5 7:/EhE4\Q/O7AKMFLG6@=FLN:=<Fb1m\sgi7:5TH439>Z [3p/4NiD 3>~47AKMFT/3J2NiD¦123I93p@4=NPt45L3>Ks9a7A=<3NigP3>=CGNPKr3JFL/n93>5T`£S 24NP9;19;\B9;13>Ks9IZ
 ]h 1 ”\0_1_1d b2c g_ ._\h_  [3h27PE_F8EB3>/Q1F 3E_123hXP3>/439;F89N:`a1243&@4=<N:t45L3>KŠNA`/N:/BS @4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTgP3,/Fb~cVP3>=</43>5 FT/ ^3IG:Z
 Z Z 54Z[d3*27:El=3IKM7:=VP3IEh12O7i1FL/€NP=<E43>=a1<N,@4=<3I93>=<g:361<243*FL/Q13IX:=<Fb1m\&NA`o1<243zVP3>=</43>5-E47i1C7W9m1<=HOG$1H=39>|‡7A5L5"FL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9q7A=<3zEBF89;S
7:t45T3Ee7:9a5LN:/XW7:97s9\B9m1<3>KG>7A5L5ƒEBN^39/4N:1GNPKr@5T3>13:ZRR24F89DR7:9E4N:/436`u=<N:K¤3
GFL3>/OG\hG>N:/9F8EB3>=C7i1<FTNP/9a7A/EnDN:=<V:3E,D3>5L5 `uNP=
/4NP/BS =37A5TSU1<FTKM367A/E&H4/4FL@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=R7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9IZ
Œl7P9;V^FL/4XMFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9EBH=FL/4XsV:3I=/3>5 @4=<NBG399FT/XrKs7:V:3I9R3Ig:3I/&gP3>=<\h9Ks7A5L5ƒG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5 =<N:H41FL/43I91<NW27†g:36DN:=C9m1GI7:93p=39;@kN:/93
1<FTKM3I9RN:` 123JNP=<E43>=RNA`"7M93IG>N:/E‰Z ’4H=;1<243>=|^124F89a7A@@4=NQ7:GC2WDN:H5LE,/4NA1aDN:=<VrFL/&KzH45T1FL@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP= 3I/^gQFL=<N:/4KM3>/Q1C9>Z-.0/hK*H45T1FL@4=N:S
G>3I9<9;NP=3I/Qg^FL=NP/4KM3>/Q1<9JKs7:9V^FT/X,1<243sFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9`uN:=6N:/3r@=NBG399N:=6EBN^3I96/NA1p243>5L@FT/3>/9H4=<FT/X,1<243sFT/Q1<3>X:=<FT1m\eNA`f1<243MV:3I=/43I5
E47A1<7M9;1=<HG$1<H4=39>|47P9124361C7:9VB9R=H4//4FT/XrNP/hN:1243I=a@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=<9G>7:/e9m1<FT5L5ƒGNP==<H4@B1123pV:3>=</43I5 E47i1C7r9;1=<HG1H4=<3:Z
. 1qF89/3IG399<7A=<\s1<NWH935TNBGCVB97A17A@4@=NP@4=F87i1<36@45L7PG39FL/n1243VP3>=</43>5"GNBEB3p1<NWNig:3I=<G>N:KM3J1243@=NPt45T3IKnZRR23p`uH4/E47:KM3>/Q1<7:5
F899H43p9H4==<N:H/EBFL/4XM5TNBGCV^FT/X*F89R123p/43>3E,1<Ns@4=<NigQF8EB369;\^/GC2=NP/4FT7i1<FTNP/,FL/nG>3>=1<7:FT/nGNBEB393>XPKr3I/Q1<9FT/&1<243V:3I=/3>5vZ R23I936G>NBEB3
93>XPKr3I/Q1<9I|fG>7:5T5L3IEG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5a93IG$1<FTNP/9IZ”[‹FT124NPHB1W@4=<N:@k3>=M5TNBGCV^FL/4X€=C7:G>3&G>N:/EBFT1FLN:/O9MKrFLX:2Q1sEB3>gP3>5LN:@ Z :HO9m1M1N]3>~^3IKM@45TFT`u\_1<243
§5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

@4=<N:t5T3IK&|4G>N:/9F8EB3>=123G>7:936Da243>=<3J1243I=3p7:=31mD NM@4=<NBG3993I9R7A/OE,37:GC2&@4=NBG>3I9<9 /3>3IE91NMFT/OG=<3>KM3>/Q1a123Jgi7:5TH43pN:`-7M927A=<3IE
gi7A=<F87At45L36FUZf^H@4@ONQ9;36NP/436@4=NBG>3I9<9R=37:E49Fv|7A/E,123>/&1243pN:1243I=IZ‚R23>\WtkNA1<2&FL/G>=3IKr3I/Q1RFT1I|1243I/&1243I\WtON:12nDa=<Fb1<3pF t7:GCVM1<N
KM3>KMNP=\PZ-. ` F DR7:9N:=<FLX:FL/7A5L5T\ 54|4FT1D NPH45LEh/4NiDxtO3Š|BFT/9;137:EhNA`[

. 1 924NPH45LErtk3qG5L3I7:=o12O7i1fFL/sN:=CEB3>= 1<NKs7AVP3R1243VP3>=</43>5B@=3I3>KM@B1FLg:3P|:5LNBGCV^9‚KzH9;1ftk3H93IEs7i1f7:@4@4=<N:@4=<F87i13R@4587:G>3I9oFL/M123V:3I=/43I5
G>N^E43:Z
T2 T1
Busy wait
Spin lock
Critical
Resource

"’ FLX:H=3 a W @k3>=C7i1<FTNP/hN:`-7s^@4FL/  NBGCV

.0/]`uH45L5L\d@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLg:3,q/4FT~_9\B9m1<3>Ks9I|"/4NP=Ks7:5T5L\l1mDNn1m\^@O39NA`a5LNBGCV^9*7A=<3sH93IEWrV:3I=/43I5bS 5L3>g:3I5o5TNBGCVB9I|-7:/E_9;@FT/_5LNBGCV^9IZew
VP3>=</43>5TSv5L3>gP3>5‰5LNBGCV,F899;FLKMFT587A=1N,7r1<=<7PEBFb1<FTNP/7A5‰5LNBGCV‡Z [‹243I/l7r1<7P9;VhD7:Fb1C9R`uN:=q7MVP3>=</43>5TS 5T3Ig:3>5‰5LNBGCVW1<NstO3=<3>5L3I7P9;3E&tQ\&7A/4N:1243I=
1C7:9V24N:58EBFL/4XpFT1I|:FT1fF89 t45LN^GCVP3IEr7A/ErH4/OEB3>=<X:N^3I9o7pG>N:/Q13>~^1o9DaFT1<GC2 Z-. 1‚tO3GNPKr39o=<3I7:E4\N:/45L\z7A`£13>=‚1243a=<3IYQH4FL=3Ez5LNBGCVzF89 =3I5T37:93IE
t^\d1243h24N:58EBFL/4Xe1<7P9;V]7A/OE]tO3GN:KM39z7†gi7AFL5L7:t45L3:Z 63>=</43>5TS 5T3Ig:3>5f5TNBGCVB9z7:=3M1<243>=<3`uNP=3WFL/43
G>FT3I/Q1zDa243>/ G=<Fb1<FLGI7A5f=<3I9N:H=<G>3I9p7A=<3
=<3IYQH4FL=3E_`uNP=M924NP=;1sEBH4=C7i1<FTNP/9rNA`q1<FTKM39r127A1s7:=3&GNPKr@O7A=C7At45L3W1<N]G>N:/Q13>~^1M9DaFb1CGC24FL/4X1FLKr39>| FUZ 3:ZNA`q1243nN:=CEB3I=rN:`7d`u3>D
KMFL5T5LFf93IGNP/E496NP=J5L3I9<9IZs.0/9HGC2]9;FT1H7A1FLN:/9I|"G>N:/Q13>~^1p9DaFT1<GC24FL/4XnNig:3I=2437:E49JG>7:/dFL/G>=37:93z1<243M1<7P9;Vl=<3I9@kN:/93r1FLKr39pH4/E4H45T\
7:/E_7A=<3s/4NA1r7:G>G>3>@B1C7At45L3:Z  3>1*H9z3>587AtkN:=C7i1<3*1<24F89M? NP/9;F8EB3I=p127A1*9N:KM3M1<7P9;V =3YQH4FT=<3I9p1243W5LNBGCV€`uNP=zG>7:==<\^FT/X&NPHB1zgP3>=<\
9Ks7A5L5‰@4=NBG>3I9<9;FL/4Xn•u@kNP9<9;FLt45L\,7M9;FL/4X:5L367A=<Fb1<24KM31F8GJN:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/O– N:/n9;NPKr3pG>=FT1F8G>7:5k=<3I9N:H=<G>3q1<27i1aDN:H458E,=<3IYQH4FL=<3:|B97†\ § Ks93IGJNA`
@4=<NBG399FT/XZs{NiDp|"Fb`7&V:3I=/43I5o5T3Ig:3I5‚5TNBGCVlF89pH93IE |"7A/NA123>=61<7P9;V9624N:58EBFL/4Xn123s5TNBGCVd7A161243s1<FTKM3 =<3IYQH43I9;1p123s5TNBGCV‡|ƒFT1
DN:H458EdtO3Mt45LNBGCV:3IEd7A/E7nGNP/P1<3~^1p9;DaFT1<GC2D NPH458E€tk3MFT/G>H4=<=3E‰|ƒ7A589NW123WG>7:GC23rG>N:/Q13I/P1C9>|‰@O7AX:39JNA`f1<243M1<7P9;Ve3>1<G:Z*Ks7†\ltk3
9D7:@4@k3IE‰Zowa`£1<3>=R7924N:=1‚1FLKM3:|B9<7†\ § Ks93IG:|:1<2435LNBGCV*tk3IG>N:KM3I9 7†gi7AFL5L7:t45T3PZ-R23:|^7A/4N:1243I= GNP/Q13~^1R9;DaFT1<GC2sDN:H458Estk3qFL/GH==<3IE
`uNP= o1<N,=<H4/€7P99H4KMFT/Xs127A1JFT1F891243*24FLX:2439m1J@4=FLN:=<FT1m\,1C7:9Vn7A1q1<27i11FLKr3PZ q3>/G>3:|k123*=<3I9@ONP/93p1FLKM3*N:` *fD NPH458EetO3
Ks93IG  1<24N:HX:2€FT` FT1p27:Ed9;FLKM@45L\et4H9\eD7:Fb1<3IEe`uNP=q1<243M5TNBGCVn1<Nhtk3*=<3>5L3I7P9;3P|k1243I/€1<243*=<3I9@kN:/931<FTKM3MD NPH458El27†gP3ztk3>3>/ 5
Ks93IGAZo.0/n9HGC2e7r9FT1H7A1FLN:/ |47s9@4FL/h5LNBGCVWD NPH458E,tk37A@4@=NP@4=F87i1<3:Z
ƒ316H9J/4NiD H4/EB3I=<9;1<7:/Ee1<243rN:@k3>=C7i1FLN:/€NA` 7&9;@FT/d5TNBGCV‡Zpw9@4FL/€5LNBGCV&2O7:969GC23>Ks7i1<FLGI7A5L5T\ntk3>3>/9;2NiDa/lFT/]’-FTXOZ  Z a Z6.0/
’-FLXZ  Z a 7nG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5 =<3I9N:H4=CG3*FL96=<3IYQH4FL=3Elt^\etkNA12d123M1<7:9VB9  7A/O7E `uN:=6g:3I=\l924NP=;1J1FLKM3I9s•jG>N:KM@7:=<7:t45T3z1Ne7&GN:/Q1<3~^1
9DaFb1CGC24FL/4Xz1<FTKM3†–$Z‚R24F89=39;NPH4=<G>3F89 @=N:13IG13Est^\W7z9@4FT/&5LN^GCV‡Zo^H4@4@kNP93:|^1C7:9V 27P9 7PG>YQH4FL=3EM1243p9@4FL/,5LN^GCVMXPH7A=CEBFL/4X1<243
=<3I9N:H4=CG3P|O7:/EnFT/l1243*Kr37A/^Da24FL5T3P|1C7:9V =3YPH3I9;1<9a1<243z=<3I9N:H=<G>3:Zq^FL/G3z1<7P9;V   27:95LN^GCVP3IE&FT1I*| G>7:/4/4N:1qX:3>1J7:GIG399R1<N
1<243*=<3I9N:H=<G>3:|FT’1 3mH9m1pt4HO9;\nDR7AFT1<9r•j924NiDa/€7:9J7W5LN^N:@lFL/l1<24-3 X:H4=<3–q7A/E€EBN^3I9/4NA16t45LN^GCVe7:/El9HBˆk3I=J7&GNP/Q13~^169;DaFT1<GC2 Z
XP31<91<243p=<3I9N:H4=CG367:9a9N^N:/n7:9  =3I5TFL/YQH4F89;24391243p=<3I9N:H=<G>3:Z
.0/l7MK*H45b1<FT@=NBG399N:=9;\B9;13>Kn|k9;@4FL/e5LN^GCVB97:=3p/N:=<KM7:5T5L\,FLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q13EeH9FT/Xs1243*G>7:GC23GN:23>=<3>/G>\,@4=<NA1<N^G>N:5 HO9;3E‰|O9HGC2
1<27i1q37:GC2&@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=R5TN^N:@O9aN:/e7M5LN^GI7A5ƒG>N:@^\WN:`-1<2435LNBGCVWgi7A=<FL7:t45T3PZfR2433>~47:G$1qE431<7:FT589aN:`-FLKM@45T3IKM3>/Q1<7A1FLN:/eNA`o7s9@4FT/n5LNBGCV,F89
tk3>\PN:/En1<243*9<GNP@O3*NA`o1<24FL9tkNQNPV‡|k7:/En123zFL/P1<3>=<3I9;13Ee=37:EB3I=qF89=<3`u3I==<3IE&1<N  §  /Z  3>1H9/4NiD EBF89G>H9<9q24NiD 7h9;@4FL/l5LNBGCV&GI7A/
tk3pFTKM@45L3>KM3I/P1<3IEhN:/n7rH4/4FL@4=NBG>3I9<9;NP=R9\B9m1<3>KnZf/&7rH4/FT@4=<NBG399N:=R9;\B9;13IK&|BDa23>/e7*G>=FT1F8G>7:5‰=39;NPH4=CG3qF89a=<3IYQH4FL=3Es`uNP=R7rgP3>=<\
924N:=1R1FLKM3:|K*HB1HO7A5 3>~BG>5THO9;FLN:/&FL93I7:9FL5T\,7PG>G>N:KM@45LFL9243IEht^\,EBF897:t45LFT/4XsFL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9>Z /n.0/Q13I5‰~ <$a 9;\B9;13>Ks9I|B12FL9aF89EBNP/43pDaFT12
1<243 :G>5TF &FT/O9m1<=HG1FLN:/ Z,.0/P1<3>=<=H@B1<97:=3M=<3S 3>/7:t45L3IEdDaFb1<2 :9;1F 4Z,R2^H9I|"9@4FL/_5TNBGCVB96N:/_7nH4/4FL@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=6X:3>1zGN:KM@4FL5L3IEFT/c7P9
GI7A5L5L91<N PG5LF M7:/E :9;1F 4Z
0 ƒ31aH9R/4NiD 3~47AKMFL/432NiD 9;3I5b`£S 24NQ9m1a9;\B9;13IKM9R7PE4EB=<3I9<9‚1<2436@4=NPt45L3>K N:`"EB\^/7AKMF8GJ@4=FLN:=<FT1m\r5L3>gP3>589
N:`-_1< 24213p+|1<=<ce7PdPEBFb_ 1<FTZNP/\7Act]5"\0/ceb24ceFT_1~n` 9 \B9m1<3>Ks9IZf.0/l/Fb~nt7:93IEn=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>Ks9>|OFT/l7PE4EBFT1FLN:/&1NhEB\^/7AKMF8G6@4=FLN:=<FT1FL3I9I|4=37A5TS
1<FTKM37A/OEzF8EB5L3a@4=FLN:=<FT1FL3I9 7A=<39H4@4@kN:=13E‰Z ’"FLXZ  Z q9GC243IKs7i1F8G>7:5T5L\z924NiD9"1243R1<24=<3>3a7†gi7AFL5L7:t45T3@4=<FTNP=FT1m\p5L3>g:3I5L9IZƒ[3a/4NiDct=FL3}\
EBF89<GH9<912439;361<24=<3>3pG>7A13>XPN:=<FT39NA`"@=FLN:=<Fb1m\s5L3>gP3>589>Z
§

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 t_ . •£1< 24]p3 h FLE41 5T36c1C97:\59VBJ–b2|Bcth=H /4 9a 7iR1a21<FL9a24FLF8995T13I2g:3p3>5v5TZ NiD.mEB3I5L9;3p1a@4@4==FLFLN:N:=<=<FTFT11mFL\s3I9R5T3I7Ag:=<3>3p5vZ‚9m1CR7i124F83JG61<7A7P/9;EnVW7:1=23J7A1/4NA=H41/O=<9a3IG>DaN:KM243>@4/hHB11<23IEh3>=<@O33I7A==<FLNB3JEB/F8NrG>7AN:5L5L1\:24Z 3I=R1<7P9;VB91NM=<H4/
Lh1# FLKMdP3Wct^ •u FL/P1<3>=C\^7:/G7A1KMFLg:F83Ge–f1C@47:=<9FTNPV^=9IFTZo1FLq3I9W\^/7:7:=KM3eFL=<G63IG>=<N:3IKMG>N:@4KMHB@41<3IHBE 1C7i1@kFL3>N:=</&FTNBNAEB`-F8G>@47:=<5TFT5LNP\c=FT1<1NcFL3I9RFLKr3I/@9;=HNi=gP33h91<12423€7A17†.gP:3> =C7AX:tk3&N:H=</3IEh9@O1<NP7:/99;VB3n91<KrFTKMFLX:3d=C7iNA1<`p3J9;1N:Ns`£1,24FL=X:3247A3I5T=S
@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I97A/E]?ŽfaS tkN:H4/Ee1<7:9VB9qNP@O3I=<7A13r7i165TNiD3>=@4=FLN:=<FT1m\h5L3>gP3>589>Zpwq96924NiDa/lFL/d’-FLXZ  Z ^|k1<7P9;VB9J7i11243MEB\^/7AKMF8G
@4=<FTNP=FT1m\5L3>gP3>5QN:@k3>=C7i1<3 7i1-@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9"24FLX:243I=ƒ1<27A/z1243FLE45T3 @4=FLN:=<FT1m\:|†t4HB1‚7i1-5TNiD3>="@4=<FTNP=FT1m\J127:/p1243=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3 @4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9IZ
0 _  21 +Šced[_  4a37A5TSU1<FTKM3R@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9 7:=3a9;1<7i1<FLG@4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT39o7A/Er7A=<3 /NA1‚=<3IGNPKM@4HB13E*E4H4=FL/4X6=<H4/z1<FTKM3PZ*7A=CEz=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31<7:9VB9
N:@k3>=C7i1<3q7i1‚1<243I93q5L3>gP3>589>Z -7:9V^9f27†g^FT/X=37A5TSU1<FTKM3@=FLN:=<Fb1<FT39‚XP31f@4=<3IG>3IEB3I/G3qNig:3>=‚1<7:9VB9‚DaFT12&EB\^/7AKMF8Ga@4=<FTNP=FT1m\*5L3>gP3>589
•j93>3p’-FTXOZ  Z A–Z
0

Real−Time
Priorities

127

Dynamic
Priorities
254
255 Idle Non−Migrating
Priority

’-FLX:H4=<3 1W‚Žf=FLN:=<Fb1m\ ƒ 3>g:3I5L9RFL/l^3>5T`£S 24NP9;1/4FT~n^\B9;13IKM9

™/( X¤¡„¡  ›  !#"k˜™>š › $&›ž'o™)(+* œ,,¡ -›qš
ŒeF8G=<NP9NA`£1 $ 9[‹FL/EBNiD9J9;3I=FL3I9NA`‚NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xh9\B9m1<3>Ks97:=3*3~^1=<3>KM3I5T\n@kN:@4H4587A=JFL/dEB39;VQ1NP@€GNPKM@4HB13I=<9IZ6[‹FT/OEBNiD9qNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9J27†g:3r3>gPN:5Lg:3IE€Nig:3I=q1<243M5L7P9m161mD3>/Q1m\ g:3M\P3I7A=C9q`u=NPK 1243M/7:FTgP3rp6 •jFL9V]@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xe^\B9;13>KW–ZrŒeF8G=<NP9NA`£1pEB3>S
gP3>5LN:@k3IE]66FL/]123,3I7:=5LQ\ VfFTXP2P1<FT39>Znp6D7P97ng:3I=\9;FLKM@45T3,N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xe9\^9;13IK„1<27i1*D7P99;FL/4XP5T3M1C7:9VQFL/4Xl7:/E]H93IE]7
93>XPKr3I/Q13IEWKr3IKMN:=<\sKM7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q1R9GC243IKM3:Z ŒeFLG>=NQ9;N:`£1VP3>@B1N:/&7A/4/4NPH4/G>FT/4X*/43>D g:3>=C9FTNP/9fN:`ƒ66h7A5LKMNP9;1 3Ig:3>=<\M\:37A= 7:/E
37:GC2€9HG>G>3I9<9;FLg:3*g:3I=<9FTNP/€9H4@4@kN:=13IE€/43>D“`u3I7i1<H4=<3I9IZ66l3>g:NP5TgP3IEn1<N,1<243M[‹FT/OEBNiD993>=<FL3I9JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X&9;\B9;13IKM9FL/€1<243*587i1<3
VfFTXP2P1<FT39>ZrR243MKs7AFL/EBF89;1FL/4X:H4F8924FT/Xh`u37i1<H4=3rNA` 1243s[‹FL/EBNiD9JNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>K `u=<N:K 66€D7P967,XP=<7:@424F8G>7A5-`u=<N:/Q1;S 3>/OE‰Z
w993>gP3>=C7A54/3>D¦gP3>=C9;FLN:/9fNA` [‹FL/EBNiD9 V:3I@B1 NP/h7A@@O37A=<FT/4X124=<N:H4XP2W3>/27A/G>3>KM3>/Q1C9‚1<N123Jp6WG>N^E43:|P124369m1<=HOG$1H=3NA` 1<243
G>N^E43EB3IX:3>/3>=C7i13Er1Nr9;HGC2h7A/W3>~Q1<3>/Q1f1<27i1Fb1R27PEstO3GNPKr3g:3I=\MEBF
G>H45T1 1<N*EB3It4H4X*7:/EsKs7AFL/Q1<7:FT/s1<243G>NBEB3:ZoR243[‹FT/E4NiD9
G>N^E43aD7P9‚GNPKr@5T3>13>5L\z=<3>Da=<FT1;13I/sFT/ §   < 1<NzEB3>gP3>5LN:@r123[‹FT/OEBNiD9‚{q 9\B9m1<3>KnZ BFT/G>3a123qGNBEB3aDR7:9‚G>N:KM@45L31<3>5L\z=<3>Da=<Fb113>/ƒ|
[‹FL/EBNiD9 {q‹9\^9;13IKD7P9oKzHGC2,KrNP=39m1C7At45L3z•jE4NQ39f/NA1G>=<7P9;2k–-127:/M12433I7:=5LFT3I= p6QS t7:93IEs9\B9m1<3>Ks9>Z R2435L7A13>= g:3I=<9FTNP/9
N:`oŒlFLG>=NQ9;N:`£1 $ 9aN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XW9\B9m1<3>Ks9aD3>=<3EB3I9<G3I/E47:/P1C9aNA` 1<243[‹FL/EBNiD9q{ 7A/E&1<243zp6QSvtO7:93IEn9;\B9;13IKM9qD 3I=39<G=C7A@@O3E‰Z
’-FLXZ  Z < 9;2NiD961243,X:3>/3I7A5LN:XP\lNA`R1<243Wgi7A=<FTNPH9pNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xl9;\B9;13IKM9`u=NPK¢1<243hŒeF8G=<NP9NA`£1z9;1<7:t45L3:Znwq9r7A5L=37:EB\lKM3I/P1<FTNP/43IE |
9;1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\N:`q7A/G>3I9;1NP=<9zNA`[‹FL/EBNiD9r{qDR7:9z/4NA1s97A1F89m`j7PG$1<N:=<\:QZ 3IGI7AH93h9;1<7:t4FL5TFT1m\]NA`a123hNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X€9\^9;13IKŠFL9r7lKs07 3mNP=
G>N:/G>3>=</,FL/,27:=<E,=37A5TSU1<FTKM367A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9I|QD3J=39m1<=F8G$1RN:H4=aEBF89<GH9<9;FLN:/O9f1<N*NP/45L\M12436[‹FL/EBNiD9R{qx7A/EhFb1C9REB3I9<G3I/E47A/Q1C97:/E
EBNM/4N:1FT/OG5LHEB3612366h5LFT/436N:`-@4=<NBEBHG1<9IZ
? NPKr@HB13I=9\^9;13IKs9at7:93IEnNP/e[‹FT/OEBNiD9q{ 7A/EnFT1<9JEB3I9<G3I/E47:/P1C97A=<3tk3>FL/4XW3>~Q1<3>/9FLg:3>5L\&H9;3EnFT/€24N:KM3I9I|N
G3I9I|O7:/E
FL/EBH9;1=<F87A5439m1C7At45LFL924KM3>/Q1C9>Z w/MN:=<XP7:/4FLI7i1<FTNP/zNiDa/4FL/4X6[‹FL/EBNiD9‚{ 9\B9m1<3>Ks9 KMFTXP2P1‚tk3FL/Q13>=<3I9;13E1<NpH93R1243IK `uNP=oFb1C9o=37A5TS
1<FTKM3s7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9q`uN:=pGNQ9m1p9<7†gQFL/4XhN:=6GN:/^gP3>/4FL3>/G>3:ZR24F89JFL9639;@k3IG>FL7:5T5L\&1=<H43MFT/d@4=<NA1N:1m\^@O3M7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/dE43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1J7:/E
7:5L9NsDa243>/nNP/45T\n7M5LFTKMFT13IEn/^H4K*tO3I=qN:`oE43>@45LNi\^Kr3I/Q1<9a7A=<3p=<3IYQH4FL=3E‰Zf.0/n1<243p`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4XO|4D3zG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5L5T\&7A/7:5T\^I31<243z9H4FT1<7AtFT5LFb1m\
N:`f[‹FT/OEBNiD96{q `uNP==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3r7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/dEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q1Z’"FL=C9m1|‰D 3*24FTXP245LFTXP2P1p9N:KM3`u37i1H=39N:`f[‹FL/EBNiD9J{q 1<27i1p7A=<3
§[

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 DOS
Windows NT

Windows 3.1 new

code Windows 2000

Windows 95

Windows XP
Windows 98

"’ FLX:H=3 < WjJ3I/43I7:5TNPX:\WN:`o@k3>=C7i1FL/4XW^\B9;13>Ks9`u=<N:KyŒlFLG>=NQ9;N:`£1 $ 9Q1<7:t45T3

gP3>=<\z=<3>5L3>gi7A/Q1 7:/EsH93`uH45O1N*7p=37A5TSU1<FTKM3q7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/WEB3>gP3>5LN:@k3>=Z".0/s1<2439H4t93IYQH43I/Q1 9;Ht9;3G$1<FTNP/ |PD3@kN:FL/Q1 N:H41 9;NPKM3NA`‰1<243
587:G>H4/7rNA`-[‹FT/E4NiD9{qxDa243>/&H93IE&FL/&=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/&E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1IZ
;=: F(.N8AKJH *GH
6I HJMK#ISR[A T=G A R X '
[‹FL/EBNiD9o{c27P9-93>gP3>=C7A5P`u3I7A1H4=<3I9 Da24F8GC2M7A=<3 gP3>=<\EB3I9FT=C7At5T3f`uN:=o=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3R7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9I|A9HGC2r7P9 9;H4@@ONP=;1 `uN:= K*H45b1<Fb1<24=<3I7:EBS
FL/4X| 7:/E7†g†7:FT587AtFT5LFb1m\nN:`f=37A5TSU1<FTKM3r@4=<FTNP=FT1m\n5T3Ig:3>589IZzw589;NO|‰123*1<FTKM3I=67:/E€G>5TNBGCVe=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/O97:=3M9;H
G>FT3I/Q15L\ /43*`uN:=6KMNP9;1
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM367:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>Z
[‹FL/EBNiD9{9;H@4@ONP=;1C|9 5&@4=FLN:=<FT1m\€5L3>g:3I5L9h•j93>3,’-FLXZ  Z  –$Z Vf7PGC2@=NBG399ztO3I5TNP/4XP9p1NlNP/43WNA`R1<243W`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/Xe@4=FLN:=<FT1m\
G>5L7P993I29 W%<#" # 'UJ  % 6J" J1!$%('&"OSZ \WEB3`j7:H45T1I|Q12436@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\MG587:9<9 7A1Da2FLGC2&7H93>=1<7P9;VM=<H4/9F89  'FJ”Z N:12
 'FJr7:/E &% ,@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\,G>5L7P993I9q7A=<3Jgi7:=F87At45L3J1m\^@O3P|FL/n1243z93>/O9;361<27i1q@=FLN:=<Fb1<FT39RNA`-1<7P9;VB9aFL/n124F89G>5L7P997:=36=<3IG>N:KM@4HB1<3IE
@k3>=<FTNBEBF8G>7:5T5L\rtQ\*123NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9;\B9;13IK&Zo{ 5TNiD3>=C9 123q@4=<FTNP=FT1m\zN:`ƒ761<7P9;Vn•utk3>5LN:/X:FL/4Xp1N*gi7A=<FL7:t45T31m\Q@k3–‚Fb` FT1 HO9;3EW7A5L5N:` Fb1C9
587:9;1"1<FTKM3R9;5LF8G3:Z-. 1 =<7:FL93I9ƒ1243@4=<FTNP=FT1m\6NA`O71<7P9;V‡|iFT`Fb1ot45LNBGCV:3E6`uN:= . :7:/EzG>N:H458Ep/4N:1-HO9;3Fb1C9-5L7P9m1-1FLKM3R95LFLG>3fFL/z`uH45L5vZ qNiD 3Ig:3>=|
1<243sGC27A/4XP3zN:` 7W1C7:9Vn`u=NPK Fb1C96t7:93z@=FLN:=<Fb1m\nF896=39m1<=F8G$1<3IEn1<N 5BZ{q H93I9J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\QS EB=<FLg:3>/n@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLg:3M9GC23IEBH45LFL/4X&7:/E
1<24=37:E49zNA`=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I927†g:3W@=3G3IE43>/G>3,Nig:3I=z7A5L5NA123>=1<24=<3I7:E9FL/G5LHEBFL/4XV:3>=</43I5‚12=37:E49IZ€Ž‚=<NBG3993I99HGC2”7P9
9<G=<3>3I/&9<7†g:3I= H93p@4=<FTNP=FT1m\WG587:9<9 %<#"OZ
; 6AjKJH#C&A( T=G6UR A  TBG 6A R X '
0. /W9@4FT13N:`O1<243FLKr@=399FTgP3a9;H4@@ONP=;1‚1<27i1 [‹FT/E4NiD9o@4=<NigQF8EB39-`uN:=‚=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3a@4=NPX:=C7AKMKMFT/Xr•U7:9‚EBF89<GH9<9;3EMFT/s9H4t93IG1FLN:/  Z § –|
7n@4=<N:XP=<7:KMKr3I=q1<=\^FL/4X&1NeH93s[‹FL/EBNiD9pFL/]=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s9;\B9;13IK EB3Ig:3>5LN:@Kr3I/Q162O7:9J1NlG>N:@k3sH4@]DaFb1<2c9;3Ig:3I=<7:5-@=NPt45T3IKs9>Zhq`
1<243I93:|B1<2436`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4X*1mDNr@=NPt45T3IKs9a7A=<3q1<243pKMNP9;1a1=<N:H4t45L3I9N:KM3PZ-[3EBF89G>H9<912439;3J1mDNr@=NPt45T3IKs9RFT/&1236`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4XZ
Y (h&b2_\\5 b Z\]S^!_1`2`aceh! .0/c[‹FL/EBNiD9*{q6|"1243h@4=<FTNP=FT1m\€5L3>gP3>5NA`aFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9F89r7A5LD7†\B9624FLX:243I=1<27A/_1<27i1rNA`a1<243
H93>=Sv5L3>gP3>5‚1<24=<3I7:E(9 3FT/OG5LHEBFL/4X1243h124=<3I7PE49rNA`q=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3&G>5L7P99IZ_[‹243I/ 7A/ FT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41rNBG>G>H4=C9>|o1<243n27A/OEB5T3I=*=<N:H41FL/43
97†gP3I9 1<243JKM7PGC24FL/43 $ 9 9;1<7A13J7A/EsKs7:V:3I9‚124369\^9;13IK3~B3IG>HB13J7A/W.0/Q13I==<H4@B1a^3>=<g^FLG>/3 4aNPHB1FL/43r•u.;J 4q–ZO/45L\rgP3>=<\rG>=FT1F8G>7:5
@4=<N^G>3I9<9;FL/4X*FL9R@k3>=`uN:=<KM3IEWFL/&.;J 4 7A/EW1243pt4H5TVWN:`ƒ1<2436@4=NBG>3I9<9;FL/4XrFL9REBNP/4365L7A13>=a7A1a7r5LNiD 3I= @=FLN:=<Fb1m\sFL/h1243J`uN:=<K N:`"7
q3>`u3>=<=3E,Žf=NBG3EBH4=<3J?7A5L5 •jJŽ?R–$Z4JŽ?9 `uNP=gi7:=FLN:H9 FL/P1<3>=<=H@B1<9R7A=<3YQH43IH43IEhFL/W1236JŽ?¦YQH43>H43JFL/&7*’".m’  Ks7A//43>=Z
[‹24FL5T361<24FL99;3I@7A=C7i1<FTNP/,N:` .;# 4 7:/EnŽR?‹2O7:9R1<243z7:E4g†7:/Q1<7AXP3N:`o@4=Nig^F8EBFL/4XsYPHFLGCVW=<3I9@kN:/93J1Ns`uH4=123>=FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1<9I|4FT1
27:91243MEBF897PEBgi7A/Q1<7:X:3N:`fKs7AFL/Q1<7AFL/4FL/4X,7:5T5oJŽ?9J7i1q1<243M97:Kr3*@4=<FTNP=FT1m\hgi7:5TH439>Z6wŽR? G>7A/€/4NA16tO3r@4=<3>3IKr@413IEltQ\
7A/4N:1243I=‚ŽR?_tHB1fG>7:/rtk3@4=<3>3IKM@B13E*t^\r7A/rFT/Q13I==<H4@B1Z-JŽ?9f7A=<33>~B3IGH413IErFL/W’-.m’- NP=<E43>=‚7i1f76@=FLN:=<Fb1m\p5LNiD3>= 12O7A/
1243p2O7A=CEBD7:=3JFL/P1<3>=<=H@B1@4=<FTNP=FT1m\Wt4HB124FTXP243>=127:/h1<243@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sN:`-1<2439<GC243IEBH5T3I= AEBFL9@7A1<GC243I=IZo. 1F89a/4N:1q@ONQ99FLt45T36`uNP=
7H93>=S 5T3Ig:3>5O12=37:EM1<N*3>~^3GHB1<3J7A1R7z@4=<FTNP=FT1m\M24FTXP243>= 12O7A/W1<27i1aN:`ƒ.;J 49N:=RJŽ?9IZ R23>=<3`uN:=<3:|Q3>gP3>/h.;J 49R7A/E,ŽR?9
GNP==<3I9@ONP/EBFL/4XM1Nhg:3I=\n5LNiD @4=FLN:=<FT1m\,1C7:9V^9G>7:/€@4=<3>3IKr@41=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3*@4=<N^G>3I9<9;39>ZJwq9J7,=<3I9H45T1I|k123z@kNA13I/Q1F87A5 t45LN^GCV^FL/4X
NA`=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3s1<7P9;VB9rEBH43h1NdJŽ?9rG>7:/ctk3h587A=<X:3PZ€’4NP=*3>~B7:KM@45T3P|oFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9rEBH43W1<Nd@O7AX:3W`j7AH45T1<9rX:3I/43>=C7i1<3IE]t^\]5TNiD
@4=<FTNP=FT1m\r1<7:9VB9RD NPH458E,XP31a@4=<N^G>3I9<9;3Es`j7P9m1<3>=R12O7A/&=37A5TSU1<FTKM3J@4=NBG>3I9<9;39>Zow589N|B.;J 49a7:/E&ŽR?9RX:3>/3>=C7i13E,EBH361NMV:3I\
tONQ7A=CEe7A/E€KMN:H93zFL/Q13>=C7:G1FLN:/9DN:H458EeN:@k3>=C7i1<3z7i1624FLX:243I=@=FLN:=<Fb1m\&5L3>g:3I5L9JGNPKM@7A=<3IEn1<N,=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31<7P9;VB9IZJR23>=<3`uN:=<3
§a

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 FT/s@=39;3I/G3N:` @4=<N^G>3I9<9;39‚G>7:==<\^FT/XpN:HB1f/31mDN:=<VzN:=EBF89;VM.:*|A12433ˆ‡3IG$1RNA` 9\B9m1<3>KrSvDaF8EB3q’-.m’  YPH3>H439‚NA` JŽ?9 Ks7†\
5T37:E,1NsH4/^tkN:H4/OEB3IE&=<3I9@ONP/9;31FLKM3I9a3Ig:3I/h`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3J12=37:E49IZ‚R24F89R@4=NPt45L3>Ky2O7:9Rtk3>3>/e7†gPN:F8EB3IE,FT/&123p[‹FT/E4NiD9
’? VN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XM9;\B9;13IK •j93>3^3GAZ  Z < Z < –‚1<24=<N:H4XP2W123pH9;3pN:`-7M@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sFL/4243I=FT1<7:/G36KM3IGC27:/4F89;KnZ
Real−time critical 31

Real−time Real−time normal

16−31

Real−time idle 16
Dynamic critical 15

Dynamic Dynamic normal

1−15

Dynamic idle 1
Idle 0
’-FTXPH4=3  W‚"7P9;V,Žf=FLN:=<FT1FL3I9 FT/n[‹FL/EBNiD9a{q
0 [3h2O7:EcEBF89<GH9<9;3E_FL/ ? 27:@B13I= n1<27i1MH4/45L3I9<9r7A@4@4=<N:@=F87i1<3W=3>S
Y
9;1*NPH4=CG3W]9\2b 7A~=<]9FT/\ Xe@4=_1N:`a1]!NB”G\0NP^!5L9z_/9;H41 @3@OJNP\0=;ct1<h3I E]Zt^\_\0]7Aba/_]L^!N:] @ke`3>=C 7i1<FT/Xl9;\B9;13>Kn|-1<7P9;VB9zNA`7e=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3h7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/_Da24FL5T3&7:G>G>3I9<9;FL/4X
9;2O7A=<3IEh=39;NPH4=<G>3I9Ks7†\h9HBˆ‡3>=H4/^tkN:H4/OEB3IE&@4=<FTNP=FT1m\WFL/^g:3>=C9FTNP/9R5T37:EBFL/4Xr1NhEB3I7PEB5TFL/43pKMF8993I9a7:/En3>gP3>/n9;\B9;13>Ky`j7AFL5TH=3PZ
[‹FT/OEBNiD96{q“EBN^396/4NA16@4=<NigQF8EB3r7A/^\l9;H@4@ONP=;1W•U9;HGC27:9J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\nFT/243>=<Fb1C7A/G>3:|‰3>1<GAZ –1<Nn9H4@4@kN:=16=37A5TSU1<FTKM3*1<7:9VB91<N
9;2O7A=<3RG>=FT1F8G>7:54=<3I9N:H4=CG39o7AKMN:/4XJ1<243>Ks93>5Lg:3I9IZ R24FL9fFL9f76KM7 3mN:=f924NP=;1CGN:KMFL/4X6NA`‰[‹FL/EBNiD9‚{ Da23>/MH93IEMFL/s=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZMBFT/G>3sKMNP9;16=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3r7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9pEBNn=3YQH4FT=<3M9;27:=FL/4XeG=<FT1F8G>7A5 =<3I9N:H4=CG3967AKMN:/4Xh1<7P9;VB9I| D3rNPHB15LFL/43
tO3I5TNiD 7*`u3>D @ONQ99FTt5T36DR7†\^9FL/nDa24FLGC2nH93>=S 5T3Ig:3>5k`uH4/OG$1FLN:/O7A5LFb1<FT39aG>7A/ntk37:E4E43IE,1NM123p[‹FT/E4NiD9a{q 9;\B9;13>KnZ
R243z9FTKM@45L3I9;1J7:@4@4=<NP7PGC2h1<N,5L31J=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p1C7:9V^99;2O7A=<3zG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5"=39;NPH4=<G>3I9aDaFT12N:HB1JH4/^tONPH4/EB3Ee@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,FL/^g:3>=C9FTNP/9aF89
t^\GI7A=<3`uH45‚@=FLN:=<Fb1m\9;3>1;1<FT/4XQ9Da24FL5L3h7:GIYQH4FT=<FL/4Xl7A/E]=<3>5L3I7P9;FL/4Xe5LNBGCV^9IZewq9*9;N^N:/c7P9z7n1C7:9V€F89*9HGIG3I9<9;`uH45fFL/_5TNBGCV^FL/4Xl7
/4N:/4Sv@4=<3>3IKM@B1<7:t45T3q=39;NPH4=<G>3:|QFb1C9@4=FLN:=<FT1m\rGI7A/,tk3J=<7:FL93IEr1<Nz1<2432FTXP243I9;1@=FLN:=<Fb1m\ne• § –Z w9R9;N^N:/h7:97p1<7P9;Vs=<3>5L3I7P9;39o1<243
=3YQH4FT=<3IEl=39;NPH4=<G>3:|‡FT1<9J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\lG>7:/€tk3r=<3I9;1NP=3E‰ŠZ NiD3>gP3>=|OD3rVQ/NiD 127A16124F89p7A=<=<7:/4X:3IKM3>/Q1qDN:H458El5L3I7PEe1N&587A=<X:3
FT/243>=<Fb1C7A/G>3S =3I5L7A13EWFL/QgP3>=C9;FLN:/O9•v^3>3z^3GAjZ Z [^–$Z
w/4N:1243I=q@kNP9<9;FLt4FL5TFT1m\nFL91NhFTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1J1243*@4=<FTNP=FT1m\hG>3>FL5TFL/4X,@=N:1NBGNP5 •jŽR?Ž –ZO"N,FLKr@5T3IKr3I/Q1q12FL9@4=<NA1NBG>N:5v|D3z/43I3IE
1Nr=39m1<=F8G$1123J=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31C7:9V^9 1<Nr2O7†g:3q3Ig:3I/,@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9J•uFvZ 3:Z E§ a | '§ < |‡ZLZTZL#| "Q–‚NP/45L\:ZoR2436=37:9N:/s`uNP=124F89R=39m1<=F8G$1<FTNP/WF89
127A1f[‹FL/EBNiD9f{ EBN^3I9‚/NA1 9H4@4@kN:=1f’-.m’-x9GC23IEBH45LFL/4Xz7AKMNP/4Xp3IYQH7:54@4=<FTNP=FT1m\1C7:9V^9IZ-. `k1<243q2FTXP243I9;1‚@4=<FTNP=FT1m\*7:KrNP/4X
7A5L5-1<7:9VB9J/43>3EBFT/X&7h=39;NPH4=CG3zF8Š9 5
i/ |k1243I/1243sG3IFT5LFL/4Xh@=FLN:=<Fb1m\nN:`f123r=<3I9N:H=<G>3zF89 5†/  § Zp.0/q/4FT~‡|"’".m’ N:@41FLN:/
7AKMN:/X*3YPHO7A5‰@4=<FTNP=FT1m\M1<7P9;VB9RF897†gi7AFL5L7:t45L3:|Q1243I=3>`uN:=<3p7A5L5 7†g†7:FT587At5T3J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\W5L3>g:3I5L9RGI7A/ntO3pHO9;3EW1<NW7:9<9;FLX:/,1NM1<7P9;VB9IZ
;&  T=G A R X ' ISKR1MR  GT
.0/”124F89s9;3G$1<FTNP/ |‚D3hGNPKM@7A=<3,[‹FL/EBNiD9M{qy7A/E /4FT~”DaFT12”=<3I9@k3IG$1r1Nd123>FL=M9H4FT1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\]`uN:=sEB3>@5TNi\^KM3>/Q1MFT/ =37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z

§Ea

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 0 _  1 +ŠctdP_ S _ Jb ”\0_ ceh”]\ `  + h”c 

JŽ?9 ‚3I9 {N
4a37A5TSU1<FTKM36@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9 ‚3I9 {N
 NBGCV^FL/4X*g^FL=;1<H7A5‰KM3IKrNP=\ ‚3I9 ‚3I9
RFLKr3I=a@4=<3IGF89FTNP/ § KMFT5L5TF-^3IG § "rKMFL5T5LF"^3G
wq9\^/GC24=<N:/4NPH9 . : ‚3I9 {N
-7At45L3  Z § [‹FL/EBNiD9q{q¦gP3>=C9;HO9a/4FT~
w G>N:KM@7A=<F89;NP/,NA`-123p3~^13I/P1a1<NsDa24F8GC2n9N:KM36NA`-12361243pt7P9;F8GJ`u3I7A1H4=<3I9R=<3IYQH4FL=<3IE,`uN:=a=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3p@=NPX:=C7AKMKMFT/4Xr7A=<36@4=N:S
g^F8EB3IEst^\M[‹FL/EBNiD9f{¦7A/OEs/4FT~  F89fFL/EBF8G>7A13EsFT/h"7:t45T3  Z § Z-. 1RGI7A/stk3J93>3I/M127A1[‹FL/EBNiD9 {q‹9H4@4@kN:=1<97K*HGC2 /43I=
1<FTKM3XP=<7:/QH5L7:=FT1m\W• § KW^3GI–oG>N:KM@7A=<3IEz1N*/4FT~&• § "6KW^3IG–$Z [‹FL/EBNiD9‚{ 2O7:9oKs7A/^\*NA`k1243a`u37i1<H4=39‚EB39;FL=3ErNA`‰76=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13>KnZ*NiD3>gP3>=|†1243DR7†\FT1f3~B3GHB1<3I9‚JŽ?9I|i1NPX:3>1243I=‚DaFb1<2MFb1C9‚587:GCVN:`k@4=<NA1<NBGN:549H4@4@kN:=1o`uN:=f=39;NPH4=<G>3927:=FL/4X
7:KrNP/4Xn3IYQH7:5o@4=FLN:=<FT1m\e1<7P9;VB96Ks7AVP3I96FT1H4/9H4Fb1C7At45L3M`uN:=pHO9;3sFL/_97A`u31m\QS G>=FT1F8G>7:5o27A=CEd=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZs[‹Fb1<2cG>7:=3>`uH45
@4=<N:XP=<7:KMKrFL/4XO|k[‹FL/EBNiD96{ G>7:/d9HG>G>3I9<9m`uH5T5L\etO3MH93IE€`uN:=p7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O91<27i1G>7:/€1<N:5L3>=C7i1<3zNBG>GI7:9FTNP/7A5 EB3I7PEB5LFT/43MKMF8993I9I|
7:/Ee27†gP3zEB3I7PEB5LFT/439qN:`o1243*N:=CEB3>=NA`‚2^H4/E4=3E49N:`‚KrFL5L5TF89;3GNP/E49=<7A1243I=12O7A/€7W`u3>D KMFLG>=NQ9;3GNP/E49IZJq`fGNPH4=<93:|O1NhtO3*H93IE
FL/_9;HGC2]7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9I|‰1<243M@4=NBG>3I9<9;NP=JH41FL5TFLI7A1FLN:/KzH9;1tO3MVP3>@B1z9H
GFL3>/Q15L\l5LNiD 7:/E€@=FLN:=<Fb1m\eFL/^g:3I=<9FTNP/dG>N:/Q1=<N:5 KzHO9m1tk3
@4=<Nig^FLE43IE&7i1R1243pHO9;3I=a5T3Ig:3>5vZ
R24NPH4X:2d[‹FT/OEBNiD9Jt7:93IEd9;\B9;13>Ks967A=<3r@ONP@4H4587A=J`uN:=pEB39;VQ1NP@d7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9J7:/Ed@4=Nig^F8EB3zKMNQ9m1pNA`f1243WEB39;FL=<3IEe`u37i1<H4=39
=<3IYQH4FL=3Eh`uN:==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p@4=NPX:=C7AKMKMFT/X|4/Fb~^S t7:93IEn9\^9;13IKs97A=<3pNig:3I=Da243I5TKMFL/4X:5L\W@kN:@4H5L7:=a`uN:==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM37A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9E4H43
1<NMG>NP9;1qGNP/9;F8EB3I=<7A1FLN:/97A/Eh1<243  2O7:GCV:3I=RKr3I/Q1<7A5LFT1m\ $BN:`"1<243p=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3J@4=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=<9   Z
  $¢œ 
ŽR6^.0‘y9;1<7A/OE49p`uNP=zŽ N:=1<7:t45T3h@k3>=C7i1<FT/X€^\B9m1<3>K .0/P1<3>=`j7:G>3:ZeR243W5L3113>= A‘ n27:9ztO3I3>/”9H
~B3IE1<Ne1243h7At4t4=<3>g^F87i1<FTNP/d1<N
Ks7AVP3*FT1z9N:H4/E/Fb~^S 5TFLV:3PZsgP3>=J1243s587:9;1EB3IGI7:EB3P|ƒŽ6B.0‘2O7:9JtO3GNPKr3s7:/dFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q19m1C7A/E47:=<E€`uN:=6NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13>Ks9I|
FL/G5LHEBFL/4Xd=37A5TSU1<FTKM3,NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X€9\B9m1<3>Ks9>ZdR243hFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/G>3WNA`qŽR6^.0‘¥GI7A/ctk3,XQ7AH4I3IE`u=<N:K 123W`j7:G1*1<27i1r/4NiDR7:E47†\B9pFT1
F89r=<7:=3s1<NG>N:KM3h7PG=<NP9<9z7GNPKrKM3I=<G>FL7:5fN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xd9\^9;13IKŠ127A1rF89*/4NA1sŽ6^.0‘qS G>N:KM@45LFL7:/Q1IZ_Ž6^.0‘¤9m1C7A=13Ec7:9r7A/ N:@k3>/
9NA`£1mDR7A=<3*FL/4FT1F87i1<FTgP3:|ƒtHB127:96/NiD 7A5LKMNP9;1ptO3GN:KM3s7 `7 V9 )? HW9m1C7A/E47:=<E€`uN:=pNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xn9;\B9;13>Ks9IZ,^FL/G3WŽR6^.0‘27:96/4NiD
tk3IG>N:KM3zNigP3>=<Da243>5LKMFT/4XP5T\h@ONP@4H4587A=|OD3*E4FL9<GH9<9a1<243MŽ6^.0‘ 9;1<7:/E47:=<E&`uNP==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xh9;\B9;13>Ks9IZq[3*9;1<7:=;1JDaFb1<2€7
t4=<FL3`‰FT/Q1<=NBEBHG1FLN:/r1N1243NP@O3I/s9;N:`£1mD7:=3RKMNig:3IKr3I/Q1f7A/E*123>/M1=C7:G>3R1243q24FL9;1NP=F8G>7:543>gP3>/Q1<9o127A1‚27†g:3a5L3IEr1<N612433IKM3>=<X:3>/OG3
N:` ŽR6^.0‘zZ^Ht9;3YQH43>/Q15L\:|BD3p24FLX:245LFLX:2Q1R1243pFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1a=3YPHFT=<3>KM3>/Q1C9RNA`"=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3pŽ6^.0‘*Z
 ;=: PN8ISG A“H  KI
3`uNP=3JD36E4FL9<GH9<9N:@k3>/n9;N:`£1mD7:=3P|^5T3>1RHO9aEBFL9<GHO99N:@k3>/n9\^9;13IKs9>|BDa24F8GC2&27:9R7rKzHGC2&DaF8EB3>=aGNP/4/4N:1<7i1<FTNP/ Zow/H#E 7)WXQGKPQ:?@7)C
F89q7sgP3>/E4N:=a/43IHB1=C7A5"3>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P1|4Da24F8GC2l7A5L5TNiD9H9;3I=<9a1NWFL/Q13>=<KMFb~n27:=<EBDR7A=<3:|49NA`£1mDR7A=<3:|O7A/En/43>1mD NP=V^FL/4Xs9;NP5TH41FLN:/9R`u=<N:K
EBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1ag:3>/OEBN:=C9>Z‚@k3>/n9;\B9;13>Ks9R7A=<3qtO7:93IEWNP/hNP@O3I/h9;1<7:/E47A=CE49R7A/OE,7A=<3J/4NA1GNP@^\r=<FLX:2Q13E‰|B97†g^FL/4X*HO9;3I=<9f`u=NPK 3~B@k3>/9FLg:3
FL/Q13>5L5L3IG$1<H7A5ƒ@4=NP@O3I=;1m\s=<FLX:2Q1•u.mŽ 4–f587†Dx9H4FT1<9IZ @O3I/e9;\B9;13>K¥7:EBgPN^GI7i1<3I9R9m1C7A/E7A=CEWFL/P1<3>=`j7:G>3I9`uN:=9FLKrFL587A=a@4=<NBEBHG$1C9(349Nr127A1
H93>=C9GI7A/e3I7P9;FL5L\,FL/P1<3>XP=<7A13J1243IFT=J7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/nDaFb1<2e123@4=<N^E4HG$1C9q9H4@4@45LFT3Ent^\&7:/Q\hg:3I/EBN:=Z R2FL9q5T37:E49R1<NWg:3I/EBNP=;S /43>H41=C7A5
9N:5LHB1FLN:/O9>ZR243MKMNP9;16FTKM@kN:=1<7A/Q16X:NQ7A589NA`N:@k3>/9;\B9;13>Ks967A=<!3 WqFT/Q13I=NP@O3I=<7:t4FL5TFT1m\e7A/E€@ONP=;1C7At4FL5TFT1m\:Zz.0/P1<3>=<N:@k3>=C7At4FL5LFb1m\nKM3I7:/9
9\B9m1<3>Ks9‚`u=<N:KK*H45T1FL@45T3Jg:3I/EBNP=<9 G>7A/h3~4GC27:/4X:3FL/B`uNP=Ks7i1<FTNP/,7AKMNP/4Xz37:GC2WN:1243I=IZow 9;\B9;13>KF89@ONP=;1C7At45L3qFT`ƒFT1aGI7A/Wtk3JKrNigP3IE
`u=<N:KNP/4363>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P1 1Ns7A/NA123>=DaFb1<24N:HB1aKMNBEBF OG>7A1FLN:/9IZ‚wq9@7:=;1RNA`"12436N:@k3>/n9\^9;13IKFT/Fb1<FL7A1FLg:3:|BNP@O3I/&9NA`£1mDR7A=<3qKMNigP3S
KM3>/Q127P9RtO3GNPKr36@kN:@4H5L7:=IZ
@k3>/€9NA`£1mDR7A=<3p24NP5LE49qN:HB11=<3>KM3>/OEBN:H9J7:E4g†7:/Q1<7AXP3I9R1<N,tkNA1<2e1243rH93>=C9q7P9D3>5L5-7P9q9\^9;13IK EB3>gP3>5LN:@k3>=C9>ZwEBgi7A/Q1<7:X:3I9qNA`
NP@O3I/&9NA`£1mDR7A=<3FL/G>5THE431<2436`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/49X W". 1=<3IE4HG39G>NP9;1aNA`-E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1a7A/E,1FLKM361NMKs7A=<V:31a7r@4=<N^E4HG$1Zo. 1R23>5L@9RFT/OG=<3I7:93
1<243e7†g†7:FT587AtFT5LFb1m\]N:`7:E4EBSvNP/ 9NA`£1mDR7A=<3,@7PGCV†7:X:39>Z]. 1s3>/42O7A/G>3I9r3I7P9;3hNA`@=NPX:=C7AKMKMFT/4XOZ]. 1*`j7PGFL5TFT1<7A13I9M37:9\]FT/Q13IX:=C7i1<FTNP/cNA`
93>@7:=<7A13I5T\WEB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3E,KMNBEBH45L3I9IZ‚Ž6^.0‘ F897A/&NAˆkS09;24N^N:1RN:`ƒ1<243pN:@k3>/e9NA`£1mDR7A=<3KMNig:3IKM3>/Q1IZ

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 0 _1h `a] tb]\ #\_Q`,b #hJ\5` G>7:/htk3EBFLg^FLEB3E&FT/Q1Nr1<24=3I3pG>7i1<3>XPN:=<FT39,W
Y 0  _1h/1S]!”\0^!_i Ž‚=<NigQF8EB39f@kN:=1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\h7i1R1<2439;NPH4=CG3pGNBEB365L3>g:3I5UZ‚"Ns=<H4/&7:/e7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/hNP/&7r/43IDx@5L7A1;`uN:=<KyDN:H5LE
=3YQH4FT=<3JN:/45L\,GNPKM@4FT587i1<FTNP/&7:/E&5TFL/4V^FL/4XZowq{J^.a7A/E&Ž6B.0‘ 7:=36FLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1aN:@k3>/e9;NPH4=CG369m1C7A/E47:=<E9>Z
Y 0 _1h 0 
a_1^ bi R2FL9J9m1C7A/E7A=CEh@=Nig^F8EB3I9a@kN:=1<7:t4FL5TFT1m\hN:`‚H4/45LFT/V:3IElN:Jt 3m3G$1qKMNBEBH45L3I9J7:G>=NQ99aEBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1@4587i1`uN:=<Ks9>Z"N
=H/&7:/&7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/&FL/n7r/43IDx3I/^gQFL=<N:/4KM3>/Q1|B=3I5TFL/4V^FT/X*N:`"1<243pN:tJ3m3G$1aKMNBEBH45L3I9aDN:H458EhtO3p=<3IYQH4FL=3E‰Z
Y 0 _1h cehJ\ <i R2FL9p9;1<7:/E47A=CEl@=Nig^F8EB3I96GNPKM@45T3>13W9NA`£1mDR7A=<3z@kN:=1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\€7:G>=NQ9927A=CEBDR7A=<3*@5L7A1;`uN:=<Ks96t7:93IE€N:/]7
GNPKrKMNP/ht4FL/7:=\W587A/X:H7:X:369m1<=HG1H4=<3:Z‚wq/nN:@k3>/nt4FL/7A=<\W@4=<NBEBHG$1GI7A/ntO3p@kN:=1<7:t45L367A1a1243p3>~B3IGH41<7At5T3pGNBEB3p5L3>gP3>5vZ‚w1
1243pKMNPKr3I/Q1I|B/4NMN:@k3>/nt4FL/7:=\,9;1<7:/E47:=<E493>~^F89;1IZ
R243sKs7:FT/_XPNP7A5oN:`Ž6^.0‘F897A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/]@kN:=1<7AtFT5LFb1m\7i11<243,9N:H4=CG3sG>N^E43W5T3Ig:3I5UZ  3>`uN:=<3sD 3WE4FL9<GH9<9z7:tONPHB1p123 4 S
ŽR6^.0‘z|B5L31H93~B@45LN:=<3q1<243p24F89m1<N:=<FLGI7A5‰t7PGCVQXP=NPH4/EsH/EB3>=qDa24FLGC2nŽ6B.0‘ DR7:9aE43>g:3I5TNP@O3E‰Z
 ;  ISG6I”RT=RPAO F
3`uNP=3D3EBF89<GH9<9-1243aEBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1 `u3I7i1<H4=<3I9-NA`O1243aŽ6B.0‘ 9;1<7:/E47:=<EpFL/r1243R/43>~^1o9H4t93IG1FLN:/ |:5T3>1 HO9"H/EB3>=C9;1<7A/OE1<243R24FL9;1NP=F8G>7:5
I3 g:3>/Q1C9a12O7i165T3En1N,1243MEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3I/P1JNA`fŽR6^.0‘zZ‡/4FT~eD7P9qNP=FLX:FL/7:5T5L\hEB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3Eet^\nwop 3I5T5*ƒ7:t9qFL/e1<243*37A=<5T\n93>gQS
3I/P1<FT39>ZfBFT/G>3pwop¦DR7:9R@4=<FTKs7:=FL5T\W7*1<3>5L3IGNPKMKzH4/4F8G>7A1FLN:/&GN:KM@7:/^\:|BFT1a`u3>5T1a127A1aq/4FT~hDR7:9/4NA1G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5L5T\sFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1
`uNP=qFT1IZqR243I=3>`uN:=<3:|OFb16EBFL9;1=<FLt4HB13El/Fb~l9N:H4=CG3zG>NBEB3p`u=<3>3N:`fGNP9;11<N,9;3Ig:3I=<7:5 H4/4FLg:3I=<9Fb1<FT39>Z6?’•j/FTgP3>=C9;FT1m\hN:` ?7A5LFb`uNP=/4F87
7AD1 3I=VP3>5L3>\4– D7P9 NP/43pNA`"1243p37A=<5TFL3I9;1a=3GFL@4FL3>/Q1<9RN:`-/Fb~n9;NPH4=<G>3pGNBEB3:Z
wo p 587i1<3>=JX:N:1JFL/Q13>=<3I9;13EeFL/G>N:KM@4HB1<3>=C9>Zp. 16=37A5LFTI3IEl1243r@ON:13I/P1<FL7:5 NA` q/4Fb~7A/Ed9m1C7A=13IEdEB3>gP3>5LN:@4FL/4X&/4FT~e`uH4=1243I=
7:/E,GI7AKM3H@hDaFT12n/4FT~ *Z4Œe3I7:/QDa2FT5L3:|BJ?’¦27:E,FT/G>N:=<@ONP=<7A13EWq?Ž i.mŽcFL/P1<Ns/4FT~s124=<N:HX:2h7*587A=<X:3qw 4Ž‰w•j3`u3I/93
wEBgi7A/G>3IE 4a39;37A=CGC2rŽf=!N 3m3IG$1‚wqX:3>/OG\zN:`‡JBw–‚X:=C7A/Q1IZ-J?’G>7:Kr3aH@sDaFb1<2sFb1C9oNiDa/Mg:3>=C9FTNP/*N:`‡q/4Fb~s7A/OEM/7AKM3IErFT1 7:9 R4
t•  3I=VP3>5L3>\W^N:`£1mD7:=3qF89m1<=FLt4HB1<FTNP/O–$Z‚w1R12FL9 1FLKM3:|^1<243JG>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5kFTKM@kN:=1<7:/G3NA`"q/4Fb~,9;1<7:=;1<3IEW1NzXP=NiD‹gP3>=<\*=C7A@FLEB5L\:Zow9
7,=39;H45T1I|kKs7A/^\ng:3I/EBN:=C9FLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q13El7A/OEe3~^13I/EB3E€/Fb~l93>=<gQF8G39FL/dEBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1DR7†\B,9 W. RŒ DaFb1<2€FT1<9Jw.0‘*&| Ž¦DaFT12dFb1C9
ŽoS0‘z|BH4/hDaFT12&FT1<9a^N:587A=<F89>|BFTXPFb1C7A5‡DaFb1<2hFT1<9aq5b1<=FT~‰|47A/E&?a DaFT12l?aqS0/4FT~,7A=<39N:KM3JNA`"12436@4=<N:KMFL/43>/Q1R3~47AKM@45L3I9IZ
^FL/G>3123>=<3zD3>=<39;NhKM7:/^\hgi7A=<F87A/Q1<9aN:`f/4FT~‰|‡@ONP=;1C7At4FL5TFT1m\&NA`f7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/97:G>=NQ99aq/4Fb~l@5L7A1;`uN:=<Ks9tk3IGI7AKM3z7W@=NPt45T3IKnZ. 1
=<3I9H45T13IEhFL/n7M9Fb1<H7i1<FTNP/nDa243>=<3p7*@=NPX:=C7AKDa=<Fb113>/&N:/nNP/43p/4FT~h@4587i1`uN:=<K DN:H458E,/NA1=<H4/hNP/e7A/4N:1243I=Rq/4FT~h@4587i1`uN:=<K&Z
R243p/3>3IE&`uNP=q7s9;1<7A/OE47A=CEn/4FT~hDR7:9a=<3IG>N:XP/4FTI3IEht^\h7A5L5vZR243 O=<9;1q3ˆ‡N:=1a1NiDR7A=CE49a9;1<7:/E47A=CEBFLI7A1FLN:/&NA`o/4FT~&DR7:9a1<7AVP3>/
t^\€wo p FT/1<243M`uN:=<K¢NA`RFT1<9 .m*•v^\B9m1<3>K .0/P1<3>=`j7:G>3M(3 O/4Fb1<FTNP/O–$Z NiD3>g:3I=IL| aBy7A/EdNA1<243>=pgP3>/EBNP=<9JFLX:/4NP=3El1<24F89
FL/4FT1F87i1FLg:3PZ‚R2436/43~^1FL/4FT1F87i1FLg:3pDR7:9 1C7AV:3I/hH/EB3>=wq{B. †. VVV|^Da24F8GC2n\QFL3>58EB3EhŽR6^.0‘zZ
 ;& ILK DTBI  AO F
RŽ 6^.0‘ FL9a7:/hN:ˆOS09;2NQN:1N:`ƒ1<243pN:@k3>/n9;N:`£1mD7:=3KMNig:3>KM3I/P1Zow KM7 3mN:=aGNP/G3I=/hNA` Ž6^.0‘ F8912436@kN:=1<7AtFT5LFb1m\,NA`-7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9
7PG=<NP9<9JE4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1gi7A=<FL7:/Q1<9JNA`a/4FT~dNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13IKM9IZNiD3>gP3>=|ƒŽ6B.0‘2O7:96tk3>3>/c9NnDaFLE43>5L\d7:GIG3I@B13E€/4NiD 127A1z3>gP3>/
/4NP/BS0/4FT~
   [#%%6F Q6$'4QQ,  F .# 0F- RH:<FE$' @B6C..#  0  133' 6;:<F >H#%R#%3! #%3'(N$: CD.# 6FQPU#%$!6F;: CD#
$@  .#/ #/3'(N3: C..# A+,) Q,.# F 37#.13EC : @ RM  D I6CD- R?S#/3'(N3: C..# 6$'( P+3=:<!?1- 3! $FEQ W
’N:=R9;NPH4=<G>3JG>NBEB3S 5T3Ig:3I5kG>N:KM@7i1<FTtFT5LFb1m\P|4Ž6^.0‘ 9@O3GF 3I9 12369\B9m1<3>K GI7A5L5L9 12O7i17A/hN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xr9;\B9;13>Ky/43>3E49 1NM9;H4@@ONP=;1|
1<243q3>~B7PG$1‚@7:=<7:KM313I=<9‚NA`‡12439;39;\B9;13>KG>7:5T589I|Q7:/Er12439;3IKM7:/Q1F8G>9‚N:`‡1243JEBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1 9\B9m1<3>KG>7:5T589>Z "=\^FL/4X/4N:1‚1Ntk3qH/4/43IG>3I9;S
9<7A=<FT5L\r=39m1<=F8G$1<FTgP3:|PŽR6^.0‘¦5L3I7†gP3I9 1<243NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9\^9;13IKg:3>/OEBN:=C9 123q`u=<3>3EBN:K 1N*FTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1 1243J9;\B9;13>KGI7A5L5L9 7:9‚@k3>= 123>FL=
EB39;FLX:/ƒZ-R2439;1<7:/E47:=<E*EBN^3I9o/4N:1f9;@k3IG>Fb`u\*Da2431<243>= 1<243NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XJ9\B9m1<3>K V:3>=</43I5BKzH9;1otO3q9FL/4X:5L3124=<3I7PEB3IE*N:=oK*H45b1<Fb1<24=<3I7:E43IE
NP= 7i1 Da27i1f@=FLN:=<Fb1m\*5T3Ig:3I54123qV:3I=/3>593>=<g^FLG>3I9‚7:=3a1<Ntk3q3~B3GHB1<3IE‰|QN:= FT/sDa27A1 @4=<N:XP=<7:KMKrFL/4X6587A/4XPH7AXP3aFb1fK*H9;1 tk3qDa=<Fb113>/ƒZ

§'<

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ŽR6^.0‘ 9;1<7A/OE47A=CE&27:99;3Ig:3>=C7A5ƒ@7A=1<9IZR243zFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1q@7:=;1C9N:`oŽR6^.0‘ 7:/E&123*7:9@k3IG$1C9a1<27i11243I\nE43I7A5"DaFb1<2€7A=<3p1<243
`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XZ
Y Ž6^.0‘*Z § Wo9;\B9;13>KyFT/Q13I=;`j7PG39a7A/E&9;\B9;13IKyG>7:5T5 @O7A=C7AKM31<3>=C9>Z
Y Ž6^.0‘*Z 5W‚9243>5L5L9q7A/EhHB1FL5LFb1<FT39>Z
Y Ž6^.0‘*Z W 139m1KM3>124NBE49R`uNP=ag:3I=FT`u\^FT/4XsG>N:/B`uNP=Ks7A/OG31NsŽ6^.0‘*Z
Y Ž6^.0‘*Z [Wo=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr363>~Q1<3>/9FLN:/9IZ
 ;  I <? Y5' T( I O F  H *G 1*K 
ŽR6^.0‘zZ l[ EB3I7:5L9DaFb1<2c=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s3>~Q1<3>/9FLN:/961<N€Ž6B.0‘y7A/EF89z7:5L9Ne@ONP@4H4587A=<5T\dV^/4NiDa/_7:9zŽR6^.0‘S•4 6Zƒ’4NP=z7A/_NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>K 1<N&tk3WŽ6B.0‘S•4- GN:KM@45LF87A/Q1I| FT1KzHO9m1pKM3>3>1p1243sEBFTˆk3I=3I/Q1=3YPHFT=<3>KM3>/Q1C9J9@k3IGF 3E€FL/1243sŽ6B.0‘S•4- 9m1C7A/E7A=CE‰Z
R243pKs7:FT/&=3YQH4FT=<3>KM3I/P1C9RNA`"1243ŽR6^.0‘S•4  7A=<3J12436`uNP5T5LNiDaFL/4XW
Y  L_1^ Sbace]h@`a^ 3”_ tcehSi w‹ŽR6^.0‘S•4  G>N:KM@45LFL7:/Q1 NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13IK KzHO9m1‚@4=<Nig^FLE439H4@4@kN:=1o`uN:=‚=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p•j9;1<7i1<FLG–
@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9IZ
Y[Z_\ q]\0d #h^!_ \0_  ”ce\0_d[_h&ba`[]h ` L`2b2_1d ^ e`  [N:=C9m1&G>7:93e3~B3GHB1<FTNP/ 1FLKr39,=<3IYQH4FL=<3IE `uN:=hKrNQ9m1h=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IKy93>=<gQF8G39R27†g:3Jtk3>3>/e9@O3GF 3IE&t^\,ŽR6^.0‘•S 4 6Z
Y[Z\0ce]9\ceb ,e_g_t`!i R243p/^H4Kztk3>=aN:`-@=FLN:=<Fb1m\s5L3>gP3>589a9;H@4@ONP=;1<3IE&9;2N:H458E&tO37A1R5L3I7P9m61 5BZ
Y
+Šced[_\0`i Ž 3>=<FLN^E4FLGJ7A/EhN:/36924N:11<FTKM3I=<9p•U7A589;NsG>7:5T5L3IEhDR7i1<GC2OEBN:Xz1FLKr3I=C–R924NPH45LEhtk39;H4@@ONP=;1<3IE‰ZoR2439\B9m1<3>KyG>5TNBGCVsF89
G>7:5T5L3IEe’? -p?  46V w BR.mŒ VDa243I/,1<2439;\B9;13IK¥9H4@4@kN:=1<9R=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3pŽR6^.0‘zZ
Y 0 _  1=b2ctdP_
e_1`i 4a3I7:5bSv1FLKMŠ3 5L3r9\B9m1<3>K¢924N:H5LE€tO3M9;H@4@ONP=;1<3IE‰Zw=<3I7:5bSv1FLKMŠ3 5L3r9\B9m1<3>K¢GI7A/l@4=<3I7:5T5LNBG>7A13*9;1NP=<7:X:3
`uN:= 5T39R7A/EW924NPH45LEWtO367At45L31<N*9;1NP=D3 O5T3Jt45LN^GCVB9GNP/P1<FTXPH4N:HO9;5L\*NP/s123EBF89;V‡ZoR24F893>/7:t45T39‚1<Nz27†gP3@4=<3IEBF8G$1C7At45L3E43>587†\
FT/ 5L37:GIG3I9<9IZ
Y  _1dP]9\ t]L^Z.LcehSi Œe3IKrNP=\n5LNBGCVQFL/4X&9;24NPH458Eltk3r9H4@4@kN:=13E‰ZŽ6^.0‘qqS 4  EB,3 /439q1<243MN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X&9;\B9;13IK93>=<g^FLG>3I29 W
'0J)2+1<Nn5TNBGCV€7:5T5o@7:X:39N:`7&@4=<NBG3I9<9I9| '0j)2+z1<N&5LNBGCV€7&=<7:/4X:3rNA`@7AXP3I9I|ƒ7A/O E ' #")2+z1Nn5TNBGCVeNP/45T\
1243sG>H4==<3>/Q16@7AXP3:ZzR23rH/45TNBGCVl93>=<g^FLG>3I967A=<3 ' 90J)2+^| ' 0j),+^|‡7A/E ' 90 #"*),+^ZJŒe3>KMN:=<\e5LN^GCV^FL/4X
9;3I=g^F8G39 2O7†g:3JtO3I3>/nFT/Q1<=NBEBHG>3IEh1Ns9H4@4@kN:=1EB31<3>=<KrFL/4F89m1<FLG6KM3IKrNP=\h7:G>G>3I9<9tQ\&7r=37A5TSU1<FTKM36@4=<N:X:=C7AKnZ
Y   b2ceb 3”\0_ ”cth `  ]9\b!i Ž6^.0‘qqS 4  Ks7A/OE47i1<3I9&12=37:EBFL/4X‹9;H@4@ONP=;1et^\ 7:/xNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9\B9m1<3>KnZ 4a3I7:5bSv1FLKM3
124=<3I7PE49q7:=39<GC243EBH4587At45L3z3I/P1<Fb1<FT39qN:`‚7W=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3*7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/n127A1JGI7A/e27†gP3FT/OEBFTg^F8EBH7:5ƒ1<FTKM3>5LFL/43I9<9G>N:/9;1=C7AFL/Q1<97:/E
Ks7†\s27†g:3pGNP5T5L3IG1FLg:3J1FLKM3>5LFT/3I9<9aGN:/O9m1<=<7:FT/Q1<9RDa23>/&tO3I5TNP/4X:FL/4Xr1NW7r=<H4/4/7:t45T3p931N:`ƒ12=37:E49IZ
  6œ nž Ÿ*› ,   M( ›qš &
z'ž pž ,  ›  !#"k˜™Iš› $ &d›q'ž  )™ (+* œ ,,¡ -›qš ¡
.0/e1<24F8993IG1FLN:/eD3t4=<FT3>}\&9H4=<g:3I\W123zFLKr@kN:=1<7:/Q1`u3I7A1H4=<3NA`f9N:KM3N:` 1243*@ONP@4H4587A=q=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XW9;\B9;13>Ks9127A1J7A=<3
tk3>FL/4XlH93IE]FL/”G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5f7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Znw 9;1HEB\]N:`1<243s`u37i1H=39NA`R1<243,GNPKMKr3I=<G>FL7:5T5L\d7†gi7:FT587At45L3s=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3sNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9aG>7:/hXPFTgP3JHO97A/&FLE43I7M7AtkN:HB1Da2FLGC2&=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>K 1<NMH9;3pFL/e7M9;@k3IG>F OG6=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3J7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/ Z
3`uNP=3D 369H4=gP3>\s9N:KM3qN:` 12436@kN:@4H5L7:=RG>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5k=37A5TSU1<FTKM3N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xr9;\B9;13>Ks9I|^D 3J/43>3EW1<N*KM3I/P1<FTNP/W1<27i1RKs7A/^\sNA`
1<243I936N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XM9;\B9;13IKM9aG>N:KM36DaFb1<2&7M931aNA`"1N^N:5891Nr`j7PGFL5TFT1<7A13J1243pEB3Ig:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1aNA`"=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3J7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9><Z 3I9F8EB3I91<243
XP3>/43I=<7:5o@4=NPX:=C7AKMKMFT/Xh1<N^N:5899;HOGC2]7P93EBFb1<N:=C9>|-GNPKr@FT5L3>=C9>|-7A/E_E43>t4H4XPX:3I=<9I|"93>gP3>=C7A5‚7:E4g†7:/G3Ed1N^N:5899@O3GF OG>7:5T5L\E43I9FTXP/43IE
1<Nr23>5L@&=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/&E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q17A=<3FL/G>5THE43IE‰ZfR231<N^N:589RFT/G>5THOEB3pKM3>KMN:=<\,7A/O7A5L\QI3>=C9>|^@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3@4=<N O5T3I=<9I|
9FTK*H4587i1NP=<9I|^31CGAZ

§

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ;=: O
Ž6WF89a7*@ONP@4H4587A=a=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>K1<27i1F89RtO3IFT/Xr@=FLKs7A=<FT5L\sH93IEhFT/&3>K*tO3E4EB3IEn7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z . 1aFL9a7†gi7:FT587At45L3
`u=<N:KŠ[‹FL/EP4aFLg:3I=r^\B9;13>Ks9I|‚7l587A=<X:3s@4587†\:3I=FL/c123,=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3,N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X€9\B9m1<3>K 7A=<3>/O7   Zd. 1*F89*7€24NP9;1;Sv1<7:=XP31p1m\^@O3hNA`
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xd9\^9;13IK •j93>3e^3IG:Z  Z [OZ 5P–$Z]Ž 6_FL9rtk3>FL/4X€H93IE”FT/9;3Ig:3I=<7:5 GNPKMKr3I=<G>FL7:5 3IKztk3IE4E43IEc@=NBEBHG1<9IZ_w/
3>~B7:KM@45T3p7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/&NA`oŽ O6WF89RFT/&1<243pt7:93p9m1C7i1<FTNP/9RNA` G3>5L5 @42N:/43p9\^9;13IKs9>Z
Legend:
XRAY+: Source level
debgguer
PROBE: Target Debgger

Editor
Cross−
compiler
. XRAY+
Libraries Application

Host Computer P PSOS+

N
A PHILE
TCP/IP +

PROBE

ROM

Target Board

-’ FTXPH4=3 § "#WoŽ 6^Svt7P9;3E,3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q1aNA`<V‚K*tO3E4EB3E&^N:`£1mD7:=3

Ž6QS t7:93IEs7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/&EB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3I/P1R27P99<GC243IKM7A1F8G>7:5T5L\MtO3I3>/n9;24NiDa/hFT/n’-FTXOZ  Z § "4Z R243624NQ9m1aGNPKr@HB13I=F891m\^@4F8G>7A5L5L\
7*EB3I9VQ1N:@ƒZNA1<2,/Fb~W7A/OEs[‹FT/OEBNiD9f2NP9;1<97A=<3q9;H@4@ONP=;1<3IE‰ZoR243q1<7:=XP31ftkNP7:=<EsG>N:/Q1<7:FT/9‚12433>K*tO3E4EB3IE,@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=I| 4aJŒc|
4wŒ_|k31<G:ZaR24324NQ9m1qG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=q=<H4/9a1243*3IEBFT1NP=I|kG=<NP9<9mS0GNPKr@FT5L3>=|B9;NPH4=<G>3S 5T3Ig:3I5 EB3>t4HX:X:3I=I|O7A/En5LFTt=<7:=\h=NPHB1FL/43I9IZRŽ 6 
7:/E”N:1243I=sN:@B1<FTNP/7A5RKMNBEBH45L3I9W9HGC2 7:9MŽf{w *|RŽ q. SV|o7:/E Ž 4 ’V7A=<3&FT/9;1<7:5T5L3IE N:/ 7 4JŒ NP/”1<243&1<7A=<X:3>1stONQ7A=CE‰Z
Ž {qw  FL91<243p/43>1mD NP=VsKs7A/O7AX:3I=IZ-. 1a@4=<NigQF8EB39q?Ž †.mŽGNPKrK*H4/4F8G>7A1FLN:/&tO3>1mD 3I3>/h1243p24NQ9m17:/EW1<243J1<7:=XP31aNig:3I’= V‚1243I=/43>1
7:/E]’-J.$Z . 1zGNP/B`uN:=<Ks9J1Nl/Fb
~ [Z •taBJ–69NBGCV:3>1p9\^/Q1<7i~7A/EdFL9zGN:KM@7A1FLt45L3rDaFT12]N:1243I=zq?Ž i.mŽoS t7:93IEe/31mDN:=<VQFL/4X
9;1<7:/E47A=CE49J9;HOGC27P9q`£1<@7:/E€{’o‡Zƒq9FL/4X,1<243I93:|"Žf{qw @4=<Nig^FLEB39q3
GFL3>/Q1EBNiDa/45LNP7:E4FT/4X&7A/EdEB3>tH4X:XPFT/4XnGNPKMKzH4/4F8G>7A1FLN:/
tk31mD3>3I/123 1C7A=<X:3>1 7:/Ep1<243R24NP9;1IZ-Ž 4  V ”FL9-1<2431<7:=XP31-E43>t4H4XPX:3I=-7:/E‘ 4w :‹FL9-1<243a9;NPH4=<G>3S 5T3Ig:3I5PEB3It4H4X:XP3>=Z /‘ 4qw :
FL/^g:N:VP3I9‚Ž 4 ’V  1<Nz@4=<Nig^FLE43q793I7AKM5L3I9<9fEB3It4H4XPX:FL/4X3>/^g^FL=NP/4KM3>/Q1‚1Nz1243=37A5TSU1<FTKM3J7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/WEB3>gP3>5LN:@k3>=Z-R237A@@45TF8G>7AS
1<FTNP/lEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q1F89EBNP/43pN:/&12324NP9;1qKs7:GC2FT/437:/E&FL9EBNiDa/45LNP7PEB3IE,1NM1<243p1<7:=XP31tkNP7:=<E‰ZR2437A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/nF89qEB3It4H4X:XP3IE
H9FL/4Xr1243p9N:H4=CG36EB3>tH4X:XP3>=6•u/‘ 4qw :6–$Z qH4=<FL/4Xs7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/hEB3Ig:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1I|^1<243p7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/,F89aEBNiDa/45LNP7PEB3IE,N:/W1<Ns7 4qwqŒ
NP/,1<24361<7:=XP31IZf/G>3J12437:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/&=<H4/99<7i1<FL9;`j7:G1N:=<FL5T\P|QFT1F89`uH9;3E&N:/n7 4aJŒcZ
[3/4NiD 24FLX:245LFTXP2Q1q9;NPKr3zFTKM@kN:=1<7A/Q1a`u37i1H=39NA`oŽ O6‡ZOŽ6&9;H4@@ONP=;1C69 5r@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\h5T3Ig:3>589aDa24F8GC2lG>7:/ntO3r7:9<9;FLX:/43EW1<N
1C7:9V^9IZW.0/]1<243WKMFT/FTKs7A5 GN:#/ X:H4=C7i1<FTNP/ | 1<243M`uN^NA1z@=FL/Q1NA`1243s1C7A=<X:3>1N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xe9\^9;13IK„F89pN:/5T\ § 5 8\Q139>Zh’4N:=927:=FL/4X
G>=FT1F8G>7:5"=<3I9N:H4=CG39q7:KrNP/4XW=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31<7P9;VB9I|OFT1p9;H4@@ONP=;1C9@=FLN:=<Fb1m\&FL/4243>=<FT1<7A/OG3*7:/El@=FLN:=<Fb1m\nG3IFT5LFL/4X,@4=<NA1<NBGN:589IZ. 1p9;H@4@ONP=;1C9
93>XPKr3I/Q13IErKM3>KMNP=\Ks7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q1f7A/OErE4NQ39o/4N:1 9;H@4@ONP=;1‚g^FL=;1<H7A5Kr3IKMN:=<\z7:9oFT1fF89oFL/P1<3>/E43IEr1Nptk3H93IErFL/W9;Ks7:5T57:/ErKMN^EBS
3I=<7A13z9FTI3IE€3>Kztk3IEEB3IEl7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>ZJŽ 6lEB(3 /3I9J7 C 7VC H<5GK 587 JAIHJW,1<N,tk3r7,@42^\B9;F8G>7:5T5L\&G>N:/Q1FLX:HN:H9qt45TNBGCVnNA`‚KM3IKrNP=\PZ
w Kr3IKMN:=<\h=<3>XPFTNP/eFL9G=<3I7i1<3IEnt^\&1243*N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xh9;\B9;13>KFL/l=<3I9@ONP/9;361<Nh7hG>7A5L5 `u=<N:K7A/d7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/ Zqw @4=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=GI7A/
7:5T5LNBG>7i1<3p7z1C7:9Vs1Ns7MKM3>KMNP=\s=<3>XPFTNP/ Z
.0/_KMNP9;1*KMNBEB3I=/_NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X€9\^9;13IKs9>|-123hGNP/Q1=<N:5 3mH4KM@9z1N€1243hV:3I=/43I5‚Da243I/”7A/_FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1*NBGIGH4=C9>ZlŽ6d1<7:V:397
5"

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 EBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1q7A@4@=NQ7:GC2 Z q3Ig^FLG>36E4=FLg:3I=<9R7A=<36N:HB1C9;F8EB3J123pV:3>=</43I5 7A/E&G>7:/htk3p5TNQ7:EB3Eh7:/Eh=3IKrNigP3IEh7i1a123p=H4/h1FLKM3:Zo[‹243I/e7A/
FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1NBG>G>H4=<9I|B1<243@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=3mH4KM@9qE4FT=<3IG15L\,1<NM1243.;#4•uFL/P1<3>=<=H@B1q9;3I=g^F8G36=<N:HB1<FT/43†–R@kN:FL/P1<3IEh1N,tQ\,1243zg:3IG1NP=R1<7At5T3PZ
R243rFL/P1<3>/Q1FLN:/dFL9J/4N:1JNP/45L\n1N&XP7AFL/d9@k3>3IE |‰t4HB17A589;N,1N&X:FLg:3z1243s7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/€E43>g:3I5TNP@O3I=JG>N:KM@45L31<3rG>N:/Q1=<N:5-Nig:3I=qFL/P1<3>=<=H@B1
27:/EB5LFT/XZ
; / ' 
 4-R‘ F89f7zŽR6^.0‘S•4  GN:KM@45LF87A/Q1 NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9;\B9;13IK `u=<N:KŒe3I/Q1N:= J=<7:@424F8G>9IZ  4 R‘x27P9‚tk3>3I/,G3I=;1<F 3Est^\r1243Js’Bww
•U’43IE43>=C7A5‡wg^FL7A1FLN:/WwqX:3>/OG\4– `uNP= H93FL/,KMF899FTNP/W7A/EW5TFT`u3G>=FT1F8G>7:5k7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9f9HGC2W7:97†g^FTNP/4FLGI9>Z /4 R‘ FL97†gi7AFL5L7:t45T3qFT/s1mDN
K*H45b1<Fb1C7:9V^FT/4XMVP3>=</43>589,W  4-R‘J97M7:/E/4 R‘qKsGAZ
 -4 R‘J97FL9fH9;3EM`uN:= 5L7:=XP37A/EMKM3EBFTHK*S09FTI3IEs7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ-. 19H4@4@kN:=1<9‚g^FL=;1<H7A5OKM3>KMN:=<\:Z-. 1 27P9‚7ŽR6^.0‘S0GNPKr@5TF87A/Q1
5LFTt=<7:=\,7:/En9;H@4@ONP=;1C9a@4=<FTNP=FT1m\WFL/4243I=FT1<7:/G3PZ‚. 1<99\B9m1<3>K¤G>7A5L589GNPKr@5T3>13EB3>13>=<KMFT/FL9;1F8G>7:5T5L\,FL/ 4 ~B3IEh1FLKM3FL/P1<3>=<gi7A589a7A/En7A=<3
`uH45L5L\,@4=<3>3IKr@41<7At5T3PZ  4 R‘qKsG6FL9N:@B1<FTKMFL>3IE,`uN:=a@kNiD3>=aGNP/9;HKr@41FLN:/n7A/E4 JŒ 7:/E q4 wqŒŠ9;FL>39>Z . 127P91243I=3>`uN:=<3J7rgP3>=<\
9Ks7A5L5B`uN^NA1f@4=<FL/P1Z-R23V:3I=/43I5B1m\^@4F8G>7A5L5L\z=<3IYQH4FL=39 N:/45L\[61<N < 8 \P1<3I9 N:`4 JŒ7A/OE § 8 \Q13I9 N:`&q4 wqŒ_ZQ. 1fEBN^3I9f/4NA1f9H4@4@kN:=1
g^FL=;1<H7A5‰KM3>KMNP=\PZ R2FL9RgP3>=C9;FLN:/hFL91C7A=<X:31<3IEW`uN:=aH936FT/&3>K*tO3E4EB3IEn7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O99HGC2n7:9aG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=Svt7P9;3Es1<Ni\^9I|BG3I5T5‰@42N:/439
7:/E,N:1243I=9;Ks7:5T5 2O7A/E^S 243I5LE&EB3>g^F8G39>Z
;&   AK#EDR
q~^[N:=<VB9JFL967h@4=NBEBHOG$1J`u=NPK¢[‹FT/OE 4aFLg:3I=6B\^9;13IKs9>Z*. 16F89J24NP9;1;Sv1<7:=XP311m\Q@k3r=37A5TSU1<FTKM3rN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X&9;\B9;13>KnZrR243*2NP9;16GI7A/
tk3h3IFb1<243>=M7l[‹FL/EBNiD9*N:=M7€q/4FT~cKM7PGC24FL/43:Z  ~B[N:=<V^9rGNP/B`uN:=<Ks9p1<NŽR6^.0‘S•4 6Z  ~B[N:=<VB9*G>N:KM3I9*DaFb1<2 7:/cFT/Q1<3>X:=C7i1<3IE
EB3Ig:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1s3>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P1€•j.m/V–MG>7:5T5L3IE "N:=</7:EBNOZ‹.0/‹7:E4EBFT1FLN:/1<N]1243l9;1<7:/E47A=CE9;H4@@ONP=;1s`uNP=W@4=<N:X:=C7AKE43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1
1<NQNP5L9r9HGC2c7:9*3IEBFT1NP=I|oG>=NQ99;S G>N:KM@4FL5T3I=I| G=<NP9<9;S EB3It4H4XPX:3>=|ƒ3>1<G:Zd"N:=</7:EBNdGN:/Q1C7AFL/9 q ~4BFTK7:/E_[‹FL/E q FL3>DpZ  ~^FLK9FTK*HBS
587i1<3I97 q ~^[N:=<VB91<7:=XP31a`uN:=qH9;37P97M@4=<NA1<NA1m\^@4FL/4Xs7A/Eh139m1<FT/Xs3>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P1aFL/n1243*7At93>/G>36NA` 1243*7:G$1<H7A5‡1C7A=<X:3>1tONQ7A=CE‰Z
[‹FL/E  FT3ID@=Nig^F8EB3I9 EB3It4H4X:XPFT/Xq1<NQNP5L9o`uN:= 1239;FLKzH4587i1<N:= 3>/^g^FL=NP/4KM3>/Q1IZ  ~4ŒlŽ]F89-1243aK*H45b1<FT@=NBG399N:= gP3>=C9;FLN:/*NA`  ~B[dNP=VB9IZ
q~^[N:=<VB9zDR7:9rEB3I@45TNi\P3IE_FL/ 1243eŒl7:=<9rŽo7i1<2J/EB3I=*Da2FLGC2 D7P9*93>/Q1r1N_Œl7A=C9*FT/ §   ^Z_Žo7i1<2J/E43>=r5L7:/EB3IE FL/ Œl7:=<9I|
=<3I9@ONP/EB3E”1<NcX:=<N:H/E GN:KMKs7A/OE49>|a7:/E 9m1C7A=13IE 1<N”9;3I/E‹9<GFL3>/G>3l7A/E 3I/4X:FL/43>3I=FL/4X_E47A1<74Z NiD3>gP3>=|7]2Fb1CGC2‹D7P9M127A1
FT1W=3I@O37i1<3IEB5L\_=39;3>1sFb1C9;3I5b`mZ V‚/X:FL/43>3I=<9rN:/X:=<N:H/Ec=<3>KMNA1<3>5L\cH9FT/X€1<=<7PG3nX:3I/43>=C7i1<FTNP/ |‚5LN:X:XPFT/X|f7:/E E43>t4H4XPX:FL/4Xd1N^N:589MNA`
q~^[N:=<VB9>|"EB31<3>=<KrFL/43E€1<27i1p1<243WG>7:H93rDR7:9JH4/^tkN:H4/OEB3IE@4=<FTNP=FT1m\lFL/^g:3>=C9FTNP/ ZrR23rH/QtkN:H/EB3IE@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\lFL/^g:3I=<9FTNP/dGI7AH93IE
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3h1C7:9VB9z1<N]KrF89<9M1243IFT=WE43I7:E45TFL/43I9s7P9s7=39;H45T1I|f1243e3>~4G3>@41FLN:/27A/E45T3I=s=39;3>1r1<243l9\^9;13IK3I7PGC2c1<FTKM3:Z¦wq5b1<24N:HX:2
q~^[N:=<VB99H4@4@kN:=1<9@4=<FTNP=FT1m\&FT/423>=<Fb1C7A/G>3:|‰FT1JDR7:9`uN:H4/E€N:HB16t^\nH9;FL/4Xh1243r=<3>KMNA1<3*EB3It4H4XW1<N^N:5-1Nh27†g:3*tO3I3>/dE4FL9<7At45L3IEltQ\
NigP3>=C9;FLX:2Q1 FL/&1243G>N:J/ OX:H4=C7i1<FTNP/ 5L3:Z‚R243p@=NPt45T3IK DR7:9 4~B3IE&t^\W3>/O7At45LFT/XrFT1IZ
; X 
XJ{q‘yF89z7e@4=<NBEBHG1z`u=<N:K XJ{‘¤BNA`£1mDR7A=<3,^\B9m1<3>K ‰1<E •u2Q1;1<L@ W  †DaDaDpZ YQ/B~‰Z G>N:KW–$@ Z XJ{q‘ F89zFL/Q13>/OEB3IE]`uNP=zH93WFL/cKMFL9<9FTNP/BS

G>=FT1F8G>7:5^7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9-FT/r123R7:=37:9-9;HOGC2r7P9"KM3EBFLGI7A5BFL/9;1=<H4KM3>/Q1<7A1FLN:/ |A.0/Q1<3>=</431o=<N:HB1<3>=C9>|†1<3>5L3>KM31<=F8GREB3>g^F8G3I9I|A@4=<NBG399-GNP/P1<=NP5
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>|^7A/Eh7AFL=f1<=<7
GqGNP/Q1=<N:5‡9;\B9;13>Ks9IZ XJ{‘ {3>H41=<FT/4NrNAˆ‡3>=C9Ž6^.0‘qS G>N:KM@45LFL7:/P1wqŽ‚.m9R7:/EsF89 FLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q13EWH9FL/4X
7rKMFLG>=NPV:3I=/43I5‰7A=CGC24Fb1<3IG1H4=<3:Z
R2436KMF8G=<N:V:3I=/3>5‰7A=CGC24FT13IG1H4=<3JNA` XJ{‘ F89a9;24NiDa/&FL/n’-FLXZ  Z §:§ <Z  3G>7:H9;36N:`ƒ123 /43pX:=C7AFL/43E,9<G>7A587AtFT5LFb1m\,NA`ƒ1<243pKMFLG>=N:S
VP3>=</43>5 7A=CGC24FT13IG1H4=<3:|kFT16GI7A/ltk3rG>N:J/ OX:H4=<3IEn1<N&7,g:3I=\n9;Ks7:5T5o9FTI3  7,G>=FT1F8G>7:5-7PEBgi7A/Q1<7:X:3FL/€24FLX:2dg:NP5TH4KM3rEB3>g^F8G3I9I|‡Da243>=<3
3Ig:3>/n7 § =3EBHG$1<FTNP/hFL/nKM3>KMN:=<\,GNQ9m1C9RG>7A/n=<31<H4=/&KMFT5L5LFTNP/9RNA`oEBN:5L587A=C9 FL/n@4=<N 41Z
{q3>HB1<=FL/4NW7A/OEnFb1C9 ;KMF8G=<N 6q.   G>7:5T5L3IEnŽf24NA1<N:/ |k7A=<3EB3I9FTXP/43IEh1<NWN:@k3>=C7i1<3p3~^1=<3>KM3>5L\W`j7P9m1N:/l7sgP3>=<\,9;Ks7:5T5"Kr3IKMN:=<\
`uN^NA1<@4=<FT/Q1I|BKs7:VQFL/4X*1243IFT=RFL/G5LH9FTNP/hFL/&@ONP=;1C7At45L3JE43>g^FLG>3I9@kNP9<9;FLt45L3:Z .0/,`j7PG$19| XJ{‘ 7A/Eh{3IHB1=<FT/NM7:5T=<3I7PEB\M@ONiD3>=[3>tn7A@4@45LFTS
7:/G39>|‰931;Sv1NP@€tkN†~B3I9I|‡Œ€Ž W@5L7†\P3>=C9>|k3IYQH4FL@4KM3>/Q1pH93IElFL/l1<243rFT/E4H9m1<=F87A5o7:/ElKM3IE4FLGI7A5TSv3YPHFT@4KM3I/P1 3I5LE49I-Z XJ{‘{3IHB1=<FL/4N
5 §

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 File Device
System Driver

Micro Message Passing

kernel
Interconnection

Appli− TCP/IP
cation Manager

-’ FTXPH4=<3 §P§ WoŒeF8G=<N:VP3>=</43>5‰w=CGC24FT13G$1H=36NA`XJ{‘

27P9ztk3>3I/”@kN:=13E]1N]7l/^H4K*tO3I=*N:`q@4587i1;`uNP=Ks9r7A/Ec/4NiD=H/9zNP/cKMNP9;1rKMNBEB3I=/?Ž q9z127A1M7:=3,H9;3EcFL/c1<243h3IKztk3IE4E43IE
Ks7A=<V:3>1IZ‚R24F89RFL/G5LHEB39R1243z.0/P1<3>5‰~ <,a `j7:KrFL5L\:|OŒl.mŽ ‡|4Ž NiD3>=CŽ?|^7A/Eh1<243w 4Œ `j7:KMFT5L\,N:`"@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=C9>Zow g:3I=<9FLN:/,N:`jXJ{q‘
`uNP=a/4N:/BS0GNPKMKr3I=<G>FL7:5‡H9;3pGI7A/ntO3E4NiDa/45TNQ7:EB3Es`uNP=R`u=3I3`u=<N:Ky1243G>N:KM@7:/Q%\ $ 9D 3It&9Fb1<3W•u2Q1;1<@LW  †DaDaDpZ YQ/B~‰Z G>N:KW–$Z
; />
 YaFJF
w? {P^6.qQ? Sv.7A.R/FLEn9J7†GgiNP7A/QFL1<5L7A7:FLt4/5T399`u=KsNP7AK¤5L5‰Œe@ONPF8G=;1<=<FTFLNPH4/nK„NA? `oN:7:=<9<@O9;3INPKz=<7At415LFL\hN:/_G>N^•uE4Da3:DaZfDpRZ 24H3GNQ7P9m9S 9FLFU3>Z K*GNPt4Ks5L\,–Z587AR/424XPF8H97A=XP337A5T@kSUN:1<FT=KM1FL3N:/nNP@O23I7P=<9a7A1tOFL3I/43>X,/n9V:\^3I9;@B13I1aK1NhFL97*DaKM=FLFT/41;1<FLKz3>/lH4KFL/
1<N*Ks7AVP3FT1a3I7P9;\r1Nr@kN:=1RFT1R1NMEBFTˆk3I=3I/P1R@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=C9>Z-ƒNsE47A13:|  ? P6QSv..‚27P9 tk3>3I/,@kN:=13EW1<N*NigP3>= § "*" EBFTˆk3I=3I/P1R@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=
7:=<GC24FT13G$1<H4=39=<7:/4X:FL/4Xr`u=NPK < S t4FT1a1N a [:SvtFb1aKMFLG>=NP@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=<9I|QKrF8G=<NBGNP/P1<=NP5T5L3>=C9I|^7:/E&JBŽ 9>Z^N:KM36FTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1a`u37i1<H4=39RNA`
 ? P6QSv.. 7:=3J24FLX:245LFTXP2Q13IE&FL/&12436`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XZ
Y ? :6QS .;.aDR7:96EB39;FLX:/3IEe1<Nh5L3161<243M@4=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=C927†gP31<243MN:@B1<FTNP/dN:`fH9FT/4X-3mH9;17W`u3ID NA` 1243MN:ˆk3I=3E€93>=<gQF8G39qNP=
9;3I5T3G$1 1243J3>/Q1FL=<3q=C7A/4XP3qNA`ƒ93>=<g^FLG>3I9IZ-R2FL9R7A5L5LNiD9o123@4=<N:XP=<7:KMKr3I=<9o1NrKrFL/4FLKMFTI3q1<243J7:KMN:H4/Q1 N:`ƒKM3>KMN:=<\M/43>3EB3IEWtQ\
 ? :6QS .;.fN:/e7r@O3I=;S @4=<N^E4HG$1at7P9;F89>Z
Y ? :6QS .;.a2O7:9J7W`uH45L5L\e@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTgP3*VP3>=</43>5vZpR24FL9JKM3I7:/9q127A1  ? P6QS .;.7A5LDR7†\^9q3>/9H4=<3I9q127A11<243M24FLX:2439m1J@4=FLN:=<FT1m\
1<7P9;Vs1<27i1aF89a=<3I7:E4\sD NPH45LE&tk361<7:V:3>/&H4@&`uN:=a3>~B3IGH41FLN:/ Z
Y ? :6QS .;."7A5L5TNiD9-H4@r1N a q[ 1C7:9V^9-1<N6tO3G>=37i13E‰Z”V 7:GC2z1<7:9VF89 =3YQH4FT=<3IEz1N6NP@O3I=<7A13R7i1f7JH4/4F8YQH43R@4=FLN:=<FT1m\p5T3Ig:3>5v|:7:KrNP/4X
1243 a W[ @=FLN:=<Fb1m\&5L3>g:3I5L9IZR2FL9JKM3I7:/9a1<27i16=NPH4/E^S =<N:t4FL/l9GC23IEBH45LFL/4XWF89q/4N:169H4@4@kN:=13E‰ZR23*@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\h5T3Ig:3>589J7A=<3H93IE
7:9 123Ž‚.m •UŽ‚=<N^G>3I9<9.mEB3>/Q1F 3I=C– `uNP=R124361C7:9V^9IZ
Y ? :6QS .;.JH93I97l@7A=1FT1FLN:/43EKr3IKMN:=<\€Ks7A/7:X:3IKr3I/Q1z9GC243IKM3:Z Vf7PGC2dKM3>KMNP=\d@7A=1FT1FLN:/cG>N:/9FL9;1<9NA`9;3Ig:3I=<7:5*4~B3IE
9;FL>3Elt45LNBGCVB9>Zw 1<7P9;VeNPtB1<7:FT/O9KM3IKrNP=\nt45LNBGCVB9q`u=<N:K1<243MKM3>KMN:=<\n@7A=1FT1FLN:/7A/El1243r1<7P9;VeK*H9;16G>=37i13M7hKr3IKMN:=<\
@7A=1FT1FLN:/etk3`uNP=3*Fb16G>7:/ltO3*H93IE‰ZJw5L5TNBG>7A1FLN:/€7:/ElEB37A5L5TNBGI7i1FLN:/eN:<` 4~B3IE^S09FTI3IEnKM3>KMN:=<\nt45LN^GCVB9qFL9JEBN:/3zFL/€GNP/9m1C7A/Q1
1FLKM3*7A/OElF89EB3>13I=KMFL/4FL9;1F8GAZ6w 1<7:9VeG>7:/€G=<3I7A13z7:/EeH93*K*H45T1FL@45T3rKM3>KMN:=<\&@7A=1FT1FLN:/9I|‰9;NW127A1JFT16GI7A/lHO9;3*Kr3IKMN:=<\
t45LN^GCVB9NA`oEBFTˆk3I=3I/Q1q9;FL>39>Z
Y ? :6QS .;.J27P9tk3>3>/ G3>=1F 3E]tQ\]’43EB3>=C7A5wg^F87i1FLN:/cwEBKMFT/FL9;1=C7i1<FTNP/¦•j’BwqwJ–p`uNP=H93,FL/cGNPKrKM3I=<G>FL7:5f7AFL=<G>=<7A`£1<97:/E
KM3>31C9a1<243zEB3IKM7:/EBFL/4Xs=<3IYQH4FL=3IKr3I/Q1<9aN:` FT1<99m1C7A/E7A=CE,`uNP=q9NA`£1mDR7A=<3JHO9;3EnFT/l7†g^FLN:/4F8G>9IZ "NWKM3>3>11243z=3YPHFT=<3>KM3>/Q1C9aNA`
124F89a9;1<7A/OE47A=CE‰|BFT1D7P9aEB3>KMN:/O9m1<=<7A13IE,12=NPH4X:2&EBNBGH4KM3>/Q1C7i1FLN:/e7:/EW1<3I9;1FL/4XM12O7i1FT1FL9R=<N:t4HO9m17A/OE&9<7i`u3PZ
;  ' -TBG M 
ƒFT/^HB~,F89a7*`u=3I36N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XM9;\B9;13IK&Z . 1F89R=NPt4H9;1I|Q`u3I7A1H4=<36=F8GC2 |47:/E,3
GFL3>/Q1IjZ qNiD 3Ig:3>=1|  FL/QH4~ E7)5 Q)7FL9a7rXP3>/43I=<7:5k@H4=@kNP93
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\^9;13IKnZ6^3Ig:3I=<7:5ƒ=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3zFTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1C7i1FLN:/O9qN:` FL/QH4~_•t4 D FL/QH4~4–7A=<3z7†gi7AFL587At45L3:Z.0/e124F896EBF89G>H99FLN:/ |kD 3rGNP/BS
9FLE43>=9N:KM36X:3>/3>=<FLG`u3I7A1H4=<3I9RN:`"=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3 ƒFT/^HB~&9;\B9;13>Ks9IZ
5!5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 4   FL/QH4~ F89W7_9;3I5b`£S 24NQ9m1WNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X_9;\B9;13>K(•j93>3l’-FLXZ  Z § 5:–Z 4  ƒFT/^HB~=H/9W7A5LN:/XDaFT12‹7fƒFT/^HB~ 9;\B9;13>KnZ R243
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3hVP3>=</43>5R9;FT1<9Mtk31mD3>3I/c1<243n27A=CEBDR7A=<3h7A/OE_123 ƒFT/^HB~”9\B9m1<3>KnZ "Nd1243e9;1<7A/OE47A=CEP FL/^HB~”VP3>=</43>5v|o123 4 ƒFT/^HB~
587†\:3I=7A@4@k3I7:=<91<NWtO31243z7PG$1<H7A5 2O7A=CEBD7:=3PZfR24|3 4   FL/^HB~&VP3>=</43>5ƒFT/Q13I=<G>3>@B1C97A5L5 FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1<9X:3>/3>=C7i13E&tQ\,1243z27A=CEBDR7A=<3:Z
7A=CEBD7:=3JFL/P1<3>=<=H@B1<97:=36/4N:1=3I5L7A13EW1<Ns=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7:G1FLgQFT1FL3I9q7A=<3J23>58E&7:/Eh1243I/e@7:9<93IE,1NM123Š FL/QH4~hV:3I=/3>5 7:9q9;N:`£1mD7:=3
FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1<9RDa23>/&124Š3 4   FL/^HB~hVP3>=</43>5‡F89aFLE45T37:/EW1<2439;1<7A/OE47A=CE ƒFT/^HB~&V:3I=/43I5‡=H4/O9>Z‚’-FLXZ  Z § 5r9<GC243>Ks7A1F8G>7A5L5L\W9;24NiD91<24F89
7P9;@k3IG1IZa. `f7A/eFL/Q13I==<H4@B1JFL91N,GI7AH93z7s=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p1<7P9;Vh1NW=<H4/ |O123z=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3pVP3>=</43>5"@4=<3>3>KM@B1C9 ƒFT/^HB~‰|kFb` ƒFT/^HB~nFL9q=H/4/4FL/4X
7A1"1<27i1 1FLKM3a7A/E*5T3>1<9"123=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3f1C7:9Vp=H/ Z-R2^H9I|AFL/z3>ˆk3G$j1  FL/^HB~z=<H4/9 7:9 75TNiDc@=FLN:=<Fb1m\6t7PGCV^X:=<N:H4/Ep1<7:9VpNA` 4-  FL/^HB~‰Z
4a37A5TSU1<FTKM3a7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9f7A=<3Da=<FT1;13I/s7:9o5LNP7PE47At45L3RV:3I=/43I5BKMN^E4H45T39>Z .0/M3I9<93>/G>3:|A=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM37A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9 =<H4/MFT/r123V:3I=/43I5
9@7:G>3:Z
Linux

RT Linux

Hardware

’-FLX:H4=<3 § 5#Wo4GC243>Ks7i1<FLGgP3>=<gQFL3>D NA`f@O3I=<7A1FLN:/,N:`*4   FL/^HB~

.0/d1243W7:@4@4=<NP7PGC2l1<7:V:3I/dt^\ 4   FL/^HB~‰|‰1243I=3W7:=3r3ˆ‡3IG1FLg:3I5T\€1mD NnFL/EB3>@k3>/OEB3>/Q1V:3I=/3>589,W6=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3MVP3>=</43>5‚7:/E ƒFT/^HB~
VP3>=</43>5vZ,R24F897A@@4=NQ7:GC2d1243I=3>`uN:=<3MFL97:5L9NeV^/4NiDa/]7:961<243 `^ 9J;T 7V5GWU7V; 9:EEU58H/9 €7:9p1243s=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3sV:3>=</43I5oFL9pFLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q13E
NPHB1<9FLE43M1243ƒFT/^HB~V:3>=</43I5UZ,wq/^\l1<7P9;Vl127A1z=3YQH4FT=<3I96EB3>13I=KMFL/4FL9;1F8GW9<GC243IE4H45TFL/4XnF89p=H/]7P9p7n=37A5TSU1<FTKM3r1<7P9;V‡Z,R23I93M1<7:9VB9

@4=<3>3IKM@B1ƒFT/^HB~pDa243I/43>gP3>= 1<243>\6/43I3IE61<N3~B3GHB1<3 7A/OEp\^FT3I5LE61<243R?Ž _1</N  FL/^HB~6N:/45L\6Da243>//N=37A5TSU1<FTKM3o1C7:9V6FL9"=37:EB\q1N=H4/ƒZ

? NPKr@O7A=<3IEM1<N*1<2436KMFLG>=NPV:3>=</43I5k7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2ƒ|:1<243J`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4XM7A=<3J9N:KM3JNA`ƒ1<2436FTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1a924N:=1<G>N:KMFT/XP9NA` 1<243pEBH7:5bS V:3I=/43I5
7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2ƒZ
Y  ece^ Jb2_  - ] ”cth  ]9\b2`i -7:9VB9s=<H4/4/4FL/4X_FL/ 1<243l=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3eV:3>=</43I5G>7A/ /4N:1,KM3I7:/4FT/XA`uH45L5T\ H93n124Q 3 ƒFT/^HB~
9;\B9;13IK 9;3I=g^F8G3I9  5L39\^9;13IKs9>|B/43>1mD NP=V^FL/4X|^7A/OEh9N*NP/ Z‚R2436=<3I7:9N:/,`uN:=12FL9aF8912O7i1aFb`o7*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3J1<7P9;VsFL/^g:N:VP3I97


 FL/^HB~M93>=<g^FLG>3:|QFb1DaFT5L5ktO369;HJt 3m3IG1f1Nz1243J97:KM3q@4=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/W@4=<N:t5T3IKM9‚127A1 @4=<N:2FTt4FT’1 ƒFT/^HB~s@4=<NBG3993I9 `u=<N:Ktk3>27†g^FL/4X

EB31<3>=<KMFT/4F89;1F8G>7A5L5L\:Zswq9p7&=<3I9H45b1|ƒ/43ID EB=<FLg:3>=C967A/E]9\B9m1<3>K„93>=<g^FLG>3I9JKzH9;1tk3MG>=37i1<3IE9;@k3IG>F OGI7A5L5T\l`uN:=6123s=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
V:3I=/43I5  3>g:3I/‹Da243>/‹3YQH4FTgi7:5T3I/P1&9;3I=g^F8G3I9h7A5L=37:EB\ 3~BF89m1W`uNP= ƒFT/^HB~‰Z“R2^H9I|a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3€7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/¦E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1
KMFTXP2P13I/Q1<7AFL5ƒ9FTXP/4F OG>7:/P1qE4H4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/nN:` G>N^E4FT/4Xs3>ˆkNP=;1Z’N:=a3>~B7:KM@45T3P|Da243I/e7M=37A5TSU1<FTKM361<7P9;Vh/43>3E49R1<NsH9;3p/31mDN:=<V
GNPKrK*H4/4F8G>7A1FLN:/9I|^N:=R`uN:=R1<27i1Ks7A1;13I= 5L37:G>G>3I9<9;39>|B7:@4@4=<N:@4=<FL7A136EB=<FTgP3>=C9 K*H9;1tO3pDa=<Fb113I/hFL/&1243p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3JVP3>=</43>5vZ
Y S \5 c t_  L_1^”b2ct]9h  h&gLc \0]h”dP_1h&bi -7:9VB9z=<H4/4/FT/4XFL/”1<243h=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,VP3>=</43>5aEBNd/4NA1stk3>/4,3 41M`u=NPK 1<243eŒlŒlS
@4=<NA13G$1<3IEe3I/Qg^FL=NP/4KM3>/Q11<27i81  FL/^HB~e@4=Nig^F8EB3I9q1N,1243r=<3>X:H5L7:=q/4NP/BSv=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3@4=<NBG3I9<93I9IZq.0/d9;137:E‰|k1<243>\e=<H4/lH4/@4=N:S
13G$13EnFT/l1243VP3>=</43>5"9;@7PG3PZ? NP/93IYQH43>/Q1<5T\P|O7A/^\h=37A5TSU1<FTKM361<7P9;Vh12O7i1G>N:/Q1<7:FT/9q7WGNBEBFL/4XW3I==<N:=9HGC2l7:9q7WGNP==<H4@B1J?
@ONPFT/Q1<3>=zGI7A/]3I7P9;FL5T\dG>7AHO9;3W7&`j7A1<7A5 V:3I=/43I5 `j7AH45T1IZnR24F89F8993>=<FTNPH96@4=<N:t45L3>K 9;FL/G3,KM7:/^\€3>K*tO3E4EB3E7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/97A=<3
97A`u31m\QS0G=<Fb1<FLGI7A5‡FT/&/7A1H4=<3:Z
Y 3ctdPc ba_ Z/]\b  c eceb <i .0/]1243hEBH7A5 V:3I=/43I5f7A@@4=NQ7:GC2 |ƒ1243h=37A5TSU1<FTKM3M1C7:9V^9z7A=<3s/4NA-1 ƒFT/^HB~]@4=<NBG3I9<93I97A1z7A5L5 3ot4H41
@4=<N:X:=C7AKs9oDa=<FT1;13I/WH9FT/X*7z9Ks7A5L5‰9;H4tO9;3>1 NA`ƒŽR6^.0‘xwŽ‚.m9J•jwq@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/&Ž‚=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=‚.0/Q13>=`j7:G>3I9C–$Z ƒNr7AXPX:=C7†g†7A13R1<243
Ks7i1;1<3>=|‰EBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1JFTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1C7i1FLN:/O9N:`fEBH7:5-VP3>=</43>589HO9;3MEBFTˆk3I=3I/P16wqŽf.m9>Zpwq967,=39;H45T1I|‡=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3z@4=<N:XP=<7:KM9Da=FT1;1<3>/
H9FT/4XMNP/436g:3>/OEBN:= $ 9 4 •S  FL/QH4~,g:3I=<9FTNP/,Ks7†\W/4N:1=H/hNP/n7:/4NA1<243>= $ 9>Z
Y[Z\0]!9\5#dPdPcth c P^ eb <i 4 D  FL/^HB~,V:3I=/3>589 9H4@4@kN:=1NP/45L\W7z5LFTKMFT13Eh9H4t931aNA`-Ž6^.0‘ wqŽf.m9>ZoR243I=3>`uN:=<3:|^7A@4@45LFTS
G>7A1FLN:/nEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q1G>7:/,1C7AVP3JKMNP=3J3ˆ‡N:=1q7A/E,1FLKM3:Z
5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ; /
DG 
ƒ\Q/4~€FL9p7n93>5T`£Sv2NP9;16=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13IK&Zr. 1F89p7†g†7:FT587At5T3*`u=NPK¢DaDaDpZ 5T\^/^HB~BD NP=VB9IZ G>N:KnZ*R23MG>H4=<=3I/P1<5T\l7†gi7:FT587At45L3
gP3>=C9;FLN:/MNA`Sƒ\^/B~l•e \^/B~Z "Q– FL97KMF8G=<N:VP3>=</43>5TSvtO7:93IE*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xz9\^9;13IKn|:1<24N:H4XP2s123q3I7:=5LFL3>=fgP3>=C9;FLN:/O9oD 3I=3qt7:93IE
NP/dKMN:/N:5LFb1<24FLGMEB39;FLX:/ƒ-Z  \^/B~dFL9J`uH45L5L\dGNPKM@7i1<FTt45L3rDaFb1<2 ƒFT/^HB~‰Zr[‹Fb1<f2  \^/B~ $ 96tFT/7:=\lG>N:KM@7A1FLt4FT5LFT1m\:|ƒ7  FL/^HB~€@4=<N:XP=<7:K $ 9
t4FL/7:=\rFTKs7:X:3G>7:/Wtk3=H/,EBFL=3G$15L\rN:/  \^/B~‰Zf/M123qNA1<243>= 27A/OE‰|:`uNP=fN:1243I=  FL/^HB~sGN:KM@7A1FLt45L3N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X*9;\B9;13>Ks9 9;HGC2W7P9
XJ{q‘z#|  FL/^HB~h7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9f/43I3IE,1NMtk3J=<3IG>N:KM@4FL5T3EWFL/hNP=<E43>=1Nr=H/hNP/W123>KnZ‚R2483  \^/B~,KMF8G=<N:VP3>=</43>5kFLD9 5 < 8\Q13I9 FL/&9FTI3
7:/Ee@4=<Nig^FLEB39a1<243z3993>/Q1F87A5-9;3I=g^F8G39a`uN:=1<7P9;Vn9<GC243IEBH5TFL/4X|‡FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1JE4FL9@7i1CGC2 |‡7A/El9\^/GC24=<N:/4FLI7A1FLN:/ ZR243zN:1243I=93>=<gQF8G39
7:=3@=Nig^F8EB3IEs7P9‚V:3I=/3>5@5TH4X:SvFL/9J• pŽf.m9<–Z \s7:E4E4FT/4X pŽ‚.m9o1<N1<243KMF8G=<N:VP3>=</43>5v|i123J9\B9m1<3>KG>7:/stO36GNPJ/ X:H=3Ez1<N*9H4@4@kN:=1
.P*J| 5L3z9;\B9;13IKM9I|9NBGCV:31C9>|O7A/En9NsN:/ Z[‹Fb1<2n`uH45L5-G>N:J/ XPH4=C7i1FLN:/ƒ|BFb1GI7A/n3>gP3>/n`uH4/OG$1FLN:/l7P97MKzH5b1<FT@4H=@kNP93z/Fb~nKs7:GC24FL/43
NP/_Da24FLGC2_tkNA1<2c27:=<E]7A/OE_9;N:`£1z=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s1C7:9VB9G>7:/_=H4/ƒZnq/45LFTVP3WKs7A/^\d3IKztk3IE4E43IE_=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3sN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xl9\B9m1<3>Ks9>*|  \^/B~
9H4@4@kN:=1<9RKM3>KMNP=\W@=N:13IG1FLN:/ Z
;

 T=G A R > 
[‹FL/EBNiD9q?’V F897M9m1<=FL@4@k3IEnEBNiDa/ng:3I=<9FLN:/,N:`-[‹FL/EBNiD9RNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13IK&|O7A/Eh27:9q7*KMFL/4FLKzH4K¥`uN^NA1@=FL/Q1NA` ["" 8 \Q1<3I9
NP/45T\PZz. 1p@4=<Nig^FLEB3985 3a @4=<FTNP=FT1m\e5T3Ig:3I5L9IZ*"NhNP@B1FLKMFTI3M@O3I=;`uNP=Ks7A/OG3:| 7:5T5 1<24=<3I7:E9J7:=3r=<H4/€FL/€1<243sV:3I=/3>5-KrNBEB3PZrR23*1<FTKM3I=
7PG>GH=<7PG\MFL9 § KM93IGq`uN:= "1" M7:/E 9%$M=3I5L7A13IEhwqŽf.m9>ZoR243pEBFTˆk3I=3I/Q1`uH/G$1<FTNP/7A5LFb1<FT39RNA` 1<2436V:3I=/43I5‰7A=<3t4=<N:VP3>/,E4NiDa/,FL/P1<N
9Ks7A5L5f/4NP/BSv@=3I3>KM@B1FLg:3W93IG1FLN:/9IZewq9*7e=39;H5b1|-EBH=FL/4X€9\B9m1<3>KŠG>7A5L5‚@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/_F89p1<H4=/3IE_N:ˆ”`uN:=zN:/45L\924NP=;1@k3>=<FTNBE49zNA`
1<FTKM3:ZRw589N|FL/Q13I==<H4@B1q93>=<g^FLG>FT/4XMF89a@4=<3>3IKr@41<7At5T3PZR27A1FL9I|FT19H4@4@kN:=1<9a/3I9;13IE&FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1<9IZf. 1H9;39aKM3>KMN:=<\,Ks7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q1
H4/Fb1z•UŒlŒl–R`uN:=ag^FT=1HO7A5‰KM3>KMN:=<\WKs7A/O7AX:3IKM3>/Q1IZ
[‹FL/EBNiD9‚’? VlHO9;39-7@4=<FTNP=FT1m\pFL/4243>=<FT1<7A/OG3R9GC243IKM3‚1Np7†gPN:F8E61243@4=<FTNP=FT1m\6FT/^gP3>=C9;FLN:/@=NPt45T3IK 127A1oFL9-@4=<3I93>/Q1 FT/*[‹FT/E4NiD9
{6Z‡{qN:=<Ks7A5L5T\P|1<243zVP3>=</43>5"124=<3I7PEe27:/EB5LFT/4X,1243*@7AXP3`j7:H45b1s•uFvZ 3:Z6ŽR?R–a=<H4/9J7i1@=FLN:=<Fb1m\&5L3>g:3I5"2FTXP243>=127:/ €•U9;3I3
^3GAZ  Z  Z 5P–$Za[‹243I/€7M1<24=37:EnDaFT12l@=FLN:=<Fb1m\&5L3>g:3I5 W9HBˆ‡3>=C9q7s@O7AX:3`j7AH45T1I|k123z@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,N:` 1243rGN:=<=<3I9@ONP/EBFL/4XsV:3I=/43I5
 

1<24=37:E€27A/E45TFL/4Xh124F896@7AXP3z`j7:H45T16F89J=<7:FL93IEe1N&127A1pNA`‚1<243M@4=FLN:=<FT1m\&N:`‚123*1<24=<3I7:EdG>7:H9;FL/4Xh1243M@7:X:3z`j7AH45T1IZrR24FL963I/9H4=39
 

1<27i1q7*12=37:EhFL9a/NA1at45LN^GCVP3IEht^\,7A/^\W5LNiD 3I=R@4=FLN:=<FT1m\M124=<3I7PE‰|43>gP3>/&Da243>/nFT1q9;H4ˆk3I=<9a7r@7:X:3J`j7AH45T1IZ
    › (n eš pž ,)™ (+*  ›  !#"k˜™>š › œ ,,¡ -›š¡
H4=<FT/4XsEB39;FLX:/&7A/Eh@4587i1`uN:=<K3>gi7A5LH7i1<FTNP/&9;1<7:X:3P|^9\B9m1<3>K EB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3I=<9NA`£1<3>/ /EhFb1/3IG399<7A=<\r1NrtO3I/GC24Ks7A=<V,G>N:KM@4HB1<3>=a9;\B9;S
1<3>Ks9>Z  3>1H9 =C9m1J3~47AKMFL/43z2NiD 124F89qF89JEBN:/43z`uN:=1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5"G>N:KM@4HB1<3>=69;\B9;13IKM9IZJBH4t93IYQH43>/Q1<5T\P|kD3*927:5T5-3~47AKMFL/431<24F89
F899H436`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3GNPKM@4HB13I=<9IZf"NMH4/EB3I=<9;1<7:/Eh1243F89<9;H439RFT/^gPN:5Lg:3IE |4GN:/O9;F8EB3>=R1<243p`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XM9FT1H7A1FLN:/ Zfw99H4KM3612O7i11<243
NP=XQ7A/4FLI7A1FLN:/&\:N:HeDN:=<Vs`uNP=q3>/Q1<=H9;1<9q\:NPHn1N,93>5L3IG11243 ;tk3I9;1 sG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=*•u`u=NPK¤124NQ9;3z7†gi7:FT587At45L3pFL/n1243*KM7:=VP31$–N:/e@4=<FLG>3
7:/En@O3I=;`uNP=Ks7:/G3G>N:/9FLE43>=C7i1FLN:/O9R1NWtk3zHO9;3E&1NW24NQ9m11243*GN:KM@7:/^\ $ 9aD3>tl9Fb1<3:Z. 1FL9@ONQ99FLt45T3127A1q\:NPHlG>7A/l7P9;V,`uN:=t4FLE9
`u=<N:K¤g:3I/EBN:=C9a7A/OEnN:tB1C7AFL/h1<243>FL=q@=F8G3z7:/En@k3>=`uN:=<KM7:/G39@k3IGF OGI7i1FLN:/O9>ZR{NiDx1243rYQH43I9;1FLN:/nF8924NiD D NPH458En\:N:HeEB3>13I=KMFL/43
Da24F8GC2e7AKMN:/Xr7M931NA` GNPKr@HB13I=<9aYQH4N:13IE&t^\,EBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1g:3I/EBN:=C9D NPH458E,@k3>=`uN:=<K tk3I9;1a`uN:=a\:NPH4=7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:!/
q`ƒG>N:H4=C9;3P|^\:N:H=f3>gi7:5TH7A1FLN:/hD NPH45LEWtO3Jg:3I=\s7:GIGH4=C7i1<3qFT`ƒ\:NPH,7:G1H7:5T5L\sX:N:1 37:GC2WN:` 1243JKs7:GC24FL/43`uN:=Da24F8GC2,\:NPHW=<3IG3IFTgP3IE
YQH4N:13*7:/Ee1<243>/7:G1H7:5T5L\n=<7:/l\:NPH4=7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/€N:/l37:GC2lN:`‚1243IK¢7A/El3>gi7A5LH7i1<3IE€g†7:=FLN:HO9@k3>=`uN:=<KM7:/G3*@7A=C7AKM3>13>=C99HGC2
7P9=<3I9@ONP/9;31FLKr3z`uN:=JYPH3>=<FT39H4/E43>=E4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q15LNP7PEeGNP/EBFT1FLN:/9I6Z NiD3>gP3>=|FT1DN:H458EntO3*FT/4`u3I7:9FLt45T31NhGI7A=<=\,124F89N:HB1`u=<N:K
G>NP9;1I|43>ˆkNP=;1|7A/Eh1<FTKM3GNP/9FLEB3I=<7A1FLN:/9IZ /43p@kNP9<9;FLt4FL5TFT1m\,F89R1<27i1\PN:HeG>7:/hH9361mDNM1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5‰KM31=<F8G>9aH93IE&t^\,gP3>/E4N:=C9f1<N
FL/EBF8G>7A13J12436@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3N:`ƒ123>FL=GN:KM@4H413>=a9\B9m1<3>Ks,9 WoŒe.mŽ€•UŒeFL5T5LFTNP/h.0/O9m1<=HG1FLN:/9RŽ 3I=aB3IGNP/E–7A/OE,*’ -JŽl•j’-5LNP7A1FL/4X
Ž NPFT/Q1@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9qŽ 3>=q^3GN:/OE–$’Z NiD3>g:3I=I|47:/n3>gi7A5LH7i1<FTNP/nt7:93IE&N:/&1<243I93KM31<=F8G>9GI7A/nNA`£1<3>/etk324FLX:245L\,KMF89;5L3I7PEBFL/4XZR243
9Fb1<H7i1<FTNP/,F89R9;NrEBFL9X:HO9m1<FT/4X*12O7i1a9;NPKr3IN:/433>gP3>/,@=NP@ONQ9;3EM127A1R7*KMN:=<39H4FT1<7At5T3`uH45L5‡`uN:=<KNA`"Œe.mŽW924N:H5LE,tO3 ŒeF895T37:EBFL/4X
.0/B`uNP=Ks7A1FLN:/e7AtkN:HB1qŽf=NBG>3I9<9;NP=aB@O3I3IE Z  3>1qH9a3>~47AKMFT/3pDa2Q\,124F89F899NZƒNWEB3>13I=KMFL/4361243*Œe.mŽ h=C7i1FL/4XsN:` 7sG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=|
7s@=NPX:=C7AKF89=<H4/eN:/eFT17A/OE&1243=<H4/n1<FTKM3F89KM3I7P9;H=3E‰ZR23/^H4Kztk3>=NA`oFT/O9m1<=HG1FLN:/9FT/e1<243@4=<N:XP=<7:K F89qEBFLg^FLEB3Ent^\,1<243
=<H4/l1<FTKM3M1<NhXPFTgP3z1<243sŒe.mŽ l=<7A1FL/4XhN:`‚123MG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=-Z qNiD 3Ig:3>=|kFb1pF896/4NA19@O3GF 3IEd7:91NnDa27A11m\^@k3rN:` @4=<N:XP=<7:K¥/3>3IE9
1<Nr=<H4/ Z ? NP/93IYQH43>/Q1<5T\P|QgP3>/E4N:=C9f1C7AVP3q1<243p5TFLtk3>=1m\WNA`-=H4//4FT/Xr@=NPX:=C7AKs9o1<27i1XP3>/43I=<7A13JN:/45L\M124NQ9;3s•jKM7PGC24FL/43–FL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9
1<27i1z2O7†g:3Mg:3I=\€924NP=;1zG>\^G>5T3M1<FTKM39p`uN:=1243IFT=@=NBG399N:=| =<3I9H45T1FL/4XeFT/c7:=;1<F kGF87A5L5T\lFL/B}O7A13E_Œe.mŽ d=C7i1FL/4XQ9>Z,w9z7n=<3I9H45T1I|-Fb`
\PN:HcKs7AVP3,\PN:H4=rt4H4\^FL/4XdEB3GF89;FLN:/O9zt7P9;3EcNP/_1243eYQH4N:13IE”Œe.mŽ ”7A/E ’  JŽ ]=C7i1<FT/XP9I| 1243I/”\:NPH”7A=<3,KMNQ9m1M5TFLV:3I5T\1<Ndtk3
5<[

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 EBF89<7A@4@kN:FL/Q13IE Zo. 1FL9agP3>=<\s5TFLV:3I5T\,127A1Da243>/n\PN:Hn7:G$1<H7A5L5L\WX:3>11<243zG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=a\:NPH&93>5L3IG13EhtO7:93IEhN:/nŒe.mŽ h=C7i1FL/4Xs7A/OE,=<H4/
\PN:H4=a7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/ |B\PN:H4=7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/hDN:H458Eh/4NA1a=<H4/e7:9`j7:9;17:9R\PN:H&27:E&3~B@k3IG13IE Z
Vfg:3>=<\^tONBEB\d9;N^N:/_=<3I7:5TFL>3Ed127A1rŒe.mŽ]7A/E_*’ -JŽ=<7A1FL/4XP9z7A=<3sKrF895T37:EBFL/4XZ o3I/EBN:=C9p1<243>=<3`uNP=3W9;1<7:=;1<3IE1<Nl3~B@4=<3I9<9
@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3q=C7i1FL/4XQ9fN:` 1243IFT=aG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=R9;\B9;13>Ks9FL/W13I=Ks9NA` @k3I7:VWŒe.mŽ ,7A/E,@O37AVs*’ -JŽM1NrFL/EBF8G>7i1<3q1<27i1123=C7i1<FT/4XQ9
27†gP3tk3>3I/nN:tB1C7AFL/43IE&t^\WH9FT/X*1<243>FL=a`j7P9m1<3I9;1RFL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9IjZ NiD3>g:3I=I|Q1<24FL9aE4FLE&/4N:13I7:93J1243p@=NPt45T3IK FL/n7:/^\sD7†\PZ
"NhNigP3>=CGNPKr3z124F896@4=<N:t45L3>K N:`Œe.mŽ€7:/E’  JŽ l=<7A1FL/4XP9JFL/d@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3*3Ig†7:5THO7i1FLN:/ƒ| 9;\^/Q1243>1F8GrtO3I/GC24Ks7A=<VB9D3>=<3
EB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3E‰jZ  3>1H9aH4/E43>=C9m1C7A/EhDa27i1q7:=3p9\^/P1<2431<FLG6tk3>/OGC24Ks7A=<V^9IZow 587A=<X:3J/QHKztk3>=N:`"@4=C7:G1F8G>7A5‰@=NPt45T3IKs9RD 3I=3p7A/O7A5L\QI3IE
1<NhEB3>13>=<KMFT/3123r9;1<7A1F89m1<FLGI7A5"E4FL9;1=<FTtHB1FLN:/dNA`‚gi7A=<FTNPH9FL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9FL/d7:/€7†g:3I=<7:X:36@4=<N:XP=<7:K •u3PZ XOZ7:=FT124KM3>1F8GzFL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9
5" ,|‰. : § " ,|‰=<3>XPFL9;13I=1<=<7:/9;`u3>= § "
W|‰3>1<G:Z –ZM9;FL/4Xh124F89pFL/B`uN:=<Ks7i1<FTNP/ | 7&tO3I/GC24Ks7A=<Ve@4=<N:X:=C7AKF896Da=FT1;1<3>/d127A1p27:9J1<243
9<7AKM3qEBF89;1=<FTt4H41FLN:/WN:`k1<243E4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1 FL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9IZoq`ƒG>N:H4=C9;3P|A1<243qtk3>/GC2KM7:=Vr@4=<N:XP=<7:K“/43>3Es/4N:1GNPKM@4HB137A/^\*KM37A/4FL/4XA`uH5
=<3I9H45T1<9IZ€. 1MFL9r9;FLKM@45L\]9\^/Q12439;FL>3E_H9FT/4XdFT/O9m1<=HG1FLN:/9zDaFb1<2”=<3IYQH4FL=3E_9m1C7i1<FL9;1F8G>7:5EBF89;1=<FTt4H41FLN:/9IZd. 1rFL9z123>=<3`uN:=<3hGI7A5L5T3E_7
9\^/P1<2431<FLGJtk3>/GC2KM7:=V‡Z . 1q924N:H458EhtO3pG5L3I7:=127A1a1243p@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3=<3I9H45T1<9N:tB1C7AFL/43IEht^\W=<H4/4/4FL/4Xr12439\^/Q1243>1F8Gtk3>/OGC24Ks7A=<V
@4=<N:XP=<7:Ky924N:H458E&tO3zg:3>=<\,G>5TNQ9;3I5T\h=3I5L7A13IEh1<NsDa27i1qDN:H5LE&tk33~B@k3IG$1<3IEnt^\,=<H4/4/FT/4XW7:/e7†g:3>=C7AXP3@=<7PG$1F8G>7:5 @4=<N:XP=<7:K&ZfBN:KM3
3>~B7:KM@45T39zN:`9\Q/Q1<2431<FLGhtO3I/GC24Ks7A=<VB9*7:=
3 7V?LQG? HJWF7A2WJE9 #T 9JW ` 5GKPQG?@H<WF7>PZ ƒ7A13I=I| 4Ž V?¤•vQ1<7:/E47:=<EcŽ 3I=;`uNP=Ks7:/G3
Vfg†7:5THO7i1FLN:/s? N:=<@ONP=<7A1FLN:/O– D7P9"`uN:=<Kr3EzFL/*1243R587i13R3IFTXP2P1<FT39>Z BŽ VR?F89o7/N:/BS @4=<N 41o7:9<9;NBG>FL7A1FLN:/N:`kGNPKM@4HB13I= KM7:/^HB`j7:G1H4=<3>=C9
7:/Ee7:GI7:EB3IKrF8GF87A/O9127A1JEB3Ig:3>5LN:@O97A/E&@4Ht45TF8GFL>39tk3>/GC2KM7:=Vn9H4Fb1<3I9`uN:=q9@O3GF OG7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>ZR’4NP=q3~47:Kr@5T3zBŽ V? ‘[ V
F891243ptk3>/OGC24Ks7A=<Vs`uN:=aD3>te7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZoR243BŽ VR? tk3>/GC2KM7:=V,@4=NPX:=C7AKs9G>7A/ntk3EBNiDa/45LNP7PEB3IEW`u=NPK DaDaDpZ 9@k3IGAZ N:=<XZ
;=:  6I*?=RH1AG6I  I HJKT=C
’N:==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3z9;\B9;13IKM9 7:9<;RQG?@H<WF7*KM31<=F8G  5  FL9q@ONP@4H4587A=a`uNP=qtk3>/GC24Ks7:=V^FL/4XZ.0/e123|4a2437A589m1<N:/43KM3>1=<FLG:|O9Fb~n@7A=C7AKM3>13>=C9
N:`R=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3s9;\B9;13>Ks97:=3WG>N:/9F8EB3>=<3IE‰Z&R243I93sF8EB3>/Q1F 3E]@7A=C7AKM31<3>=C96FT/OEBFLGI7i1<3M1243W@O7A=C7AKM31<3>=C9J127A1*7A=<3MFTKM@kN:=1<7A/Q1zFL/_7
1m\^@4F8G>7:5‰=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ [d3p/4NiDxt4=<FT3>}\,EBF89G>H9<912439;3p@7:=<7:KM313I=<9FL/&12436`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XW
§ Z +`). 1 \ c ba^ 3”cth +ŠctdP_ .   4 

T2 T3
T1
t1 t2

t ts

’-FTXPH4=<3 § #Wo-7:9V,^DaFb1CGC24FL/4XWRFTKM3wqKrNP/4X VfYQH7:5 Ž‚=<FTNP=FT1m\s"7P9;VB9

"7P9;VM9DaFb1CGC24FT/X1FLKM3qF89 E4(3 /43E,7P9‚1<2431<FTKM3JFb11<7:V:3I9‚`uN:= N:/43JGN:/Q1<3~^19DaFb1CGC2,7AKMNP/4X3IYQH7:5O@=FLN:=<Fb1m\*1<7P9;VB9IZo? NP/9FLEB3I=
1243*3~47AKM@45L3z924NiDa/eFL/€’-FTXOZ  Z § Zwq9<9;H4KM3z127A1  8 +7:=33YQH7A5"@4=FLN:=<FT1m\W1<7P9;VB97A/En1<27i1J=NPH4/En=<N:t4FL/eN:@41FLN:/
7AKMN:/X*3YPHO7A5‰@4=<FTNP=FT1m\M1<7P9;VB9RF899H4@4@kN:=13IEht^\s1239GC243EBH45L3>=Zo.0/&’-FLXZ  Z § 4|  FL91<24361FLKM37i`£13I=aDa24F8GC2 9;1<7A=1<91<N
3~B3IG>HB137A`£13I=  GNPKr@5T3>13I9‚Fb1C9o1FLKM3q95TF8G3P|:t45LNBGCV^9I|ANP=fGNPKr@5T3>13I9q•     .   –Zo"7P9;Vz9DaFT1<GC24FL/4X61FLKM3F89fEB3>13>=<KMFT/3IE
t^\s1243p3
GFL3>/G>\WNA`-1243pVP3>=</43>5 E7i1<7M9;1=<HG$1<H4=<3:Z
45 Z +`). Z\0__1d b2ct]9h +ŠctdP_ .   4  "7P9;Vl@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/1<FTKM3sF89EB(3 O/43IE]7:9J1<243s1<FTKM3sFT1p1<7AVP3I9J1<Nl9m1C7A=13~B3IG>HB1FLN:/NA`
7s24FLX:243I=@4=<FTNP=FT1m\W1C7:9V•UGNPKr@O7A=<3IE&1NW1243rGH4=<=3I/Q15L\,=<H4/4/4FL/4Xs1C7:9VB–|k7A`£13I=123zGNP/EBFT1FLN:/l3I/7At45LFL/4XM1243z1<7P9;V&NBG>GH=<9IZ
"7P9;Vs@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/h1FLKM3627:9tk3>3>/nFL5T5LH9;1=C7i1<3IEhFT/h124363>~B7:KM@45T3p924NiDa/,FL/n’"FLXZ § [Z "7P9;V,@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/W1FLKM3GNP/9;F89;1<9NA`
1243f`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4Xq124=<3>3GN:KM@kN:/43I/Q1<29 W‰1<7P9;Vp9DaFb1CGC24FT/X1FLKM3   |A1FLKr3 1N=3GNPX:/4FL>3o1<2433>g:3I/Q1"3>/O7At45LFT/X123f24FLX:243I="@=FLN:=<Fb1m\P|
7A/EW12431FLKM3J1NMEBFL9@7A1<GC2,FT1IZ ? 5L3I7:=5L\:|Q1C7:9Vs@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/W1FLKM3DN:H5LE,tO36/4NP=Ks7A5L5L\r587A=<X:3I=f1<27A/,1<7P9;VW9DaFb1CGC24FL/4Xz1<FTKM3PZ
Z (h&b2_\\5 b 3#b2_1h”^ +ŠcedP_6.  4  .0/Q13I==<H4@B1‚587i1<3>/G>\1<FTKM3F89‚EB,3 /43IEs7P9 123a1FLKM3Fb1f1<7AVP3I9-1<N9m1C7A=1o12433>~B3IGH41FLN:/MNA`
5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Condition enabling T2 starts running
high priority task T
2

T2

T1
t1 t2 t3
time

tt p

’-FTXPH4=<3 § [Wo-7:9V,Ž‚=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/nRFTKM3
Interrupt occurs

ISR

T1
t1 t2 t3
time
ti l
-’ FLX:H4=<3 §a W .0/Q13I==<H4@B1"7i1<3>/G>\,RFTKM3
1243z=3YPHFT=<3IEh.;J4 7i`£1<3>=q7:/eFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41N^GIGH4=C9IZf.0/Q13I==<H4@B1587i1<3>/G>\,1<FTKM3p`uNP=q7A/n3~47:Kr@5T3p27P9atk3>3>/l924NiDa/nFL/l’"FLXZ §a Z
.0/Q13>=<=<H4@B1f587i1<3>/G>\*1<FTKM3JGN:/O9;F89m1C9‚N:`‰1243q`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4XzG>N:KM@ONP/43>/Q1C,9 W-27A=CEBDR7A=<3EB3>587†\rFT/&?Ž ¦=<3IG>N:X:/FTIFT/4X61<243qFL/Q13I==<H4@B1|
1FLKM31N&GNPKr@5T3>13p1<243rG>H4=<=3I/P1FT/9;1=<HG1FLN:/ |O1FLKM31N&97†gP361243rGNP/P1<3~^1N:`o1243rGH4=<=<3>/Q15L\h=<H4/4/FT/4XW1<7:9V‡|k7:/En1<243>/e1<N
9m1C7A=1R1243p.;J4Z
[OZ 1L_1d  3]\0_ 1*3 
Pceh +ŠcedP_ .    4  ^3>Ks7:@424N:=<3z92^H sFT/4Xh1FLKM3*F896EB(3 O/43IEd7:9q1243*1FLKM3*1<27i163>587A@O9;39qtk31mD3>3I/€7
Release Semaphore
Acquire Semaphore

tss
T1
T1
T2 T2

time

Request Semaphore

-’ FTXPH4=<3 §a W‚^3IKM7:@424NP=3p^2^HsFT/XWRFTKM3

5TNiD3>=f@4=FLN:=<FT1m\1<7P9;Vr=<3>5L3I7:9FL/4X793>Ks7A@42N:=<37A/EW724FTXP243>= @4=<FTNP=FT1m\1C7:9Vz1<Nz9m1C7A=1f=<H4/4/4FL/4XZ‚^3IKs7A@424NP=392^HsFT/X1FLKM3
27:9Jtk3>3I/dFL5T5LH9;1=C7i1<3IEdFT/]’-FTXOZ  Z E§ a Zz.0/]’-FTXOZ  Z E§ a | 7i17&G3>=1<7:FT/d1FLKM3r1<7:9V0 24N:58E491243W93>Ks7:@424N:=<3:Z*R243r1<7:9V0 
=3YQH43I9;1<9`uN:=J1<243W9;3IKs7A@424NP=3r7A/Edt45LNBGCV^9IZMR243MFT/Q13I=gi7:5-tk31mD3>3I/  =<31H=/4FL/4X&123M93>Ks7:@424N:=<3M7A/E =<H4/4/4FL/4XnF89
V^/4NiDa/h7P9124393>Ks7A@24N:=<3p9;2^H sFL/4Xr1FLKr3PZ
 Z h%]!h_ [Z\0ce]9\0c b (h&g9_\0`ace]h,+ŠctdP_ I• P–  w9 924NiDa/WFL/ XPH4=<3 § B|PH4/^tkN:H4/OEB3IE,@4=FLN:=<FT1m\zFL/QgP3>=C9;FLN:/M1<FTKM3 

5a

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 t1
t2

T2 T3
T1 T1

time
Acquire Request Release Acquire
Semaphore Semaphore Semaphore Semaphore

"’ FLX:H=3 § JWo/^tONPH4/EB3EnŽ‚=<FTNP=FT1m\s.0/^g:3>=C9FTNP/hRFLKr3

FL9aG>N:KM@4HB1<3IEn7:91<24361FLKM3pFb1q1<7AVP3I9 `uN:=1243pNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>Ky1NM=3GNPX:/4FL>3J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\WFL/QgP3>=C9;FLN:/•   –R7A/E&=<H4/&124361C7:9V
24N:58EBFL/4Xr1243p=<3I9N:H=<G>3J7:/Eh9;1<7:=;61 7i`£1<3>1=  GNPKr@5T3>13I9pI•  –Zf^\^KztkN:5LFLGI7A5L5T\P|  /     Z
a Z #b  9\5#d + 3”\] !3”b +|cedP_ .  4  R24F89f@7:=<7:KM313I=fFL/EBF8G>7A13I9f123/^H4K*tO3I= N:` VQFL5LN:t^\Q13I9fNA`"E7i1<7p127A1RGI7A/Wtk3
1=C7A/9;`u3>=<3IEztO3>1mD 3I3>/r1mDN1C7:9VB9 DaFb1<24N:HB1‚HO9;FL/4Xp9;2O7A=<3IE*Kr3IKMN:=<\N:= @kN:FL/P1<3>=C9>Z R24F89o@7:=<7:Kr3>13I=-KM37:9H4=39"1243a3
G>FT3I/G\

NA`"1243E47A1<7M9;1=<HG$1<H4=39R27A/OEB5TFL/4XMKM3I9<97:X:36@7P99FT/X*@4=<FLKrFT1FLg:39>Z
R24384a23I7A589;1N:/3JKM3>1=<FLG6F89aGNPKr@HB13E&7P9a7rD 3IFTXP2P1<3IE&7†g:3I=<7:X:3qN:`ƒ1<243pFLE43>/Q1F 3IE&@7:=<7:KM313I=<29 W
2  / "
   Z%$      
 1      
  

  


[‹243I=3P|47 § |‰ZTZLZT|O7 a 7A=<3J3IKM@4FT=<F8G>7A5L5L\,EB31<3>=<KMFT/43EnGN:/O9m1C7A/Q1<9IZ
4a23I7A589;1N:/3ltO3I/GC24Ks7A=<V%$ 9X:H=3dNA`KM3>=<Fb1nGC27A=C7:G13I=FL>39M1243dV:3I=/43I5bS 27:=<EBDR7A=<3eGNPKzt4FL/7i1<FTNP/‹NA`z7 9;\B9;13>KnZR24FL9hF89
1<243>=<3`uNP=37sG>N:KM@4=<3>243I/9;FLg:36tk3>/GC2KM7:=V‡Z qNiD 3Ig:3I=I#| 4a23I7A589;1N:/3p27:99N:KM393>=<FTNPH9aEB=C7†Dat7:GCVB9IZ‚’-FT=C9m1|B123z7At4FL5LFb1m\,1NWKM3>3>1
EB37:EB5LFL/43I96N:`R7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9s•£1<7P9;Vd9GC243EBH45LFT/X&3>1<G:Z –F89p/4N:1pG>N:/9F8EB3>=<3IE7i1z7:5T5vZsw589;NO| 123W9;FT~dKM3I7P9;H=3IKr3I/Q16GI7i13IX:NP=FL3I967A=<3
9N:KM3>Da2O7i17:E^S 24NBG67A/E,123>=<3pFL9R/4NM@4=<N:@k3>*= 3mHO9m1<F OGI7i1<FTNP/n7P9RDa2^\WN:/45L\s1<243I939;FT~,KM3I7P9;H=3IKr3I/Q1<9R27†gP3tk3>3I/nGC2NP93>/ Z
; FGHJILKKM6NH[OQK#ADC&ISR1R1TBGU ISK 6I  
ƒ31  *tk3z1<243*1FLKr3*1NnGNPKM@45T3>13r7hG>3>=1<7AFL/e1C7:9V&Da23>/l1<243>=<3*7:=3*/4N,FL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9J7:/Ee5L31  rtO3*123z1<FTKM3r1N&GN:KM@45L31<3
1<243*9<7AKM31C7:9VhDa23>/ 5"4| """MFL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9NBG>G>H4=q@k3>=69;3GNP/E‰ZqR243I/e123*NigP3>=<243I7PEhEBH3z1<N 5 " "" "MFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9@k3>=693IGNP/EnF89
  

XPFTgP3>/&tQ&\ W  . 
     



? NP/9;F8EB3I= `uNP=R3~47AKM@45L3J127A1  6FL9 § & a 9;3G7:/E6 JF89 § 9;3GAZoR243I/ |^12436FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1a@4=<N^G>3I9<9;FL/4X*Nig:3>=<2437:E pFL9 "Z a •uNP=
a " r–-NA`‡1231<7P9;V*3~B3IG>HB1FLN:/M1<FTKM3PZ R23Nig:3I=2437:ErGNP/9;F8EB3I=3EzF89‚NP/45T\*`uN:=f@4=NBG>3I9<9;FL/4X6123FTKMKM3IE4FL7A13@7:=;1‚N:`‡1243FT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9
     

7:/E,/NA1a123EB3`u3I==<3IEh@7A=1<9IZ
;& ' KTT)( ISG/R1TAG*?  I <R1M6K#I
"=F8EBFLKM3>/9FTNP/7A5-KM3I7P9;H4=<3*G>N:/9F8EB3>=C9a1<24=3I3z`j7PG$1<N:=C91<27i1p7iˆ‡3IG11<243*@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3zN:` 7W=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3r9\B9m1<3>KnZpR243I93*F8EB3I/P1<F O3IE
@ 7:=<7:KM313I=<9f7A=<3!W ŒeFT5L5LFTNP/9fN:` .0/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9 Žf=NBG>3I9<9;3E*@k3>=a^3GN:/OEl•jŒe.mŽ § –|QŒlFT5L5TFLN:/O9fN:` .0/P1<3>=<=H@B1<9Ž‚=<NBG3I9<93IEr@O3I=RB3IGNP/E
•UŒe.mŽ #5P–$|4{qH4Kztk3>=N:`".P“@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9RŽ 3I=aB3IGNP/E•j{.JŽ4–$ZO/OG3J12439;3J1<24=3I36@7A=C7AKM31<3>=C927†g:3JtO3I3>/nEB31<3>=<KMFT/43E‰|B1<243
1<=F8EBFLKr3I/9FTNP/7A5‰KM3I7P9;H=3s•jaŒd–RG>7A/&tk3pN:tB1C7AFL/43IEht^\,H9FT/X*1<2436`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4Xr3~B@4=<3I9<9FTNP/LW
  •  §  

 j5    ‚–
 
  

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ; ILH1ISK ( TBGT=G6U Z‹ILKGIS? OQK#ISI ( N6H 
/TB?=T•H

^NPKM3M1FLKr39FT1tO3GNPKr39p/43G3I9<9<7A=<\e1NlEB3>13I=KMFL/43s123s3~^13I/P1z1NeDa24F8GC2_7A/]N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xl9\B9m1<3>K V:3>=</43I5oFL9p@=3I3>KM@B1<7:t45L3stQ\
24FLX:23>=‚@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3R1<7P9;VB9IZ"’-FLXZ §'< 924NiD9‚7:/r3>~B@O3I=FLKM3>/Q1<7:59;3>1fH4@M1<27i1 GI7A/sFL/EBF8G>7A13VP3>=</43>54@=3I3>KM@B1<7:t4FL5TFT1m\:Z-.0/W’-FTXOZ
§ < |P12436D 4a.mwq{ KMNBEBH45L3XP3>/43I=<7A13I9‚=<7:/EBN:K1<=FL@45L31<9EB3I/4NA1<FT/4Xz124=<3>3Jg:3I=;1<FLG>3I9fNA`ƒ7p1<=F87A/X:5L3:Z R243>=<37:=3/W=37A5TSU1<FTKM3q1<7:9VB9
(& & & WDa24F8GC2,=<3I7PEs1<243J1=<FL7:/4X:5L3qgP3>=1F8G3I9R7:/E,GI7A=<=\MN:H41RG>3>=1<7AFL/,@=NBG399FL/4X*7:/EO/7A5L5T\sNPHB1@HB1R12436N:=<FLX:FL/7A5O1=<FL7:/4X:5L3
gP3>=1 F8G3I9"1<N1<243a7A/7:5T\^I3>=-KrNBEBH5T3R1<24=NPH4X:2*KM3I9<97:X:3f@O7:9<9;FL/4XZ-D 4a.mwq{ ¦NP@O3I=<7A139-7A1o24FTXP243>= @4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT39ƒ1<27A/r=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3 1<7P9;VB9IZ
 

R2431FLKM3>’= =C9m1RFL/QgPN:VP3I9fD 4.mwq/{ r|47:/Es1<243>/hFT/^gPN:V:39f7r9;\B9;13IK G>7A5L5‡9;HGC2&7:9 @4=<N^G>3I9<9 G>=37i1<FTNP/ |B7A/EW9H4t93IYQH43I/Q15L\M1=<FTXPX:3>=C9

7nEBFTˆk3I=3I/Q1=37A5TSU1<FTKM3r1<7P9;V”•  '& & & B–J3I7PGC2€1<FTKM3:ZWR23W7A/7:5T\^>3I=pGN:KM@7:=391243M1<=F87A/4XP5T3MgP3>=1F8G3I9J=<3IG>3>FLg:3IEl`u=NPK¢1<243
D 4a.mw/{ 7:/Eh`u=NPK 123z=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3J1C7:9VkZ. ` 1243*9;\B9;13>K¤V:3I=/3>5 F89a/4N:1q@4=<3>3>KM@B1C7At45L3:|1243I/e3>gP3>/ntO3>`uN:=<3p123=37A5TSU1<FTKM361C7:9V
 

GI7A/r=37:Ep1<243R1=<F87A/4XP5T3gi7A5LH43:|i1<243a/43>~Q1‚931oNA`O1=<FL7:/4X:5L3g†7:5TH3I9 Nig:3I="Da=<FT13I9-1<243a587:9;1 XP3>/43I=<7A13Egi7A5LH43I9IZ"R23 1<FTKM3I=o`u=3YQH43>/G>FT39

7:=36gi7A=<FT3Eh7:/Eh12437:/7A5L\^>3I==<3I9H45T1<9a7:=36N:tO9;3I=gP3IE‰ZoR24361<FTKM3>=`u=3YPH3>/G>\,7i1Da24F8GC2ng:3I=;1<FLG>3I9X:3>1KrF89<9;3E•U7:9RF8EB3>/Q1<F 3E&tQ\
1<2437A/7:5T\^I3>=$–$|^FT/OEBFLGI7i1<3I9R1<243pD NP=<9;1aG>7:936V:3I=/43I5‰@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/,1<FTKM3PZ
TRIANG

Shared Memmory

Analyser
System Call

RT1 RT2 RTn

Output

Timer

’-FLX:H4=<3 §'< WoB31H@h`uNP=D4a.mwq{

œ    
"
Y [d3|=C9m1E4FL9<GH9<93IE&123zt7P9;F8G6`u3I7A1H4=<3I9127A1J7:/Q\&=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3zN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XW9\B9m1<3>K¤FL9=3YQH4FT=<3IE&1<N,9H4@4@kN:=1IZ^NPKM3NA`o1<243
FTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1a`u37i1<H4=39=<3IYQH4FL=3E&NA`‚7s=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3pNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XW9\^9;13IKn|FT`‚Fb1qF89a1<NWtk3zH93IE&`uNP=27A=CEn=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr37:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9
7A=<3!W‚2FTXP2&=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/nG>5TNBGCV&7A/Eh1FLKM3>=J9;3I=g^F8G3I9I|9;1<7A1F8G6@4=FLN:=<FT1m\,5L3>g:3I5L9I|45LNiD 1C7:9V,@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/n1<FTKM3I9*•uN:`-1<243NP=<EB3I=aNA`
7`u3ID¦KMFLG>=NQ9;3GNP/E49C–$|Q5TNiD¦FL/Q13I==<H4@B1R5L7A13I/G\M1<FTKM3:|B5LNifD 3mFT1;1<3>=aFL/hKM3>KMNP=\s7:GIG399I|B7A/Eh9;H4@@ONP=;1`uN:=R=<3I9N:H4=CG3q927:=FL/4X
7AKMN:/X*=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31C7:9VB9>Z
Y [d33~B@4587AFL/43IEWDa2Q\*1=C7:E4Fb1<FTNP/7A5kN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X*9;\B9;13>Ks9 9;HGC2h7:9fq/4FT~,7A/EM[‹FL/EBNiD97A=<3/4N:19H4Fb1C7At45L3`uNP= 2O7A=CEM=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZR[d3*@ONPFT/Q13EnN:HB1127A1q1<243Ks7AFL/l@4=<N:t45L3>Ks9R1<27i167s@4=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=aD NPH45LE&`j7PG3Da2FT5L3*EB3Ig:3I5TNP@4FT/XW7s=37A5TS
1FLKM3,7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/]H9FT/4Xlq/4FT~]7:=3WEB\^/7:KMFLGs@=FLN:=<Fb1m\€5T3Ig:3>5897:/E]/4N:/4Sv@4=<3>3IKM@B1<7:t45T3sVP3>=</43>5vZhR2N:H4XP2[‹FL/EBNiD9*{q
9;@kN:=1<9 Ks7:/Q\z@ONQ9;FT1FLg:3R`u37i1H=39-`uN:=‚=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3@=NPX:=C7AKMKMFT/4XO|†1243aDR7†\[‹FL/EBNiD9‚{”2O7A/EB5L3I9‚FT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9 KMFTXP2P1‚=<3I9H45T1
FT/&H4/^tkN:H4/E43IE&=39;@kN:/O9;3J1FLKM3I9R`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3J1<7P9;VB9IZ
Y [d39;H=gP3>\:3E1243 FTKM@kN:=1<7A/Q1 `u37i1<H4=39 N:`9;NPKr3fNA`^1243GNPKrKM3I=<G>FL7:5T5L\HO9;3E6=37A5TSU1<FTKM3‚NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xq9\^9;13IKs9>Z [3REBFL9<GHO993IE
Da2^\s`u=3I36=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IKs99;HOGC2&7PD9 4-D ƒFT/^HB~‰|  ?a6‡|O7A/E  \^/B~n7A=<3XQ7AFL/4FT/XrXP=NPH4/E‰Z
Y [d3p2FTXP245TFLX:2Q1<3IE,1243p@7:=<7:KM313I=<9t7P9;3E,NP/hDa2FLGC2&123p@O3I=;`uNP=Ks7A/OG3JNA` =37A5TSU1<FTKM369;\B9;13>Ks9GI7A/&tO3ptk3>/OGC24Ks7A=<V:3IE Z
    -œ  œ

5<

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 § ZqQ1<7A13WDa23123>=r\:N:H_G>N:/9FLE43>=1<243s`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/X€9m1C7i1<3>KM3>/Q1<91Nltk3 + 0 P N:M= S - 3 1  Z :HO9m1<Fb`u\]\:NPH4=z7:/9;D3>=zFT/c37:GC2
G>7P9;3PZ
•j7Q–W.0/e=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM|3  FL/^HB~t• 4-D ƒFT/^HB~–|O=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p@4=NBG>3I9<9;397A=<39GC23IEBH45L3IEe7A1@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9a2FTXP243>=q127:/n1243VP3>=</43>5ƒ@4=N:S
G>3I9<9;39>Z
•utO– V ’]9<GC243IEBH5TFL/4XN:`k1C7:9VB9‚F89 G>N:KMKMN:/45L\r9H4@4@kN:=13EMFT/hGN:KMKM3>=CGF87A5=37A5TSU1<FTKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9;\B9;13IKM99HGC2W7:9 Ž 6
7:/E /4 R‘zZ
•jGI–&ŽR6^.0‘ § " "!4Z [*•j=37A5TSU1<FTKM3a9;1<7A/OE47A=CE–-=<3IYQH4FL=39ƒ1<27i1‚=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3R@4=NBG>3I9<9;39 tO39<GC243IE4H45T3E*7A1‚@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9 24FLX:23>= 12O7A/
VP3>=</43>5‰@4=<NBG3993I9IZ
•jE–&q/EB3>=1<243p/4FT~,N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X*9\^9;13IKn|^G>N:KM@4HB1C7i1<FTNP/,FL/P1<3>/9FLg:31<7:9VB9 E4\Q/O7AKMFLGI7A5L5T\sXP=<7†g^FT1<7A13a1<Nr2FTXP243>=@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9IZ
•u3–h[‹243I/,Ž?Ž‹•j@4=<FTNP=FT1m\rG>3>FL5TFL/4Xp@4=<NA1<NBGN:5£– F89‚FLKM@45T3IKM3>/Q13EsFT/s[‹FL/EBNiD9 {q t^\M7A/W7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/M@4=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=I|:7:/^\
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3@4=<FTNP=FT1m\*5L3>gP3>589fGI7A/stk37:9<9FTXP/43IEr1<Np1<7P9;VB9f7:/EWG>3>FL5TFL/4Xgi7A5LH439 G>N:KM@4HB1<3IEsNP/M12439;3q1NzFLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1ŽR?Ž Z
•£`<–n{qN:=<KM7:5T5L\:|^1C7:9V,9DaFb1CGC24FT/X*1<FTKM3pF89a587A=<X:3>= 12O7A/&1<7P9;VW@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/&1<FTKM3:Z
•uX^– 31mD3>3I/93>XPKM3>/Q13Ed7:/E€g^FL=;1<H7A5‚7PE4EB=<3I9<9;FL/4Xn9GC23>KM3I9I| 1<243W9;3IX:KM3>/Q1<3IE7:E4EB=<3I9<9FT/4X&9GC23>KM3sD NPH458E€FL/dXP3>/43I=<7:5
FL/GH=5TNiD3>= 3mFT1;1<3>=FL/nKr3IKMN:=<\W7:G>G>3I9<9aGNPKr@O7A=<3IEs1<NM1243pg^FL=;1<H7A5 7PE4EB=<3I9<9;FL/4XM9GC23>KM3:Z
•u2O–&ŽR6^.0‘„F89n7A/ 7A1;13IKM@B1&t^\‹wq{J^. †. VVV1<N 3I/7At5T3d3~B3IG>HB1<7:t45TQ3 5L3I9,1NtO3@ONP=;1C7At45L3d7PG=<NP9<9WEBFTˆk3I=3I/Q1nq/4Fb~
Ks7:GC2FT/439>Z
•jF8–h. `*’-.m’ „9<GC243EBH45LFT/4X7AKMN:/Xc3IYQH7:5q@4=<FTNP=FT1m\ 1<7:9VB9WF89,/NA1&9H4@4@kN:=13E t^\ 7:/¦N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X”9;\B9;13IK&|1243I/¦FT/x7A/
FLKM@45T3IKM3>/Q1<7A1FLN:/ NA`6@4=<FTNP=FT1m\cG3IFT5LFT/X@=N:1NBGNP5•jŽ?Ž–r7i1s123eH9;3I=;S 5L3>g:3I5U|fN:/45L\”27:5b`JNA`J1243l7†gi7:FT587At45L3&@4=FLN:=<FT1m\
5L3>gP3>589aG>7A/&KM3I7:/4FT/XA`uH45L5T\htO37P99FLX:/43Es1NM1<24361<7P9;VB9IZ
7• 3–n^H@4@ONQ9;3r7W=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xh9;\B9;13>KEBN^3I9/4N:1J9H4@4@kN:=1qKM3>KMN:=<\n@4=N:13G$1FLN:/ƒ|4123>/d7W@4=NBG>3IEBH4=<3zGI7A5L5-7:/Ee7
9\B9m1<3>K¥GI7A5L5 7A=<3FL/EBF89;1FL/4X:H4F8927At45L3pFL/h1<27i1q9\B9m1<3>KnZ
•jVB–h[]7i1CGC2nE4N:Xr1FLKM3>=C9a7A=<31m\^@4F8G>7:5T5L\WH93IE,1NW9;1<7:=;193>/9N:=a7:/Eh7PG$1<H7i1<N:=a@4=<NBG3I9<9FT/4X*1<7P9;VB9a7A1R=<3>XPH4587A=RFT/Q1<3>=<g†7:5L9IZ
•j58–&’N:=sKM3>KMN:=<\cN:`69<7AKM3l9FTI3&H/EB3>=h9;3IX:KM3>/Q13E 7:/Eg^FT=1H7:57:E4E4=399FT/X9<GC243>KM39>| 1243l93>XPKM3>/Q13E7PE4EB=<3I9<9;FL/4X
9<GC243>KM36DN:H458E,FL/nX:3I/43>=C7A5‰FL/GH=a5TNiD3>=RKM3>KMN:=<\,7PG>G39”9 3mFT1;1<3>=qG>N:KM@7A=<3IE,1Nr1<243pg^FT=1H7:5 7:E4E4=399FT/Xr9<GC243>KM3PZ
•jKs–&’N:=6`j7:9;13I=6=39;@kN:/93*1FLKr3P|"7:/€3>K*tO3E4EB3Ed=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xn9;\B9;13>K /3>3IE9J1NntO3s=<H4/€`u=NPK„7 4aJŒ =<7A1243I=
1<27A/e7 4wqŒcZ
546Z V‚gP3>/h124NPH4X:2lG>5TNBGCVW`u=<3IYQH43I/G\hNA`oKMNBEB3>=</e@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=<9F89N:`-1<243NP=<EB3I=aNA`‚93>g:3I=<7:S5 P|ODa2^\hE4NWKs7A/^\,KMNBEB3>=</n=37A5TS
1FLKM3JNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X*9\B9m1<3>Ks9R/4N:1a9H4@4@kN:=1R/7A/4NQ9;3GNP/EsN:=R3Ig:3>/&KMFLG>=NQ9;3GNP/Es=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/&G5LN^GCVB9 h.m9RFb17i17:5T5‡@kNP9<9;FLt45L3`uNP=
7A/&N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IK 1<NM9H4@4@kN:=1/7:/4NP93IG>N:/E,=39;NP5THB1<FTNP/hG>5TNBGCVB9a7i1a@4=<3I93>/Q1 Vo~B@4587AFL/h24NiD 124F89GI7A/&tO37PGC24FT3Ig:3E
ZJFTgP37:/,3~47:Kr@5T3NA`"7z=37A5TSU1<FTKM37:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/W`uN:=Da24F8GC2h7*9;FLKM@45T3693>X:KM3I/P1<3IE,Kr3IKMN:=<\rKs7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q1 9H4@4@kN:=1t^\M1<243
4 q6lF896@4=<3`u3>=<=<3IE€7:/E7A/4N:1243I=J3>~47AKM@45L3*N:`7A/]7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/d`uN:=6Da24F8GC2dg^FL=;1<H7A5oKM3IKrNP=\eKs7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q1p9;H4@@ONP=;1pF89
3I9<9;3I/Q1F87A5vZ PH9;1FT`u\W\:NPH4=GC24NPFLG>3I9IZ
[OZa.m9aFT1q@ONQ99FLt45T361<NWKM3>3>11243*9;3I=g^F8G36=3YQH4FT=<3>KM3I/P1C9aNA` 27:=<E&=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr37:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9at^\,Da=<Fb1<FT/XW7:E4EBFT1FLN:/O7A5 587†\:3I=<9RNigP3>=
1243Wq/4FT~]^\B9;13>K V:3>=</43I5 . `R\:NPH4=p7A/9D3>=6FL9 ;/4N 4| 3>~^@5L7:FT/Da2^\l/4NA1 . `R\:N:H=7A/9D 3I=6FL9 \:39 |‰3~B@4587AFL/dDa27A1
7:E4E4Fb1<FTNP/7A5 `u37i1H=39pD NPH458E€\PN:HFTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1zFL/1243,3~^13I=/7:5o5L7†\P3>=6NA`a/Fb~c^\B9m1<3>K V:3>=</43I5o`uN:=9H4@4@kN:=1FL/4Xe27:=<E
=37A5TSU1<FTKM367A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9
 Zwq9 1<243qEB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3I=‚NA`‰27:=<Er=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr37:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>|:3~B@4587AFL/W9;NPKr3aN:`‡1243a`u37i1<H4=39 12O7i1f\PN:HMD NPH458E*=<3IYQH4FL=<376=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IK„e• 4 q64–R1Ns9;H@4@ONP=;1Z
a6 Z =FL3}\dFT/OEBFLGI7i1<3W24NiD/4FT~]E4\Q/O7AKMFLGI7A5L5T\=<3IGNPKM@4HB13961<7P9;Vd@4=<FTNP=FT1m\€gi7A5LH439>Z&[‹2^\dF89z9HGC2_=<3IGNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/]NA`R1C7:9V
@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9R=<3IYQH4FL=3E e[‹2O7i1q7A=<36123pFTKM@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9aNA`‚9HGC2n@4=<FTNP=FT1m\W=<3IGNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/9RNP/n=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/eEB3>gP3>5TS
N:@4KM3I/P1
BZa[‹27i1pF89J1243WE4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/G>3MtO3>1mD 3I3>/]9;\^/GC24=<N:/N:H9. :7:/E7:9\Q/OGC24=NP/4N:HO9q. P# r[‹27i1z7:=3*1243MFLKM@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/96N:`f1<243I93
1mD N*1m\^@O39aNA`-. : `uN:=a=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3p7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z
5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 < Z6Vo~B@4587AFL/W1<243p@4=<NP9a7A/OEhG>N:/9RN:` 9H4@4@kN:=1FL/4XMg^FT=1H7:5‰KM3>KMN:=<\WFL/&3IKztk3IE4E43IE&=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
 aZ [‹27i1JEBNs\:NPH&H/EB3>=C9;1<7A/OEht^\&KM3>KMN:=<\W@4=<NA1<3IG$1<FTNP/nFT/eNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XW9;\B9;13IKy@7:=587A/G>3:Za? N:KM@7A=<36123@4=<NP97:/EnGN:/O9aNA`
=3YQH4FT=<FL/4Xr7:/h3IKztk3IE4E43IE&=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XM9\B9m1<3>K„•t4 q64– 1Ns9H4@4@kN:=1Kr3IKMN:=<\W@4=<NA13G$1<FTNP/!
§ "4ZR[‹27i1F89123EBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/OG3ptk31mD3>3>/nt45LNBGCVW.:“7A/E&GC27:=<7PG$13I=R.:#p’N:=a3I7PGC2,1m\^@k3pNA`-.:*|BX:FLg:3p7:/h3>~B7:KM@45T3pN:`-7r1C7:9V
127A1a/43>3E49R1NMH93pFT1IZo[‹24F8GC2&1m\Q@k3pNA`-. : FL97PG>G>N:=CEB3IE,24FTXP243>=a@=FLN:=<Fb1m\st^\,q/4FT~ l[‹2^\
§P§ ZR[‹2^\,F89q/Fb~  /4NP/BS @4=3I3>KM@B1<FTgP3pFT/eVP3>=</43>5 KMNBEB3 NiD EBNs`uH45L5T\&@4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3VP3>=</43>589Rt7:93IEnNP/e/4FT~]•j3:Z XDZ  FL/^HB~–
Nig:3I=<G>N:KM3o12FL9o@=NPt45T3IK =<FT3>}\EB39G>=FLtO3a7:/*3>~^@k3>=<FLKr3I/Q1<7A54931oH4@*12O7i1fG>7:/*tk3RH93IE*1NpEB3>13>=<KMFT/3 1<243a@4=<3>3IKr@41<7AtFT5TS
Fb1m\,NA`oEBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13>Ks9Rt^\,2FTXP2BSv@=FLN:=<Fb1m\s=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3J1<7:9VB9RDa243>/e7r5LNiD @4=<FTNP=FT1m\s1C7:9VW27:9RKs7PEB37M9;\B9;13>K
G>7:5T5vZ
§ 5BZ^H4@4@kNP93612O7i1q\PN:Hn27†g:3J1<N,9;3I5T3G$1q7s9H4FT1<7At5T3zG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=a`uNP=q7M@4=<NBG3I9<9G>N:/Q1=<N:5 7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/ƒ|4N:HB1NA`‚9;3Ig:3I=<7:5‡7†gi7:FT587At45L3
GNPKr@HB13I=<9IZƒ[=FT13`uNPH4=oFTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1o@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3 @7:=<7:KM313I=<9-Da24F8GC2r\:N:H*D NPH458E*G>N:/9FLE43>= FT/Mtk3>/GC2KM7:=V^FL/4XJ=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
GNPKr@HB13I=9;\B9;13>Ks9IZoq,3 /436123I93p@7A=C7AKM31<3>=C9R7A/Eh3~B@4587AFL/nDa2Q\W1243I\h7A=<3JFTKM@kN:=1<7A/Q1aFL/&=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9IZ
§ 4ZDVo~B@4587AFL/”1<243n1FLKM3l9;3I=g^F8G39r127A1,7d=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3nN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X_9\^9;13IK e• 4 q64–sFL9M3>~^@k3IG13E”1<Nc9;H@4@ONP=;1Z¦w589;NO| t=FL3}\
24FLX:245LFTXP2Q1R2NiDx9HGC2,1<FTKM3I=q9;3I=g^F8G397:=3JFLKr@5T3IKr3I/Q13IEnFL/e7r=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IKnZ
§ [ZR[‹27i1aF897A/&N:@k3>/e9\B9m1<3>K n[‹27A1q7A=<3FT1<97PEBgi7A/Q1<7:X:39G>N:KM@7:=3Es1NW7MG>5TNQ9;3Eh9\B9m1<3>K
§ ZR[‹27i1aF897rD7A1<GC2E4N:X*1FLKr3I= Vo~B@4587AFL/,1<243pH93JN:` 7rDR7i1CGC2EBN:X*1FLKM3>=HO9;FL/4Xs7A/&3~47AKM@45L3:Z
§a DZ  F89m1M`uNPH4=sFTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1r`u3I7A1H4=<3I9r1<27i1W7]Ž6B.0‘ § ""4Z [ e• 43I7A5TS0RFTKM3e9m1C7A/E7A=CE–zG>N:KM@45LFL7:/Q1MNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X]9;\B9;13>K KzH9;1
9;H@4@ONP=;1Z .m9f@4=<3>3IKM@B1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\rN:` V:3I=/43I5O@=NBG3993I9f=3YQH4FT=<3IEWtQ\sŽR6^.0‘ § ""!Z [ &?7:/,7zq/4FT~QS t7P9;3EsN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X*9;\B9;13>K
H9FT/4Xr1<243p@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/BS @ONPFT/Q1R13GC24/4F8YPH3G587AFLK1NMtk3Ž6^.0‘ § ""!Z [rGNPKr@5TF87A/Q1 V‚~B@45L7:FT/&\:NPH4=7A/O9;D3>=C9>Z
§ ^Z^H4@4@kNP93p\:NPH&7:=361<243pKs7A/^HB`j7PG$1H=3I=NA`o9;Ks7:5T5 3IKztk3IE4E43IEeGNPKM@ONP/43>/Q1<9RHO9;3EnKM7:FT/5T\hFT/eGNP/9H4KM3>=3I5T3G$1=<N:/FLGI9RX:N^NBE49
9;HOGC27P9W7AHB1<N:KMN:tFT5L3I9I| ŒlŽ @45L7†\P3>=C9>|7A/E G>N:KM@4HB1<3>=Svt7P9;3Ec1<Ni\B9>Z‹[N:H458E\:NPH @4=<3`u3I=s1N_HO9;3eŽ O6‡|‚[‹FL/k’? V|‚NP=
4 qS ƒFT/^HB~,FL/n\:NPH4=R3>Kztk3IEEB3IEnGNPKM@ONP/43>/Q1 Vo~B@4587AFL/,1<243p=37:9N:/9 tk3>24FL/En\:NPH4=a7A/9D3>=Z
§ < DZ Vo~B@4587AFL/M24NiD FT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9f7:=32O7A/EB5L3IEWFT/s[‹FL/EBNiD9{q61Z Vo~B@4587AFL/M24NiD1243FT/Q13I==<H4@B1@4=<N^G>3I9<9;FL/4X9<GC243>KM3N:`‰[‹FT/E4NiD9
{q KM7:V:39RFb1H4/O9;H4FT1<7:t45L36`uN:=a27:=<Eh=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9I<Z NiDx27:91<24FL9@4=NPt45L3>K tk3>3I/&NigP3>=CGNPKr3FT/n[‹FL/k’? V
§  ZR[‹FT/OEBNiD96{q“EBN^39/NA16@4=Nig^F8EB3M7A/^\e9;H4@@ONP=;1J1Nn9;\^/GC2=NP/4FTI3*7PG>G399NA` 1<7P9;VB9q1NnG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5 =39;NPH4=CG3I9I8Z Vo~B@4587AFL/€24NiD
=39;NPH4=CG3927:=FL/4Xs7AKMN:/Xz1C7:9V^9aGI7A/&tO39H4@4@kN:=13E‰Z
5"4ZR[dNPH458Ec\:NPHc=<3IGNPKMKr3I/E”q/4FT~ ^\B9m1<3>K ¥1NtO3nH93IEc`uN:=M7l`u3ID =37A5TSU1<FTKM3,1<7:9VB9*`uN:=r=H4//4FT/X7dE47i1C7d7PG>YQH4F89;FT1FLN:/
7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:!/ nw99H4KM3J127A11<243GNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/,1FLKr36`uNP=12439;3J1<7P9;VB9RF89RNA`"12436N:=CEB3I=N:`ƒ`u3ID 2^H4/EB=<3IE9RNA`"KMFL5T5LF89;3GN:/OE49
7A/E,123EB3I7PEB5TFL/436NA`-123I9361<7:9VB9FL9aN:`ƒ1<243pN:=CEB3>=aN:`-93>gP3>=C7A5k13I/9aNA` 9;3GNP/E49IZ PH9;1FT`u\,\PN:H4=a7A/O9;D3>=Z
5 § DZ Vo~B@4587AFL/W1<2436@4=NPt45L3>Ks9 127A1R\PN:H&D NPH458EW3>/OGN:H/P1<3>=|^Fb` \:NPHW1=<\s1<NrEB3Ig:3I5TNP@&7:/EW=<H4/n7*2O7A=CEW=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr367A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/hN:/
1243p[‹FL/EBNiD9a{ NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XM9;\B9;13>KnZ
55BDZ NiD FL9‚1243aFL/Q13>XP=FT1m\zN:`O1<243VP3>=</43>54E47A1<7p9;1=<HG$1<H4=<3a@4=39;3I=gP3IE*FT/Wq/4FT~ ¦FL/M1243R`j7PG3N:`k@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/O9oNA`k1243qV:3>=</43I5BtQ\
FT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9‚7:/EM24FLX:243I=f@4=<FTNP=FT1m\=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3a1<7P9;VB9 ,[‹2^\MEBN^3I9‚124F89o1<3IGC24/4F8YQH43/4N:1fDN:=<V*9HG>G>3I9<9m`uH45L5L\*FL/s@4=<3I93>=<gQFL/4X61<243
FT/Q1<3>X:=<FT1m\,NA` 1<243V:3I=/3>5"E7i1<7s9;1=<HG1H4=<3I9qFT/eK*H45b1<FT@=NBG399N:=qFTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1C7i1FLN:/O9 o3I=\&t4=<FT3>}\h3>~B@45L7:FT/n1<243FLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1
7A@4@=NQ7:GC2439‚1<27i127†gP36tO3I3>/e7:EBNP@B13EW1<NsNig:3I=<G>N:KM3q1<24F89a@4=<N:t45L3>K N:`-Ks7:VQFL/4Xs/Fb~^S t7:93IE&9;\B9;13IKM9a9H4FT1<7:t45T36`uNP=a=37A5TS
1FLKM37A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/&E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1IZ
5!4ZD=FL3}\3~B@4587AFL/cDa2^\1243,1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5 q/4FT~cV:3>=</43I5fF89z/4N:1r9H4FT1<7At5T3,1N€tk3,HO9;3EcFL/”7lK*H45b1<FT@=NBG399N:=z3>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P1Z
Vo~B@4587AFL/h7s9@4FL/h5LNBGCV,7A/En7rV:3I=/3>5TSv5L3>gP3>5‡5TNBGCV,7:/E&EBFL9<GHO991<243>FL=H936FT/n=<3I7A5LFL>FL/4Xr7M@=3I3>KM@B1FLg:36VP3>=</43>5vZ
5J[ZR[‹27i1qE4Ns\:N:H&H4/E43>=C9m1C7A/E&t^\,7MKMFLG>=NPV:3I=/43I5bS t7P9;3EsN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>K QV‚~B@45L7:FT/h1237:EBgi7A/Q1C7AX:39RNA`o7rKrF8G=<N:VP3>=</43>5TS
t7:93IEh=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XM9\B9m1<3>K NigP3>=a7rKMN:/4NP5TFT124F8G6N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>KyFL/e9;H@4@ONP=;1<FT/Xr=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3J7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>Z
"

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 5 ZR[‹27i1rFL9*1<243&E4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/G>3htk31mD3>3I/”7lKMF8G=<N:VP3>=</43>5TSvtO7:93IE=37A5TSU1<FTKM3hN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X9;\B9;13>K 7:/Ec7EBH7A5V:3I=/3>5=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XW9\B9m1<3>Kn6Z JFTgP3z7A/e3>~47AKM@45L3NA`o3I7PGC2 Zq? N:KM@7:=361<243@4=<NP97:/EeGNP/9N:` 1243z1mD NW7:@4@4=<NP7:GC23I91NhEB3>gP3>5LN:@4FL/4X
7r=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IKnZ
5 a ZR[‹27i1pF89p7&=37A5TSU1<FTKM3 5L3M9\B9m1<3>K [‹27A1z7:E4EBFT1FLN:/O7A5 `u3I7A1H4=<3I9pE4NQ39p7&=37A5TSU1<FTKM-3 5T3W9\B9m1<3>K„9H4@4@kN:=1GNPKr@O7A=<3IEe1<N
1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5 5L39;\B9;13>Ks9 n[‹2^\WF89aH93JN:` 7r=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM/3 O5T3p9\^9;13IKy3993>/Q1F87A5‡FL/n27A=CE,=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9
5 ^ZR[‹27i1pF896123ME4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/G>3stO3>1mD 3I3>/]7n9;\B9;13>K G>7A5L5‚7A/OE7h`uH4/OG$1FLN:/_GI7A5L5 [‹27A1p@4=NPt45L3>Ks9>|ƒFb`a7A/^\:|ƒKrFLX:2Q1z7:=F89;3rFT` 1<243
9;\B9;13IKyG>7:5T589a7A=<3FL/EBF89;1FL/4X:H4F8927At45L36`u=<N:K @4=<NBG3EBH4=<36GI7A5L5L9
5 < DZ Vo~B@4587AFL/l24NiD 7h=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3*N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X&9;\B9;13IK¢EBFbˆ‡3>=C9`u=NPK¢7W1<=<7PEBFT1FLN:/7:5"NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>KnZ{q7:KM3r7,`u3>D =37A5TSU1<FTKM3
N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IKs9127A1q7A=<36G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5L5T\W7†gi7:FT587At45L3:Z
5  ZR[‹27i1F89R1<243EBFTˆk3I=3I/G3tk31mD3>3I/e7r93>5T`£S 24NP9;1q7A/En7M24NQ9m1SU1C7A=<X:3>1t7P9;3E&3>Kztk3IEEB3IE&N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XM9\B9m1<3>K @JFTgP37i1a5T37:9;1
N:/43n3>~B7:KM@45T3eN:`67]G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5GNPKMKr3I=<G>FL7:5aN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X_9\B9m1<3>K `u=<N:K 3I7:GC2 G>7A13IX:N:=<\:Z [‹27A1,@4=<N:t45L3>Ks9MDN:H458E7A/
=37A5TSU1<FTKM367A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/nEB3>gP3>5LN:@k3>=aKMFTXP2Q1`j7PG3pDa24FL5L3JHO9;FL/4X 4 qS ƒFT/^HB~,`uN:=EB3Ig:3>5LN:@FT/4Xr27:=<Eh=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9
"4ZR[‹27i1FL97A/eN:@k3>/l9NA`£1mDR7A=<3 N^3I9q7:/eN:@k3>/l9NA`£1mDR7A=<36KM7:/E47A13@kN:=1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\hN:`-1<2433>~^3GHB1C7At45L83 5L3I97:G>=NQ99aEBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1
@4587i1;`uNP=Ks9 €{7AKM3z7:/&NP@O3I/l9;N:`£1mD7:=3p9;1<7:/E47A=CEh`uN:==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>Ks9>Z[‹27A1qFL91243*7:EBgi7A/Q1C7AX:36N:`-H9FL/4X
7A/&N:@k3>/n9;N:`£1mD7:=3JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XM9\B9m1<3>K`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/nEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3I/P1
§ ZR[‹27i1,7:=3&1<243eFTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1M`u37i1H=39sEBN^3I9W7=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3e7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/ EB3Ig:3>5LN:@k3>=s3>~B@O3G$1s`u=<N:K 7=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3&NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9;\B9;13IK nwq/7A5L\^>361<NrDa2O7i13~^1<3>/Q17A=<31<243I936`u3I7A1H4=<3I9R@=Nig^F8EB3IE,tQ\,[‹FT/E4NiD9{q 7A/E&/Fb~ zZ
5BZR[‹27i1EBNM\PN:H&H4/EB3I=<9;1<7:/E,t^\,7r24NQ9m1SU1C7A=<X:3>1 1m\^@k3JN:`"=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3JNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XM9;\B9;13>K JFLg:3J1mDNsGN:KMKM3>=CGF87A5‡3>~B7:KM@45T39
NA`f2NP9;1;Sv1<7A=<X:3>11m\^@k3MNA` =<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xn9;\B9;13>KnZ Vo~B@4587AFL/€1<243s7A=CGC24Fb1<3IG1H4=<3*N:` 9HGC27:/dNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xn9;\B9;13>K¢7:/E
7A589;Nr3~B@4587AFL/&24NiDx7r=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3p7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/nG>7:/htk3EB3Ig:3>5LN:@k3IE&NP/&7r24NQ9m1SU1C7A=<X:311m\^@O3pN:`"NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13>KnZ
4ZR.mEB3>/Q1<Fb`u\,7A15L3I7P9m1`uN:H=FLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q17:EBgi7:/P1C7AXP3I9‚N:`"H9FL/4X q~B[dNP=VB9R7:9 123JNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X*9\B9m1<3>K`uNP=R5L7:=XP3q27:=<E,=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9RGNPKM@7A=<3IE,1NMH9FT/XMq/4FT~ zZ 4Z
[ZR[‹27i1nF89e7A/ NP@O3I/x9NA`£1mDR7A=<3 [‹2O7i1l7A=<3€1<243@4=NQ9n7A/ExGN:/O9hN:`zH9FT/X 7:/ NP@O3I/x9NA`£1mDR7A=<3€@4=<NBEBHG$1nFL/x@4=<N:XP=<7:K
EB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3I/P1|4GNPKr@O7A=<3IEs1<NsH9FT/4Xs7:/h3YPHFTgi7A5L3>/Q1a@4=<N:@4=<FL31<7:=\s@=NBEBHG1
 ZR[‹27i1FL9 7A/WNP@O3I/,9N:H4=CG39;1<7:/E47A=CE qNiDF89 Fb1REBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1 `u=NPK NP@O3I/WN:Jt 3m3G$1R7A/EMNP@O3I/Wt4FL/7A=<\r9;1<7:/E47:=<E49 JFTgP39N:KM3
3~47AKM@45L3I9N:`-@kN:@4H5L7:=aN:@k3>/e9;NPH4=CG369;N:`£1mD7:=3J@4=<N^E4HG$1C9>Z
a Zq?7A/KzH45T1FT12=37:EBFL/4Xn=39;H5b1pFL/d`j7P9m1<3>=6=<3I9@ONP/9;3r1<FTKM3I9,•jGNPKM@7A=<3IEl1Ne9;FL/4XP5T3r12=37:EB3El1C7:9V^9C–3>gP3>/FT/]H4/4FL@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=
9;\B9;13IKM9 Vo~B@4587AFL/&\:N:H=R7:/9D 3I=R7:/E&FLE43>/Q1FT`u\W1<243p=37:9N:/9 1<NM9H4@4@kN:=1\:NPH4=a7A/9D3>=Z
^ZDVo~B@4587AFL/dDa2^\€1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5q•u/N:/BS =37A5TSU1<FTKM3†–qNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13IKM9/43>3E1NlEB\^/7:KrF8G>7:5T5L\dGC2O7A/4XP3*1<243W@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\l5L3>gP3>5896NA`
1<7P9;VB9IZ-[‹2O7i1F891243pFLKM@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/nNA`"124F89R`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/nEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q1aH9FT/XM9HGC2n7A/nN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>KnZ
 › :›žo› (na›¡
 § 3I/4/4399\ PN:2/ fZO7:/En7†g^F8EewZOŽo7A1;1<3>=C9;NP/
Z H<CE ^?@7)5 5 A2?@7 )?L^587K^ 9<W ?LA2?@9<?BA2OP7  EEF5#H/9 BZŒeN:=<XP7:/ p7:HB`£S
Ks7A/4/eŽfH4t45LFL9243>=C9IJ| 5""4Z

 5  p7AD = 4pZ Ž Z7:/EhŽ NP=;1<3>= M<Z 4a2437A589m1<N:/43 h7r=37A5TSU1<FTKM3JtO3I/GC24Ks7A=<V^FT/Xr@=NP@ONQ97:5UZ  5)YH  Q
 H3^5GWF9J; |4’43It4=HO7A=<\ §  <  Z
  =F87A/eB7:/P1<N< Z V‚K*tO3E4EB3EhtO7i1;1<5T36=<Ni\P7:5T3PZ E7 )?L5^Cr|^@7AXP3ID9 a [15B|^q3G3IKztk3>/= 5"" § Z

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 
 


!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%././$0*213"4(+*'576 89"%:+!;*'6<1:+!=">8*06/?>$0@BAC!3*06/?D*',-./$0!3,-!=67(+!=EF5>6GE/*08H(:+*'A IJ(!#EK./$2"4(LM5>:+,-8=NPORQ/!3:+!">:!,-">6S@D:+!="78H576 8

QT @;EJ*28U(+:*0A/IJ(+!=E*',-./$0!3,-!=67(V"4(+*'576 8R"%:+!W 6<EJ*'6 ?XLY"[Z75>I/:#N]\6 !*0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(_:+!="78H576;*28`(+Q "4(*'(*08_5%La(+!36b15^8U(&c!3dC!#1e(*0Z>!(59Q "[Z>!f"
S
EJ*28H(:+*'A/I/(!=Eg8H57$'IJ(+*'576-I 8H*06/?,h">6^@i./*0!=1!#8j5>Lk1VQ !="%.hQ<"%:VE ">:!7l%:V"4(Q !3:](+Q "%6hQ "[ZS*06/?"1!=6^(:V"%$0*'m=!=Ekl^8H57./Q/*28U(+*01="4(!#EklS"%6 Eh13578H($0@
,h">1VQ *'6/!7NXn/I :H(+Q/!3:#lk,h"%6S@o:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!9"%././$0*213"4(+*'576 8p"%:+!X*0T 6/Q/!=:!=67(+$'@qE/*08H(:+*'A IJ(!#E T *'(QPEJ*'dC!=:!=67(8!36 85>:V8">6 Er"71e(+I "4(+5>:V85>Ls"
8@J8U(+!3,t. $0"71!=ED"4(?7!357?>:V"%./Q/*213">$'$0@o8H!=. "%:V"4(+!i$05J13"%(*05>6 8=Nhu6/5>(Q/!=:.<57*'6^(?75>*06/?*06DLY"[Z>57I/:p5%LEJ*08H(:+*0A/IJ(!#ED*',-./$0!3,-!36^(V"4(*05>6<8
*28pLY"%I $v(&)(+5>$0!3:V"%6 13!>N;n ">I/$'(H&c(5>$0!3:V"%6<1!9*08Z7!3:+@rEJ!#8H*0:+">A/$0!iLM57:8"%LM!(U@^&w1:+*v(+*01="%$j"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6 8">6 EB*v(X*28!#">8*'!=:(+5o./:+54Z^*2EJ!9LY"%I $v(&
(+5>$0!3:V"%6 13!i*06DE/*08H(:+*'A IJ(!#EB*0,-./$0!3,-!36^(+"%(*05>6 8f(+Q "%6P1!=6^(:V"%$0*'m=!=Er8@J8U(+!3,h8=N9u$'$`E/*08H(:+*'A IJ(!#EB:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!98@J8U(+!3,h8"%:+!9A ">8!=Er5>6
">6I/6<EJ!3:+$'@S*06/?h157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>66/!( T 5>:+xyNzORQ !=8!f6 !( T 5>:+xS8R">:!f!{J.C!=1e(+!=E(5;E/!3$0*'Z7!3:,-!=8+8">?>!#8s*06b"9(*0,9!=$'@gLY">8Q/*05>6|N
}D!i1="%6BE/!W 6/!i:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!915>,-,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576r">85>6 ! Q/!=:!X(Q/!-"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8,-">x>!98H.C!=13*vW<1i~^I "%$0*v(U@b5>Ls8H!=:ZS*21!XE/!3,h"%6 E 8
(+5-(Q/!135>,-,XI/6 *01="4(*05>66/!3( T 57:xg8I 1VQb">8,h"%{S*0,XI ,EJT!=$0"[@7lJ,-"%{J*',iI/,€$0578+8R:+"%(!7lJ!(+1>N'C"%6 Eg(Q !6/!( T 5>:+xh5>6<1!*'(">1313!3.J(V8"
135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576g?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8`(Q/!p:+!=~^I/!=8H(!#Eg8!3:+ZS*013!f~^I ">$'*'(U@>N]O:+"7EJ*v(+*'576 "%$y6/!3( T 57:x-./:+5%(+5J15>$28R8HI<1VQ">8R‚j(Q/!=:6/!3("%:+!fEJ!#8H*0?>6 !=Eh(+5
EJ!=$'*0Z>!=:-ƒHAC!=8H(R!3dC57:H(V„9.<!=:HLM57:,h"%6<1!>N]u AC!=8H(!dy5>:(R6 !( T 5>:+x-8H(:+*0Z>!=8s(+5-"71VQ/*0!3Z>!f?>5S5JE"[Z>!3:V"%?7!.C!3:LM5>:+,-">6 1!7lJ"%6 E,h"%x>!#8_6/5
"%(H(!=,-.J((+5,-!=!(f(Q/!9*'6<EJ*'ZS*2EJI ">$zE/!=">E/$'*06/!=85%L`(+">8xJ83NpORQ/!#8H!i6/!( T 5>:+xJ8"%:+!X*06^(!=6 EJ!=EqLM5>:fI 8!i*06B">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8 T Q/!=:!i$'576/?
EJ!=$0"[@J8f"%6 EqQ/*'?7QBE/"%(+"g$'5^88I/6 EJ!=:pQ/!="[ZS@$'5^">Eq135>6 EJ*'(*05>6<8f">:!9">1=1!3./(+"%A $'!7N†‡(p*08f6/!=!=EJ$0!=8+8(5b8"[@(Q<"4(8HI 1VQr6/!( T 5>:+xJ8"%:+!
*06 8IJˆ;1*0!36^(LM5>:I 8!p*'6b:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p">././$0*01="4(+*'576 83N
†w6‰(Q *081VQ "%.J(+!3:#l !bW :V8H(gEJ*08+1I<888H57,9!oA<">8*01o135>6 13!3.J(V8;1576 1!=:6/*06/?P:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!q135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'576|N ŠSI A 8H!#~^I/!36^($0@>l !
135>6 8*0E/!3:Q 5 T :+!=">$v&c(*0,-T !X157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6o13">6qAC!i8I/./.C5>:(!=Eb*06q,iI/$v(+*'. $'!-">1=1!=8+86/!3( T 57:xJ8=Nn‹*'6 ">$'$0@>l T !XEJ*2813I 88Q/5 T :!#T"%$'&
(+*',-!157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6b13">6AC!8HI ./.<57:H(+!=E*06. "71Vx>!3(H&w8 T *'(+1VQ/!#Eg6 !( T 5>:+xS8=N
Œ Ž‘“’o”•–˜—i™š›•”+œCž=‘• Ÿ—i‘“‘¢¡o£ož3¤f¥zž—9£¦ž=£¨§t’o’o”3ž3¤f¥zž3—i£b–
†w6o(+Q/*28f8!=1(*05>6 T !iEJ*28+1I 8+8";LM! T "%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6 8 T Q/5^8H!X8+"4(+*08HLY">1(57:@gLMI/6 1e(+*'576/*06/?*28Q/!="[ZS*0$'@bEJ!3.C!36<EJ!36^(576o(Q !iI/6<EJ!3:+$'@S*06/?
6/!3( 57:xy© 81="%. ">A/*0$'*'(U@b(5b8HI ./.<57:H(p:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!-157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6|N}D!h8HQ 5>I/$2EqAC!=">:(+Q/!=8!h"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8*'6D,-*'6<E Q/*0$0!i(+:@S*06/?
(+5rI/T 6 E/!3:V8U(V"%6 EPZ4"%:+*05>I 8*28+8HI/!#8*06K:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!15>,-,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576 8XE/*08+1I 8+8!=EP$2"4(!=:X*06ª(Q *08i1VQ "%.J(+!3:#NrO:+"7EJ*v(+*'576 "%$0$0T @>l‹:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!
135>,-,XI/6 *01="4(*05>6<8 T !=:!I<8H!#E-*'6hQ ">:+E-">6 Eh8H5>La(`:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!">././$0*01="4(+*'576 8]:+I/6/6/*06/?*06;EJ*28U(+:*0A/IJ(+!=Eh./:+5J1!#88]135>6^(:+5>$ ">././$0*01="4(+*'576 8
8I 1VQP">8.C5 T !=:p./$0">6^(+8=l"[ZS*'576/*2138=l«1VQ/!3,-*213">$]./:5J13!=8+815>6^(+:57$)l|">IJ(57,957A/*0$'!#83l!(+1>N;¬5 T !3Z7!3:#lk(Q/!;13I/:+:!=67("7EJZ4"%6 13!3,-!36^(+8p*06
135>,-,XI/6 *01="4(*05>6(!#1VQ/6/57$'57?>*0!=8RQ "78,h">EJ!*'(.<5^88*0A/$'!pLM57:8I/./.C5>:(*06/?h"%././$0*213"4(+*'576 8*06b,-">6S@EJ*'dC!=:!=6^("%:+!=">8R8I 1VQo">8=­jZS*0E/!35
A/:+57"7E/13"78U(">6 EP"%././$0*213"4(+*'576 8p5>6D(+Q/!;†w6^(!=:6/!3(X8HI<1VQP"78pA "%6 x^*06/?<l‹8H(5J1Vxo(+:+"7EJ*'6 ? l«!3&‡135>,-,-!3:V1!7l«!(V1%N†w6B(+Q/!hLM57$'$05 T *'6 ? l T !
:+!3ZS*0! T "iLM! T 5>L«(Q !=8!"%././$0*213"4(+*'576 8=N
®°¯ ±k²³‡¯/´>µ=²¶[·)±¸º¹²«µ#»<¼F¯Jµ=·)»<±s½g†w6F">6F"%I/(5>,h"%(!=EªLY">1e(+5>:+@D"B8H!3(i5>L:57A<5>(+8913"%:+:+@r5>I/(X(Q !,h"%6SIJLY"71e(+I/:*06/?r"71e(+*'ZS*'(*0!=8=N
¬!3:+!>l%(+Q/!6 !( T 5>:+xX8H.<"%6 8j"X8H,h"%$0$ ?7!357?>:V"%./Q/*21_"%:+!="p*06;"¾«u¿À!36SZS*':+5>6 ,9!=6^(=NORQ !:57A<5>(+8j135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+!"%,-5>6 ?p(Q/!=,-8!3$0Z>!#8
">6 E T *v(+Qb(Q/!135>6^(:+5>$0$'!=:I 8*'6/?h"-:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'576. :5>(5J157$k*',-./$0!3,-!36^(+!=Eb5>6b" T *0:!=$'!#88R,-!=E/*'I/,ÂÁY8!3!n‹*0? NRÃ>Ã>ÄN
ORQ/!15>6^(+:57$'$0!3:j135^57:+E/*'6 "%(!#8‹(Q/!f">1e(+*'ZS*'(*0!=8]5>Ly(Q/!:+5>AC5%(#N‹ORQ !,-!=8+8">?>!=8](Q "%(j(Q/!:57A<5>(+8j135>,-,XI/6 *01="4(! *'(Q;(Q/!135>6^(:+5>$0$0!3:
:V"%6/?7!fLM:57,€6/576J&‡13:*'(*213">$k"%6 E6/576J&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p$'57?>?>*06/?-*06JLM5>:+,h"4(*05>6(5hQ *'?7Q/$'@1:+*v(+*01="%$«">6 EQ "%:VE:!#"%$'&)(+*',-T !15767(+:57$k*'6/LM5>:+,-"%&
(+*'576|N]¿"4(+I/:V"%$0$'@7l>(+Q/!:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6;8@S8H(!=, T 57I/$0E-AC!p13"%$0$0!=E-I/.C5>6h(+5i8I/./.C5>:(`(+Q/!=8!135>,-,XI/6 *01="4(*05>6h:+!=~^I/!#8U(V8
T *'(Q T *2EJ!3$0@gZ4"%:+@S*'6 ?98!3:+ZS*013!p~^I ">$'*'(U@;:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8=N
¹²«µ#»<¼K¯/µ=ÅSÆDÇiȋÅ^¼F·Y´>¯ ÉCʯ/´%µ#» ¶[Ë]½Ìs5>6 8*0E/!3:z"1VQ/!=,-*01="%$^LY">1(5>:+@ T Q/*21VQXI 8!=8‹*'(+8‹!{J*28U(+*'6/?p¾«u¿Í8H!3(‹I/.iLM5>:]135>6^(:+5>$0$'*06/?">6 E
Î

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ROBOT ROBOT

ROBOT

CONTROLLER

ROBOT

‹n *'?7I/:+! Î ­j5>AC5%(Ìs57,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6*'6o"%6buI/(5>,h"%(!=Ebn<">1e(+5>:+@
ROBOT

,-5>6 *v(+5>:+*'6/?9(+Q/!. ">:+">,9!3(!=:+8R5>L(+Q/!X1VQ/!=,9*213">$k./$2"%6^(5>6o"-:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!fA<">8*08=NsORQ/!8!36<8H57:+8_(+:+">6 8H,-*'((Q/!8+"%,-./$0!=Eb.<"%:V"%,-!(+!3:

Z4"%$0I/!#8i"%(i.C!3:+*'5JEJ*21;*06^(!3:+Z4"%$28(+5q(+Q/!135>,-./IJ(+!3:i(Q "%(9"71e(+89">8X(Q !1576^(:+5>$0$'!=:=NrORQ !135>6^(:+5>$0$'!=:X157,-./IJ(!#8(+Q/!b15>:+:+!=1e(+*'576 8
6/!#1!#88+"%:+@q(+5o(Q/!. "%:V"%,-!3(!3:V8">6 ED(:V"%6 8,-*v(V8(+Q/!=8!h(5r(Q/!">1e(+I "4(+5>:V8">8i"%6 E T Q !36K:+!=~^I/*0:!#EkNoORQ/!=8!13:*'(*213">$`">1(*0ZS*v(+*'!#8
./:+5J1!=!=E"%$05>6/? T *v(+Qb5%(Q !3:6/576J&‡13:*'(*213">$|">1(*0Z^*'(*0!=88I 1VQb">8R$05>?7?>*06/? lS!&‡,h"%*0$08=l/"%6<E8I/:+Z>!=*'$0$0">6 1!7lS!(+1>N
±yµ#Å^¶[±‹Å^µ ‹¯ #ÅSÆ i¯/± |·Y±‹¸ ¹ ‹É)·Y´7¯Jµ=·)»<± >½†w6F"%6F†w67(+!3:+6/!(&cA<">8!=EPA ">6/xS*'6/?D"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6|lzA ">6/xª1I 8H(57,9!=:+8i13">::+@r57IJ(
(+Q/!3*0:A ">6/xS*'6/?9(+:+">6 8"71e(+*'576 8RI 8*'6/? T !3AbA/:+5 T 8H!=:+8_*06(Q/!X135>,9LM5>:(5%L‹(Q/!=*':Q/5>,-!=8=N`ORQ/57I/?>Q(Q *08*08R5>La(!36q135>6 8*2EJ!3:+!=Eg(5hAC!

   

Z7!3:+@XEJ!=8*0:+">A/$'!7l4LM5>:j(Q/*28z(Q !†w67(+!3:+6/!(jA<"%6/xS*06/?"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8z6/!=!=Ei(5AC!!3{^(+:!=,-!3$0@X8H!#1I/:+!"%6<Ei:+!3$0*2"%A/$0!EJI/!R(5p(+Q/!8!36 8*'(*0Z>!

6 "%(I/:+!-5%Ls(Q/!-W 6<"%6 13*0">$z(:V"%6 8+">1(*05>6 8f*06^Z75>$0Z>!#EkN9ORQ !=8!-">././$0*01="4(+*'576 8"%$28H5Q "[Z7!98H(:+*'6 ?>!36^(EJ!=$0"[@q:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(+8=N 6/$0!=8+8"
(+:+">6 8"71e(+*'576q*08p135>,-./$0!(!#Er*06B(*0,9!7ly(Q/!h8!3:+Z>!=:,h"[@b(*0,-!-5>IJ(p$'!#">EJ*06/?(5:! U!=1(*05>6r5>L`I 8!3:p:+!=~^I/!=8H(+8p">6 Er1="%6B1="%I 8!9I 8H!=:


EJ*28+8"%(*28ULY"71e(*05>6«N


®°²‹ÉMµ#·Y¼KÅSƋ·Y¯o®°²‹ÉMµ#·Y´7¯ 3µ7½s†w6o"9,XI $v(+*',-!=E/*0"-,iI/$v(+*01=">8H("%./. $'*213"%(*05>6|lJ,h"%6S@;:+!=13!3*0Z>!=:+8s$'5J1="4(!#Eb"4(?>!=5>?>:V"%. Q/*01="%$0$'@hEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(

./$2">13!=8_:+!=1!=*'Z7!,iI/$'(*0,9!#EJ*2"i*06JLM57:,h"4(+*'576;LM:+5>,€"i,XI $v(+*',-!=E/*0"h8!3:+Z>!=:=N‹ORQ/!p,XI/$'(*0,-!=EJ*2"9*'6JLM57:,h"%(*05>6*08RI 8I ">$'$0@h*'6(Q !LM57:,


5>Lz8H(:+!=">,9*06/?9ZS*0EJ!=5h"%6 Eb"%I<EJ*'5<N]O«:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576"%6<Eg./:+5J1!#88*'6 ?i5>L(+Q/!=8!*'6/LM5>:+,-"%(*05>6Q "[Z>!W :+,€:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8=N

±yµ#Å^¶[±‹Å^µ _ÅSÉYÅ zÈ»C±yË]½ ]57† *28">$'$z8!((+5g:+!3Z75>$0IJ(*05>6/*0m3!XZ>5>*21!i15>,-,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576|N ]57† À8H(+"%6<E/8LM57: ]57*013!X54Z>!=:† zl Q/!3:+!
† ‰:+!LM!3:V8_(5-(+Q/!†w6^(!=:6/!3( j:+5%(5J135>$C(Q "%(I/6 EJ!=:$0*0!=8"%$0$|†w6^(!=:6 !(157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6|N _@;I 8*06/? ]5>† ‰./Q/576/!=8">6 E(!#1VQ/6/T 5>$05>?7@
       

576/!f1="%6,-">x>!f./Q/576/!f1="%$0$08s(+Q/:57I/?>Q†w6^(!3:+6/!3(=N]ORQ/!pA<!=6/!W (R*28s(Q "%(=l "78j(+Q/!">1(I ">$CZ75>*21!(:V"4ˆ;1*08R13">::+*0!=EhAS@-(Q !f†w6^(+!3:+6/!(#l

    

  ]57† G*28_LM:+!3!5>:13578H(+8_,XI<1VQ$0!=8+8_(Q<"%6o"%6b">1(I ">$y(!3$0!3. Q/5>6/!1="%$0$)lJ!#8H.C!=13*0">$'$0@;54Z7!3:R$'576/?hEJ*28U(V"%6 13!=8=N

ORQ/!h6 !( 5>:+xq!36 13:@S.J(V8Z>57*013!h8H*0?>6 ">$08p*06^(5qE/"%(+"b. "71Vx>!3(+8"4((+Q/!g8!36 E/!3:!=6 Eª"%6 EPEJ!#1:+@S.J(+8*'(*067(+5oZ>57*013!;13"%$0$28"4((+Q/!
:+!=13!3*0Z>!3:!=6 EkT NqORQ/*28!=6 1:+@S.J(*05>6K">6 EPEJ!=13:@S.J(+*'576ª*08LM:57, ">6ª"%6 ">$'57?q8H*0?>6 ">$ÁM*cN !>Nq"bZ>57*013!;13">$'$aÄp*067(+5rEJ*0?>*'(+">$s8*'?76 "%$Á)E/"4(V"
. "71Vx>!3(+8VÄj(+Q "4(*28R./$2">13!=8R5>6(Q !6/!( T 5>:+x;"%6 Eb">?7"%*06;(+Q/*28*08EJ!=13:@S.J(+!=E*'6^(5h">6 "%$05>?-8H*0?>6<"%$28"4(R(Q/!:+!=13!3*0Z>!=:_!=6 EkN
]57† ">././$0*01="4(+*'576 8"%:+!i6 5>:+,-">$'$0@qI 8!=E *'(Qª"o8*',-./$0!h,-*013:57./Q/5>6 !-">6 ED15>,-./I/(!3:i8H.C!=">x>!3:V8=lkA/IJ(X† (!=$'!=./Q/576/!=81="%6
">$085gAC!iI<8H!#Eklk./:+54Z^*2EJ*06/?g">6r!{J.C!3:+*'!=6 1!i*0E/!3T 6^(*213">$«(+56/57:,h">$«(+!3$0!3./Q/576/*06/? N ]5>† "%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8f"%6 EB8H!=:ZS*21!#8:+!=~^I/*0:!XW :,
  

:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!pE "4(+"i(+:+">6 8ULM!=:8HI ./.<57:H(#N

 

  –‹ž3¤ Ÿ—9£b¤•’¥‹–
†w6b(+Q/*088H!#1e(+*'576|l T !EJ*08+1I<88"9LM! T A ">8*01135>6 13!3.J(V88I 1VQq">8~^I ">$'*'(U@g5>L]8!3:+ZS*013!p. "%:V"%,-!(+!3:V8"%6 E(+:+"%ˆ;113"4(+!3?75>:+*'m#"4(*05>6g(Q "%(
">:!p*0,9.C5>:(+">6^(_(+5-I/6 EJ!=:+8H(+">6 EJ*06/?-5>I/:EJ*28+1I 8+8H*05>6<8R*'6(Q !:!#8U(5%L(Q/*281VQ ">.J(!=:=N
Ã

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 
   
†w6o:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!15>,-,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576|l/,h"%*06/$0@g(+Q/:+!3!(U@S.C!=85>Lz6 !( T 5>:+xS8">:!:+!3$0!3Z4">67(#­_Ìs5>6^(+:57$'$0!3:u:!#";¿!3( T 57:xJ8ÁcÌ_u¿8VÄely¾|5J13">$
u:!#"o¿!( T 5>:+xJ8hÁY¾u¿8VÄel]">6 EP†w6^(!3:+6/!3(=NbORQ/*08i1$2">8+8H*'W<1="4(*05>6D*28,h">EJ!h576P(Q/!gA ">8*085%L_(Q/!8H*0m3!h5>L_(+Q/!;6/!3( T 57:xB"%6 ED(+Q/!
135>,-,XI/6 *01="4(*05>6(!#1VQ/6/57$'57?>@;EJ!=./$'54@7!=EkNz†w6(Q !pLM5>$0$'5 T *06/? l T !pA/:*0!<@EJ*2813I 8+8_(Q/!#8H!f(Q :!=!p(U@^.C!=8R5>L‹6 !( T 5>:+xS8=N
Çi»C±yµ3¶4»<É)ÉYÅ^¶ ¹;¶4ÅS¯ oÅ^µ"!X»<¶ $#+Çi¹%'&rÌ_u¿8"%:+!qZ>!=:@‰8H,h"%$0$6 !( 5>:+xS8=N°Ì_u¿8"%:+!o(U@S./*213"%$0$0@FI 8!=EÍ(+5F1576/6/!#1e(;(+Q/!
EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(i157,-.<576/!36^(+8p5>L!3,XAC!=E EJ!=Eª135>6^(:+5>$0$'!=:+8=Nh†w6K"%6ª">IJ(57,95>(*0Z>!hT 8@S8H(!=, (+Q/!gEJ*'dC!=:!=6^(i157,9.C5>6 !36^(+88I 1VQK">8p!=6/?>*06/!7l
A/:V"%x7!=8=l !3(+1%Nf"%:+!X1576/6/!#1e(!#Eo"%6 Er15>6^(+:57$'$0!=E(+Q/:57I/?>Qq"Ì_u¿NkORQ/!i!36 EJ&)(+5%&‡!36 Eb$0!36/?>(Qq5>L`"Ì_u¿ *08I 8I "%$0$0@$0!=8+8(+Q "%)6 (*
,-!(+!3:V83NzŠS*06 1!7l=(+Q/!`. :57. "%?^"4(*05>6(*0,-!`5>LJ"fÌ_u¿K*28|Z7!3:+@8,h"%$0$)l#LMI/6 1(*05>6 ">$'$0@"Ì_u¿KA<!=Q "[Z>!#8|$0*'x7!`"$05S1="%$%A I 8«*06"135>,-./IJ(+!3:#N
ORQ/!f./:+!=8!36^(E/"[@h"%IJ(+5>,-5%(+*'Z7!!=$'!#1e(:+5>6 *01=8`*28sLY"%*0:$0@;8H57./Q/*28U(+*01="4(+!=Ekl *'(Qb"%IJ(+5>,h"4(+!=E;!=6/?>*06/!f,h"%6 ">?>!3,-!=67(R8H@J8H(!=,-8=lSLMI/!=$
*06 U!=1(*05>6|lJ"71e(*0Z>!8HI 8.C!36 8*'576|l^A/:+">xS*'6/?<l7$0*0?>Q^(*06/? lS"%*0:&‡135>6 EJ*'(*05>6 *'6/?<l78!=13T I/:*'(U@>lS"%6<Eh1!36^(+:+">$<$05J1Vx^*06/?<N‹u 15>6<8H*2EJ!3:V"%A $'!">,-5>I/6^(
5>L_*06JLM5>:+,h"4(+*'576B!3{J1VQ<"%6/?7!-">,-5>6/?(Q/!#8H!;135>,-.C5>6/!=67(V8*28:!#~^I/*':+!=E|N;ORQ/!;1576^Z7!36^(*05>6<"%$z,-!(Q 5SED5>L_6/!3( T 57:xS*06/?b8HI 1VQª135>,9&


.C5>6/!=6^(+8 T "78.C5>*06^(H&c(5>&c.C5>*06^( T *0:*06/?<NORQ/*08p,-!3(Q/5JEJ57$'57?>@ T "78"8*',-./$0!i!=Z>57$'IJ(+*'576r5>Lj(Q/!-8*',-./$0!-!3$0!=1e(+:*213">$‹8@J8U(+!3,h8fI 8!=E

*06B!#"%:+$'*0!3:p13">:+8=NX¬5 T !=Z>!3:#ly">8(Q/!h85>./Q *08H(*213"%(*05>6r5>Lj(Q !-1="%:V8f?>:+! T lk8HI<1VQD"8H*0,-./$0!-8+1VQ/!=,9! T 5>I/$2EqQ "[Z7!X:+!=~^I/*0:!#Er8!3Z7!3:V"%$
xS*0$'57,9!3(!=:+8X5%L T *0:*06/? l]"7E/EJ*06/?o(5r(Q/!15^8U(95%L,h"%6SIJLY"71e(I :*06/? l T !3*0?>Q^(=l]135>,-./$0!{J*v(U@7l]"%6 EK"%((Q !8+"%,-!h(+*',-!:!#8HI/$'(*06/?q*06
8!3Z7!3:+!3$0@h:!#EJI 1!#Eg:+!3$0*2"%A/*0$'*'(U@>N
ORQ/*28?^"[Z>!p:*28!p(5-(Q !XEJ!3Z7!3$05>./,-!=67(5>LjÌ_u¿NCu°8H.C!=13*0">$|:+!=~^I/*0:!=,9!=6^(5>6rÌ_u¿º*28(+5hQ "%6<EJ$'!6 5>*28H!7N_uIJ(57,95>(*0Z>!135>,9&
.C5>6/!=6^(+8R8HI<1VQ">8_!=$'!#1e(:+*21,-5%(+5>:V83l^*0?>6/*'(*05>68H@J8H(!3,h8=lJ"%6 EnP(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576 8=l7!3(+1%Nj">:!Q/!="[ZS@-./:+5JEJI 1!=:+8s5%L6/5>*28H!7N]u6/5>(Q/!=:
EJ*28H(*06/?>I/*28Q/*'6 ?rLM!#"4(I :!5%LpÌ_u¿ *08i(Q ! Î ÃqZ75>$'(i.C5 T !=:98I/././$0@>l`(Q "%(9Q<">89A<!=!36‰,h"%6 E/"%(!#EKAS@D(Q/!o1576SZ>!36^(+*'576 "%$ Î ÃrZ>5>$'(
">IJ(57,95>(*0Z>!.C5 !=:`8I/././$0@>N`Ì_u¿ 8H.C!=13*vW<!=8j576/$0@(Q !./QS@J8H*213">$ "%6<EhE/"4(V"p$'*06/x-$0"[@7!3:V8z5%Lk†HŠ \ +7\pŠS†,-5JEJ!=$)l T *v(+Q;Q/*0?>Q/!=:j$2"[@>!3:V8
AC!3*06/?h$0!La((59(+Q/T !8H.C!=13*vWC1p*',-./$0!3,-!36^(V"4(*05>6<83N
_!=1="%I 8!5%Lj*'(+8:+5>A/I 8H(6 !=8+83lkÌ_u¿°Q<";!{J. ">6 EJ!#EbA<!=@>5>6<Eb*v(V8">IJ(57,95>(*0Z>!57:*0?>*06 8">6 Eq1="%6o6/5 AC!LM5>I 6 Eo*06q*'6<EJI 8H(:+*0">$
">IJ(57,-"%(*05>6X8@J8U(+!3,h8=l=(+:+">*'6<83l%8Q/*0. 83l%">?>:+*013I/$'(I/:V"%$7,-"71VQ/*06/!3:+@>l[Q/57I 8H!=Q/5>$2E">././$0*0">6 1!#83l[5%ˆ;13!s"%I/(5>,hT "%(*05>6X8@J8U(+!3,h83l[!=$'!=Z["%(57:+8=l


!3(+1%NsÌ_u¿ 6/5 T *28">6*06^(!3:+6 "%(*05>6 ">$y8H(+">6 E/">:+EI/6 EJ!=:†HŠ \ Î>-Î ,/.0, "%6<E†HŠ<\ Î>Î ( 1Î . &wÃ/N
2s»|´>¯/ɋ¹;¶4ÅS ¯ oÅ7"µ !X»<¶ ]½suÍ$05J13"%$/">:!#"f6/!( 5>:+x;ÁY¾u¿Ä]*08 *'(Q/*06;"fA/I/*0$0E/*'6/?57:j"p13"%,-./I<8j"%6 Ei*28]I 8I "%$0$'@X./:*0Z4"4(+!3$0@X5 6/!#EkN
u ¾u¿*28I 8!=ED(+5q15>6 6/!=1(X"b6^I ,XAC!3:5>LRT 135>,-./IJ(+!3:V8 T *v(+T Q/*06K"%6D5>:+?7"%6 *'m#"4(*05>6r(5r8Q ">:!hE/"%(+"b"%6 EP5>(Q/!=::!#8H57I/:V1!=8pT 8I 1VQ
";W $'!#83lk. :*06^(!3:V8=lCnJ4u 38!3:+ZS*013!=8=l<!3(+1%N¾u¿8(U@S./*213">$'$0@b5>.C!3:V"4(!9"4(E/"4(V";:V"4(+!=8!{/1!=!=EJ*06/? Î */5oA . 8">6 Eq,h"%6S@b./:+!=8!36^(fE "[@
¾u¿8XÁM?>*0?7">A/*'(‚j(Q/!=:6 !(+8VÄs5>.C!3:V"4(+!p"%( 7Î 6 A/. 8=Nj¾«u¿8"%:+!fI 8HI<"%$0$'@;*0,-./$0!3,-!36^(!#EI 8H*06/?hA/:+57"7E/13"78U(R6/!3( T 57:xJ8=N
±yµ#Å^¶[±‹Å^µ>½_ORQ/!†w6^(!3:+6/!3(=l785>,-!3(*0,9!#8]13">$'$0!=E-8*',-./$0@i„%(Q/!¿!(=l „p*28]" 57:$2E *2EJ!8H@J8H(!3, 5%Ly15>,-./I/(!3:`6/!( 5>:+xJ8«&‹"6 !( 5>:+x
5>L/6/!( T 5>:+xJ8|*06 T Q/*21VQI 8!3:V8"%(‹">6^@p576/!s135>,-./IJ(+!3:z13"%6«l4*vL/(+Q/!3@pQ "[Z7!j.CT !3:+,9*28+T 8H*05>6|l4?7!(‹*'6JLM57:,h"%(*05>6LM:+5>,º"%6ST @p5%(+Q/!3:‹157,9. T IJ(!=:
">6 E;85>,-!(+*',-!=8`(+">$'xhEJ*0:+!=1e(+$'@9(+5iI 8!3:V8`"%(s5>(Q/!=:_135>,-./IJ(+!3:V8`I 8*06/? ]57† zN7}D!,iI 8H(sQ/5 T !3Z7!3:jAC!f" T "%:+!5%L«(Q/!LM5>$0$'5 T *06/?( T 5
EJ*28H(*06 1e(+*'576 83­s(Q !*'6^(+!3:+6/!(iÁY$'5 !3:V13"78H!f*aÄ*28"%6S@15>$0$0!=1e(+*'576b5%Lj8H!=. "%:V"4(+!p./QS@S8*213"%$«6/!( 5>:+xJ83l/*06^(!=:+135>6/6/!#1e(+!=EAS@";135>,-,-5>6
 

./:+5%(+5J15>$cl/(+5hLM5>:+,›";8*'6/?7$'!X$'57?>T *213"%$«6/!( T 5>:+xyNORQ/!†w6^(!=:6/!3(9ÁYI/./.C!3:V13">8!†HÄ*08(Q/! T 57T :$2E T *2EJ!157$'$0!=1(*05>6o5>Lj*'6^(!=:+135>6/6 !=1e(+!=E

6/!3( T 57:xJ8=l T Q/*21VQ?>:+! T 57IJ(b5%L(+Q/!B57:*0?>*06 ">$u ku¿‚s9 O 8 ;Î :1< l(+Q "4(bI 8!=8†w6^(!3:+6/!3( `:5>(5J157$iÁM† _Ä-(+5G$0*'6 xÍ(Q/!DZ4"%:+*'57I 8
./QS@J8*01="%$|6/!3( T 57:xJ8R*06^(5g"h8*'6 ?>$0!$'57?>*213"%$«6/!( T 5>:+xyNsORQ/!†w6^(+!3:+6/!(AC!3?^"%6o*06 1Î ./= Ã9">8"-:+!=8*'$0*0!36^(157,-./IJ(!=:6/!3( T 57:xhLM57:(+Q/!
  

fŠg,-*0$'*'(+">:@gI/6 EJ!=:(Q/!u ku¿‚`OÀ./:5 U!=1(=l/"%6<E54Z7!3:s(*0,-!Q ">8?7:5 T 6*'6^(+5-"9?7$'57A "%$k157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6(5S5>$«5%L,-57:!f(Q<"%6

Î ÃJl */*/*i157,9. IJ(!=:6/!( T 5>:+xJ8j(+Q "4(8Q ">:!"-157,9,-576"7E/EJ:+!=8+8H*06/?-81VQ/!=,-!>N
  


> ?@BADCEFGIHJKL EMNPO?QHSR

!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%././$0*213"4(+*'576 86 !3!=EK?>I ">:+">67(+!3!#8:!=?7">:+EJ*06/?b(+Q/!8!3:+ZS*013!g~^I "%$0*'(U@BLM:+5>, (Q !I/6<EJ!3:+$'@S*06/?r6 !( 5>:+xqLM5>:i(Q !3*0:98+"4(+*08H&
LY"71e(57:@B5>.C!3:V"4(+*'576 83NORQ/!g8!3:+ZS*013!-~^I ">$'*'(U@D!{J.<!#1e(+!=EP5%L_(Q !gI/6 E/!3:+$'@S*06/?o6/!( T 5>:+xq*285>La(!36ª!3{J./:!#88!=EBT *06P(!3:+,h85>L13!3:(+">*'6
T I ">$'*'(U@q5>LRŠS!=:ZS*21!oÁ T 5SŠ/Ä. "%:V"%,-!(+!3:V83N-!#"%$'&)(+*',-!;"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6 8fI 8I ">$'$0@qQ "[Z7!-8H(:+*06/?>!=67(:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8f5>6B(Q !-LM5>$0$'5 T *06/?
T 5SŠb. "%:V"%,-!3(!3:V8=­_A<"%6 E *2ES(+Q|lk,h"4{J*',iI/, EJ!=$0"[@b*06q(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576|lyEJ!3$2"[@ U*v((!3:#lk$0578+8:V"4(+!>lk"%6 EqA/$'5J1VxS*06/?g./:+5>A<"%A/*0$'*'(U@>Np}D!
!=$0">A<57:+"%(!(Q/!#8H! T 5SŠ;. ">T :+">,-!(!=:+8_*06(Q/!pLM57$'$05 T *'6 ? N


UÅSÉY¯7Ë]½pu8I 1313!=8+8ULMI/$zEJ!=$'*0Z>!=:@5%L`"g. ">1Vx7!(AS@o"g135>,-,XI/6 *01="4(*05>6r6/!( 5>:+xg*06B"g:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!X">././$0*01="4(*05>6BEJ!3.C!36 E 86/5>(576/$'@

576;:!#1!=*'ZS*06/?(Q !. "71Vx>!3(s*067(V">1(=lSA/IJ("%$28H5X5>6h(+Q/!(+*',-!p"4( T Q/*01VQg*v(R*08_:+!=T 13!3*0Z>!=E|N†‡L|(+Q/!(+*',-!(Q/!f6/!3( T 57:xi(+">x>!=8`(59EJ!3$0*0Z>!3:_"
V

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 . "71Vx>!3(s!{/13!3!=E 8j(+Q/!8H.C!=13*vW !#EgEJ!=$0"[@-AC5>I/6<EklS(Q/!=6g(+Q/!p"%././$0*213"4(+*'576h(*0,-!=8R57IJ(R">6 Eg1="%6;:+!=8I/$'(_*06"XLY"%*0$0I/:!f*0613"78H!5%L"iQ ">:+E
:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p">././$0*01="4(+*'576">6 E"-EJ!=?>:V">E/"%(*05>65%L]8H!=:ZS*21!p~7I<"%$0*v(U@;*06o13"78H!p5%Lz"h8H5>La(:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6|N
UÅSÉY¯7
Ë #·Mµ3µ#Å^¶^½ 7*'(H(!=:]*08zEJ!3W 6/!#Ei"78«(+Q/!R,h"4{J*',iI/,°Z4"%:+*2"4(*05>6X*'6-EJ!3$2"[@!{J.C!3:+*'!=6 1!_AS@,-!=8+8">?>!#8«*069"f8*'6/?7$'!R8!=8+8H*05>6|N†w6i5>(Q/!=:
5T >:VE/8=l *'(*28(Q !iEJ*'dC!=:!=6 1!iA<!3( T !=!36b(+Q/!X,h"4{J*0,XI/,›">6 Eb,-*'6/*0,XI ,˜E/!3$2"[@S8(Q "%(. "71Vx>!3(+8!=6 157I/6^(!3:*'6q"g. ">1Vx7!(&‡8 T *v(V1VQ/!=E
6/!3( T 57:xyNn 5>:f!{/"%,-./$0!>lC*'Lj(Q/!9,h"4{J*0,XI/,˜!36<ES&)(+5%&‡!36 ErEJ!3$2"[@E/!3$2"[@!3{S.C!3:+*0!36 13!=EoAS@o";. "71Vx>!3(*'6D"g13$0"788*08 Î ,h8=ly">6 Eb(+Q/!
,h"4{J*0,XI/,EJ!3$2"[@;*28 Î *i,h83lJ(+Q/!36(+Q/!EJ!3$2"[@ U*'(H(+!3:5>L(+Q/!13">$'$k*28 . ,-8=N


u8"-. ">1Vx7!(+8s(+:+"[Z7!3$k*06b"96/!3( 57:xylS(+Q/!3@,-"[@gI/6 EJ!=:?759EJ*'dy!3:+!36^("%,-5>I 67(5>L‹~^I/!=I/*'6 ?;EJ!3$2"[@J8"4(EJ*'dC!=:!=67(6 5SE/!=8=Nju$28H5<l

. "71Vx>!3(+8R,h"[@;(+:+"[Z7!3$k*06qEJ*vdy!3:+!36^(T .<"4(Q<813">I 8*'6/? U*'(H(+!3:#N 7*'(H(!=:*28I/6 "71313!3.J(V"%A/$0!*'6o,h">6^@"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8=l/!=8.C!=1*2"%$0$0@g*06o,-">6S@
Q ">:+E9:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!R">././$0*01="4(+*'576|l>"%6<Ei*06;85%La(j:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8j8HI<1VQ9"78],XI/$'(*0,-!=EJ*2""%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6 8=Nܠw6-"pZS*2EJ!35">././$0*01="4(+*'576|l


U*'(H(+!3:1="%6b8HQ/5 T I/.o">8R./*21e(+I/:+!f:+!3,h">*'6/*06/?h8H(*0$'$kLM57:1!=:H(V"%*06g(+*',-!>N


†w6G,-">6S@K"%././$0*213"4(+*'576 8=ljA/IJdy!3:V8h"4(9(Q/!b:+!=13!3*0Z>!3:-13">6FAC!bI 8H!#Eª(+5P135>6^(:+5>$ U*'(H(!=:=NG†w6F(+Q/*28h"%././:+57"71VQ|l]:+!3,-54ZS*'6/? U*v((!=:

:+!=~^I/*0:!#8R15>$0$0!=1e(+*'6 ?i. "71Vx>!3(+8_*'6bA/I/dC!=:+8">6 EgQ 5>$2EJ*'6 ?i(+Q/!3,€$'576/?-!36/57I/?>Qg(5h"%$0$'5 T (Q/!8$'5 T !=8H(R. ">1Vx7!(+8s(+5-">::+*0Z>!*06(*0,-!(+5
 

AC!X./$2"[@>!#E*'6r135>:+:!#1e(8!=~^I/!=6 1!7NORQ/!i">,957I/6^(5%L]A/I/dC!=:f8. ">13!:!#~^I/*':+!=Eo1="%6oAC!iEJ!3(!=:,-*06/!=ELM:+5>, (Q !.<!#"%xb:V"4(!">6 Eb(+Q/!

EJ!=$0"[@ U*'(H(!=:=NORQ/!X8*'m=!5%L](+Q/!XA/I/dC!=: T 5>I/$2Eb*'6qLY">1e(fA<!i?>*0Z>!=6AS@   
  SNn/57:!{/">,9. $'!7lC";8*06/?>$0!ZS*0E/!35
85>I/:V1!(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(*06/? V *iLM:V"%,-!=8R.C!3:8!=135>6 E|lJ!=">1VQ15767(V"%*06/*06/?;Ã5oA5%LzE/"4(V"9">6 E!{J.C!3:+*'!=6 1*06/?-" U*'(H(+!3:5>L Î 8!=135>6 Ekl 5>I $0E


:+!=~^I/*0:! = */5oAo5>L]A/IJdy!3:p8H. "71!X"%((Q !iEJ!#8U(+*'6 "%(*05>6b(+5;!3$0*',-*06 "4(+! U*'(H(+!3:#N j:+54Z^*2EJ*06/?;"-(+*'?7Q7(fEJ!3$2"[@ U*'(H(+!3:fA<57I/6 Eq1="%6o:+T !=EJI<1!


(+Q/!A/IJdy!3:+*'6 ?9:+!=~^I/*0:+!=E"4((Q !:!#1!3*0Z>!=:=N

  

9¯/±‹Æ !h·YƵ=Ès½RORQ/*08. "%:V"%,-!(+!3:_*'6<EJ*01="4(+!=8_(Q !:+"%(!p"4( Q/*21VQb"91576/6/!#1e(*05>6 5>I/$2EgAC!8H!=:ZS*21!#EgAS@h(+Q/!p6/!( T 5>:+xyN]ŠJIJˆ;1*0!36^(

A ">6 E T *2ES(Qb*28:+!=~^I/*0:!#Eh(5;8I 8H(+">*'6(Q/!:+!=~^I/*0:+!=Eg(Q/:+5>I/T ?7Q/./IJ(RLM57:"%6b"%././$0*213"4T (+*'576|N


2s» ¶4¯Jµ#Å<½_¾|5^88:+"%(!REJ!36 5%(!#8(Q/!.C!3:V1!=67(V"%?7!`5%Ly"%$0$^(:V"%6 8,-*v((!=Ei. "71Vx>!(V8|(+Q "4(],h"[@AC!_$0578H(]EJI/:+*'6/?f(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6|N ]"71Vx>!3(+8

*06q";1576/6/!#1e(*05>6o,h"[@A<!i$'5^8U(E/I/!(5"hZ4"%:+*'!3(U@g5%L]:+!="78H576 88HI<1VQq">8E/!3$2"[@gAC5>I/6 EbZS*05>$2"4(+*'576|l<EJ!=$0"[@ U*v((!=:H&‡A<57I/6 EoZS*05>$2"4(+*'576|l
  

A/I/dC!=:‹54Z7!3:  5 T l["%6 EiE/"4(V"135>:+:I/./(*05>6|"N !f"4(V"135>:+:I .J(*05>6*28‹*'6<8H*0?>6/*'W<1="%6^(‹*06W<A/:!_5>./(*21`,-!=E/*0"f"%6 Ei13">6XAC!s*0?>6/57:!#Ekl T Q/!3:+!="78



E/"%(+";135>:+:I .J(*05>6b*288*'?76/*vWC13"%6^(*06 T *':+!3$0!=8+8,-!=E/*0" N#!*'dC!=:!=6^("%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8"%:+!8H!=6 8H*'(*0Z>!p(+5;$0578+8:V"4(!p(+5gEJ*'dC!=:!=6^(!{S(!=6^(+8=N

u././$0*01="4(*05>6<8$0*0x>!`. :5J1!#88‹1576^(:+5>$>:+!=~^I/*0:+!`m3!=:5$'5^88:V"4(! T Q/*0$'!R"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8$'*0x>!s,XI/$'(*0,-!=EJ*2"f13"%6i8HI 8H(+">*'69"13!3:(+"%*06i">,-5>I/6^(
5>L‹$0578+8U&‡:V"4(!7N
9ÉY»|´ |·)±¸ ¶4» ‹¯ z·YÉ)·MµVË]½ _$05J1Vx^*06/?o./:+5>A<"%A/*0$'*'(U@r*28(+Q/!g. :57A "%A/*0$0*v(U@B5%L"o6/! T 15>6 6/!=1(*05>6ª*28:+! U!=1(!#EPA^@B(Q !">E/,9*28+8H*05>6
135>6^(:+5>$y,-!=1VQ ">6/*28H, 5>Lz"96/!3( T 57:xyN
    

ORQ/!:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(+85%L]EJ*vdy!3:+!36^(:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!"%././$0*213"4(+*'576 8 *'(Qo:+!=8.<!#1e((+5h(Q/!i"%AC54Z>! T 5^Š. ">:+">,9!3(!=:+8R,h"[@;AC!Z>!=:@EJ*'La&

LM!=:!=67(#Njn/57:_!3{/"%,-./$0!>l/1!=:H(V"%*06">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8_8I 1VQb">8_6/576J&c*06^(T !=:+"71e(*0Z>!(!=$'!=Z^*28*'576">6 E">I EJ*05iA :5^">E/1=">8H(*06/?X:+!=~^I/*0:!p8H(:+*'6/?7!36^(
AC5>I/6<E/8`576 U*'(H(!=:RA/IJ("%:+!,-5>:+!5>:_$'!#88`*'6<8H!=6 8H*'(*0Z>!(59EJ!3$2"[@>N‹} Q/!3:+!="783lS8!36 85>:_E/"4(V"./:+5J1!=8+8*'6/?*06"  @^&cAS@^& T *':+!"%*0:+13:+"%La(`*28
I 8I ">$'$0@XZ7!3:+@i8!36 8*v(+*'Z7!R(5EJ!=$0"[@7l>*cN !7Nz5>6/$0@iEJ!=$0"[@J8z5>Lk8I/AJ&‡,-*'$0$0*08!=135>6 E/8j:+">6/?>!R*06h:!#1!3*0ZS*'6 ?8H!=6 8H57:j8H*0?>6<"%$28]"%:+!">1313!3.J(V"%A/$0!>N‹†w6


135>6^(:V">8H(=l4(+:+"7EJ*'(*05>6 ">$ 157,9. IJ(!=:`157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6h"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8j8I 1VQ;"78zW $0!R(:V"%6 8HLM!3:#l>!=$'!#1e(:+5>6 *01R,h"%*0$cl7"%6<E-:!=,95>(!$05>?7*'6h"%:+!
6/576J&‡:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6 8=NzORQ/! T 5^Š9,-!3(:+*01=8]LM5>:_8HI<1VQ;"%././$0*213"4(+*'576 8`">:!Z7!3:+@iEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(`LM:+5>, T Q "4( T !E/*08+1I 8+8!=E9LM5>:s:!#"%$'&
(+*',-!p"%././$0*213"4(+*'576 8=l^">6 E-(U@S./*213"%$0$0@-"[Z7!3:V"%?7!_.<">1Vx>!3(sEJ!=$0"[@h"%6<E;"[Z>!=:+">?>!R(Q :57I/?>Q/. IJ(_">:!135>6 8*2EJ!3:+!=Ekl^:V"4(Q !3:j(+Q "%6 T 57:+8H(H&w13"78H!
. "71Vx>!3(_EJ!=$0"[@h57: 5>:V8U(&‡1=">8!R(Q/:+5>I ?>Q/./I/(=NjORQ/!#8H!p"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8sQ "[Z>!f"%$28H598U(+:*21e(R:+!3$0*0">A/*'$0*'(U@9:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(+8_8*'6 13!f">6S@;15>:+:+I/.J&
(+*'576i5>L<. ">:H(V8z5%LC"fT EJ5J1I ,9!=6^(`13"%69,h"%x7!`(+Q/!R!36^(*0:!EJ5J13I/,-!36^(]I/6SI 8">A/$0!>Nܠw6 EJ!3!#EX,iI 1VQ95%L (+Q/!157,-./$'!3{J*v(U@5>L (Q !R(:V">EJ*'(*05>6 ">$
6/!3( T 57:x. :5>(5J157$08]">:*28H!#8LM:57,°(Q !6/!3!#EXLM57:]$'5^88H&cLM:!=!_135>,-,XI/6 *01="4(*05>6-AC!( T !3!=69E/"%(+"%&c57:*0!36^(!#E6/576J&‡:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8=N
u6/5%(+Q/!3:6 5%(+">A/$0!;!{/"%,-./$0!h5%L"o8.<!#1*'W<1;8!3:+ZS*013!h:!#~7I *':+!3,-!36^(5J1313I/:V8p*'6F1=">8!-5%LZS*0EJ!=5b(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576 83N *2EJ!35q(:V"%6 8H&
,-*288*'576 8p"%:+!iZ7!3:+@q8H!=6 8*v(+*'Z7!i(+5b. ">1Vx7!(p$'5^88!=8f8H*06 13!i(+Q/!=8!h8HQ 5 T I/.P">S8  *21Vx>!=:+8f5>:p?7$'*'(+1VQ/!#8f5>6B(Q/!;EJ*28./$0"[@q8+1:+!3!=6|N ]57*013!


E/"%(+"i. ">1Vx7!(R8H*0m3!#8_">:!(Q/!=:!3LM5>:+!EJ!=$'*0AC!3:V"4(!=$'@hx7!3.J(8,-">$'$C(+5i,-*06/*',-*0m3!f(Q !. "71Vx>!3(*0m="4(+*'576gEJ!=$0"[@J8_"%6 E;(59$'*0,-*v(R(Q !!3dC!#1e(5%L



. "71Vx>!3($'5^88!=8=NORQ/!98U(V"%6 E "%:VE $ , &‡AS@^(!X13!3$0$‹8*'m=!LM57:u]O 56 !( T 5>:+x;LM5>:f!{/">,9. $'! T ">81VQ/578!36o. :*0,h"%:+*'$0@gLM57:(+Q/!XAC!36 !W/(p5%L
(+Q/!Z>57*013!p">././$0*01="4(+*'576 83N

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 

 A M A    E A E 
‡† (g*28;*0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(h(5G13"4(+!3?75>:+*'m=!b"D(+:+"%ˆ;1o8H57I/:+13!oA ">8!=E‰576‰*'(+8;(:V"4ˆ;1b?>!=6/!3:V"4(+*'576 1VQ "%:V">1(!3:+*28U(+*01=83N ŠJI 1VQ 13"4(+!3?75>:+*'m#"4(*05>6
AC!=135>,-!=8_6/!#1!=8+8+"%:+@-LM5>:_(Q/!p6/!3( 57:x9(+59AC!" ">:!5%L(Q/!13"%(!=?>5>:+*0!=8s5%L«(+Q/!f(:V"4ˆ;1LM:57,€EJ*'dC!=:!=67(85>I/:V1!#8jLM57:R*v(R(5-AC!"%A/$0!
(+5?>*0Z>!~^I ">$'*'(U@95%L|8H!=:ZS*21!?7I "%:V"%T 6^(+!3!=8=N«ORQ/!(T :V"4ˆ;1?7!36/!=:+"%(!=E9AS@-"8H57I/:V1!1="%6hAC!13"%(!3?75>:+*'m=!=E9A "78H!#E-5>6-(Q !:V"4(!"4( T Q/*21VQ
E/"%(+"q">:!h?7!36/!=:+"%(!#EBAS@B(Q/!8H57I/:+13!-LM5>:X(:V"%6 8,-*08+8H*05>6P576K"b6/!( T 5>:+xyNbORQ !hLM5>$0$'5 T *06/?q">:!-(+Q/:!=!;*0,9.C5>:(+">6^(i13"%(!3?75>:+*'!#8p5%L
(+:+"%ˆh1(+Q "4(">:!157,-,9576/$0@;!36 135>I/6^(+!3:+!=EkN
Ç s¶4¯ K´/½iÌ R(+:+"%ˆh1g"%:+*08!=8iEJI/!(5PÌs576 8H(+"%6^( _*'(-"4(!E/"4(V"q?7!36/!=:+"%(*05>6|N !f"4(V"o(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6ª*06^Z75>$0Z>!#EP*'6KQ<">E
:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8"%:+!I 8I "%$0$0@bÌ R (:V"4ˆ;1>NRn 5>:!{/"%,-./$0!>l<.<!=:*05JEJ*01XE/"4(V"h?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=EAS@8!36 85>:V8"%:+!!3{J">,-./$'!#8
    

5%LjÌ _ (+:+"%ˆh1>N



s¶[¯ K´/½ Rº(+:+"%ˆ;1X">8(Q/!96 ">,9!-8I/?>?7!=8H(+8135>6 8*28U(V85%L_EJ*vdy!3:+!36^(p:+"%(!#85%L_E/"4(V";?>!=6/!3:V"4(+*'576q"%6 Eo(:V"%6 8,-*08+8H*05>6q"%(

EJ*'dC!=:!=67(f(*0,-!=8=NXORQ/!=:!-"%:+!98!3Z7!3:V"%$«(U@^.C!=8p5>L R 8H57I/:+13!=8=N†w6 Rº(:V"4ˆ;1>ly(Q/!hE/"%(+"8H57I/:+13!i">$v(+!3:+6 "4(+!=8A<!3( T !=!36
   

"-.<!=:*05JEb*'6 Q *01VQbW/{J!#Eo8H*0m3!#Eb. ">1Vx7!(+8"%:+!?>!36 !3:V"4(!#E *v(+QrEJ!(+!3:+,-*'6/*28H(*218H.<">1*06/?;">6 Eo"%6b*2EJ$'!i.<!=:*05JEkNR†w6q"%6/5>(Q/!=:

  

(U@S.<!5>L R T (:V"4ˆ;1%l (Q/!X85>I :+13!f.C!3:+*05SE/*01="%$0$'@8HI/A ,9*'(+8T Z4"%:+*0">A/$'!8*0m3!=E. "71Vx>!3(+8R(+5-(Q/!6 !( T 5>:+xCNÌs5>,-./:+!=8+8H!#Eb"%I EJ*05
8H*0?>6<"%$28j*28_">6;!{/">,9. $'!5%L8I 1VQ RÍ(:V"4ˆ;1%N]Os@S./*01="%$0$'@-*06135>,-./:+!=8+8H!#Eh"%I EJ*05 l^(+5i:+!=EJI<1!(+Q/!p8H*0m3!5%L«Z75>*21!(+:+"%ˆ;1%l^6/5
 

E/"4(V";*28?7!36/!=:+"%(!#EqEJI/:+*'6 ?g.C!3:+*'5JE/85%Ls8*0$'!=6 1!7NpORQ *08f:+!=8I/$v(V8*06r576J&‡5%dª8H57I/:+13!=8 T Q/!3:+!W/{J!#Er8*'m=!=EqE/"%(+"*08?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=E

 

EJI/:+*'6 ?5>6.C!3:+*'5JE/8|">6 Ep6/5E/"%(+"*28k?7!36/!=:+"%(!=EpEJI :*06/?*2EJ$0!j.<!=:*05JE/8=N|} Q/*0$'!_8H*0$'!=6 1!j8I/./. :!#88*'57613"%6p./:+5JEJI 13!`8H*0?>6 *vW<1="%6^(

:!#EJI 1(*05>6 8«*'6(+Q/!`A<"%6 E T *2ES(+Q:!#~^I/*':+!3,-!=67(V83l#(+Q/*08*28«">1VQ *'!=Z>!=E"%(«(+Q/!s13578H(«5%L/Q "[ZS*06/?(+5:!#1576 8U(+:I<1e(|(+Q/!`57:*0?>*06 "%$>(:V"4ˆ;1
"4(f(Q/!9:+!=1!=*'Z7!3:#Nu6/5>(Q/!=:!{/"%,-./$0!X5>L R°(:V"4ˆ;1X*28p157,9. :!#88!=EoZS*2EJ!35b8*'?76 "%$283N!#EJI/6 E "%6 13@q*'6DEJ*0?>*'(*0m3!=EBZS*0E/!35
E/"4(V";*28fZ>!3:+@oQ/*0?>Q|N†‡(*28(Q/!=:!3LM5>:+!X5%La(+!36P157,9. :!#88!=EoI<8H*06/?b8HI 1VQD"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,h8f">8 5 `‚ 6 lyA<!3LM5>:+!iAC!3*06/?*'6^(:+5JEJI 13!=E


*'6^(+5(Q/!(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576h6/!( T 5>:+xyN«†‡(_8Q/57I/$0E;A<!f1$0!="%:`(Q "%(sZ4"%:+*2"%A/$0!A/*'(_:V"4(+!(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'5769*28s*'6^(!=6 EJ!#E-(5i,-">x>!AC!((!=:



I 8!f5>L‹A<"%6 E T *2ES(+Q*06o"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8R8I 1VQ"78_(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'5765>L‹157,-./:!#88!=EZS*0E/!35-5>:"%I<EJ*'5<N

`»<¶[¯ Æ·)´ s¶4¯ K´/½p†w6ª8.<57:+"7EJ*01i(+:+"%ˆh19Z4"%:+*2"%A/$0!98*0m3!=ED. "71Vx>!3(+8p"%:+!-?>!36 !3:V"4(!#Eq*06PA/I/:V8U(V83N;ŠS.C5>:V">EJ*21i(:V"4ˆ;195J131I :I/6 EJ!=:
Z>!=:@h:V"%:+!f13*':V1I ,-8H(+">6 1!#83N]n 5>:!{/">,9. $'!f(:V"4ˆ;1f?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=EAS@g"%$2"%:+, ,-!=8+8">?>!=8_AC!3$05>6/?-(+59(Q/*2813"%(!=?>5>:+@>N
  

 š›•”+œCž3‘ • Ÿ—i‘ ‘ ¡o£ož¤f¥]ž—9£ ž3£  G§  

5q">6S@iQ ">:+E;:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8s8I 1VQ;">8_"%I/(5>,h"%(!=E;,-">6SIJLY">1(I/:+*'6 ?X8H@J8H(!=,-8=l^*'6 E/I 8U(+:*2"%$C./:+5J1!=8+8`135>6^(:+5>$C"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8=l

Q/*0?>Q/&‡8.<!=!=EDE/"4(V""713~^I/*28H*'(*05>6P8@S8H(!=,h83lk!3(+1%Nh8. "%6D"b8H,h"%$0$z?>!=5>?>:V"%. Q/*01="%$z"%:+!="783N†w6P8I 1VQD8*'(I "%(*05>6 8=l|$05S1="%$]"%:+!="6/!3( T 57:xJ8
Á)¾«u¿8+ÄI 8I ">$'$0@b(I/:+6D5>IJ(f(5A<!9(+Q/!-./:!3LM!3:+:!#Eq1VQ/57*013!XLM57:f6 !( 5>:+x^*06/?<Nf†w6B(Q !=8!98*v(+I "4(+*'576 8=l|"EJ!#EJ*213"4(+!=EB.<57*'6^(&)(+5%&‡.<57*'6^(
6/!3( T 57:xh*28I 8I ">$'$0@gEJ*'ˆ;1I/$'((5;EJ!=./$054@g"%6 E,h"%*06^(+"%*06b"%6 E*28"%$2T 8H5-6/5>(13578H(H&‡!dy!=1(*0Z>!>N
†w6;"i¾«u¿Xl>(+Q/!3:+!*28s"X8H*06/?>$0!8Q "%:+!=Eh1VQ<"%6/6/!=$<">6 E-5>6/$0@-5>6/!6/5JEJ!13">6h(:V"%6<8H,-*'(s"4(R"%6S@X(+*',-!7NzORQ !¯/´7´>Å X¯J¶ ‹·Yµ3¶4¯Jµ=·)»<±
.C5>$0*013@Í5%LX"K6 !( T 5>:+xGEJ!3(!3:+,-*'6 !=8 T Q/!36À"F6/5JEJ!B1="%6 (+:+">6 8,9*'(g576 (Q/!P1VQ ">6/6/!3$cN ORQ/!Bµ3¶4¯/± =¼F· =·)»<±´>»C±yµ3¶4»<ÉX.<57$'*21@
  

EJ!3(!=:,-*06/!=8sQ/5 $05>6/?(+Q/!f6/5JEJ!1="%6h(+:+">6 8H,-*'(=N]ORQ/!#8H!( 5i.<57$'*21*0!=8_"%:+!(57?>!3(Q/!=:_1="%$0$'!#E;¯/´>´7Å i´>»C±yµ3¶4»<É`µ=ÅS´[ȱ‹· k²‹Å ">6 E

  

LM57:, (Q/!f®°ÅSÆT ·)¯¹´>´>Å XÇi»<±yµ=¶[»CÉ #U®°¹;Ç &R$2"[@>!=:]./:+5%T (5J135>$cN«†w6h5%(+Q/!3: T 57:+E/8=l%(+Q/!,-!=E/*0""71313!=8+8]15>6^(+:57$«Á 5quÌRÄ]./:5>(5J157$

   

*06o"h¾«u¿ 15>6<8H*28U(V8R5%L‹( T 5h. :5J1!#88!=8=­]"%6o">1=1!#88">:A/*'(:V"4(+*'576. :5J1!#88_(+Q "4(E/!(!=:,-*06/!=8 T Q/!36o"-6/5JEJ!1="%6bI 8!p(Q/!X1VQ<"%6/6/!=$

 

">6 Eb"X(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6b15767(+:57$k./:+5S13!=8+8_(Q "%(EJ!(+!3:+,-*'6/!#8RLM5>:Q 5 T $05>6/?h"96/5JEJ!X1="%6b15767(+*'6SI/!p(+5hI 8!(+Q/!X1VQ ">6/6/!=$)N _!LM57:! T !

EJ*28+1I 8+8`Q 5 T :+!=">$v&c(*0,-!157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6g1="%6;AC!"71VQ/*0!3Z>!#E-*'6"X¾«u¿l T !EJ*2813I 8+8`85>,-!A "78H*21"78H.C!=1(+8_"%AC5>IJ(R¾«u¿8s(Q "%(_"%:+!


13:I 13*0">$y(5-I/6 E/!3:V8U(V"%6 EJ*06/?-5>I :8HI/A<8H!#~7I !36^(EJ*08+1I<88*'576 8=N


    MSEF M @B
ORQ/!=:!"%:+!( T 5X,-" U5>:_¾«u¿ "%:V1VQ/*'(!#1e(I :!#8z(Q "%(_">:!6 5>:+,-">$'$0@9I 8H!#EkN]ORQ/!=8!">:!(+Q/!fA/I 8_"%6 E9(+Q/!:+*06/?X"%:V1VQ/*'(!#1e(I :!#8B8 Î : l . < N
ORQ/!#8H!( T 5i"%:V1VQ/*v(+!=1(I/:+!=8`I 8H!fEJ*'dC!=:!=67(">1=1!#88s15>6^(+:57$/(!#1VQ/6/*2~^I/!=8=Nz}B!W :+8H(sA :*0! @hEJ*28+1I 8+8j(+Q/!=8!( T 5i¾u¿ "%:V1VQ/*v(+!=1(I/:+!=8=l


">6 E8I/A 8!=~^I/!=6^($0@ T !pE/*08+1I 8+8_(Q !">8+8H5J1*2"4(+!=E">1313!=8+815767(+:57$C(!=1VQ 6/*0~^I/!#83N

9² z¯ #ÅSƹg¶4´#ȋ·Mµ#ÅS´%µ=²¶4Å >½]†w6A/I<8U&‡A ">8!=Ep">:+1VQ/*'(!#1e(+I/:!#83l3(Q/!`6/5JEJ!=8"%:+!z135>6/6 !=1e(+!=Ef(+5R(Q/!s6/!( 5>:+x13">A/$0!]I 8H*06/?O_&w8Q "%.C!=E
6/!3( T 57:xb*06^(!3:LY">13!i135>6/6/!#1e(+5>:V8"78f8Q/5 T 6q*06Bn‹*0? NiÃ/NO«!=:,-*06 "4(+*'6 ?.C5>*06^(+8p"%:+!X./$2">13!=EB"4(p!=">1VQBT !36 Er5%Lj(+Q/!-6/!( T 5>:+xb13"%A $'!7N
 
  

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ‹n *'?7I/:+!Ã/­ju _I 8u:V1VQ/*'(!=1(I/:+!


ORQ/!=:!i*08p"8H*06/?>$0!i8Q ">:!#Eq1VQ "%6 6/!3$LM5>: T Q/*21VQq(Q !X(+:+">6 8H,-*'(H(+*'6/?6/5JEJ!=8p135>6^(!=6 EkNpORQ/!i,-5^8U(p15>,-,-5>6 $'@oI 8!=Eq./:5>(5J157$«LM57:
"7131!#88`15>6^(+:57$J*'6-(+:+"7EJ*v(+*'576 "%$ A/I 8j6 !( T 5>:+xS8j*08z(+Q/!pÌ_">::+*0!3:jŠS!36<8H4! 5qI/$v(+*'. $'!fu1313!=8+8 T *'(QÌs57$'$0*08*05>6 !!3(!#1e(*05>6qÁ‡ÌRŠ 5qu +>Ì !pÄ
8 Î;:1< N-†w6BA I 8p6/!( 5>:+xJ83l Q !36B( 55>:,-5>:+!96/5JEJ!=8f(+:+">6 8H,-*'(. ">1Vx7!(+8p8*',iI/$'(+"%6 !35>I<8H$0@>ly(+Q/!3@q54Z7!3:+$0">.q*06B(+*',-!h"%6<Eq(+Q/!h:!3&
8I/$'(*06/?f8*0?>6 ">$^?7!(VT 8?^"%:+A/$0T!=EkNzŠSI 1VT Qi">6X!=Z>!36^(z*08]1="%$0$'!#EX"f157$'$0*08*05>6|N‹u‰135>$0$'*28*'576!36^(+">*'$28‹:!3(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'5765%L/(+Q/!157::+I/.J(+!=EXE "4(+" N
†w6ªÌRŠ 5qu +7Ì !6/!( 5>:+xJ83ly"%6S@b6/5JEJ!-13"%6B"4("%6S@(*0,9!-8!36 8!X(+Q/!-1VQ "%6/6 !3$(5bEJ!(+!3:+,9*06/! Q/!(+Q/!3:f(+Q/!91VQ<"%6/6/!=$*28f*0E/$'!7N
u6/5JEJ!(:V"%6 8,-*v(V8i"r. T ">1Vx7!(i576/$0@D*'L*'(-8!36<8H!#8(+Q/!1VQ<"%6/6/!=$`(+5BAC!*0EJ$0!>N _IJ(#l](Q/*28-EJ5S!=8i6/5%T (-?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!h(Q "%(X(+Q/!3:+! T *0$0$
AC!i6 5135>$0$'*28H*05>6<83NŠS!3Z7!3:V"%$6/5JEJ!=8f,-*'?7Q^(p8!36 8!(+Q/!-1VQ "%6/6 !3$‹(5A<!9*0E/$'!-"4(f(Q/!-8+"%,-!(+*',-!-*'6<8U(V"%6^(f">6 Er8H(+">:H((:V"%6 8,-*v((*06/?


8*',iI/$'(+"%6 !35>I<8H$0@>lS:+!=8I/$v(+*'6 ?i*06"-157$'$0*28H*05>6|NzORQ/!f(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(*06/?96/5JEJ!=8R1="%6">$085-EJ!(+!=1e("9157$'$0*08*05>6 T Q/!=6*'(5J131I :+8=N‹ORQ !3:+!LM5>:+!

T576/Q/!>*0$0N]!¾«(">:V:"%?76 !8,-. :*v(57(. *06/"%??^"4"p(*0. 5>"761Vx>EJ!!3(#$2"[l>@J"p8_6/*'5J6 EJ13:! !#T ">85>!fI/$2(E-Q/!1VQ/./!=:+1V5>xXA<LM"%5>A/:`*0$'"*'(U@h135>5%$0$'L]*281*'5757$'69$0*28H">*06 5>E 6 8=T N 57I/$0E9*0,-,9!#EJ*2"4(!=$'@-8H(5>.9(+:+">6 8H,-*'(H(+*'6/?<l>*'Lk*v(sE/!(!#1e(V8
‚j(Q/!=:6/!3(i*28h"r¾u¿˜8U(V"%6 E "%:VEªA ">8!=EF5>6 ÌRŠ 5qu +7Ì !›">1=1!=8+8915>6^(+:57$)N !I/!(5D*v(V8-I/A/*2~7I *v(U@7ljQ/*0?>QG8.C!3!=E|ls8*',-./$0*013*v(U@
">6 Eq$05 T 15^8U(#l|‚](+Q/!3:+6/!(pQ "7854Z7!3:(Q/!9@>!#"%:V8!=,-!3:+?>!=EB">85>6/!-5>Lj(Q/!-,-578H(p./:!3LM!3:+:!#Eq¾«u¿./:5>(5J157$)N†‡(*28f(Q/!=:!3LM5>:+!X6/5>(
8I/:+./:*28*'6/?;(Q "%(f,h"%6S@o"4((!=,9./(+8fQ "[Z>!XA<!=!36r,h"7EJ!X*06q(+Q/!i.<">8H((5EJ!=8*0?>6q./:+5%(+5J15>$28A<">8!=Eo576r‚](+Q/!3:+6/!(f(58HI ./.<57:H(f:!#"%$'&
(+*',-!;157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6|N;¬5 T !=Z>!=:=ly(+Q/!;$05>?>*213">$z:*06/?o"%:V1VQ/*'(!=1(I/:+!-.<5^88!=8+8!=8p8H*0?>6 *vW<1="%6^(">EJZ4">67(V"%?7!=8p54Z>!=:‚](Q !3:+6/!(EJI/!-(+5
*'(+8X*'6/Q !3:+!36^(iEJ!3(!3:+,-*'6 *08H(*21;">1=1!#88">:A *v(+:+"%(*05>6P,-!=1VQ ">6/*08, *'6K135>6^(:V">8H((5o(+Q/!g135>$0$'*28H*05>6PA "78H!#EP,-!=1VQ ">6/*08,t5>L‚](Q !3:+6/!(#N
n 5>:9!{/"%,-./$0!>l]*06F‚](+Q/!3:+6/!3(X(Q !EJ!=$0"[@P*06K,-!=8+8">?>!h(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6ª*06 1:+!="78H!#8X"78(+Q/!g(+:+"%ˆ;1h*'6<1:+!=">8!=8=N 6 EJ!=:iQ/*0?>QF(:V"4ˆ;1
8*v(+I "4(+*'576 8=lS(Q/!p(+Q/:57I/?>Q ./IJ("%6<Eg,h"4{J*0,XI/,EJ!3$2"[@g"%$0,-578H(A<!#15>,-!I/6<">1313!3.J(V"%A/$0!>N


·Y±‹¸ i¯ #ÅSÆ ¹g¶[´[ȋ·Mµ#Å^´>µ=²¶4Å 7½bu€:+*'6 ?%&‡A ">8!=EP"%:V1VQ/*'(!#1e(I :!hQ "78i8+1VQ/!=,-"%(*213">$'$0@rAC!3!=6F8HQ 5 6ª*'6‰n*0? N V Nq†w6Fn‹*0? N V l]"%6
,iI/$v(+*08H(+"%(*05>6q"7131!#88RI 6/*v(-Á 5rŠ/u Ä*28"-QSI/Ao57:1576 1!=6^(:V"4(57:R(Q "%(1576/6/!#1e(+8"h?>:+5>I/.5%Lj135>T ,-./IJ(+!3:V8ÁY„>6/5JEJ!=8+„-*'6o6 !( T 5>:+x

  

(+!3:+,9*06/57$'57?>@/Äz(+59"9O«57x>!=6*06/?9$'5J13">$k"%:+!="6 !( T 5>:+xCN‹†w6"i:+*'6/?>&cA<">8!=E;">:+1VQ/*'(!#1e(+I/:!7l^(Q/!f6/5JEJ!=8R">:!p"%:+:+">6/?>!#E-*'6b"i:*06/?i">6 E



(+Q/!g6/5JEJ!#8(+:+">6 8H,-*'(X*06P(I/:+6ªI 8I "%$0$'@BLM5>:91!=:H(V"%*06ª./:!#EJ!(+!3:+,-*'6/!#EP.<!=:*05JE/85>L(*0,9!7NqORQ/!3:+!LM57:!7l«(+Q/!h(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6ªEJ!3$2"[@J8

">:!./:+!=EJ*21e(V"%A/$0!o"%6 EG13"%6‰AC!,h"7EJ!o8HIJˆ;13*'!=67(+$'@G8H,h"%$0$">89.C!3:h:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(=N‰ORQ/!3:+!LM57:!7ls">8-">$':+!="7EJ@P,9!=6^(*05>6/!#EF!#"%:+$'*0!3:#l
:+*'6 ?%&‡A ">8!=E"%:V1VQ/*v(+!=1(I/:+!=8R"%:+!p5%La(+!36b./:+!LM!3:+:+!=E;*06b:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6 8=N
¬5 !=Z>!3:#l7(Q/!p:+*'6/?-"%:V1VQ/*'(!#1e(I :!f8HIJdy!3:V8sLM:57,€"XLM! *0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(./:+5>A/$0!3,h8=Nzn‹*0:+8H(=lJ">6^@hA :!#"%xh*06g(+Q/!p:*06/?-13"%6A/:+*'6 ?X(+Q/!
QT /57$'!gT 6/!( T 5>:+xBEJ5 T 6«NbORQ *08i,h"%x>!#8:+!3$0*0">A/*'$0*'(U@B5>LR:+*06/T ?o6/!( T 5>:+xJ8"o,h" U57:X1576 1!=:6«Nbn I/:(Q/!=:=lz:+*'6/?r*08i"o.<5S57:W/((+5q(+Q/!
$0*'6 !="%:R(+5>.C5>$05>?7@h6/5>:+,h"%$0$'@hLM57I/6 E*06,-5^8U(">8+8!3,XA $'@;$0*06/!=8">6 E5%(Q !3:"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6 8=NjORQ/*28R,h">EJ!:+!=8!=">:+1VQ/!=:+8`(5-$05S5>xhLM57:"%6


">$v(+!3:+6 "4(+*'Z7!(!#1VQ/6/5>$05>?7@ Q *01VQg1="%6;Q<"[Z>!(+Q/!"7EJZ4"%6^(+">?>!5>L«AC5%(QgA/I 8R"%6 E;:*06/?i">:+1VQ *v(+!=1e(+I/:+!>NzORQ/*08s$0!=Eh(+5(+Q/!fE/!3Z>!=$'57./,-!36^(

5>Lj(Q/!i(57x>!=6qA/I 8p"%:V1VQ/*'(T !#1e(I :!7Npu (57x>!=6qA/I 8p"%:V1VQ/*'(!#1e(I :!i*08f"gA I 8fA ">8!=Eq">:+1VQ *v(+!=1e(+I/:+!>l T Q/!3:+!X(+Q/!-8U(V"4(*05>6<8576q(Q !iA/I<8
">:!9$'57?>*213">$'$0@q"%:+:+">6/?>!#Eb*'6ª":*06/? T *'(QD!=">1VQD8U(V"4(+*'576BxS6/5 T *06/?(Q/!h">E EJ:!#88f5>L`(Q !;8U(V"4(*05>6r(5b*'(+8„%$0!La(V„b"%6 ED„%:+*'?7Q^(+„rÁ)8H!=!
n‹*0? N $^ÄN
} Q/!=6Í(Q/!B$'57?>*213">$:*06/?K*28;*06/*'(*2"%$0*'m=!=EklR(+Q/!rQ *'?7Q/!=8H(g6SI/,XAC!3:+!=E 8H(+"%(*05>6 ?7!(+8"K1VQ ">6 1!b(+5K*'6 *v(+*0"%(!r*'(+8;(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576|N
uLa(!3:135>,-./$0!(+*'6/?9(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6hLM57:R"9./:+!=E/!(!=:,-*06/!=E;(*0,-!>lJ(+Q/!8U(V"4(*05>6. ">8+8!=8s(Q/!fLM:V"%,-!f(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576;.<!=:,-*288*05>6;(+5-*v(V8
*0,-,9!#EJ*2"4(!ÁM$0!La(57::+*'?7Q7("78.C!3:(+Q/!X135>6SZ>!=67(+*'576o">EJ57.J(!#E ÄR6/!=*'?7Q^AC5>:AS@b8H!=6 EJ*06/?g"h8.<!#1*2"%$‹15>6^(+:57$yLM:+">,9!i13"%$0$0!=Eb"-(57x>!=6|N
=

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Legend:
MSAU: Multistation Access Unit

MSAU

MSAU

MSAU

MSAU

MSAU

n *0?>I :! V ­juº*'6/?hu:+1VQ/*'(!#1e(+I/:!

ORQ/!i(57x>!=6o./:57. "%?^"4(+!=8">:57I/6 E(+Q/!i$05>?7*01="%$:*06/? Npu_("%6S@g(+*',-!95>6/$0@(Q/!i(57x>!=6qQ/5>$2EJ!=:*28.C!3:+,-*v((!#Eo(5g(:V"%6 8,-*v(fLM:V"%,-!=8=N
ŠS*06 13!5>6/$0@g576/!8H(+"4(+*'576o"4("9(+*',-!Q/57$0E 8R(Q/!(5>x7!36b*06q"-:*06/?h6/!3( 57:xyl 135>$0$'*28H*05>6<813"%6b6/5>(5J1313I/:=N_u6o*0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(.<57*'6^((+5
:+!=">$'*0m3!p*28(Q<"4((+Q/!./QS@J8H*213">$k5>:VEJ!3:*'6 T Q/*21VQb(Q/!i8U(V"4(*05>6<8"%:+!15>6 T 6/!=1(!=E(+5-(Q/!i13"%A $'!*286/5>(*',-.C5>:(+">67(#N_ORQ *08*28AC!=1="%I 8!
(+Q/!13"%A $'!*08_*06/Q/!3:+!36^(+$'@;"iA/:+57">E 13">8H(`,-!=E/*'I/,blJ!#">1VQ8H(+"%(*05>6;:+!=13!3*0Z>!#8`!=Z>!3:+@9LM:+">,-!(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(!#Ekl/EJ*281="%:VEJ*06/?(+Q/578!(+Q "4("%:+!
6/5>(p"7E/EJ:+!=8+8H!#Eb(5b*'(=N} Q !36P"8H(+"%(*05>6r.<">8+8H!#8(+Q/!9(5>x7!36|lk*'(p(:V"%6 8,-*v(V8"8.<!#1*2"%$‹(57x>!36rLM:+">,-!>l|8.<!#1*'W<13">$'$0@q">E/E/:!#88!=Eb(+5
*'(+8$05>?7*01="%$k6/!=*'?7QSA<57:*'6(Q !:*06/? lJ*0:+:!#8H.C!=1(*0Z>!p5%L T Q/!3:+!f(Q "%(8H(+"4(+*'576*28./QS@J8*01="%$0$'@;$05J13"%(!=E576g(+Q/!X13">A/$0!>N]†‡(*28"%$28H5 T 5>:(Q
6/5>(*06/?;(+Q "4(p,h"%6S@o8U(V"4(+*'576 8576o(Q/!96/!3( T 57:x,h"[@6 5%(AC!96/5%(p*'6q(Q/!9:*06/?DÁaLM5>:f!>N ? Np8H(+"4(+*'576 8 Î7Î l Î (h*'6r(Q/!-n‹*'?<N $SÄeNpORQ/!
5qȕ./:+5%(+5S135>$k"%$2859. :54ZS*2EJ!=8sLM5>:"7E/EJ*06/?h8U(V"4(+*'576 8_(5<l/"%6 E:+!3,-54ZS*'6/?-8H(+"4(+*'576 8_LM:+5>, (+Q/!$'57?>*213">$C:+*06/? N

Node not in the ring Logical Ring

n‹*0?>I/:+! $ ]­ ¾|57?>*213"%$k*06/?h*06o"9O5>x7!36 _I 8 

X— ™[¥˜š›•”+œCž3‘ • Ÿ—i‘ ‘ ¡o£ož¤f¥]ž—9£¦ž3£  G§  

ŠS5>La(:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!X157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6r1="%6oAC!iI 8!=Eo(5g8I/./.C5>:(f85%La(f:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!X">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8*06B";¾u¿ 8 ,;< NfŠJ5%La(p:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!X135>,9&

,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576h6/!( T 5>:+xJ8]"%:+!6/5%(s!{J.<!#1e(+!=E-(+5./:+54Z^*2EJ!">6^@9"%A 85>$0IJ(+! T 5^Š9?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8‹(5(Q/!">././$0*01="4(+*'576 83NzORQ/!=@i576/$'@9!36<8HI/:+!
./:+*05>:+*v(+*'m=!=Eh(+:!#"4(+,9!=6^(LM5>:R:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p,-!=8+8">?>!#8_85i(Q "%((Q/!,-!=8+8+"%?>!fEJ!="7EJ$0*'6/!,-*288R:V"4(+*'5bÁaLM57::!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p,-!=8+8">?>!#8+Äs13">6AC!
x7!3.J(R(5;"9,-*06/*',iI/,">6 E(Q/!:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p,9!#88+"%?7!=8R13">6AC!./:+54ZS*0EJ!#Eg8H(+"%(*28U(+*01="%$k?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8_5>6bEJ!3$2"[@;AC5>I/6<E/83N
:

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ŠS5>La(j:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!R./:+5%(+5S135>$28zI 8I "%$0$'@i">8+8HI/,-!_(Q<"4(`AC5%(+Q-85%La(j:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!"%6 E96/5769:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!R,9!#88+"%?7!=8 5>I/$2E9A<!R(+:+">6 8H,-*'(H(+!=E
54Z7!3:R(Q !6/!( T 5>:+xyNsŠS5>La(:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p(+:+"%ˆh1p*28I 8I ">$'$0@"788I/,-!=E(5hAC!,h">E/!I/.o5%L`Ì Rº"%6 E _º85>T I :+13!=8=NsŠS5%La(:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!
,-!=8+8+"%?>!X:+"%(!=8f"%:+!X"788I/,-!=Eb(+5gAC!iZ7!3:+@b$'5 T 157,-. "%:+!=Eb(+5;(+Q/!91VQ<"%6/6/!=$‹1="%. "71*'(U@>Nf¿5>6B:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!i,9!#88+"%?7!=8">::+*0Z>!X">.<!=:*'&
  

5JEJ*213">$'$0@*06oA/I/:V8H(+8=N†w6q./:+!=8!36 13!5%LjA/I/:V8H(+8=l *'(AC!=157,-!=8Z7!3:+@EJ*'ˆ;1I/$'(f(5g8I 8H(+"%*06b(Q !X?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8_(5;(Q/!i:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!(+:+"%ˆh1>N

ORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>l^(Q !fA I/:+8H(+8_6/!=!=Eg(59A<!8,-5^5>(Q/!#E;LM57:8HI 8H(+">*'6 *'6/?i(Q !p8H(+"%(*28U(+*01="%$y?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8s5>6E/!=">E/$'*06/!pA<57I/6 E/8_LM57:R:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!
,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8s(5-Q/5>$2EkN
!35769">6 E;ŠSQ/*06;EJ!3Z7!3$05>.C!=Eh"fW/{J!#ES&c:V"4(+!R(:V"4ˆ;1e&w8,95S5>(Q/*06/?"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,bNzORQ/*28`"%$0?>57:*'(Q , *28]A ">8!=E-5769(Q/!6 !( 5>:+x *2EJ!
(+:+">6 8H,-T *288*05>6P$'*0,-*v(V83Nqn :57,t(+Q/!;(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6D$'*0,-*v(V83lz(+Q/!;*06/./IJ(9$'*0,-*v(iLM5>:i!=">1VQª6 5SE/!;*'6P(+Q/!8@J8U(+!3, T "78EJ!=:*0T Z>!#EkNoT ORQ/!
(+:+"%ˆh18H,-5S5%(+Q/!3:#l T Q/*21VQF*289./$0"71!#EªA<!3( T !=!36F(Q/! 5quÌ$2"[@>!=:i"%6<EKOÌ J+4† °$2"[@>!3:#l]8H,-5S5%(+Q 89"q6/576J&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!8H(:+!=">,Â85
(+Q "4(R?>I ">:+">6^(!3!#8z(5i:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!,-!#88+"%?7!=8j*28s6/5%(_A<!fZS*'57$0"%(!=E|N‹ORQ/!(:V"4ˆ;1&‡8,-5^5>(Q/*06/?135>6 13!3.J(_*08R"¾«!="%xS@ _I 1Vx>!3(s"%$0?>57:*'(Q ,
 

1="%$0$'!#Eg">8Ìs:+!=EJ*'( _I 1Vx>!3( !!3.J(+QªÁcÌ !fÄNJ†‡(Q ">8s( T 5i. ">:+">,-!(!=:+8Ì !º"%6 E!3LM:!#8HQ z!3:+*'5JEqÁ) sÄN/ORQ/!=8!f( T 59. "%:V"%,-!3(!3:V8


">:!-W/{J!#ED8H(+"%(*213">$'$0@>NqÌ ! *28(Q !;,h"4{J*',iI/,t6SI/,iA<!=:X5>LR13:!#EJ*v(V8(+Q "4(i">:!h"7E/EJ!=ED(+5b(Q/!A/I 1Vx7!(X"4(!=Z>!=:@B:!3LM:!#8HQ|N†‡(X*28

    

">$085o(Q !g,h"4{J*0,XI/,Â6SI/,XAC!3:95%L13:!#EJ*'(+8(+Q "4(h"oA/I<1Vx>!(-13">6KQ/5>$2EkND º*28(+Q/!:+!LM:+!=8Qª.C!3:+*'5JE *'(Q Q *01VQª(+Q/!A/I 1Vx>!3(X*28



:+!3./$0!36 *08Q/!=E T *'(Q6/! T 1:+!=EJ*'(+8=N]ORQ/!p:+"%(*05hÌ ! +4 ‰*28`(+Q/!"[Z>!=:+">?>!?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!=Eh(Q/:+5>I/?7Q/./IJ(RLM57T:_6 5>6J&‡T :!#"%$'&)(+*',-!f,-!=8+8">?>!=8=N



ORQ/!6SI/,iA<!=:5>Lz13:!#EJ*v(V8*06b(Q/!A/I<1Vx>!(*28E/!36/5>(!=Eb"78R(Q/!i1I/:+:!=6^(R6 !( T 5>:+xg8HQ<"%:+!;ÁcÌ_¿Š ÄeN } Q !36b(Q !6SI/,XAC!3:5>Lz"[Z4">*'$2"%A/$0!

 

13:!#EJ*v(V8]*28].<5^8H*'(*0Z>!7l>A/I/(`*08`8H,h"%$0$0!3:z(Q<"%6-(Q !R(Q/!8*0m3!5%Lk"p,-!=8+8">?>!_(5AC!(+:+">6 8H,-*'(H(+!=Ekl^1:+!=EJ*'(+8j">:!">$'$05 T !#E(+5A<!A<57::+5 T !#EkN

ŠS5<l«(+Q/!hA ">$0">6 1!h5>LR13:!#EJ*v(V813">6PA<!#15>,-!;6 !3?7"%(*0Z>!h"4(X">6S@q(*0,-!>NbORQ/!Ì_¿ŠD,h"[@BA<!#15>,-!h6/!=?7"%(*0Z>!-*vL13:!#EJ*v(V8Q "[Z7!hA<!=!36
AC5>:+:5 T !=E|Nsu_(!=Z>!=:@:!3LM:!#8HQ|l/(Q/!i6^I ,XAC!3:5>Lj1:+!=EJ*'(+8*'6b(+Q/!XA/I<1Vx>!(XÁ‡Ì_¿Š/Ä*28I/.yE/"4(+!=Eo"78LM5>$0$05 T 83­Ì_¿Š
,-*'6FÁ‡Ì_¿Š 
Ì !ilCÌ !fÄN<ORQ "%(R*28=lCÌ !°"%,-5>I 67(5>L‹13:!#EJ*v(V8"%:+!p:!=./$0!36/*28HQ !=Ekl/8I/A U!#1e((5-(+Q/!$0*',-*'((Q "%(fÌ_¿ŠEJ5S!=8R6 5%(!{/13!3!=EqÌ !iN
} Q/!=6B"g6/5>6J&‡:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!X,9!#88+"%?7!i">::+*'Z7!=8RLM:+5>, (+Q/!9OÌ +[† j&c$2"[@>!=:=lJ(+Q/!-8H,-5S5%(+Q/*'6 ?g,-!=1VQ ">6/*28H,›13">::+*0!=857IJ((+Q/!iLM5>$0$'5 T *06/?
    

8H(!=. 83­
 

 
   !#"%$& (' )(*  +,-.
/0 (1 !2"%$& ('( )*  +., -3-4(5.768 - 4(39(  !. 0 /
  $:  !;8 )-) $<=.78 $
> 
4(8.> :  !?@$'&.. );&$- >A
ORQ/!EJ*28"7EJZ4"%6^(+">?>!;5>L(Q/!W/{J!=ES&‡:V"4(!;(:V"4ˆ;1g8,-5^5>(Q/*06/?o(+!=1VQ/6 *0~^I/!*08X(Q<"4(i*'(-*08i6/5%(9Z>!=:@) !3{S*0A/$0!"78(Q !6/!3( 57:x *2EJ!
*06/./IJ(p$0*',-*'(*28W/{J!#Eo5>6 13!(Q !9EJ!=$0"[@:+!=~^I/*0:!=,9!=6^(+85>Lz(Q/!9:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!,-!#88+"%?7!=8">:!xS6/5 T 6«NORQ/!(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6o:VT "4(+!5%L]T (+Q/!
6/576J&‡:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!s85>I :+13!=8|*28‹$'*0,-*v(+!=E9"%6 EX?>!3(+8‹:!#EJI 13!=EX"78|(+Q/!R6SI/,XAC!3:z5%L<6/5JEJ!=8‹*06 1:+!="78H!#8|5>6X(Q/!¾u¿N4ORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>l4"%6i*'6<1:+!=">8!
*06g(+Q/!p6SI/,XAC!3:R5%Lz8U(V"4(+*'576 83lS$0!="7E/8s(5-"9E/!=1:+!="78H!*'6b8H(+"4(+*'576;(+:+"%ˆh1?>!=6/!3:V"4(+*'576 8s$'*0,-*v(V83NjORQ/*28R8HQ 5 T 8sI ."78_"9157::+!=8.C5>6 EJ*06/?
EJ!#1:+!="78H!*'6g(Q/:+5>I/?7Q/./IJ(R5%L6/5>6J&‡:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!(:V"4ˆ;1%N‹†‡(*08R">$085XZ7!3:+@9.C!=8+8*',-*28U(+*01f8H*06 13!*'(_*28_A ">8!=Eg5>6 57:+8H(H&w13"78H!1="%$21I/$2"4(+*'576 8
576B(+Q/!h(+5%(+">$](:V"4ˆ;1h">::+*'Z4">$‹:V"4(+!=8*06D(Q/!8H@J8H(!3,bBN T !=5>6P"%6 EªŠSQ/*06ªQ "[Z7!9. :57.<5^8H!#EB">6P"7E/"%./(*0Z>!-T (:V"4ˆ;1-8,95S5>(Q/!=:(Q "%(
"7E/EJ:+!=8+8H!#8`(+Q/!8Q/5>:(+135>,-*'6 ?78_5%L(Q/!iÌ !°">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,$8 Î * < N


¹Æ¯ ‹µ=D· C<Å s¶[¯ K´ ¼K»|»<µ=ȋ·Y±‹¸«½R†w6q57:+EJ!=:(5g./:54ZS*2EJ!"h:+!="78H576 "%A/$0!f(Q/:+5>I ?>Q/./I/(LM5>:6/5>6/&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!,9!#88+"%?7!=8=lJ(Q !X6/576J&

:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!(+:+"%ˆ;1e&‡?>!36 !3:V"4(*05>6F:+"%(!o13">6GAC!q"%$0$'5 T !=EF(5ª"7E/"%.J(h*'(+8!3$'Lp(5D(Q/!oI 6 EJ!3:+$0@^*06/?P6/!3( T 57:xK$057"7EG135>6 E/*v(+*'576 83N ORQ "%(
  

*283lj(Q/!b6/5JEJ!#89">:!"%$0$'5 T !=ED(+5B*06 13:!#">8!;(Q !3*0:i(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6K$0*0,9*'(+8=l`*'L(+Q/!bIJ(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6G5%L(+Q/!A I 8-*089$05 T NF\6K(Q !5>(Q/!=:

Q ">6 Ekl Q/!=6;(Q !IJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576g5>L|(Q/!fA/I 8sAC!=157,-!=8_Q/*0?>Q|l^(Q !6/5JEJ!#8s(:V"%6 8,-*v((*06/?X6/576J&‡:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8jQ "[Z7!(+59EJ!#1:+!="78H!
(+Q/!3*0:h(T :V"%6<8H,-*288*'576Í$'*0,-*v(V83N †w6 5>:VEJ!3:-(+5ª*',-./$0!3,-!=67("%6 ">E/">.J(*0Z>!3&c:V"4(+!(:V"4ˆ;1o8H,-5S5%(+Q/!3: T Q/*01VQ T 5>I/$2E‰,-!3!(g(Q/!rE/!3$2"[@
:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+895%Lf:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!. ">1Vx7!(V83l_"%6 EG"4(-(Q/!q8+"%,-!(*0,-!o./:54ZS*2EJ!*',-./:+54Z>!#EF"[Z>!=:+">?>!h(+Q/:+5>I/?7Q/./IJ(-LM5>:-6/576J&‡:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!
. "71Vx>!3(+8=l7(+Q/!pLM5>$0$05 T *'6/?9( T 5-./:57A/$0!3,h8R,XI 8H(A<!:+!=85>$0Z>!#Ek­
E ¬5 T (5hEJ!(+!=1("91VQ<"%6/?7!f*06b6/!( T 5>:+xhIJ(+*'$0*'m#"4(+*'576 F
E ¬5 T (5h">E/">.J(R(Q/!p(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6$'*0,-*v(V8R(5h"-EJ!3(!=1(!#E1VQ<"%6/?7G! F
ORQ/!8H57$'IJ(+*'576D(Q "%(XQ ">8XA<!=!36ª./:+5>.C578!=ED*28(+Q "4((+Q/!;6SI/,iA<!=:X5%L135>$0$'*28H*05>6<8.<!=:I/6/*'(X(+*',-!13"%6PAC!;I 8!=Eª"78X"b,-!="78HI/:+!
5>Lj6/!( T 5>:+xgIJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576|NORQ *08*08"g8*',-./$0!i">6 Eo"%. ./:5[{J*0,h"4(! T "[@(5E/!(!=:,-*06/!X6 !( T 5>:+xgIJ(+*'$0*'m#"4(+*'576r"4(p"%6S@g(+*',-!7N†w6o(+Q/!
,

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 !=Z>!36^(_5%L«"X135>$0$'*28*'576|l>(+Q/!p1:+!=EJ*'(sA/I<1Vx>!(_*08s*0,9,-!#EJ*0"%(!=$'@-!3,-.J(+*'!#Eg1="%I 8*'6 ?i8I 8H.C!36<8H*05>6;5>L|6/5>6/&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!. ">1Vx7!(V83l7!{/1!=.J(sLM57:
(+Q/578!p. ">1Vx7!(+8R">$':+!="7EJ@hI/6 EJ!=:R(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576|N‹ORQ *08R*06 1:+!="78H!#8s(Q/!1VQ ">6 1!(5hEJ!=$'*0Z>!=:_(Q/!:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!. "71Vx>!3(+8_?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=EhLM:+5>,
5>(Q/!=:s6/5JEJ!#8R8H5S5>6 !3:#l^">6 Eh./:+!3Z7!36^(_EJ!=$0"[@J8_13">I 8H!#EhAS@-A/I/:V8U(V8s5>L|6/5>6/&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!. "71Vx>!(V8j?7!36/!=:+"%(!=EhLM:57, (+Q/*28s6 5SE/!>Njn/57:`(+Q/*28
:+!="78H576|lS. ">1Vx7!(157$'$0*08*05>6g*28I 8!=E">8"9(+:*0?>?7!3:s(5;EJ!#1:+!="78H!(Q/:+5>I ?>Q/57IJ(">8 T !3$0$|">8_(5;E/!3./$0!(+!p(Q/!13I/::+!36^(1:+!=EJ*'(+8=N
ORQ/!f8U(V"4(+*'576;*'6 ./IJ($'*0,-*v(Ì ! +% F1="%6;AC!p">E/">.J(!#EhAS@9!=*v(+Q/!3:1VQ ">6/?>*06/?(+Q/!Ì ! 5>:s(Q !f F. "%:V"%,-!3(!3:#NzORQ/!8H(+"%(*05>6
*06/./IJ(j$0*0,9*'(`*28z*'6<1:+!=">8!=Ei.C!3:+*'5JEJ*213">$'$0@AS@XEJ!#1:+!=">8*06/?f P.<!=:*05JEJ*01="%$0$'@XA^@i"W {S!#E96^I ,XAC!3:#l%*vLy(+Q/!3:+!RQ ">8z6/5>(jA<!=!36h"%6S@:+!=13!36^(
   

135>$0$'*28H*05>6«Nz\LC135>I/:V8!>l4(+Q/!R$'5 T !3:zAC5>I/6 E95>LC D*28‹W/{J!=EiA^@i8H57,9!R./:+!=E/!W 6/!#EXZ4">$'I/! `,-*'6|N‹} Q/!=6-"p135>$0$'*28H*05>6i*08]E/!(!#1e(+!=Ekl^"%$0$



13:!#EJ*v(]A/I<1Vx>!(V8]"%:+!_E/!3./$0!(+!=E-"%6 E9 D*28jEJ5>I A/$'!#EkNzORQ/!RI/./.C!3:jAC5>I/6<Ei5>LC D*28‹W/{J!=E9AS@X"p1!=:H(V"%*06X./:+!=EJ!3W 6/!#EiZ4">$'I/! `,h"4{kN

 
  

ORQ/!!3{J.<!=:*0,-!36^(+">$«:+!=8I/$v(V8Q "[Z7!8HQ/5 6(+Q "4(AS@I 8*'6/?-(+Q/!X"7E/"%.J(+*'Z7!p(:V"4ˆ;18,-5^5>(Q/*06/?;8+1VQ/!3,-!p(+Q/!X,-!=8+8+"%?>!EJ!#">EJ$0*06/!

,-*288:V"4(+*'5^8ÁaLM57::!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p,-!=8+8">?>!=8VÄ_13">T 6AC!x>!=.J( T !3$0$|I/6 EJ!=:(Q !,9*0$0$'*«8!=135>6 E 8:+">6/?>!LM5>:"%6S@g"%:+A/*'(:V"%:+@;"%:+:*0Z4"%$y:V"4(!pLM57:
(+Q/!6/576J&c:+!=">$y(*0,-!,-!=8+8">?>!=8=N`ORQ/*28(+!=1VQ/6 *0~^I/!(+Q/5>I ?>Qb!ˆ;1*0!36^(LY">*'$28R(+5;./:+54Z^*2EJ!EJ!3(!3:+,-*'6 *08H(*21:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'576|N
¬!36 13!*v(*288HI *v(V"%A/$0!5>6/$0@hLM57:8H5>La(:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p8H@J8H(!3,h8">6 Eb13"%66/5>(8HI/. .<57:H(Q ">:+E:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6|N

 ¨š›•”+œCž3‘ • Ÿ—i‘ ‘ ¡o£ož¤f¥]ž—9£ ž3£  G§  

}D!;Q "7EªEJ*08+1I<88!=EP8!3Z>!=:+">$]!{/"%,-./$0!;"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6 8*'6FŠS!#1e(+*'576 = N Î l|LM57: T Q/*21VQPQ "%:VED:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!;135>,-,XI/6 *01="4(*05>6P*06K"q¾«u¿

!=6^ZS*0:576/,-!36^(i*28i6/!=13!=8+8">:@7ND¬"%:VEª:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%././$0*213"4(+*'576 8i5%La(!=6F*06SZ>5>$0Z>!;(:V"%6 8,-*08+8H*05>6F5%LpÌ R(+:+"%ˆh18I 1VQF">8i.C!3:+*'5JEJ*21
8!36 85>:8*0?>6 ">$08=N†w6ªQ<"%:VEB:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!;"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8=lEJ!3(!=:,-*06/*08H(*21h./:+!=E/*01(+"%A *'$0*v(U@D5%L6/!3( 57:xBEJ!3$2"[@q(V"%x>!#8./:+!=13!=EJ!=6 1!h54Z7!3:


6/!3( T 57:x-IJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576"78H.C!=1(+8=Nz¬5 T !=Z>!=:=l>(59*',-./:+54Z>!(Q/!f6/!( T 5>:+x-IJ(*0$0*'m#"4(*05>6«lJ5%La(!=685%LaT ("%6 Eg6/5>6/&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576 8

">:!"%$0$05 T !#Eh(5-AC!p(:V"%6 8,-*v((!#E*06(Q/5^8H!p*06^(!3:+Z4"%$28EJI/:+*'6 ? T Q *01VQbQ ">:+Eg:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p,-!=8+8">?>!=8R">:!p6/5>(R. :!#8H!=67(#N
†w6g"i¾«u¿lSQ "%:VE-:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!f157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6 8s"%:+!6/5>:+,h"%$0$'@-8I/./.C5>:(!=E;I 8H*06/?9"%6S@-5%Lk(Q !LM57$'$05 *'6 ?(Q/:+!3!f1$2">8+8H!#8j5>L|./:5>&
(+5S135>$28 8 Î l Î>Î < ­]?>$05>A<"%$y./:+*'57:*'(U@^&cA "78H!#EklJ13">$'!=6 EJ!3:&‡A ">8!=EklS"%6<EAC5>I 6 EJ!=EJ&‡"7131!#88_./:+5%(+5J15>$28=N}D!pW :V8U(T EJ*2813I 8+88H57,9!p*0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(
LM!#"4(I :!#8R5%L‹(Q/!#8H!f(Q :!=!1$2">8+8H!#8s5>L‹Q<"%:VEg:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'576./:+5%(+5J15>$28=NzŠSI A 8H!#~^I/!36^($0@>l T !EJ*2813I 8+88H57,9!p*0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(
./:+5%(+5J15>$28_A<!=$'576/?>*06/?9(5-(+Q/!=8!f(Q/:+!3!13$0"788!=8=N
 É)» z¯/É p¶[·)» ¶4·Yµ+Ë p¶4» µ#»|´>»CÉ 7½†w6ª"?>$05>A ">$‹. :*05>:+*v(U@o. :5>(5J157$)lk!#">1VQD,9!#88+"%?7!X*28">8+8H*0?>6 !=Er"./:+*05>:+*v(U@oZ4"%$0I/!7N9ORQ/*28 5quÌ
$2"[@>!=:s./:+5%(+5J15>$C(+:*0!=8s(5-!=6 8HI :!(Q "%("4("%6S@h(+*',-!f(Q/!1VQ ">6/6/!=$k*08R8!3:+Z^*06/?i(59(Q !fQ *'?7Q/!=8H(./:*05>:+*'(U@9,-!#88+"%?7!*06g(+Q/!p6/!( T 5>:+xyN
 

ORQ/*2857.<!=6 8I .b(Q/!.C578+8*'A/*0$0*v(U@5%L]I 8*'6 ?gB5qu LM57:8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'*06/?h,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8R*'6B"-6/!( 5>:+xEJ!=./$054@^*06/?;"-?7$'57A "%$|. :*05>:+*v(U@^&‡A ">8!=E
./:+5%(+5J15>$cN ¬5 T !3Z>!=:=ls( T 5ª*',-.C5>:(+"%6^(g. :57A/$'!=,h8;"%:+*08! T Q/*0$'!q(:+@^*06/?ª(+5K*0,9. $'!=,9!=T 6^(B5qut5>:g‚ !n ,-!=8+8">?>!q8+1VQ/!=EJI $'*06/?
">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,h8sI<8H*06/?h"-?>$05>A ">$y./:*05>:+*'(U@7&‡A "78H!#E;81VQ !=EJI/$0*06/?-./:5>(5J157$)­
Î N} Q/!36(+Q/!p(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'5765>Lz"9. "71Vx>!(*28I/6 E/!3: T "[@7l^*'(1="%6/6/5>(A<!8H(57./.<!#EA<!3LM5>:+!p(Q/!p(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6*08135>,-./$0!(!">6 E
(Q/!9:+!3,h"%*06/*06/?gA/*'(+8p5>Lj(Q !i. "71Vx>!3(+8(:V"%6 8,-*v((!=EB"4("g$2"4(+!3:f(*0,-!>N†w6B5%(+Q/!3: T 57:+E 83lyI/6/$0*0x>!i(Q/! T "[@g(V">8xS8p135>I/$2EqAC!
./:+!3!3,-.J(+!=EgLM:57,˜Ì I<8">?>!>lS. "71Vx>!3(_(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6 8R1="%6/6/5>(A<!,-!=">6/*06/?%LMI/$0$0@g./:+!3!=,9./(!=E1VQ ">6/6/!3$«I 8">?>!7N
 

Ã/Nu ?>$05>A<"%$j./:+*05>:+*v(U@B./:5>(5J157$`13">6ª6/5%(i*'6 8H(+">6^(+"%6 !35>I<8H$0@BEJ!3(!=:,-*06/!;(+Q/!;,-!=8+8">?>!-(+Q "4(9Q ">8(Q/!;Q *'?7Q/!=8H(X./:+*'57:*'(U@>Nou8

T*'6/!LM5>8:+Q ,-"%"%$0$|(*085>!36|!N *0657I/:8I/A 8!=~^I/!36^(EJ*2813I 8+8H*05>6 8R*28R(+Q "4( T Q "%(*0857AJ(+">*'6 !=E*'6b./:V">1(*21!p*28RA ">8!=E5>6b85>,-! T Q "%(5>IJ(VE/"4(+!=E
_5%(+Qr(+Q/!=8!-./:+5>A/$0!3,h8pZS*'57$0"%(!h85>,-!-5%L`(+Q/!hA "78H*219./:!=,-*08!=8f(+Q "4( !3:+!9,h"7EJ!9LM5>:B5qu(+5o5>.J(+*',h">$'$0@r8+1VQ/!=EJI $'!9(+"78HxJ8=N
ORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>l‹*vLB5ru *28I 8!=ED(+5r81VQ !=EJI/$0!;,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8p*'6G"o?>$05>A ">$j./:+*'57:T *'(U@q./:+5%(+5J15>$cl(Q/!"%AC54Z>!-,-!36^(*05>6/!#ED( T 5r./:57A/$0!3,h8


T 5>I/$2E:!#8U(+:*21e(R(Q !">1VQ/*0!3Z4"%A $'!8+1VQ/!=EJI $0">A/$'!pIJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'5765>L(+Q/!1VQ ">6/6/!3$y(+5-Z>!3:+@;$05 T Z4"%$0I/!#83N

9»<²‹±‹ÆÅSƺ¹g´7´>Å ´[ȋÅSƲ‹ÉY·)±¸½i†w6PAC5>I/6<EJ!=Eª"7131!#88p8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'*06/?<l«:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!-?7I "%:V"%6^(!=!=8(5o,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8p"%:+!9. :54ZS*2EJ!=ErA^@
AC5>I/6<EJ*'6 ?;(Q !i">1=1!#88(*0,9!i5%Lj!=Z>!3:+@g6 5SE/!(5g(Q/!91VQ "%6 6/!3$cNORQ/*28*06o(+I/:6r*',-./$0*'!#8(+Q "4((Q/!X(*0,-!XLM57: T Q/*21VQr"h. "71Vx>!3(,h"[@
   

Q "[Z7!-(5 T "%*'(XAC!LM57:!;*'(i*28(+:+">6 8,9*'(H(+!=Eª*28AC5>I 6 EJ!=E|Nru $05S1="%$_81VQ/!#EJI/$0*'6 ?r"%$0?>57:*'(Q/, *08XI 8!=ED(5DEJ!(+!3:+,-*'6/!;(Q/!5>:VEJ!3:*06

T Q/*21VQb. ">1Vx7!(V8_">:!(+">x>!=6I/.bAS@"96/5JEJ!pLM57:R(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576rN

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Çi¯/É)Å^±‹Æ‹¯J¶ z¯ =ÅSÆ ´[ÈÅSƋ²É)·Y±‹¸«½r†w6‰"D13">$'!=6 E/"%:&‡A ">8!=Eª. :5>(5J157$)lj!=Z>!=:@P6/5JEJ!b,h"%*06^(+"%*06 8-"P157.^@P5>L(Q !b1="%$0!36 E "%:9(Q "%(
*06 EJ*213"%(!=8 T Q/*21VQ;6/5JEJ!*08s.<!=:,-*'(H(+!=Eh(+5(+:+">6 8H,-*'(_EJI :*06/? T Q *01VQh(+*',-!f.<!=:*05JEkN]O«:V"4ˆ;185>I :+13!=8`1="%6;:+!=8!3:+Z>!R(+*',-!f*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$ LM57:

  

. "71Vx>!3(`(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576;AS@hA/:+57">E 13">8H(*06/?<N«} Q/!=6"i6/5JEJ!f6/!3!#E/8s(5i(:V"%6 8,-*v(",-!=8+8+"%?>!LM5>: T Q/*21VQg6/59:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6 T ">8s,h">EJ!7l

*'(sW<6 E/8"LM:+!3!p8$'5>(_AS@;1576 8I/$v(+*'6 ?(Q !p1="%$0!36 E "%:s">6 E;:+!=8!3:+Z>!#8](+Q/!:+!=~^I/*0:+!=Eh(+*',-!f*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$yA^@-A/:+57"7E/13"78U(+*'6 ?(Q/!p:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6
*06JLM5>:+,h"4(+*'576-(5X">$'$C6/5JEJ!=8=NzuÀ13">$'!=6 E/">:H&‡A ">8!=E9./:+5%(+5J15>$ *08_8H*0,-./$0!>l^!ˆ;1*0!36^(=lJ">6 E T 57:xJ8]Z7!3:+@ T !3$0$ T Q !36g">$'$<,9!#88+"%?7!=8]*06h(+Q/!
8@J8U(+!3,€">:!p.C!3:+*'5JEJ*21p"%6 E./:+!=EJ*21e(V"%A/$0!>N
†w6(Q/!pLM57$'$05 T *06/? l T !EJ*08+1I<8885>,-!p*',-.C5>:(+">67(. :5>(5J157$08sLM:+5>, !#">1VQ5%L«(+Q/!=8!p(Q :!=!p1="4(+!3?>57:*0!=8_5>L./:+5%(+5S135>$283N


C SADC  E   EF4AD H M4 4@SC E 

u LM! T *0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(?>$05>A ">$k./:*05>:+*'(U@;"%:+A/*v(+:+"%(*05>6A ">8!=E./:+5%(5J135>$28_">:!f(+Q/!pLM5>$0$'5 T *06/?<N

Priority Arbitration

Transmission Interval
‹n *0?>I/:+! (J­ j:+*'57:*'(U@;u:+A/*'(:V"4(+*'576">6 EO:V"%6 8,-*08+8H*05>6†w6^(!3:+Z4"%$28


Çi»C²±yµ#Æ» !h± p¶4» µ#»|´>»CÉU½_†w6g(+Q/*28R./:5>(5J157$)l^(+Q/!f(*0,9!p$0*'6 !f*28EJ*0ZS*0EJ!#Eg*06^(5iW/{J!=E*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$08=N]u_(R(Q/!8H(+"%:(R5%L!=Z>!=:@h*06^(!3:+Z4"%$cl

./:+*05>:+*v(U@P"%:+A/*'(:V"4(*05>6F*08-13">::+*0!=EP5>I/(i(+5BEJ!3(!3:+,-*'6 !g(+Q/!Q *'?7Q/!=8H(9. :*05>:+*v(U@P,-!=8+8+"%?>!g*'6F(Q/!6/!( T 5>:+xyNDu8-8H5S5>6G">8i./:*05>:+*'(U@
">:A/*'(:V"4(+*'576r*28157,-./$'!3(!7lk(Q/!h6 5SE/!hQ "[ZS*'6/?(Q !hQ/*'?7Q/!=8H(./:+*'57:*'(U@o,-!=8+8">?>!9*08">$'$05 T !=Er(5(:V"%6 8,-*v(#Nh†w6B5>(Q/!=: T 57:+E 83lk(+Q/*28
8+1VQ/!3,-!p*06^Z75>$0Z>!#8s.C!3:+*05SE/*01f./:+*'57:*'(U@g">:A/*'(:V"4(+*'576;LM57$'$05 T !#E;AS@g,-!#88+"%?7!(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6"788HQ 5 T 6*06on*0? N (/N

Priority bits
msb lsb

N1 10 0 1 0 1 0

N2 16 1 0 0 0 0

N3 20 1 0 1 0 0

‹n *'?7I/:+! = ­ j:+*'57:*'(U@;u:+A/*'(:V"4(*05>6b‚]{/">,9. $'!



`:*05>:+*v(U@o">:A/*'(:V"4(+*'576o(*0,-!h*08E/*'ZS*2EJ!=EB*'6^(+5W {S!#EB8*0m3!=ED8$'5>(+8=N9ORQ/!hEJI :+"%(*05>6r5>Ls!#">1VQP8H$05%(EJI/:V"4(+*'576B*28f(U@S./*01="%$0$'@o,h"7EJ!

!#~7I<"%$J(+5!36 EJ&)(+5%&‡!36 E9./:+5>. ">?7"%(*05>6-EJ!3$2"[@X5>L<(+Q/!,-!=EJ*0I/,bN]†‡Ly(Q/!8H$05%(`8*'m=!*28],h">EJ!">6S@i8,-">$'$0!3:z(+Q "%6-(+Q/*283l7(Q/!=6-(Q/!./:*05>:+*'(U@


">:A/*'(:V"4(+*'576r8+1VQ/!3,-! 57I/$2Eq6/5>( 5>:+xq8H*06 13!9"b157$'$0*28H*05>6q!=Z>!=6 Q/!=6r*'(5J131I :+8 57I/$2Er6/5>(fAC!hEJ!(+!=1(!=E|N9u8$'5>(8*0m3!9$0">:?7!3:

(+Q "%6B(Q/*28 T 5>I/$2Eq$0!="7TEq(+5">6B*06 1T :+!="78H!i*'6P1VQ ">6/6/!3$z*2EJ$0!i(+*',-!hEJT I/:+*06/?b!3Z>!=:@o8$'5>(=T Nh\Z>!3:(Q !=8!-8$05%(+8=lk!3Z7!3:+@o6/5JEJ!9(:V"%6 8,-*v(V8
(+Q/!g./:+*05>:+*v(U@DZ4"%$0I/!;5%L*'(+8iQ/*0?>Q/!#8U(i./:*05>:+*'(U@B.C!36 E/*'6/?B,-!=8+8">?>! T *'(QK,h8AªW :V8U(-">8X8Q/5 T 6ª*06Fn‹*'?<N (JNDŠS*'6<1!8*0,XI/$'(+">6/!357I 8
(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6LM5>$0$'5 T 8 9$'57?>*21%l/"-6/5JEJ!p(+Q "4((+:+">6 8,9*'(+8" *h">6 E:!#1!=*'Z7!=8R" Î l/xS6/5 T 8_(+Q "4((+Q/!3:+!*28"4($0!="78U(5>6 !6/5JEJ!p(Q "%(
*28RQ "[ZS*'6 ?-"9Q/*0?>Q !3:./:+*'57:*'(U@h.C!36 EJ*06/?h,-!=8+8+"%?>!7l/"%6 EEJ:+5>. 8R57IJ(5%L‹(Q/!135>6^(!=6^(*05>6|N
Î*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 O5p*'$0$'I<8U(+:+"%(!R(Q ! 57:xS*06/?5>L<(+Q/*28]./:+5%(5J135>$cl4(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576i5>LCA/*'(+8jA^@9EJ*'dC!=:!=67(j6 5SE/!=8]*06h"QS@S.C5%(Q !(*213">$/!{/">,9. $'!EJI :*06/?
(+Q/!"%:+A/*'(:V"4(*05>6i*'6^(+!3:+Z[T ">$JQ ">8]8+1VQ/!=,-"%(*213">$'$0@A<!=!36h8Q/5 T 6i*069(Q/!n‹*0? N = N‹†w6hn*0? N = l%(Q/:+!3!R6/5JEJ!#8j¿ Î l>¿Ã/l7"%6<Ei¿ V ">:!R. ">:H(+*01&
*0. "4(+*'6 ?*'6-(+Q/!">:A/*'(:V"4(+*'576-./:5J13!=8+83N‹ORQ/!./:+*'57:*'(*0!=8j5%LkQ/*0?>Q/!#8U(`,-!#88+"%?7!=8]"4(`(Q/!6 5SE/!=8`¿ Î l^¿ÃJlS"%6<Eh¿ V ">:! Î * l Î-= l7">6 E;Ã* N
u88HQ 5 T 6|l/6/5JEJ!X¿ Î EJ:+5>. 857IJ("4La(+!3:(+:+">6 8,9*'(H(+*'6 ?-(Q/!W<:+8H(A/*'(">8*'((+:+">6 8H,-*'(+8" *-A IJ($0*08H(!=6 8" Î NRŠS*0,9*0$2"%:+$'@7lJ(Q/!X6/5JEJ!
¿fà 5>I/$2E;EJ:+5>.h57IJ(_"%La(!3:s(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(*06/?X(Q/!(Q/*0:+EgA/*'( Q/!=6g*'( 5>I/$2E-(:V"%6<8H,-*'(_" *i"%6 Eh$0*28U(+!36h(+5i" Î N]n*06 ">$'$0@>lS"4La(+!3:s(:V"%6 8H&
,-*'(H(T *06/?(Q/!s$0"78U(‹A/*'(=l46/5JEJ!_¿ V T 5>I $0E135>6 13$'I E/!j(Q<"4(*'(zTQ ">8|(Q/!_Q/T *0?>Q/!#8U(«. :*05>:+*v(U@f,-!=8+8">?>!`">6 E T 5>I/$2EAC!3?>*06*'(+8«(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576|N
Arbitration

Transmission
n *0?>I :! : ­ `:*05>:+*'(U@-u:A *v(+:+"%(*05>6*'6 *0:(I ">$«OR*',-! `:5>(5J157$
  

·M¶[µ=²‹¯/É ·)¼KÅ p¶4»<µ=»|´7»<ÉH½`†w6h(+Q/*08_./:+5%(+5J15>$C"6/5JEJ!fI 8!=8](+Q/!p8U(V"4(!5%Lk(+Q/!1VQ ">6/6/!=$ (+5X:+!=">85>6h">A<57IJ(`(+Q/!.C!36<EJ*'6 ?X. "71Vx>!(V8

:+!=8*0E/*'6/?-"4(5>(Q/!=:6/5JEJ!=8=Nj‚`"71VQg6/5JEJ! *'(Qo"X.<">1Vx>!3(R(5h8H!=6 E ">*v(V8`LM57:"%6*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$k5%L(*0,9!p(+Q "4(*28R*'6SZ7!3:V8H!=$'@h./:+5>.C5>:(*05>6<"%$


(+5i(+Q/!./:+*'57:*'(U@h5%L‹Q/*0?>Q/!#8U(./:+*'57:*'(U@;,-!=T 8+8+"%?>!*v(Q<">8=NjORQ "4(*28_(T Q/!$05 T !=:R*08_(+Q/!./:+*'57:*'(U@h5%Lz"i,-!#88+"%?7!(+Q "4("96/5JEJ!Q "783lS(+Q/!



,-5>:+!(+*',-!*'( T "%*'(+8=Nzu_(`(Q !!{J./*0:V"4(*05>6h5>Ly(Q/! T ">*v(+*'6/?(*0,9!7l^(Q/!6/5JEJ!8!36 8!=8j(Q/!f8U(V"4(+I 8j5>Lk(Q/!f1VQ "%6/6 !3$cN†‡Lk(+Q/!1VQ ">6/6/!=$ *28
A/I<8H@7l/(Q !36b(Q *08,9!#"%6 8(Q "%("-Q/*0?>Q/!=:./:+*'57:*'(U@;,-!=8+8+"%?>!*28AC!3*06/?h(+:+">6 8H,-*'(H(+!=Eo"%6<Eb*v(6 !3!=E 8(5 T "%*'(I/6^(*0$z"%6b*0E/$'!.C!3:+*05SE|N
ŠS5<l4*vL<*v(‹W 6 E/8«(Q<"4(‹(:V"%6 8,-*08+8H*05>6*28z"%$0:!#">EJ@(+">xS*'6/?./$2">1!7l#(Q/!=6X*'( T "%*'(+8«LM5>:(Q/!_6/!3{^(‹LM:V"%,-!>l45>(Q/!=: T *28H!`*v(]8U(V"%:(+8«(5(:V"%6 8,-*v(#N
N2

Propagation Time

N1
‹n *0?>I/:+! , ­ `:57A/$'!=, *'6 *':(I ">$«OR*0,9! `:5>(5J157$
  

} Q "%(X8HQ 5>I/$2ErAC!h(+Q/!;EJ*'dC!=:!=6 1!h*06 ">*v(p(*0,-!=85>Ls( 5b6/5JEJ!=8 Q/*01VQPQ "[Z7!-,9!#88+"%?7!=8 Q/5^8H!-./:+*'57:*'(*0!=8E/*vdy!3:AS@q576/!GF

_!=1="%I 8!X5>L](Q/!9./:+5>. ">?7"%(*05>6oEJ!3$2"[@b*'6r(TQ/!96/!3( T 57:xyly";6/T 5JEJ!-13">6q6/T 5%(p*06 8U(V"%6^(+">6/!357I 8$'@bEJ!T (+!=1( T Q/!=6B">6/5%(+Q/!3:6/5JEJ!98H(+">:H(V8
(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6rEJI :*06/?b"%:+A/*v(+:+"%(*05>6|Nu8"g:+!=8I/$'(=lyI/6/$0!=8+8f(Q/! T "%*'((+*',-!-*08p"%(f$0!="78U(">8f$2"%:+?>!i"78(+Q/!-./:+5>. ">?7"4(+*'576b(*0,-!>lk(+Q/!


LM57$'$05 T *'6 ?f. :57A/$'!=, T 5>I/$2E95S1=1I/:#Nu88I/,-!R(Q<"4(j( T 5p6/5JEJ!=8]¿ Î "%6 E-¿ÃfQ<"[Z>!_(Q/!=*':]. :*05>:+*v(+*'!#8]EJ*'dC!=:jAS@X5>6 !>NzuLa(!=:`¿ Î 8H(+">:H(V8
(+:+">6 8H,-*'(H(+*'6/?<ly*vLR¿Ã T "%*'(+8LM5>:">6^@(+*',-!9$'5 T !3:(Q ">6q(Q !i./:+5>.<"%?7"%(*05>6b(+*',-!>ly(+Q/!36B*v(13">6r6/5>(fEJ!3(!#1e(p(Q/!i(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576o5%L
¿ Î ">6 E T 5>I/$2Er8H(+">:H((:V"%6 8,-*v((*06/? NiORQ/*08 T 5>I/$2Eq$0!="7Eo(+5135>$0$'*28H*05>6B"%6 Er*'6 135>:+:!#1e(f./:*05>:+*'(U@b">:A *v(+:+"%(*05>6|NORQ/*28fA<57I/6 E/8f(+Q/!
EJ*'dy!3:+!36 13!A<!3( T !=!36(Q/! T "%*'(R(*0,9!#85%L‹( T 5i6/5JEJ!#8R(Q<"4(Q "[Z7!f135>6 8!=13IJ(*0Z>!p./:+*'57:*'(*0!=8=N

> 


 

†U‚s‚`‚ , *^ÃJN (*28"9./:+*'57:*'(U@;A "78H!#E;(+5>x>!=6b:*06/?-./:+5%(5J135>$cNjORQ/!Q/!="7EJ!3:5>Lz"9(+5>x7!36b15>6^(V"%*06 8_( T 59W !=$0E 83­`"-. :*05>:+*v(U@-W<!3$2Eo"%6 E"
,-5JEJ!pW !=$0EkN]†w6(+Q/*08./:5>(5J157$)l^(+5>x>!=6">$v(+!3:+6 "4(+!=8RAC!( T !3!=6g( T 5-,95JEJ!#83­j"9:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6,-5SE/!>l ">6 E"iLM:+!3!p,-5JEJ!>N
Î>Î

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Priority

Packet P

Payload Header

n*0?>I :! . ­jŠ^(+:I<1e(I :!5>L‹"-O«57x>!=6*06b†U‚`‚`‚ , *^ÃJN (

Mode bit

†w6o:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6,-5JEJ!>lC. ">1Vx7!((+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>65S1=1I/:V8=NRORQ !./:+*'57:*'(U@;5%Lz(+Q/!X,-!=8+8+"%?>!f(+Q "4(f*08AC!3*06/?g(:V"%6 8,-*v((!=Eb*28:+!3?7*08H&

(+!3:+!=Eq*06q(+Q/!9Q/!="7EJ!3:f5%Lj(+Q/!i(5>x7!36r"788Q/5 T 6B*'6Dn*0? N . Npu8f,9!#88+"%?7!=8. ">8+8(Q/:+5>I/?7Qo(Q !i:+*'6 ? ly!3Z7!3:+@6/5JEJ! T *'(QD.<!=6 EJ*06/?
,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8*06 8.<!#1e(V8f(Q/!-:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6oW<!3$2Er*06r(+Q/!9(57x>!36BQ/!="7EJ!3:#Niu6/5JEJ!9Q "[ZS*06/?"Q/*0?>Q/!=:p./:*05>:+*'(U@o,9!#88+"%?7!>ly:+!3?>*28H(!3:V8*v(V8
./:+*05>:+*v(U@o*06D(Q/!-./:+*'57:*'(U@bW !=$0ED5%Ls(Q/!hQ !=">E/!3:#Ni} Q/!=6D(Q/!-(+5>x>!=6B:+!(+I/:+6 8(5(Q/!;8!36<EJ*'6 ?6 5SE/!>l«*'(./IJ(V8f(Q/!-(+5>x7!36D*'6BLM:!=!
,-5JEJ!;"%6<Er:+!3$0!="78H!#8*'(=N;u8f(Q/!-(+5>x7!36D. ">8+8H!#8(Q/:+5>I/?7Qr(+Q/!h:+*'6/?<lk(Q !h6/5JEJ!9(Q "%(,-"7EJ!9(Q/!h:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576B8!3*0m3!=8f(+Q/!-(57x>!=6|l
./I/(+8*'(*'6^(+59:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576g,-5JEJ!>l ">6 E8U(V"%:(+8_(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(*06/?<N
ORQ/!=:!">:!( T 5-*0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(:!#8HI/$'(+8">A<57IJ((Q *08. :5>(5J157$)N
ȋÅS» ¶4ÅS


$9:;#/¼0:!=<<½)&?>A@  CÁ B?DFE7'Ä 6HGI1"$5BJ)&K#:L0:! ?!"$#&"$'#%(&')(&&')*&&'M*C+-N,.#%#ON#/EP0/)1&K(23"$4#%#R5Q:)#%&C65*%4S. 7RT  8&'3#%"'5"$#&'()&&'*+-,
p¶4»|»C³+½_u 6/5JEJ!E/5^!#8R6/5%(8H(+">:H(R(+:+">6 8H,-*'(H(+*'6/?9(+Q/!6/!{S(. "71Vx>!3(RI 67(+*'$c­
E †‡(Q ">8135>,-./$0!(+!=Eg(:V"%6 8,-*08+8H*05>65%L(Q/!$2">8H(A/*'(=N
E †‡(Q ">8:+!=13!3*0Z>!#Eh(Q !Q/!="7EJ!3:5>L«(57x>!=6A "71VxyN
ORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>l^(Q !p(:V"%6 8,-*08+8H*05>6g(*0,-!*08R(+Q/!Q/*0?>Q/!=:5%L(Q/!p( T 5-Z[">$'I !=8=N U
 ȋÅS» ¶4ÅSW ¼ V|5½ XYZ[Q\1"]"'*"' ^_#/0/1?([Q\ZKO:!"CQA a`\1"&'*7,!"N#%?b!&zà  >A@CÁ B?DFE7RÄ T
p¶4»|»C³+½n‹*':V8H(=lz(Q !g:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6P,-5JEJ!;,XI<8U(-15>,-./$0!(+!gAC!LM57:!g">6S@B5>(Q/!=:X6/5JEJ!g(:V"%6 8,-*v(V8X"%6<Eª8H!#15>6<EJ$'@B(Q !g6/5JEJ!,XI 8H(
:+!=13!3*0Z>!(Q/!pLM:+!3!6/5JEJ!f(+5>x>!=6|N
n 5>:W :V8H(=lz*v(X(+"%x7!=c8 >A@CÁ B?DFE7Äi"%6 EDLM57:X8!=1576 Eª"%$285o*v(i"%(X,-578H((+">x>!#c8 > A@‹*Á B?DFE^Ä(+*',-!>NqORQ !3:+!LM5>:+!>l(Q !h(5>(+"%$`(*0,-!g"
Q/*0?>Q !3:./:+*'57:*'(U@h. "71Vx>!(,h"[@ T "%*'(*08R?7*'Z7!36A^@Ã  >A@*Á B?D$E7ÄeN
U


d E 4  4AD  D  MN C
†w6D(Q *08p./:+5%(+5J15>$clk(+*',-!h*28EJ*'ZS*2EJ!=ED*06^(5LM:+">,-!=8">88Q/5 T 6B*'6ªn‹*'?<N Î */Nh‚`Z>!3:+@o6/5JEJ!-,h"%*06^(+"%*06 8f(+Q/!;1I/:+:+!36^((+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6
T./:+*0*06 5>EJ:+5*v(UT @-*2Á 8  \ef*v(+DLQ/g*'6 hgC \eÄel T ">Q/6 !=8E :! g \ehg8H">(+6 "%E :(+g8sC(+h:+gb">6 :+8H!,-LM!=*':+(H8(+*'(6/5;?<Ns(+Q/\!X6$05 "-T 1!357:$'$0">*28H6 *0Eo5>6|Q/lS*0!=?>Z>Q/!3!=:+:@-./6/:+5J*05>EJ:+!p*v(U*'@76<N1u°:+!=">6/85J!=EJ8`!X(Q (!Q "%Z[(">$'Q I "7!85>"hL$0,-5 !#88+ÁM"%*cN ?7!7! N],hT Q/"%57x>!#8!8
T
 \e33pÄ_"%6<E576"iLM:+!3!pLM:V"%,-!p!3Z7!3:+@h6/5JEJ!:!#EJI 13!=8R$05 T ÁM*cN !7Nj,h"%x7!  \e+iiÄN
T

*j  ADC 4K  SAD0 ' D MN C
u69!3{/"%,-./$0!5%LC1="%$0!36 E "%:&cA "78H!#EX8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'*06/?p*28z(Q/!E/@^6<"%,-*01R:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576(!#1VQ/6/*2~^I/!>Nܠw69(Q/*28]./:+5%(+5S135>$cl%!="71VQi6 5SE/!,-">*'6^(V"%*06 8
"K1="%$0!36 E/!3:gE/"%(+"ª8H(:+I 1e(+I/:+! T Q/!3:+!q*06JLM5>:+,h"4(*05>6 ">A<57IJ(;(Q !r">1=1!=8+8-(+*',-!q:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6<8-5%Lp(Q/!B?>I ">:+">6^(!3!#EF,-!#88+"%?7!=8h"%:+!
ÎÃ

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 F F F F

n‹*0?>I/:+! Î */­]n :+">,9!#8R*'6(+Q/!} *'6<EJ5 T &cA<">8!=E j:+5%(5J135>$ 

,h"%*06^(+">*'6/!#EkNX} Q !36ª"g,-!#88+"%?7!XLM57: T Q *01VQD6/5b:!#8H!=:Z4"%(*05>6qQ "78fA<!=!36PEJ5>6/!-@7!("%:+:*0Z>!#8"%("6/5JEJ!7lk(Q !96 5SE/!-"%(H(+!3,-.J(+8f(+5

:+!=8!3:+Z>!"LMIJ(I :!(*0,-!*06^(!3:+Z4"%$CAS@9A :5^">E/1=">8H(*06/?X" %"$'&&1#1QA`(5-"%$0$<6/5JEJ!#83N]‚s">1VQ;6/5JEJ!I/.g576g:+!=13!3*0.J(s5>Lk(Q/!p15767(+:57$
,-!=8+8+"%?>!I .CE/"%(!#8`*'(+8_13">$'!=6 E/"%:_">1=15>:VEJ*06/?>$0@>N‹ORQ/*28`6/5JEJ!13"%6gZ>!3:+@X!3ˆ;1*0!36^($0@-Q "%6 E/$'!fEJ!(+!3:+,9*06/*28U(+*01.<!=:*05JEJ*21,-!=8+8">?>!#83l>">6 E
(+Q/!3:+!*286/5g54Z>!3:+Q/!#">E*'6r./:*05>:+*'(U@"%:+A/*'(:V"4(+*'576I 6/$'*0x>!X(Q/!i5%(+Q/!3:fEJ*08+1I<88!=Eb./:+5%(+5J15>$28=NR¬5 T !=Z>!=:=l<*v(fA<!#15>,-!#8Z>!=:@EJ*'ˆh13I/$'(
(+5Q<"%6 EJ$0!h"%.C!3:+*'5JEJ*219,-!=8+8">?>!=8f"%6<ED8.C5>:V">EJ*21X,-!#88+"%?7!=8*'6D(Q *08p./:+5%(+5J15>$cN-ORQ/!3:+!LM57:!i(Q/*28./:+5%(+5J15>$z*28pI 8!=EB5>6/$0@q*06BZ7!3:+@
8*',-./$0!8@S8H(!=,h83N
—i¡o£ o• ¨§t¤¤•––
]—¥‹—;¤—9”
}D!hEJ*08+1I<88f†U‚`‚s‚ , *7Ã/N $"%6 EB‚`O¬‚`">8( T 5.C5>./I/$2"%:p!3{J">,-./$'!#8f5%LsAC5>I 6 EJ!=ED">1=1!#88f./:+5%(+5S135>$283N†w6B(Q !-LM5>$0$'5 T *06/? l T !
EJ*28+1I 8+8_(Q/!#8H!p( T 5-./:+5%(5J135>$283N

 


‚sO¬‚s8H(+">6 E/89LM5>:;!="%$'&c(*0,9!o‚sO¬‚`6/!(#NÍ‚`O¬‚s€*28h!=6/Q "%6<1!=8-OÌ +[† "%6 E‰./:+54ZS*0EJ!#89:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!.<!=:HLM57:,h"%6<1!
?7I "%:V"%6^(!=!=8`(5-:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8 T *'(Q 5>IJ(,-5JEJ*'LM@^*06/?-!{J*28U(+*'6 ?-‚j(Q/!=:6 !(Q "%:VE T "%:+! 8 1Î , < Nj¿!( T 5>:+x-(:V"%6 8,-*08+8H*05>6<8s1="%6
 

5J1313I/:*06b( T 5h,-5JEJ!#83­ÌRŠ 5qu +>Ì !°,-5JEJ!57:‚sO¬‚` ,-5JEJ!>NORQ/!X6/!( T 5>:+x8 T *v(V1VQ/!=8(:V"%6 8. "%:+!36^(+$'@h(+5g‚sO¬‚`&c,-5JEJ!
T8 Q/*v!=(V6F1VQ/(+*06/Q/?!3:+EJ!o57"%6/:+!i!(:+5g!=">,-$v&c*0(6/*0*0,-,9!*0m38!9!=8+(+8Q/*'!i576 .C8-!3:"%LM6 5>EF:+,hA "%">6 1V13xª!(+*05ª,9.<ÌR">Š 1e5q(V8fu 5>+76qÌ 6/!57&‡6J,-&‡:5S!#E/"%! $'&)(+T *',-Q !3!6 (+:+"%"%$0ˆ;$R:1 !#"%$'Q/&)(+!=*'6q,-!b(Q 8H!3!#:+8!i8*'"%57:+6 !X8i6 (5g!=::+,-!="%*06 $'&c"4((+*0,9!>N !9j8H!#:+85%8(*05J5>6135>8=$N


†w6oT ‚sO¬‚` ,-5JEJ!p(57x>!36. "788*'6 ?98+1VQ/!3,-!p*28I 8!=EkN T

p¶4»<µ=»|´7»<É UÅ #´%¶4· µ#·Y»C±`½j†w6-(+Q/!">A 8H!=6 1!5>Ly">6S@X:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!,-!#88+"%?7!=8]"4(`(Q/!6 5SE/!=8=l>6/5JEJ!#8`157,-.<!3(!LM57:](Q/!1VQ "%6/6 !3$/I 8*06/?
(+Q/!I<8HI ">$kÌRŠ 5qu +7Ì ! . :5>(5J157$<5>Lk(Q/!p‚](+Q/!3:+6/!(#Nz} Q/!36"6/5JEJ!f:!#1!=*'Z7!=8`"X:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!:!#~7I !=8H(`LM:+5>, "$05J13"%$y"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6|lS*'(


A/:+57"7E/13"78U(V8`"9Š T *v(V1VQJ&c(5%&w‚sO¬‚`,9!#88+"%?7!5>6;(Q/!‚](+Q/!3:+6/!3(sI/6/$0!=8+8s(Q/!f6/!3( T 57:x9*08_6/5>(_">$':+!="7EJ@-*'6!(+Q/!3:_,-5SE/!>Nj‚jZ7!3:+@

6/5JEJ!i(Q<"4(:!#1!=*'Z7!=8(Q/*28p,-!=8+8">?>!X:+!=8.C5>6 E/8fAS@q8!(H(+*'6 ?*'(+8p./:+5%(+5J15>$‹,-5JEJ!9(5b‚`O¬‚`°,-5JEJ!7NXORQ/!9(:V"%6 8,-*v((*06/?6/5JEJ!
T1="4"%(*'*0(+6/8s?-LM5>*'(+:R8 (+Q/!p*0$0$'5>*06/6/?>?76 5>!=*06/8+8_?9(. 5;">1V8 x7!*v(_(V1V(Q:V"%(+6 5;8,-‚`*08+O8H*05>¬6;‚`(5h,-1575S,9E/. !$'!3"%(6 !>EN](†‡(RQ<"4(+(Q/!3(+6oQ/!38:+!3!p6 *0E/88R6 ">5;6E/"7"41V(Vx^"i6 $05 !T La($'!#*'EJ6?>(,-Q !3!6^A (_">A 1V">x71V5%x-dC&c(+. 5iQ (+">Q/8!p!*'5>6 Lj*v(+ÌR*0"%Š (5q5>:#u lJ*0+76 Ì EJ! *'&
./:+5%(+5J15>$cN T.<576r:+!=13!3*0Z^*06/?T 5%L`"%$0$‹(Q/!9">1VxS6/5 T $0!=EJ?7,-!36^(+8=l (+Q/!9*'6/*'(*2"4(+*'6 ?g6/5JEJ!-1:+!="%(!=8"h(+5>x>!=6r"%6<EqAC!3?>*06 8f1*0:+13I/$2"4(*06/?*v(#N
ORQ/*28135>,-./$0!(!#8"-8HI 1=1!#88HLMI/$|8 T *v(V1VQ(+5h‚`O¬‚` ,95JEJ!7N


†‡Lj,-5>:+!(+Q "%6B5>6/!i*'6 *v(+*0"%(5>:V8(+:@(+5*06/*'(*2"4(!9‚`O¬‚`R&‡,-5JEJ!i"%((Q !98+"%,-!(+*',-!7l|"%$0$6/5JEJ!#8576/$0@b"71VxS6/5 $'!#EJ?>!8 *'(+1VQ

,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8i(5D(Q/!o*06/*'(*2"4(+5>: T *'(QG(Q/!q8,h"%$0$'!#8U(h† ! ">,9576/?B(Q/5^8H!(Q<"4(;Q "[Z7!">$':+!="7EJ@ªA<!=!36 ">1VxS6/5 T $0!=E/?>!=E|NGT u6Í*06/*'(T *2"4(57:
576/$'@b8!36 E/8"%6q"71Vx^6 5 T $'!#EJ?>,-!36^((+5g"%6/5>(Q/!=:*06/*'(*2"4(57:*'Lj*v(V86 5SE/!† ! *288,h"%$0$'!=:(+Q "%6o*'(+85 T 6|N†w6o(+Q/!i1=">8!5%Lj$0578+85%L](+Q/!
"71Vx^6 5 T $'!#EJ?>,-!36^(#l<57: T Q/!=6B85>,-!X6/5JEJ!-EJ5S!=86/5>(f:+!=13!3*0Z>!(+Q/!;Š T *v(V1VQJ&c(5%&w‚sO¬‚` A :5^">E/1=">8H(=lC5>: T Q/!36D8H57,9!i6/5JEJ!=8f"%:+!
EJ!#">Ekl/(Q/!=6b(Q/!*06/*'(*2"4(57:(*0,-!=857IJ(EJI !p(5h6/576J&c:+!=13!3*0ZS*'6/?95%Lj">$'$y(+Q/!X">1VxS6/5 $0!=E/?>,-!36^(+8=N]uLa(+!3:"9W {S!#E6^I ,XAC!3:5>L‹:+!(+:*0!=8=l
*'(1576 1$0I EJ!#8_(Q "%((Q/!6/5JEJ!#8_(Q "%(EJ*2E6 5%(">1VxS6/5 T $0!=E/?>!">:!EJ!#">E T Q/*21VQ*'(T 1576SZ>!3@J8s(5h">$'$k5>(Q/!=:$'*0Z>!6/5JEJ!#83N
ORQ/!p‚sO¬‚`À,-5SE/!I 8!=8R"X(*0,-!=Eg(5>x7!3681VQ/!=,-!(+5i./:+54ZS*0E/!A ">6 E *2ES(Q?>I ">:+">6^(!3!#83Nzu_("%6S@9(*0,-!(+Q/!3:+!f*08_5>6 $'@h576/!
:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!&‡:!#~7I !=8H(_.C!3:6/5JEJ!">6 E!="71VQ:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!f:+!=~^I/!#8U(8.<!#1*'W !=8_(+Q/!:+T !=~^I/*0:!#E;(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6gA<"%6 E T *2ES(+Qo*'6(!=:,h8R5>L(+Q/!
">,957I/6^(`5%L«E "4(+"X*v(_6/!3!#E/8`(5i8!36<E;EJI/:+*'6 ?X"W/{J!#Eh*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$ 5>Lk(*0,9!f13">$'$0!=E 5rO‹O‰D& 5q"%{S*0,XI ,O5>x7!36;5>(+"4(+*'576gOR*0,9!7N]ORQ/!
5q"%{J*',iI/,€O5>x>!=6¬5>$2EJ*06/?hOR*',-!*2813"%$21I $0"%(!=EgLM5>:!#">1VQ6/5JEJ!A ">8!=E5>6(Q *08*06JLM57:,h"4(+*'576DÁ)"%,-5>I 67(5>L‹E/"%(+"-"%6  E 5qOzOÄeN
u6b"[Z7!3:V"%?7!1576 8H(+"%6^(A ">6 E T *2ES(Qb*28R:!#8H!=:Z7!=EhLM57:!="71VQ8!=8+8H*05>6«N

Î1V

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Å7µ#ÈÅ^¶ p¶4» µ#»|´>»CÉU½_ORQ/!p15>6^(+:57$/(57x>!=61*0:V1I/$2"4(+!=8_"%,-5>6/?X( 598H!3(+8s5%L«6 5SE/!=8=l7(+Q/!p:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!f8H!3(pÁ)‹OŠ Äs">6 Eh(+Q/!f6/5>6J&‡:+!="%$'&
(+*',-!g8!(gÁ)¿zOŠ/ÄeNj\6/$0@q6/5JEJ!#8p(Q "%(XQ "[Z7!9,h"7EJ!;"bA "%6<E T *0EJT (Qª:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6BA<!=$'576/?b(5qzOŠyN‹u$0$`5%(+Q/!3:6 5SE/!=8AC!3$05>6/?b(+5
¿‹OŠkN !I/:+*06/?i!#">1VQh(+5>x7!36;:+5%(V"4(*05>6«l7(+Q/!(5>x7!36Z^*28*v(V8s">$'$y6/5JEJ!#8s*06g:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!&w8H!3(s*0657:+E/!3:#N} Q/!=6"i6/5JEJ!f*'6:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!&w8!(
:+!=13!3*0Z>!=8_(+Q/!(+5>x>!=6*'(8!36 E 85>6/!I 6/*v(5%Lz:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!&wE/"%(+"-"%6 E(+Q/!36o. "788!=8_(+Q/!(+5>x>!=6(5h*'(+86 !3*0?>QSA<57:*'6b(+Q/!:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!3&‡8!(#N
ORQ/!$2">8H(6/5JEJ!*06b(Q/!zOŠ. ">8+8!=8_(Q !p(5>x7!36(5-(+Q/!¿zOŠyNC¾|!4( 5rO‹O AC!p(Q/!,-!#"%6(5>x7!36b:+5%(+"%(*05>6g(*0,9!i"%6
E 
">6 Eh$0!(  yA<!(Q/!,9!#"%6h(+5>x7!36hQ/57$0EJ*06/?(+*',-!LM5>:`6 5SE/! HN]ORQ/!(+5>x>!=6h*08`(Q !36h(V"%?>?7!=E T *'(Qg"XOR*',-!=O5 !!="7EJ$0*'6/!W !3$2E
8I 1VQ(Q "%(=­
3>
#       
 i   

} Q/!=6">6¿zOÀ6/5JEJ!p:+!=13!3*0Z>!=8s(+Q/!f(5>x7!36|lJ*'(EJ!3(!3:+,-*'6 !=8R*'L«(Q !3:+!f*288IJˆ;1*0!36^(R(*0,9!p(+5h8H!=6 E"9. "71Vx>!3(_AC!LM57:!f(Q !p(5>x7!36
JE !#">EJ$0*06/!>N]†‡Lz(Q !3:+!f*28=l/*v(8!36<E/8R(Q !. ">1Vx7!(=l/E/!=1:+!3,-!=67(V8OR*',-!#O«5!!#">EJ$0*'6 !">13135>:VEJ*06/?>$0@>lJ"%6<E.<">8+8H!#8`(+Q/!(+5>x>!=6g(+5-(Q/!6 !{S(
6/5JEJ!`*'6¿‹OŠkN3†‡LJ(Q !3:+!]*08«6/5(*0,-!](58H!=6 Ep". ">1Vx7!(#l=*'(«*06JLM5>:+,h8y(Q/!`$0"78U(«6 5SE/!j*'6p(+Q/!j:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!j8H!3(|(Q "%(«*'(8HQ 5>I/$2EpA<!j(Q/!]W<:+8H(
6/5JEJ!_(+5?>!(z(+Q/!_(5>x7!36-"%,-5>6 ?f¿‹OŠi6/5JEJ!#8]EJI/:+*'6 ?(+Q/!6/!3{^(j:+5>I 6 Ekl%"%6<Ei*'(]. ">8+8!=8‹(Q !s(+5>x7!36i(5f(Q/!RW<:+8H(]6/5JEJ!R*'69(Q !‹OŠkN
‚`Z>!3:+@D6/! :+!=">$v&c(*0,-!:+!=~^I/!#8U(9?>5S!=8X(Q :57I/?>Q‰"%6F"7EJ,-*08+8H*05>6‰15767(+:57$s. :5J1!#EJI/:+!;(+Q "4(hEJ!(+!3:+,-*'6/!#89*vLf*v(-*089.C578+8H*0A/$0!g(+5
"7131!=.J(R(Q/!:+!=T ~^I/!#8U(#NjuEJ,-*288*05>6b15>6^(+:57$C*28.C!3:LM5>:+,-!=E$'5J13">$'$0@;576!#">1VQ6/5JEJ!>­juEJ,-*v(:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!f:+!=~^I/!#8U(*'L
   "! #$%'&(

} Q/!=:!oO R¿zO*089(+Q/!oA ">6 E T *2ES(QÍ:+!=8!3:+Z>!=EKLM5>:9(Q !q¿zO8!(#N uEJ,-*288*'576 15>6^(+:57$_*28-6/5>(-.C!3:LM5>:+,-!=EGI/6^(*0$(Q !o6/5JEJ!
:+!=13!3*0Z>!=8j(Q/!f(+5>x>!=6|N‹} Q/!36b":+!=">$v&c(*0,-!6/5JEJ! T ">6^(+8`(5(+!3:+,-*'6 "%(!f*v(V8_:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!135>6/6 !=1e(+*'576|lS*v(R,-!3:+!3$0@-:!=,954Z7!=8`*v(V8H!=$vL|LM:+5>,


(+Q/!zOŠg*06JLM57:,h"4(+*'576576g(+Q/!p(57x>!=6|N

> 


 
4j


‹n *'?7I/:! Î7Î ­]O«57x>!=6*06/?-*06†U‚s‚`‚ , *^ÃJN $

"$†UR‚s‚`% ‚ Nz†w, 6i*7(+ÃJQ/N $;*28]././:+:+5%5%(+(5J5J1135>5>$‹$cl4*28f(Q/">!./">./,-$0*01=5>"%I/A/6^$0(j!i5%(L<5((*0,-5>x7!!36q!="7:+1V*0Qi6/?g6/5J6/EJ!3!( T Q 575>:$2E/xJ8]8=N"OR(5>Q/x7*08f!36-./*2:+8z5%(+A<5J571I/5>6 $‹EJ*2!#8Ek5>NzLa(†‡!=(j6rQ ">:+!8zLMAC!3:+!3:+!=!=6hEb*'6(+5135>"7:+8.<57(+Q/:+"%! (!#CE*06-O8n 3!  0/!1†eN
†w6B†U‚`‚`‚ , *^ÃJN $ lkOOzOÁYO‹"%:+?>!3(pO5>x7!36B5%(+"%(*05>6DOR*',-!#Ä*28pI 8!=ED">8pEJ!=8*0?>6r.<"%:V"%,-!(+!3:#NXOOzO°*28(+Q/!-!{J.C!=1e(+!=EB(*0,-!
AC!( T !3!=6i( T 51576 8H!#1IJ(+*'Z7!RZ^*28*v(V8]5%LC(Q/!R(+5>x7!36i(5"p6/5JEJ!7N‹u_(](+Q/!6/!3( T 57:x*06/*'(*2"%$0*'m#"4(*05>69(+*',-!>l>(Q/!!{J.<!#1e(+!=Ei(57x>!369:+5%(+"%(*05>6
(+*',-!X*288.C!=1*'W !#Eq">8OO‹OpN<†w6 EJ*0ZS*0EJI<"%$‹6/5JEJ!=8"%:+!X"%$0$'5J1="4(!#Eb"h.<57:H(+*'576o5%L`OOzOpl xS6/5 T 6q"78*'(+N8 &'^Z"$%Z&(b#%OG *O% 
"713157:+E/*'6/?_(+5(Q/!j(*0,9*06/?1VQ<"%:V">1e(+!3:+*08H(*2138y5>LS(Q/!j.C!3:+*05SE/*01],-!#88+"%?7!=8y5>:+*0?>*06 "4(+*'6/?"%(«!="71VQf6 5SE/!>NuF8U(V"4(*05>6p(+:+">6 8,9*'(+8|6/5>6J&‡:+!="%$'&
(+*',-!p,-!=8+88+"%?7!=8,576/$0@h(Q/!f(+5>x>!=6">::+*'Z7!=Eg!="%:+$0*'!=:`(+Q "%6!{J.C!=1e(+!=EkNjORQ !(+*',-!p6/!=!=EJ!#E;(+5i(+:+">6 8,9*'("%6">8@^6<1VQ/:576/5>I<8jLM:V"%,-!
*281="%$0$'!#E#&^L"$Z&`!"'"'"%6 Er*v(p:!#EJI 13!=8(Q/!9!dy!=1(*0Z>!XA<"%6 E T *2ES(+QB"[Z4"%*0$0">A/$0!(5(:V"%6 8,-*v(p8H@S6 1VQ :576/5>I 8,-!=8+8">?>!=8=N
!I/!R(5"78H@S6 1VQ/:+5>6 5>I 8«54Z>!3:+:+I/6|l#(Q/! T 5>:V8H(z1=">8!`(+*',-!AC!( T !3!36i( T 5f8I 1313!=8+8H*0Z>!_ZS*08*'(+8z5%L<(Q/!_(+5>x>!=6X(+5f(Q/!R6/5JEJ!R*28jà  )N
¬5 T !=Z>!3:#l[*'69"f6/!( T 5>:+xf(Q "%(‹I 8!=8‹576/$'@8@S6 1VQ/:+5>6/57I 8,95JEJ!7l4(*0,-!RA<!3( T !=!36i135>6 8!=13IJ(*0Z>!s(57x>!=6X"%:+:*0Z4"%$28«*28‹$'*0,-*v(+!=E9AS@OOzOpN

Î$

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 OOzOÀ1="%6A<!:+!3. :!#8H!=67(+!=E">8
)  ;

5E E %=O ZQ8C N#%HRO:'&
T%Q/z!=Q :">! 8_X(+Q/*28j!(+,-Q/!f!=8+./8:">57?>. !"%(?^Q "4"%(+(*'57Q6i">(+8_*',-(+Q/!7!N`8HŠS,hI/./">.C$'$057!=8H8(!EJ5>!=L«"7"%EJ$0$<$'*0,-6/!
!=8+N8+"%]?>}D!#8]!(+Q 13"%"46(_((Q/Q !p!36EJ*'W/dC{!=:O!=6^O(szO6/À5JEJ(!#5-8`AC*06;!>­ (+Q/!6 !( T 5>:+x91="%6;57:*0?>*06 "4(+!>l76/5JEJ!
)& Ã
‚s">1VQ6/5JEJ!  *28"788*'?76/!=E"h8@^6<1VQ/:576/5>I<8sA<"%6 E T *2ES(+Q  l T Q/*21VQb*08(Q/!,h"%{S*0,XI , (*0,-!(Q !6/5JEJ!  *28">$'$05 T !#E;(+5hQ/5>$2E
(+Q/!X(+5>x7!36o(+5;(:V"%6<8H,-*'(.C!3:+*'5JEJ*21X,-!#88+"%?7!=8=N} Q/!=6B";6 5SE/!i:+!=13!3*0Z>!=8(Q/!X(57x>!36«lC*'(fW :+8H((+:+">6 8,9*'(+8*'(+8p8H@S6 1VQ :576/5>I 8(:V"4ˆ;1
LM57:R">6g(+*',-!pAC5>I/6 E/!=EAS@-(Q/!8@^6<1VQ/:576/5>I<8s1="%. "71*'(U@>N]ORQ/!36*'(R,h"[@-(+:+">6 8H,-*'(">8@^6<1VQ/:576/5>I<8](:V"4ˆ;1>lJ5>6/$0@h*vL‹(Q !(+*',-!8*'6 13!
(+Q/!./:+!3ZS*'57I 8s(57x>!36bEJ!=. "%:(I/:+!fLM:57, (Q !8">,9!8H(+"%(*05>6b*08R$0!=8+8_(Q<"%6oOOzOpN
O5>x7!36qQ/57$0E/*'6/?g(*0,-!=8p"4(p*'6<EJ*'ZS*2EJI ">$‹6 5SE/!=8f*08(Q !-8@S6 1VQ/:+5>6/57I 8A<"%6 E *2ES(+QB"%$0$05%(!#Eb(5(Q !i6/5JEJ!7Nu8p85^576r">8p"g6/5JEJ!
:+!=13!3*0Z>!=8(Q/!g(5>x7!36|lz*'(98H(+">:H(V8"o(+*',-!3:98H!3(X(+5q*v(V8i8@S6 1VQ/:+5>6/57I 8pA ">6 E T *2ES(T Q|lj">6 Eª:+!3$0!="78H!#8p(Q/!g(57x>!36ªI .<576ª!{J./*0:@D5%L(+Q/!
(+*',-!3:#NjORQ/!8@S6 1VQ/:+5>6/57I 8`A<"%6 E T *2ES(+Qb">$'$05J13"%(!=Eg(5;"96/5JEJ! %z*08?7*'Z7!36AS@h(Q/!pLM57$'$05 T *06/?-!{J./:+!=8+8H*05>6|­
 =
)        Á =  Î Ä

} Q/!=:!  «*08](Q/!8*0m3!5>LC(+Q/!,-!=8+8+"%?>!ÁY*'6;A *v(V8+ċ(+Q "4(s6/5JEJ! |:!#~7I *':+!=8z(+5p(:V"%6 8,-*v(s54Z>!3: k*06^(!=:Z4"%$cl7">6 E  *08z(+Q/!1VQ<"%6/6/!=$
IJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576oEJI/!f(5-(+Q/!6/5JEJ! HN
|¯/¼ zÉY Å C<½RŠSI/./.C578!f"X6/!( 5>:+xhEJ!=8*0?>6/!#EhI 8*'6/?9†U‚`‚s‚ , *^à $X./:+5%(+5J15>$<Q ">8s(+Q/:!=!6/5JEJ!#83Nj¿5JEJ! 6 !3!=E 8j(+5X(+:+">6 8H,-*'(
Î $€5>LsE/"4(V"g!=Z>!=:@ V *0*%>7Np¿T 5JEJ!
i6/!3!#E/8(5(:V"%6 8,-*v( Î  Ã $5%LsE "4(+"!3Z7!3:+@I(*/*/>7N¿5JEJ! X6/!=!=E/8(+5g(+:+">6 8H,-*'(
Î Ã $ 5>LzE "4(+"9!=Z>!3:+@ (/*/*%>7NjŠS!3$0!=1("98I/*'(+">A/$'!OOzOÀLM5>:(+Q/!6/!3( T 57:x;">6 Eb15>,-./I/(!p(Q !p(5>x7!36bQ/57$0EJ*06/?9(*0,-!LM5>:!#">1VQ
6/5J EJ!7N
»<É)²«µ#·Y»C±`½sn/:+5>, "%6!à {/*0"%* ,-*06 "4(+*'576;5%L(Q/!f,-!=8+8">?>!#83l7(Q/!p8Q/5>:(!#8U(EJ!="7EJ$0*'6/!p"%,-576/?i">$'$y,-!=8+8">?>!#8j*28R/à */*/>7NzORQ/!3:+!LM57:!7l T !
1="%6b8H!=$'!#1e())A
Ã
Î *0*%>>N]ORQ/!1VQ ">6/6/!=$kIJ(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6oEJI/!p(+59(Q/!EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(6/5JEJ!=8 T 5>I $0EAC!>­


 
Î V */* , 5oA +4,-8

à  , 5oA +4,-8
 
Î  (
*0*

 Ã  , 5oA +4,-8
  Ã/*/*
          
Î V */* ,  Î  (/
à  ,  à  ,
V :0:  = 5oNA +[,h8
*/* Ã *0* V */*/*
8*06/?h‚]{J./:#N = , N Î lS(Q/!pV *0(+*/5>* x7!36Q/5>$2EJ*06/?9(*0,9!#85%L(Q/!E/*vdy!3:+!36^(6/5JEJ!#813"%6bAC!EJ!(+!3:+,-*'6/!#E;(+5hA<!7­
 
Î */* V */*  V :0: =
ÀÃ Î  1Î , >




Î */* (. */ = *  V V :0*0: */* =
Î (  /Ã (%>
Î *
 
Î */* Ã */*  V :0: =
=/V  ( = >
1 = V 0
* /
*
 U

Î(

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur


• ]™>— j‘£b¤•Ÿ—9‘ ’bjž–‹—i£
u_(f(Q/!9EJ!=8*0?>6o(+*',-!>l|"EJ!(V"%*0$'!#EoxS6/5 $0!=EJ?7!5%L](+Q/!i,-!#88+"%?7!X8H!3(*28f5%La(!=6qI/6 "[Z4">*'$2"%A/$0!>Nf¬5 !3Z7!3:#l/(Q !9EJ!#8H*0?>6 !3:V85%L`"g:!#"%$'&
(+*',-!b6/!( T 5>:+xDI 8HI<"%$0$'@ªQ "[Z7!">6F!=8H(*0T,h"4(+!5>L(Q/!(:V"4ˆ;1?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=EªAS@P(Q !EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(9:+!=">$vT &c(*0,-!85>I :+13!=8*06G(!3:+,h895%L(+Q/!
:+!=8.<!#1e(+*'Z7!1VQ "%6/6 !3$/IJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576|NzORQ/!3:+!LM57:!7l4(Q/!LM5>$0$'5 T *06/?p( T 5fI/(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6J&‡A ">8!=E9,-!(+:*2138`"%:+!_,-!#"%6/*06/?%LMI $ T Q/*0$'!15>,-. ">:*06/?
(+Q/!.<!=:HLM57:,h">6 1!p5%LzEJ*'dC!=:!=67(. :5>(5J157$08=N
E ¹ =»CÉY²µ=Å X¶4ÅS¯ |Ƌ» !h±
µ=·)ÉY·7¯Jµ=·)»<± #U¹ 
&[½ORQ *08g,9!3(:+*01b*06 EJ*213"%(!#8h(Q !q!{J.C!=1e(+!=E‰Z4"%$0I/!q5>LfIJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576 5%L"
,-!=8+8">?>!p8H!3(Š"%( T Q/*01VQ,-!=8+8">?>!#8_8H(+">:H(,-*288*'6 ?-E/!=">E/$'*06/!=8=N
   


  
5
T,XQ/I !31V:+Q! ( :V"4‹ˆ;*28j1p(+13Q/">!f68*0ACm3!!f">5%1=L«1,-57,9!=8+,-8+"%5J?>E/! "%(!= ERl*06bJ"%"96 6/E !3 ( 57*28`:x *'(+8_.C*'(!3Q :+5>*'5JIJEk(Nz(+Q/}D!!p,-1=!="%8+6g8">">?>$v(+!=!38_:+6Q "4"[(+ZS!3*06/$0@-?9Z^(*05-! T ,-(+*08+Q/8_*28R(Q ,9!3!3*0:(:+EJ*01!="7(EJ59$0*'*'6/6<!#EJ83*0N1="4(+!Q/5 T
T T
E  ²¯/¶[¯ ±yµ=ÅSÅ p¶[» z¯ ‹·)ÉY·Yµ+Ë #   #
& &4½CORQ/!?>I ">:+">6^(!3!. :57A "%A/*0$0*v(U@-"4(R1VQ "%6/6 !3$ I/(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6 Á 6 Á ÄÄj*06 EJ*213"%(!#8j(+Q/!
./:+5>A ">A/*'$0*'(U@-(Q "%("i,-!#88+"%?7!f8!( T *'(QbIJ(+*'$0*'m#"4(+*'576 °,-!3!3(+8">$'$k,-!=8+8+"%?>!pEJ!#">EJ$0*'6 !>N
    

Unsaturated

Saturated

Unschedulable

‹n *0?>I/:+! Î ÃJ­jŠJ1VQ !3,h"4(+*01!=./:+!=8!36^(+"%(*05>6g5>L 5q!=8+8">?>!ŠS!(V8

}D!6/5 ./:+54ZS*0EJ!">6o*'6^(+I/*v(+*'Z7!X!3{S. $0">6 "4(+*'5765>Lz(Q/!i,9!3(:+*01=83NORQ !!36^(*0:+!.<57./I/$2"4(+*'576o5%L`8@^6<1VQ/:576/5>I<8R,9!#88+"%?7!=81="%6oAC!
EJ*0ZS*0E/!=Ei*'6^(T 5f(+Q/:!=!_13$0"788!=8zEJ!=.<!=6 EJ*06/?p5>6X(Q/!8+1VQ/!=EJI $0">A/*'$0*'(U@5%dy!3:+!=E9">8z8HQ 5 T 6X*069n‹*0? N Î ÃJN‹ORQ/!=8!s(Q/:+!3!1$2">8+8!=85%L<,-!#88+"%?7!=8
">:!pA/:+*'!  @;!3{S. $0">*'6/!#Eg*06(Q/!pLM57$'$05 T *06/? N

± #¯Jµ#²«¶4¯Jµ#Å^Æ ´[ÈÅSƋ²É)¯ zÉYÅC½ORQ/!X,-!=8+8+"%?>!i8H!3(f*06o(Q *08p1$2">8+8f"%:+!X81VQ !=EJI/$2"%A $'!9"%6 Eo:+!3,h">*'6r8+1VQ/!#EJI/$2"%A/$0!X!=Z>!36B"4La(!=:f">6S@
,-!=8+8+"%?>!p8*'m=!f*288$'*0?>Q^(+$'@;*06 13:!#">8!=EkN
  

¯Jµ=²¶4¯Jµ=ÅSÆ ´[ÈÅSƋ²É)¯ zÉYÅC½XORQ/!9,-!=8+8">?>!-8H!3(f*06r(+Q/*281$2">8+8">:!-81VQ !=EJI/$2"%A $'!9A/IJ("%6S@o*06 1:+!="78H!i*'6B(Q !9,-!#88+"%?7!i8*'m=!i5>Ls"

,-!=8+8+"%?>! T 5>I/$2Eg$0!="7E(5h8H57,-!f,-!#88+"%?7!=8_,-*08+8H*06/?9(Q !3*0:EJ!="7EJ$0*'6/!#83N
  

± #´[ÈÅSƋ²É)¯ zÉYÅC½ 6 81VQ !=EJI/$2"%A $'!f8H!3(s:+!LM!3:V8](+5(Q 578!,-!=8+8">?>!#8zLM5>: T Q/*21VQ;EJ!="7EJ$'*06/!#8`5>L«8H57,9!,9!#88+"%?7!=8 T 5>I $0EhAC!,-*288!=E|N
  

}D! 57I/$2E!3{J.<!#1e( 6 Á ÄR(5hAC!X1$0578!p(5 Î LM57:IJ(*0$0*'m#"4(*05>6b$05 T !=:R(Q ">6qu °">6 Eb"%././:+57"71VQ *h"78IJ(*0$0*'m#"4(*05>6o*06 13:!#">8!=8
AC!3@75>6 ET u N
   
 

†w6P$05 A ">6 E *2ES(Qª6/!3( 57:xJ8=l|./:+*'57:*'(U@^&cA<">8!=Eq. :5>(5J157$ 5>:+xJ8pA<!3(H(+!3:# Q !3:+!=">8"%(Q/*0?>Q/!=:A "%6 E *0ES(+Q 8=l«(+Q/!;AC5>I/6 E/!=E
"7131!#88s./:+T 5%(+5S135>$ TT 57:xJ8`A<!3(H(T !=:=NjORQ !.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6 13!5%L(Q/!f./:+*'T57:*'(U@^&‡E/:*0Z>!=6h./:T 5>(5J157$<*06/*'(*2"%$0$'@h*0,-./:+54Z>!=8_T ">8`(Q !fA<"%6 E T *2ES(+Qg*28
*06 1:+!="78H!#EklSA/IJ(8H(+"%:(+8`(5-EJ:+5>.5%doA<!=@>576 Eg"91!=:H(V"%*06g.C5>*067(#NjORQ/*28s*28R"%?^"%*06 8U(_(Q !*06^(I/*'(*05>6(Q "%(.<!=:HLM57:,h"%6<1!5>L"i./:5>(5J157$
8Q/5>I $0E*',-./:+54Z>!"78`(+Q/!A ">6 E T *2ES(Qo*28R*'6<1:+!=">8!=E|N

Î1=

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 low Bandwidth

GP(U) 802.5
802.4

high Bandwidth

802.4
GP(U) 802.5

U
‹n *0?>I/:+! Î1V ­ 6 Á Ä_Z7!3:V8HI<8 (*0$0*'m#"4(*05>6o"%(¾«5 T ">6 E¬*'?7Q _">6 E T *2ES(Q<8
   

} Q/!=6ª(Q !gA ">6 E *2ES(QG*08X*'6 13:!#">8!=EPAC!3@75>6 Eª"B1!3:(+">*'6ªZ4">$'I/!7lz(Q/!EJ!=13:!#">8!h*'6F(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576B(+*',-!13"%I<8H!#8(Q !gLM:V"%,-!

(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6(*0,9!nKT (5hAC!$'!#88(Q ">6(+Q/!p(57x>!=6:+5%(V"4(+*'576;(*0,-f! E/Nj†w6(+Q/*0813"78H!7lJA<!3LM5>:+!f:+!3$0!="78H*06/?h"96/! T (57x>!=6|lJ(Q !p(:V"%6 8H&
,-*'(H(*06/?96/5JEJ!Q<">8`(5 T "%*'(`LM57:`(+Q/!(5>x7!36-(+5i:+!(+I/:6h!=Z>!=6g"4La(+!3:s(Q/!(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576h5%Lk(Q !LM:V"%,-!*28_15>,-./$0!(+!(+5X(+:+">6 8H,-*'(`(+Q/!
6/!3{S(. ">1Vx7!(#NsORQSI 8=lJ(Q/!X!dy!=1e(+*'Z7!LM:V"%,-!p(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576g(+*',-!X*06b(Q *081=">8!*08 E;"%6 E(+Q/!LM:V">1e(+*'576b5%Lz(Q/! T "78U(+!=EA "%6<E T *0EJ(Q
*28Á4E%&‡n]Ä+%n_N<ORQ/!./:+5>.<"%?7"%(*05>6g(*0,9!*28*06 EJ!=.<!=6 EJ!36^(5>L(+Q/!A ">6 E *2ES(Qo">6 EQ/!36 13!13">6AC!1576 8*0EJ!=:!#E"78"-1576 8U(V"%6^(=NsORQ/!
(+5>x>!=6r(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6B(*0,-!;EJ!=13:!#">8!=8 T *v(+QP*'6 13:!#">8*'6 ?A<"%6 E T *2ES(+Q|T NgORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>ly(Q !;.<!=:+13!36^(+">?>!95%L T "78U(+!=EBA "%6<E T *0EJ(QP*'6/&
13:!#">8!=8 T *v(+Qb*'6 13:!#">8!*06bA "%6<E T *0EJ(Q|N
ORQ/!X(*0,-!=Er(5>x7!36q. :5>(5J157$‹EJ5S!#86/5>(f!3{JQ/*'A *v(f(Q/*28p"%6/57,h"%$0@>lyA<!#13">I 8H!9"g6 5SE/!i*28.C!3:+,-*v((!#Eq(+5g(+:+">6 8H,-*'(f135>6^(*06SI/5>I 8$0@
EJI :*06/?-*v(V8">8+8*'?76/!=E;(*0,9!8$05%(=N
†w6"%$0$C1=">8!=8=l7*'(13"%6gA<!8!3!36;(Q "%(s(+Q/!p?>I ">:+">67(+!3!. :57A "%A/*0$0*v(U@-:+!3,h"%*06 8_1$0578!(5 Î "78`$05>6 ?i">8s(+Q/!I/(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6g*28_$'!#88`(Q<"%6
u XN/ORQ/!3:+!f*08R"98HQ ">:.EJ:57.g*06g(+Q/!f?>I ">:+">67(+!3!./:57A "%A *'$0*v(U@h"%(_IJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576Z4">$'I/!#8R1$0578!(5-u XN/ORQ/*08E/!3,-5>6 8H(:V"4(+!=8`(Q "%(
u *28s":+5>A I 8U(_,-!=">8I/:+!5%L«"[Z7!3:V"%?7!.<!=:HLM57:,h"%6<1!5>L|:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!6/!3( 57:xJ8=N‹¿5 l !1="%6;8I/,-,h"%:+*'m=!5>I :`5>A<8H!=:Z4"4(+*'576 8`"78
   

LM57$'$05 T 83N]u_($05 T (:V"%6<8H,-*288*'5768.<!=!=E/8=lS(Q !f. :*05>:+*v(U@h*06SZ>!=:+8*'576 8_13"%I<8H!#T EgAS@h(+Q/!p:T57I/6 T ES&‡:57A/*068+1VQ/!=EJI $'*06/?h"%./. :5^">1VQh(+!36 E/8_(+5
 

"7EJZ>!=:+8!3$0@*0,-. ">1(f,-!#88+"%?7!=8 *'(QP8Q/5>:(fEJ!#">EJ$0*06/!=8=NORQSI 83lk"%(f$05 A "%6<E *0EJ(Q 8f./:+*'57:*'(U@^&‡E/:*0Z>!=6o./:5>(5J157$*28A<!3(H(!=:8HI *v(+!=E

(+Q "%6(Q !p(*0,9!#E(5>x7!36./:+5%(5J13T 5>$CLM5>::+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p">././$0*01="4(+*'576 83N T T

802.5
802.4

ABU
Bandwidth
n‹*'?7I/:! Î $ ­]uA 85>$0IJ(+! s:+!=">xJEJ5 T 6 (*0$'*0m="%(*05>6 ]!3:V8HI 8 _">6 E T *2ES(Q
   

Î;:

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 š •”+œCž3‘ • Ÿ—i‘ ‘ ¡o£ož¤f¥]ž—9£
i• |£9¥‹• j£b•R¥
›
n :57,"D,95JEJ!#8U(hAC!3?7*'6/6 *'6/?K"D$0*v(($0!o54Z>!=:9"PEJ!#13">E/!b">?>5<l`†w6^(!=:6/!3(hQ ">8-AC!=135>,-!o"BZ4"78U(h:+!3.C578*v(+5>:+@ª5%L*06JLM57:,h"4(+*'576|ls">6 E
!=6 "%A/$0!3:`5%Lk8H!=Z>!3:V"%$J6 ! T "%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8]8I 1VQh">8]!3&‡135>,-,-!3:V1!7N«†w6^(!=:6/!3(`./:+54ZS*0EJ!#8 b'&' 5"' 8!3:+ZS*013!R(5"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6 8=l>,-!#"%6/*06/?
(+Q "4(p(:V"4ˆ;1i*08f./:+5J1!#88!=EB">8f~7I *01VxS$0@q">8f.<5^88*0A/$'!9A/IJ(p(+Q/!3:+!-*08f6/5?>I ">:+">6^(!3!i5%Lj(+*',-!=$'*06/!=8+8p5>:"71e(I<"%$]EJ!3$0*0Z>!3:+@>N} *'(QD(+Q/!
*06 1:+!="78H*06/?D15>,-,-!3:V1*2"%$_I 8+"%?7!g5%L†w67(+!3:+6/!(#l](Q !3:+!*28-"q6/!=!=EF(5P8HI/. .<57:H(h8H5>La(-">6 EªW<:, :+!=">$v&c(*0,-!"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6 8=NP†w6F(+Q/*28
8!=1(*05>6|l T !W<:+8H(_. :54ZS*2EJ!f85>,-!fA ">8*21135>6 13!3.J(V8_">A<57IJ(†w6^(!3:+6/!3(=N`ŠSI/A<8H!#~7I !36^($0@>l T !:+!3ZS*0! T (+Q/!p:!#1!=67(_(:+!36<E/8R*'6g(Q/*28"%:+!=" N

  A EM HJ  LBE MN  B C
ORQ/!A<">8*01f†w6^(!=:6/!3(8H!=:ZS*21!p,-5SE/!3$kQ "7881VQ/!=,h"4(*213">$'$0@;AC!3!=6b8Q/5 T 6*'6on‹*0? N Î (/N
physical
link

Host Host
(Sender) (Receiver)

Edge router Edge router

n *0?>I :! Î (/­]u°ŠS*',-./$0! 5o5JEJ!=$k5%L‹(Q/!†w6^(!=:6 !(

core router

ORQ/!R†w6/?7:!#88‹:+5>IJ(+!3:]*28‹(Q/!:+5>I/(!3:]"%(H(+"71VQ/!=E9"4(z(+Q/!8H!=6 EJ!=:=© 8z!36 E|N†‡(j*28‹(Q/!RW<:+8H(]*'6^(!=:HLY"71!_(5p(+Q/!E/"4(V"p8H!=67(jAS@(+Q/!8!36 EJ!=:

Q/5^8U(#NORQ/!-(U@S.C!;5%LR./QS@J8H*213">$]$'*06/xDI 8!=EP"4(X"b$0*'6 xB,h"[@qAC!g"( T *28U(+!=ED. "%*0:X1="%A/$0!>l‹"W A<!=:5>./(*21;13">A/$'!7l">6 ED!3Z>!=6 T *':+!3$0!=8+8
$0*'6 xCNjORQ !f†w6^(+!3:+6/!(8!3:+Z^*21!*08R. :54ZS*2EJ!=EgA^@"%6g†w6^(+!3:+6/!(ŠS!=:ZS*21! j:+54Z^*2EJ!=:fÁY†HŠ sÄN/ORQ/!3:+!LM57:!7l7(+Q/!E/"4(V"9. ">8+8H!#8s(Q/:+5>I/?7Q;(+Q/!
†HŠ © 8s:+5>IJ(+!3:V83NzORQ/!=8!p"%:+!(!=:,-!=E">8_157:!:57IJ(!=:+8=N‹ORQ !EJ!=6 8H*'(U@h5%L«(Q/!#8H!:57IJ(!=:+8s*08sZ>!=:@-Q/*0?>Q"4(s(Q/!f†HŠ G!36 EklJ8*'6<1!fQ^I ?>!
 

">,957I/6^(f5>L_E/"%(+"b"%6<Eq$0*'6/xJ8f(U@S./*213">$'$0@q1576^Z7!3:+?>!9"4(p(Q/!-†HŠ zN|n :57,˜(Q/!h135>:+!i:+5>IJ(+!3:V83ly(+Q/!hE/"4(V"*08LM5>: T "%:VEJ!=Eq(Q/:+5>I/?7Qq(+Q/!

 

!=?>:+!=8+8s:+5>I/(!3:V8pÁY"%((Q/!:+!=13!3*0Z>!3:R!=6 E Äs(59(+Q/!157::+!=8.<576 EJ*06/?9:!#1!3*0Z>!=:+8=N



!#"%$'&‡OR*0,-!X157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6o13">6qAC!i8I/./.C5>:(!=Eb576b(Q/!i†w6^(!3:+6/!3(AS@. :54ZS*2EJ*'6 ?h./:!3LM!3:+!36^(*2"%$«(:+!="%(,-!36^((+5gE/"4(V"h5%L`13!3:&

(V"%*06D8!36 E/!3:V8(+Q "4(Q "[Z7!X!=67(+!3:+!=Er*'6^(5o"15767(+:+"71e( T *v(+QB(+Q/!-†HŠ zN _IJ(pLM5>:f(Q "%(E/"4(V"g. "71Vx>!3(+8p8HQ 5>I/$2EqQ "[Z7!iAC!3!=6D13$0"788*'W !=E
AC!LM57:!-(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6|Nhu_((Q !;15>6 6/!=1(*05>6P8H!3(H&‡I/.D(*0,9!7l«(+Q/!;8!36 EJ!=:./:+54Z^*2EJ!#8f(Q/!h†HŠ T *'(QP( T 5b. "%:V"%,-!(+!3:V83­(Q !h(:V"4ˆ;1
 

8.<!#1*'W<13"%(*05>6"%6 E;(Q/!p8H!=:ZS*21!f8H.C!=13*vW<1="4(+*'576|N]ORQ/!†HŠ FI 8!=8`(Q *08_(+59EJ!3(!=:,-*06/! T Q !(Q !3:R*v(13">6"7131!=.J(s57:RQ ">8`(59:!3LMI 8!(+Q/!



13$'*0!36^(:+!=~^I/!=8H(=N9†‡(X1VQ/!#1VxS8LM57:p(Q/!h:+!=85>I/:V1!#8f5>6B(Q/!h.C578+8H*0A/$0!-:57IJ(!#85>Ls(+Q "4(.<">1Vx>!3(pE "4(+" Nhu$'(!3:+6 "%(*0Z>!3$0@>l !h13">6D8+"[@q*'(



(+:*0!=8(5W 6 ED". "4(+QGÁYI/6/*213">8H(5>:f,XI/$'(*213"78U(:+5>IJ(+*'6 ?^Ä(Q "%(pQ<">8(Q/!-6/!#1!#88+"%:+@:+!=85>I :+13!=8(5b8"%(*28ULM@b(+Q/!-:!#~7I T *':+!=E T 5^ŠbLM57:

(+Q/!8H.C!=13*vW<!=E(:V"4ˆ;1f. "4((!=:6(5hAC!?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=E;AS@g(Q/!85>I/:V1!7N
†‡Lf(Q/!b6/!3( 57:xG">1313!3.J(V89(Q/!o135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576‰:+!=~^I/!#8U(#lj(+Q/!36Í*'(;./:57,-*08!=8i(Q<"4(h(Q !qE/"4(V"r(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6‰8H!=:ZS*21! *'$0$,-!3!3(
ÁY5>:!3{/1!3!#E ÄR(+Q/T !i13$'*0!36^(&‡8.<!#1*'W !=Eq.<!=:HLM57:,h"%6<1!AC5>I/6 E 83Nf¬5 T !3Z>!=:=l/(Q/!i?>*0Z>!36o?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!:+!3,h"%*06 8Z4">$'*2Eo5>6 $'@*vL](+TQ/!i13$'*0!36^(&
?7!36/!=:+"%(!=EF(:V"4ˆ;1:+!3,h"%*06 8 T *'(Q/*06Í(Q/!q8.C!=1*'W !#E‰(:V"4ˆ;1A<57I/6 E/8=N†‡Lp(Q/!q13$'*0!36^(h(+:+"%ˆh1bZS*05>$2"4(+!=8i(Q/!r./:!#8H.C!=13*vW<!=EG(:V"4ˆ;1
AC5>I/6<E/83l/(Q/!=6(+Q/!6/!3( T 57:xh,h"[@gEJ:+5>.. "71Vx>!(V83lS57::!#8HQ ">.<!f(+Q/!p(:V"4ˆ;1%N
u6/5%(+Q/!3:f*',-.C5>:(+">67(p157,9.C5>6 !36^(f5>L](Q/*28p"%./. :5^">1VQo*28(+Q/!i. :5>(!=1(*05>6q?7*'Z7!36o(+5;(+Q/!i:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!i135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576 83Np¿5>(!i(Q "%(
(+Q/!g6/!3( T 57:xD8H!=:ZS*21! T *0$0$`,-!3!3(X(Q !g?>*0Z>!=6ª.<!=:HLM57:,h">6 1!;AC5>I 6 E/8X"78$05>6/?B">8(+Q/!13$'*0!36^(i(:V"4ˆ;1h:+!3,h"%*06 8 T *'(Q/*06K(+Q/!;(+:+"%La&
W<1h8.C!=1*'W<1="4(*05>6«l«*0::+!=8.<!#1e(+*'Z7!i5>Ls(+Q/!hA<!=Q "[ZS*'57:5%LR5%(+Q/!3:13$'*0!36^(+8=Ng¿5 T lk(Q/*28.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6 13!-1="%6/6 5%(AC!h?>I ">:+">67(+!3!#Eklk*vLR(+Q/!
135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576 8"%:+!-6/5%(./:+5%(+!=1(!=EBLM:+5>,›(+Q/!;,-*28HAC!3Q "[ZS*06/?ªÁM57:,-">$'*21*05>I<8+Äf:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!-">6 ED6/5>6D:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!;85>I :+13!=8=N-O5q"[Z>57*0E
ZS*05>$2"4(*06/?(Q !h?>I ">:+">67(+!3!#8,h">E/!i(+5o:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!-1576/6/!=1(*05>6 8=l|(+Q/!h6/!3( T 57:xo,iI 8U(!=*v(+Q/!3:!3{J./$'*21*'($0@B135>6^(:+5>$‹(+Q/!h*'6 ./IJ(:V"4(!#8
576‰"D.C!3:&‡135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576GA "78H*28-*cN !7N8HQ ">./*06/?ª"%6 EG.<57$'*21*06/?P5%Lf(Q !qE/"4(V"/l_5>:h">EJ57.J(g8+1VQ/!=EJI $'*06/?ª"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,h8i(Q<"4( T *0$'$EJ5K85
Î1,

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

">IJ(57,-"%(*213">$'$0@h*'6(+Q/!6/5JEJ!=8XÁM!>N ? N0l/n ">*': T I !3I/*06/? lJ}D!3*0?>Q^(+!=Ebn ">*': T I/!=I/*06/? lJ!3(+1%N ÄeN
ORQ/!#8H!(!=1VQ 6/*0~^I/!#8">:!"h.<"%:(5%L]*067(+!3?7:+"%(!=Eb85%La( "%:+!"%:V1VQ/*'(!=1(I/:+!=8R$0*0x>!†w6^(VŠJ!3:+ZCl !*vd|ŠS!3:+Z!(+1>N'l Q/*21VQoQ "[Z>!XA<!=!36qEJ!3&
8*'?76/!=EXx>!=!3./*06/?f*'69,-*'6 EiZ4"%:+*'57I 8*08+8HI !=8‹.<!=:H(V"%*06/*06/?(+5T :+!=">$v&c(*0,-!_135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'576|N«}D!EJ*08+1I<88(Q !=8!_*28+8HT I/!#8«*06i(Q/!_LM5>$0$05 T *'6/?<N

>  A M 4
 A ADM   E A E 
O:+"%ˆ;11VQ ">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6h*28"i,95JEJ!=$k5%L(Q/!E/"%(+"i?>!36 !3:V"4(*05>61VQ "%:V">1(!=:*28U(+*01=8j5>L‹"98H57I/:+13!>Nz¿57:,h"%$0$0@;"X(+:+"%ˆ;1*28R1VQ "%:V">1(!3:&
*0m3!#ErAS@qAC5>I/6<EJ*'6 ?*'(+8Z>5>$0I/,-!>N-uA<57I/6 ED5>6B(Q !9Z75>$0I/,-!-5%L`(+Q/!9(:V"4ˆ;1-13">6BAC!-I 8H!#EB(5bA<57I/6 Er(Q/!;">,-5>I/6^(p5%Ls6 !( T 5>:+x
:+!=85>I/:V1!#8z(Q<"4(R,-"[@9Q "[Z7!(5iA<!f:!#8H!=:Z7!=E9(+5X./:+54ZS*0EJ!(Q/!:!#~7I *':+!=E;~^I ">$'*'(U@95%L8!3:+ZS*013!=8=N !I/:*06/?915>6 6/!=1(*05>6;!#8U(V"%A/$0*08Q/,-!36^(#l
:+!=85>I/:V1!#8j"%:+!./:+54ZS*0E/!=E-A "78H!#E-5>6h(+Q/!(+:+"%ˆh11VQ "%:V">1(!=:*0m="%(*05>6-"%6 Eh:+!=85>I :+13!:!#~7I *':+!3,-!36^(V83NzORQ/!3:+!">:!,h">6^@-8.<!#1*'W<13"%(*05>6
,-5JEJ!3$28./:+5>.C578!=Eg*'6(+Q/!$'*'(!=:+"%(I/:+!fLM5>:R(+:+"%ˆh1p1VQ ">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6«N«}D!EJ*08+1I<88"iLM! T *0,9.C5>:(+">6^(5>6/!#83N
#  0&i¼K»|ƋÅ^ÉH½
ORQ/!-Á  kl 7Ä`,95JEJ!=$yA<57I/6 E/8"(:V"4ˆ;185>I :+13! T *'(Qb".C!="%xh:V"4(+!>N]u 15>6 6/!=1(*05>68+"4(+*08HW !#8Á  kl 7Ä`,-5SE/!3$clJ*vdo(+Q/!

  

*06^(!3:&w"%:+:*0Z4"%$k(+*',-!=8fAC!( T !3!=6q( T 5;. ">1Vx7!(V8*28">$ T "[@J8$0!=8+8(+Q "%6  klk"%6  Er8H*0m3!95%L](+Q/!i$2"%:+?>!#8U(. ">1Vx7!(*28A<57I/6 EqAS@ N
   

_5%(+Qg(+Q/!.C!="%x"%6 E"[Z>!=:+">?>!:+"%(!=8R5>L«(+:+"%ˆh1f*06(Q/*28,-5JEJ!3$|*28R?>*0Z>!=6AS@ N
 


  

‹n *0?>I/:+! Î1= ­jÌs576 8H(+"%6^( _*v(&‡"4(!O:V"4ˆ;1



ORQ/*289,-5SE/!3$./:+54ZS*0EJ!#8i"B(+*'?7Q7(-AC5>I/6 EGLM57:;Ì R (:V"4ˆ;1%N‰n/:+5>,n‹*0? N Î-= *'(g13">6FAC!b8!3!=6F(+Q "4(-LM57:;Ì R (:V"4ˆ;1A<5>(Q

(+Q/! T 57:+8H(f1=">8!9">6 Eo(+Q/!h"[Z>!3:V"%?7!. ">1Vx7!("%:+:*0Z4"%$«(*0,9!#8"%:+!X(+Q/!-8">,9!7NX¬5 T !3Z7!3:#lCLM5>:pA/I/:V8U(U@(+:+"%ˆh1iI 8!-5%Lj(+Q/*08p,-5JEJ!=$(+5
 

8.<!#1*'LM@(+:+"%ˆh1R1VQ ">:+"71e(+!3:+*08H(*21j:+!=8I/$'(+8z*069Z7!3:+@1576 8H!=:Z4"%(*0Z>!_:!#8H57I/:+13!s:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576|l4$'!#">EJ*06/?f(5p$05 T IJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576-5%L (+Q/!:+!=8!3:+Z>!=E

:+!=85>I/:V1!#83N
#U¶ &i¼K»|ƋÅSÉU½
†w6B(Q/*28,-5JEJ!3$z(+Q/!-(*0,-!;"4{J*28*28EJ*0ZS*0EJ!#ED*'6^(5b*06^(!3:+Z4"%$28f5%Ls$0!36 ?%(QPO !=">1VQ«l|13"%$0$0!=ED"gLM:V"%,-!7N9u 135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576B8+"4(*28HW !=8hÁY:=l OÄ
 

,-5JEJ!3$clC*vL]*'(?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=86 5;,-5>:+!p(Q ">6o:=N O A/*v(V85>L](:V"4ˆ;1p*'6B"%6S@g*06^(!3:+Z4"%$‹OpN †w6b(Q *08,-5SE/!3$cl<:*28(+Q/!XI ./.<!=:AC5>I/6<Eo5>6b(+Q/!

"[Z7!3:V"%?>!9:V"4(!g54Z>!3:p(+Q/!"[Z7!3:V"%?7*'6/?*067(+!3:+Z4"%$sOpN‹ORQ/*28,-5JEJ!3$_*08X*'6K85>,-!g8!36<8H!g8*0,9*0$2"%:(+5o(Q/!DÁ   l Ä,-5JEJ!3$cNqORQ/*28
,-5JEJ!3$y"%$285./:+54Z^*2EJ!#8j"p(*0?>Q^(_A<57I/6 E-LM57:RÌ RÍ(:V"4ˆ;1>N‹¬5 T !=Z>!3:#l%LM57:`A/I :+8H(U@X(+:+"%ˆ;1*v(_:!#8HI $v(V8j*06;Z>!=:@-1576 8H!=:Z4"%(*0Z>!:+!=85>I/:V1!
 

:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6«l^$0!="7EJ*06/?9(5-$'5 T IJ(*0$0*'m#"4(*05>6b5>L(+Q/!:!#8H!=:Z7!=Eh:+!=85>I :+13!=8=N



#  1&i¼K»«ÆÅSÉU½
†w6P(+Q/*08i,-5JEJ!3$cl  ª8H.C!=13*vW<!=8(+Q/!g,-*06/*0,XI/,Â*067(+!3:&‡">::+*0Z[">$z(*0,-!gAC!( T !3!36P( T 5q. "71Vx>!3(+8=N r8H.C!=13*vW !#8(+Q/!;,h"4{J*0,XI/,

   

. "71Vx>!3(p8*'m=!9">6 Eq†*08p"1!=:H(V"%*06r*067(+!3:+Z4"%$z54Z>!=: T Q/*21VQB(Q/!-5>A<8H!=:Z4"4(+*'576 8">:!9Z4"%$0*0E|N *28f(Q !-"[Z7!3:V"%?7!*'6^(!=:H&w"%:+:+*'Z4"%$(*0,-!

! 

AC!( T !3!=6r. "71Vx>!(p54Z>!=:f">6S@o†*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$)N9ŠS5"b135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576B8+"4(*28HW !=8(Q/*28p,-5JEJ!3$]*'Ls*'(8"%(*28UW !#8-Á  D 7Ä,-5JEJ!3$]"%6<Eq(+Q/!

"

"[Z7!3:V"%?>!`*'6^(!=:H&w"%:+:+*'Z4"%$>(*0,-!5%LC135>6 8!=13IJ(*0Z>!s. ">1Vx7!(V8*28z$2"%:+?>!3:(Q<"%6 sEJI/:+*06/?f">6S@*'6^(!=:Z4">$J5%L $0!36/?>(Q9†eN%¬!=:!R*06X(+Q/*08z,-5JEJ!=$

 

(+Q/!h.<!#"%xq:V"4(+!h"%6 Er(Q/!;"[Z7!3:V"%?7!:+"%(!-5%Ls(Q/!-(+:+"%ˆ;19">:! +  D"%6 E + #Nh¿5>(!=8f(+Q "4((+Q/*28,-5SE/!3$j./:+54ZS*0E/!=8

"

AC5>I/6<E/8]LM57:`AC5%(Qg.<!#"%x9:+"%(!">6 Eh"[Z>!=:+">?>!_:+"%(!5>LC(+Q/!(+:+"%ˆ;1%NzORQ/*08s,-5JEJ!3$<./:54ZS*2EJ!=8jA<!3(H(!=:_1VQ<"%:V">1e(+!3:+*'m#"4(+*'576i5>L RÍ(:V"4ˆ;1

 #   #

135>,-. "%:+!=E;(5hAC5%(+QPÁ   l ÄR">6 EPÁM:#l OÄs,-5JEJ!3$283N

 
 

# D &9¼K»|ƋÅ^ÉH½
†w6D(Q *08X,95JEJ!=$ ‰*08(Q/!;,h"%{S*0,XI ,tA/I/:V8H(X8H*0m3!;">6 E q*08(Q/!;$05>6 ?(+!3:+, "[Z7!3:V"%?>!i:+"%(!h5>Ls(+Q/!g85>I/:V1!9(:V"4ˆ;1>l«:+!=8.<!#1e(*0Z>!=$'@7N
$ %

uZ>!3:V"%?7!(+:+"%ˆh1i*2813"%$21I $0"%(!=EBAS@KÁM6SI/,iA<!=:5%Ls.<">1Vx>!3(+8f?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=Eo54Z7!3:p$2"%:+?>!iE/I/:+"%(*05>6<Ä +JÁY$0">:?7!iEJI/:V"4(+*'576<ÄeN9u 1576/6/!=1(*05>6

&$ '%

8+"4(+*08HW !=89Á D SÄl|*'LsEJI/:+*'6 ?"%6S@b*067(+!3:+Z4"%$‹5%L`$0!36/?>(Qr((+Q/!i6SI/,iA<!=:5>L`A/*'(+8f?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=EbAS@b(Q !9135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576q*'6r(Q "%(f*06^(!=:Z4"%$‹*28

$0!=8+8_(Q ">6  7(=N _I/:V8U(,h"[@g135>,-!54Z7!3:_(EJI/:V"4(+*'57657:_6 5%(A<!#13">I 8H!p*'(*08RZ7!3:+@h*'6JLM:+!=~^I/!=6^(8H596/5-5%L‹A/*v(V8?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=Eg*08R$0!=8+8
$ (%
)$ *% 

Î1.

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

(+Q "%6b5>:R!#~7I<"%$  7(=NjORQ/*28,-5JEJ!3$|1="%6bAC!8"%(*28ULY"71e(57:*0$0@hA<!I 8!=Eg(5h,-5JEJ!=$kA/I/:V8U(U@h(+:+"%ˆ;1f85>I :+13!=8=N
$ %

®°²‹ÉMµ#· zÉYÅg¶[¯/µ=Å `»C²±‹Æ‹·Y±‹¸«½_uÀ,-5>:+!"71313I/:+"%(!f"%././:+5[{J*',h"%(*05>6-LM5>:RA/I :+8H(U@9(:V"4ˆ;185>I :+13!=8_13"%6gA<!p5>A/(+"%*06/!#E;AS@h1VQ "%:V">1(!3:&

*0m3*06/?i(Q/!f(:V"4ˆ;1 T *v(+Qg,iI/$v(+*'. $'!pAC5>I/6 E/*'6/?h"[Z7!3:V"%?>!:V"4(+!=8=lS!=">1VQg54Z>!3:REJ*'dC!=:!=6^(R"[Z7!3:V"%?>*06/?*06^(!3:+Z4"%$283N]u (:V"4ˆ;1 T 57I/$2E;8"%(*28ULM@


ÁM: Î l O Î ÄÁY:VÃ/l OÃ7ÄeN0N'N 7lS*'L  Î à  V    l ">6 E54Z>!3:">6S@g*067(+!3:+Z4"%$|†s(Q/!X6^I ,XAC!3:5>LzA *v(V8?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=E*08A<57I/6 EJ!#EbA^@:* 4OR*«*vL
#Ii Î #VN_u8(+Q/!i"[Z7!3:V"%?>*06/?9*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$|?>!3(+8$'576/?>!=:=l "g8H57I/:+13!*08A<57I/6 EJ!#EbAS@"h:V"4(+!$'5 T !3:(Q ">6o*v(V8.C!="%x:V"4(!">6 E

   

13$'5^8H!=:s(+5h*v(V8$05>6/?i(!=:, "[Z>!3:V"%?7!:V"4(+!>N
 

š›—i¡¥zž=£ 

\6 13!;"(:V"4ˆ;1h85>I/:V1!hQ "788.<!#1*'W !=EP*'(+8p(+:+"%ˆ;1;1VQ "%:V">1(!=:*28U(+*01=8p"%6 ED*'(+8 T 5SŠB:!#~7I *':+!3,-!36^(V8f(5o(+Q/!;6/!3( 57:xyl«*'( "%*'(+8pLM57:
(+Q/!X6/!3( T 57:x(5">1313!3.J((Q/!i:!#~^I/!=8H(AC!LM57:!*'(f1="%6r8H(+">:H(*v(V8(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6 8=NORQ/!X6 !( T 5>:+x576o*v(V8. ">:H(p1VT Q/!=1VxJ8*'Ls"7T EJ!=~^I "%(!
:+!=85>I/:V1!h*28X"[Z4">*'$2"%A/$0!;"%$05>6 ?q"%6S@B.<"4(QPLM:+5>,Â85>I/:V1!h(+5rEJ!#8U(+*'6 "%(*05>6P(+5q,-!3!(i(Q/!EJ!3,h">6 EkNq57IJ(!8H!=$'!#1e(*05>6 ÁYI/6/*213">8H(i57:
,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(VÄsLM57:"98!=8+8*'576EJI :*06/?9(Q/!135>6/6 !=1e(+*'576!#8U(V"%A/$0*28HQ/,-!=67(./Q<">8!>N
 
 ?QH   @B E 

ÌsI/:+:+!36^(j†w6^(!3:+6/!3(`./:+5%(5J135>$28zI 8H!:+5>I/(*06/?"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,h8j8I 1VQh">8](Q/!8Q/57:H(+!=8H(j. "4(+Qh:57IJ(*06/?*06 Q/*01VQ-(+Q/!:+5>IJ(+*'6 ?13"%6-AC!5>./(*'&

,-*0m3!=E9LM57:j8H57,-!,9!3(:+*01 T *v(+Q/5>IJ(](V"%xS*06/?*'6^(+5">13135>I/6^( T Q/!3(Q/!=:](Q !:!#~^I/*':+!=Ei:+!=85>I/:V1!R*28j">1(T I ">$'$0@i"[Z4"%*0$2"%A/$0!>N]Ìs5>6 8!=~^I/!=67(+$'@7l
(+Q/!B 5 T 8j,9*0?>Q^(`AC!:+5>I/(!=E954Z7!3:](+Q/!. "%(Q 8j(Q "%(s"%:+!I/6 ">A/$0!(598HI/. .<57:H(j(+Q/!3*0:`:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(+8 T Q/*'$0!5>(Q/!=:`. "%(Q 8`,9*0?>Q^(`!3{J*08H(
T135>Q/6/*26/1VQP!#1e1(+*'5>57I 6 $083ErNzQ !"[#Z>8H!-!#"%8:V"%1V(Q/*28U!3W<:V!=8zEoQ "[(+Z>Q/!!h6/8H5.C!=13./*vW<:!=57EB.<5^:8H!#!#~7E I *':+!3 ,-!3"$6^(V83N9AQORQ/5>*0_:8 LT %5>&I/'$2EB"$#$'!#a">EoFb#\(+5b&1ONA/:"$!#">1VQqAQ5>L_13Q/5>,-*21VQh,-54*v(Z>(!3!=:VE 157T ,-5^!RŠr(Q/?>!#I<8H"%!:V"%./6^:(57!=A/!=$08!3,b(+5 N
ORQ/!. :*0,h"%:+@h?>57">$08_5>L T 5SŠ;:+5>IJ(+*'6 ?9T ">:!7­ T
  

E O«5h8!3$0!=1(R:+5>I/(!=8_(+Q "4(1="%6,-!3!(13!3:(+">*'6 T 5^Šg:!#~^I/*':+!3,-!=67(V83l

E O«5-*06 1:+!="78H!(Q !IJ(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6b5%L(Q/!6 !( T 5>:+xCN
} Q/*0$0!-E/!(!=:,-*06/*06/?":+5>IJ(+!>l T 5SŠo:+5>IJ(+*'6/?b8+1VQ/!3,-!=8f6/5>(f576/$0@r1576 8H*2EJ!=:(+Q/!9(5>.C5>$05>?7@o5%Ls"6/!3( 57:xylyA/IJ(">$085g(+Q/!-:!3&
~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(5%L‹(Q/!  5 T lS(+Q/!:+!=85>I/:V1!p"[Z4"%*0$0">A/*'$0*'(U@h5%L«(+Q/!$0*'6/xJ8=l "%6<Eg5>(Q/!=:.<57$'*21*0!=8R(+Q "4(,h"[@hAC!8H.CT!=13*vW<!=EAS@;(Q !f6 !( T 5>:+x
"7EJ,-*'6/*28H(:V"4(57:+8=NORQ !3:+!LM5>:+!>l T 5^Š9:+5>IJ(+*'6 ? 57I/$2E-A<!f"%A/$0!(5W 6 E;"X$'576/?>!=:`"%6 E-$0*0?>Q^($0@^&c$057"7EJ!=E9. "%(Q;:V"4(+Q/!3:`(Q ">6-(Q/!f8HQ/57:H(&
!#8U(. "%(QB(Q "%(,h"[@qA<!hQ !="[ZS*'$0@^&c$057"7EJ!=E|N T T 5SŠq:+5>IJ(+*'6 ?b8+1VQ/!=,9!#8"%:+!9(Q/!=:!3LM5>:+!i!3{S.C!=1(!#Er(+5oA<!h,-57:!h8I 1313!=8+8ULMI/$z(+Q "%6D(+Q/!
(+:+"7EJ*v(+*'576 "%$k:+5>I/(*06/?h81VQ/!=,-!=8_*'6b,-!3!3(*06/? T 5^Šg?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8=N

>
   @B E C   EF P    

ORQ/!9157,9. $'!3{S*'(U@5%Lj" T 5^Š:+5>I/(*06/?g"%$0?>57:*'(Q ,EJ!=.<!=6 E/85>6o(+Q/!i1VQ/5^8H!=6 T 5^Šb1576 8H(:V"%*067(V88I 1VQq">8Q/5>.r135>I/6^(#l<A ">6 E T *2ES(Q«l
EJ!=$0"[@7l/EJ!3$2"[@^& U*'(H(+!3:!3(+1%NjORQ ! T 5SŠg135>6 8H(:V"%*06^(+81="%6A<!EJ*0ZS*0E/!=E*'6^(+5i(+Q/:+!3!pA/:+57">E1$2">8+8!=8 8 Î-.;< N


¾«!(fE«ÁM*cl ÄpEJ!=6/5%(+!i"1VQ/578!36q135>6 8H(:V"%*06^(LM57:(+Q/!-$'*06/xªÁM*cl ÄNXn/57:f">6S@.<"4(Q ?
˜ÁY*)l lkxyl0N'N0N$clC,;Äl«"g135>6 8H(:V"%*06^(fE 5>I $0E

AC!p(!=:,-!=E #/O:O  `\3l *'L]E|Á _Ä
°E|ÁM*cl Ä ºE|Á l x/Ä N0N0N ºE|ÁY$)l ,;ÄeNjn/57:!{/"%,-./$0!>lJ!=6 ES&c(5>&c!=6 EgEJ!=$0"[@g*08">6">E EJ*v(+*'Z7!15>6<8UT (+:+">*'6^(
   

">6 E*08R!#~7I<"%$y(5-(+Q/!8I/,€5>L(+Q/!EJ!3$2"[@;5>L«(Q !*'6<EJ*'ZS*2EJI ">$k$'*06/xJ8*06(+Q/!. "%(Q|N 7*'(H(!=:=l/13578H("%6 EQ/57.b135>I/6^("%:+!"%$28H5-">E EJ*v(+*'Z7!

  

135>6 8H(:V"%*06^(+8=N
u 1576 8H(:V"%*067(R*28_(!3:+,-!=ME ([C  *# `\3l *'L CÁ #Ä
CÁ D SÄ  CÁ :D /Ä   CÁ -D$>bÄNjn/57:_!3{/"%,-./$0!>lJ:+!3$0*0">A/*'$0*'(U@;15>6<8U(+:+">*'6^(
*28R,XI/$'(*0./$0*01="4(+*'Z7!>NjORQ/!:+!3$0*0">A/*0$'*'(U@;5%Lz"9. "4(+Q*28?7*'Z7!36gAS@g(Q/!./:+5JEJI 1(R5>L(+ Q/ !:+!3$0*0">A/*'$0*'(U@;5%L(Q/!*06 EJ*0ZS*0EJI<"%$|$0*'6 xS8=N


ŠS*0,-*'$2"%:+$0@>lj"D15>6<8U(+:+">*'6^(i*28i(!=:,-!=E L#%`\3l`*'LE|Á sÄ
,-*06 E|ÁY*)l Äel_E|Á l x/ÄelfN'N0N0l`E|ÁM$cl ,hÄ 7N‰u6F!3{/"%,-./$0!5>L"B135>6 1="[Z>!

135>6 8H(:V"%*06^(z*28jA<"%6 E T *2ES(+Q|N _">6 E T *2ES(Q-576-"p.<"4(Qh*28]!#~7I<"%$J(+5p(Q/!,-*06/*0,XI/,A "%6<E T *0EJ(Qh5%Lk"p$0*'6/x95>69(+Q "4(`.<"4(Q«N}P"%6/?">6 E

  

Ìs:+5 13:5>La(j./:+54Z>!=E9(+Q "4(_(Q !./:+5>A/$0!3,5>LkW 6 EJ*06/?9. "4(+Qg8HI A U!=1(`(5X( 5i5>:s,957:!f">E/E/*v(+*'Z7!"%6<E +[57:j,XI/$'(*0./$0*01="4(+*'Z7!1576 8H(:V"%*067(V8


*06i">6^T @p.C578+8H*0A/$0!s135>,XA *'6 "%(*05>6*28‹¿ ]&w157,-./$'!3(! 8 à Π< Nz¬5 T !3Z7!3:#l3(+Q/!_./T :5S5>L/5%L ¿ j&UÌs57,-./$'!3(!=6/!=8+8«*28A ">8!=EX5>6(+Q/!_"788I/,-.J(+*'576 8

 

Ã*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

(+Q "4(#­ Î ÄR"%$0$y(Q !15>6<8H*2EJ!3:+!=E1576 8H(:V"%*067(V8R"%:+!f*06 EJ!=.<!=6 EJ!=67(#<">6 EÃ7Äs(Q/!E/!3$2"[@g"%6 E U*'(H(!=:5%Lz!3Z7!3:+@h$'*06/x"%:+!fxS6/5 T 6b"9./:+*'57:*cN
u$v(+Q/5>I/?7Qr(+Q/!-W :V8U("788I/,-.J(*05>6D*28p6/5>:+,h"%$0$'@b(+:I/!-LM57:1*0:+13I/*v(&‡8 *'(+1VQ/!#Er6/!3( 57:xJ8=lkA "%6<E *0EJ(Q|l‹EJ!3$2"[@>l«">6 E U*v((!3:i"%:+!i6/5>(


*06 EJ!=.<!=6 EJ!36^(f. "%:V"%,-!(+!3:V8R*'6q1=">8!5%Lz. ">1Vx7!(8 T *v(V1VQ/!=Eb6 !( T 5>:+xS8=T N`u8"h:+!=8I/$'T (=l/.C5>$0@S6/5>,-*2"%T $">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,h8R$'*0x>! _!=$'$0,h"%6J&wn/57:+E


">6 E(Q/!X!{S(!=6 EJ!=E !* UxS8H(:V"/© 8">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/, 8 ;Î :1< !{J*28U(LM57:157,-./IJ(*06/?;:+5>I/(!=8 *v(+QoQ/5>.q135>I/6^(=lCEJ!3$2"[@>l<"%6 E U*'(H(+!3:135>6 8H(:V"%*06^(+8=N


†w6^(!=:!#8U(+*'6 ?>$0@>l«A<"%6 E T *2ES(+QP">6 EDQ/5>.ª135>I/6^(X1576 8H(:V"%*067(V8"%:+!-,957:!-*0,-.<57:H(V"%T6^((Q ">6D(Q/!gE/!3$2"[@q5>: U*'(H(+!3:i135>6 8H(:V"%*06^(+8=l«8*'6 13!

 

(+Q/!=8!;( T 5r"%:+!-(5D"o$2"%:+?>!;!3{^(+!36^(9E/!(!=:,-*06/!=EPAS@D(Q !gA ">6 E T *2ES(QF">6 EªQ/57.K157I/6^(91576 8H(:V"%*067(V8"%6<EK"%$28H5o,-5^8U(9:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!



8!3:+ZS*013!=8p:+!=~^I/*0:!hA ">6 E T *2ES(QK"78X">6D!#88!36^(+*0">$`1576 8U(+:+">*'6^( T Q/*0$0!h(Q/!gQ/5>.ª157I/6^(i1576 8H(:V"%*067(XE/!(!=:,-*06/!=8!dy!=1e(+*'Z7!;:+!=85>I/:V1!

IJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576|N
†w6b(+Q/!$2">8H(( 5;E/!=13"7EJ!=8=l<8!3Z7!3:V"%$|">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,h8Q "[Z>!AC!3!=6o./:+5>.C578!=E(5g"7E/EJ:+!=8+8R(Q !XZ4"%:+*'57I 8R./:+5>A/$0!3,h8">8+8H5J1*2"4(+!=E *'(Q
I/6 *01=">8H(s"%6 E-,iI/$'T (*213">8H(`:+5>IJ(+*'6 ? NjÌs5>,-./:+!3Q/!=6 8H*0Z>!R:+!3ZS*0! T 8j5>LkI/6/*213">8H(`"%6<E-,XI/$'(*213"78U(s">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,h8zLM5>: T 5^Ši:+5>IJ(+*'6/?">:!"[T Z4">*'$'&
">A/$'!X*'Q6 8 ÃJl =;< BN 5qI/$v(+*',-!#EJ*0""%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8=l T Q/*21VQo:!#~^I/*':+!,XI $v(+*01=">8H( T 5^Š:+5>IJ(+*'6 ? l<">:!AC!=135>,-*06/?hZ>!=:@*',-.C5>:(+"%6^(">6 Eo"%:+!
TT *25SEJŠ;!3$0:+@;5>IJAC(+!3*'*06 6/? ?-l/I "%86<!=E;E(+*'Q/6!3,h6b"%*06^6SZ7@;!=8H8H(5>*0La?7("%:(!#!"%"i$'&)(+LM*'! ,-!p*',-"%./.C./5>$0*2:13(+"4"%(+6^*'(576 ./8=:+N‹5%(+†w5S613(5>Q $283!N LM57$'$05 T *06/? l T !fEJ*28+1I 8+88H57,-!*288I/!#8s:+!3$0!3Z4">67(_(5-,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(
T
Œ  ¡o”V¥zž3¤–|¥›š›—i¡¥]ž3£



†w6^(!=:6 !(*08W 6 EJ*06/?-?>:+5 T *'6 ?iI 8!p*'6b,h"%6S@;85%La(:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!f">././$0*01="4(*05>6<83Nz†w6o">E/E/*v(+*'576g(+5hZ^*2EJ!=5%&‡5>6J&wEJ!3,h">6 EklJ"%6 Eg(!=$'!#1576JLM!3:&

!=6 1*06/? ly,h"%6S@bEJ*28U(+:*0A/IJ(+!=Er">././$0*01="4(+*'576 8:+!=~^I/*0:+!,XI/$'(*213"78U(p157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6|N 6 *'ZS*06/?g!#">1VQr85>I/:V1!i"%6q*06 EJ!=.<!=6 EJ!36^(p.<57*'6^(&
(+5%&‡.<57*'6^(f135>6/6 !=1e(+*'576o(5!="71VQrEJ!=8H(*06 "%(*05>6q*28">6qI/6 "71313!3.J(V"%A/$0!i">././:+57">1VQbAC!=1="%I 8!X5>L](Q/!9.<5>(!=67(+*0">$ T ">8H(+">?>!5>Lj:!#8H57I/:V1!=8=N
ORQ/!i15>,-,-5>6q">././:+57"71VQ*28(+5g1576 8U(+:I<1e(LM57:!="71VQo8H57I/:+13!"h,XI $v(+*01=">8H((:+!3!X135>6/6 !=1e(+*'576|N‚`"71VQZ7!3:(!3{576b";,XI/$'(*213"78U((+:!=!
:+!3./:+!=8!36^(V8s!=*v(+Q/!3:"i:+5>I/(!3:R57:"iQ 578H(=N
\6/!1="%6b8"[Z7!f"9?>:+!="%(RE/!="%$«5%L:+!=85>I :+13!=8_AS@;Q "[ZS*'6 ?i(+Q/!8H57I/:V1!=88Q ">:!f:!#8H57I/:V1!=8 Q/!=6/!3Z7!3:R.C578+8H*0A/$0!>Njn/57:!{/"%,-./$0!>lJ*06
">6b">I EJ*05;1576JLM!3:+!36 13!>l/576/!;ÁM57:"4(A<!#8U("9LM! T ÄR.C!35>. $'!8.<!#"%x"4(">6^@g(*0,-!>N_†w6b8I 1VQq"hT 8+1!=6 "%:+*'5<l T !1="%6oEJ!3W 6/!X"-,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(
?7:57I/."78R5>6/! T Q/!=:!f(+:+"%ˆh1LM:+5>,€"-8!(5>L‹85>I/:V1!#8`(+:+"[Z7!3:V8H!p85>,-!15>,-,-5>6:+5>IJ(+!3:V8_">6 E(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576g$0*'6/xJ8=N
ORQ/! T 5SŠi:57IJ(*06/?pLMI/6 1(*05>6h*06;"p,XI/$'(*213"78U(_"%././$0*213"4(+*'576-*'6SZ>57$'Z7!=8W 6 E/*'6/?i"f(:+!3!:+5S5%(!#Ei"%(s"85>I/:V1!">6 E-154Z>!=:*06/?p"%$0$/(+Q/!
:+!=13!3*0Z>!3:V8=l T *'(Q!3Z7!3:+@h. "4(+QgLM:+5>, (+Q/!8H!=6 EJ!=:s(+59(Q/!p:+!=1!=*'Z7!3:V8s8+"4(+*08HLM@S*'6 ?X(+Q/! T 5^Šg:!#~7I *':+!3,-!36^(#N‹ORQ/!f(+:!=!p135>6 8H(:+I 1(*05>6g*06
,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(*06/?">:!XI 8HI<"%$0$'@b.C!3:LM5>:+,9!#Eo*06o( T 5gA ">8*01 T "[@J8=­8H57I/:+13!&‡A ">8!=Eb">6 Eq157:!3&cA<">8!=EkN}D!X6 5 T EJ*08+1I<88f"-LM! T :57IJ(*06/?
./:+5%(+5J15>$28_A<!=$'576/?>*06/?9(5-(+Q/!=8!f( T 5-A/:+57"7Eg1="4(!=?>57:*0!=8=N
 B
 H @B MN  SA   @ E  D  MN C 

†w6(Q !pLM5>$0$'5 T *06/? l T !EJ*2813I 88_( T 5-*',-.C5>:(+">67(85>I/:V1!3&cA<">8!=Eh:+5>IJ(+*'6 ?9. :5>(5J157$08=N

U ®  # U· =µ=¯/±‹´>Å ÅS´%µ#» ¶®°²‹ÉMµ=·)´>¯ =µ g»C²«µ#·Y±‹¸ p¶4»<µ=»|´7»<É &
! 5q 8 V < *0,9. $'!=,9!=6^(+8;85>I/:V1!3&cA<">8!=EP(+:!=!=8 *'(QÍ:!=Z>!=:+8!g. "%(Q‰LM5>: "%:VEJ*'6 ? l]./:+I/6/*06/?ª"%6 EG?>:V"4La(+*'6 ? N‰†‡(;:!=$'*0!=8-576F(+Q/!
 

!3{J1VQ<"%6/?7!5>L‹„>E/*08H(+">6 1!pZ>!#1e(+5>:RI/.yE/"4(+!=8+„9">,-5>6/?-T 6/5JEJ!#83N]‚`"71VQZ7!=1(5>:R!=T 67(+:@15>6^(V"%*06 8s(Q/!EJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6b"%6<EE/*08H(+">6 1!p*06JLM5>:&

 
 

,h"4(+*'576b!{J./:+!=8+8H!#Eg*06(!3:+,h85%L]6SI/,iA<!=:5%LzQ/5>.<83N`ORQ !=8!I/.CE "4(!#8"%:+!8H!=6^(5>6!="71VQ$0*06/xyNsORQ/!,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(EJ*28U(+:*0A/IJ(+*'576(+:!=!

*28_(Q/!=6q1:+!="%(!=E|N
®  Ê #U®°²‹ÉMµ#·Y´7¯ 3µ  sÅ^± È»<¶[µ=Å =µ ¯Jµ=ÈÀÊ·M¶ 3µ & »<²µ=·)±¸ p¶4»<µ=»|´7»<É

5B\pŠ `n 8 Î Ã < *08i"q,XI $v(+*01=">8H(X!{S(!=6 8*'576ª(5r(Q/!o\pŠ `n I/6/*213"78U(9$'*06/x^&‡8H(+"%(!;:+5>I/(*06/?q./:+5%(+5S135>$cNq†w6‰\pŠ snÀ!#">1VQª:+5>IJ(+!3:i.<!3&
     

:+*'5JEJ*213">$'$0@P8H!=6 E/8$0*06/xª8U(V"4(!#8(+5r"%$0$`5>(Q/!=:X:+5>IJ(+!3:V8*06ª(Q/!g6/!( T 5>:+xJ83Nq‚s">1VQP:57IJ(!=:A/I/*0$2E/8XI .F"q157,-./$'!3(!6/!( T 5>:+xr,h"%.«N

  

} *'(Qg(Q/*28`*06JLM57:,h"4(+*'576h!="71VQ;:57IJ(!=:`*28`">A/$'!(5915>,-./I/(!(+Q/!8Q/57:H(+!=8H(`. "4(+Q;(+5!3Z7!3:+@9EJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6g*'6h(+Q/!f6/!( T 5>:+xXI 8*06/?(+Q/!

!* UxJ8H(:V"/© 8p8HQ/57:H(+!=8H(. "%(QD"%$0?>5>:+*'(Q/, 8 Î :1< N 5B\pŠ `nÍ!3{S(!36<E/8(Q/!#8H!9$'*06/xq8H(+"%(!=8(5b"%$285g*06 1$0I EJ!9*'6/LM5>:+,-"%(*05>6r">A<57IJ(p?>:+5>I/.
,-!3,iA<!=:+8Q/*0. 8=N;‚`">1VQD:+5>IJ(+!3:">EJZ7!3:(*28H!#8(Q/!;. :!#8H!=6 1!-5%L_,XI/$'(*213"78U(?7:57I/.D:!#1!3*0Z>!=:+8f"4((+"71VQ/!=EB(5b*'(=NgORQ !3:+!LM5>:+! 5B\pŠ sn
 

1="%6r135>6 8H(:+I 1e(p"g8Q/5>:(!#8U(&c.<"4(Qr,XI/$'(*213"78U((:+!3!>ly*cN !7Nf(Q/!9. "4(+QoLM:+5>,˜(Q !985>I/:V1!(5g!#">1VQq:+!=13!3*0Z>!=:*06q(Q !i,iI/$v(+*01=">8H((+:!=!X*28



ÃÎ

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

(+Q/!I/6/*213"78U(f8HQ/57:H(+!=8H(H&‡. "4(+Q|Nj†w6 8H(!#">Eb5>L‹:+!3$0@S*'6/?h576  5S5JEJ*'6 ? +[. :I/6 *'6/?-*06JLM5>:+,h"4(+*'576$0*0x>! ! 5q zl *06I5B\pŠ snK!#">1VQb:57IJ(!=:
x7!3!3.<8`*06JLM5>:+,h"4(+*'576;"%AC5>IJ(R"%$0$<?7:57I/.;,-!3,iA<!=:+8s"4("%$0$<:+5>IJ(+!3:V8j*06h(Q !6/!3( T 57:xyN‹uÀ$0*',-*'(+"%(*05>6g5>L 5B\pŠ snB*28`(Q "%(s*'(REJ5S!#8`6/5>(
  

8+13">$'! T !3$0$y(5h$2"%:+?>!f6/!( T 5>:+xJ83N



 B
 )  A $  KPO  QR 9@SCFE MNAD0   @ E 

†w6h(+Q/!135>:+!&‡A ">8!=EX(:+!3!1*'(!3A<"%$0$)l A "%$0$ Î "%./. :5^">1VQ|l4W<:+8H(s"135>:+!LM5>:_",XI/$'(*213"78U(`(:+!3!*28s8!3$0!=1(!#EkN‹ORQ !EJ*'dC!=:!=6^(s:+!=1!=*'Z7!3:V8]8H!=6 E

(+Q/!3*0:8I/A 8+1:+*'AC!X:+!=~^I/!#8U((+5;(+Q/*08f157:!7N‚`">1VQb*06^(!3:+,-!=EJ*2"4(+!X:+5>IJ(+!3::+!3,-!=,XAC!3:V8(Q !*'6^(+!3:LY">1!LM:57, T Q/*21VQo(+Q/*08:+!=~^I/!=8H(Q "78
AC!3!=6:+!=13!3*0Z>!=E;*'65>:VEJ!3:_(+5i*06 1$0I EJ!p*'(*'6^(5i(Q !pE/*08H(:+*'A IJ(*05>6(:+!3!7N‹} Q !36b"i85>I/:V1!p8!36 E/8RE/"%(+"X(59(Q !,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(?>:+5>I/.|l^(+Q/!
. "71Vx>!3(:!#">1VQ/!#8f"oW :+8H(5>6/&)(+:!=!9:+5>I/(!3: Q/*01VQD(+Q/!36ª:+!3./$0*213"4(+!=8p(+Q/*28. "71Vx>!(576K"%$0$](Q/!g5>6J&c(:+!3!-*067(+!3:LY">13!=8!3{J13!3.J(X(Q/!h576/!
LM:+5>, T Q *01VQ(Q !. ">1Vx7!(13"%,-!pLM:+5>,bN T
 ® U®
® ¶4»C²«µ#·Y±‹¸ p¶[»<µ=»«´>»CÉ
`:5>(5J157$k†w6 EJ!3.C!36<EJ!36^S( 5oI $v(+*01=">8H(XÁ j† 5BÄ 8 $ < ">8(Q/!6<"%,-!*v(V8H!=$vLj8I/?>?7!=8H(+8R*28*06 EJ!3.C!36<EJ!36^(5>Lz">6S@gI/6 E/!3:+$'@S*06/?h./:+5%(5J135>$cNj†‡(

 

135>6 8*08H(+85%L]( 5g,iI/$'(*213">8H(:+5>I/(*06/?g./:+5%(+5J15>$28=­ !!36<8H! 5o5JEJ!bÁ ! 5rÄ `† 5">6 ErŠS. ">:+8! 5q5SE/!Á)Š 5rÄ `† 5ªNy}B!96/5 T EJ*28+1I 8+8
 

(+Q/!=8!p( T 59./:+T 5%(+5S135>$283N

 

UÅS± #ÅP®°»|ƋŠ# U® &  ® ½†‡(p*08f*06^(!36<EJ!=EqLM5>:p*'6^(+!3:&‡EJ57,h"%*06q:57IJ(*06/?"%6 EB">8+8HI/,-!#8(+Q "4(?>:+5>I .q,-!3,XAC!3:V8f"%:+!iEJ!=6 8H!=$'@

EJ*28H(:+*'A/I/(!=EG*06F(+Q/!o6/!( 5>:+xyNF¬!=6 1!7l`*'(;*089:+!="78H576 "%A/$0!;(+5ª">8+8HI/,-!(Q "%(h!=">1VQ‰"%6 EG!3Z7!3:+@ª:57IJ(!=:98Q/57I/$0EGAC!*06SZ>57$'Z7!=EK*06


,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(=NjORQSI 8=l/"%6o"%. T ./:5^">1VQ;$0*0x>!!3Z7!3:V8H! ]"%(Qn‹$05S5SE/*'6/?-(+Q "4( <5^5JE/8E "4(+">?>:V"%,h8s(5-!3Z7!3:+@h,XI/$'(*213"78U(:+5>I/(!3:#N



‹¯/¶ #Åo®°»|ƋÅ # ® &  3® ½<†‡( ">8sW :V8U(R*067(+!36 E/!=EgLM5>: *0E/!&w"%:+!=",iI/$'(*213">8H(:57IJ(*06/?<N‹†w6bŠ 5ªlJ,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(?>:+5>I/.;,-!=,XAC!3:V8

">:!;8. "%:V8!3$0@rEJ*28U(+:*0A/IJ(+!=Eª*06P(Q/!6/T !( T 5>:+xyNu6F">8+8HI ,9./(T *05>6D(Q "%(X*28,h">EJ!g*08(Q "%(i"o:+5>IJ(+!3:X8Q/5>I $0ED6/5>(XQ "[Z>!-(+5rEJ5r">6S@
  

T„>,95>:+!#xb88+I/"%6/?7!=$0!=8=8+l78pA *vIJ( (T "%"%:+!f6^(+5%8(Q(5 !3: U57*'*06P8!p"g6/5%,i(I/*0$'6S(Z>*2135>">$0Z>8H(!#E;?>:+*05>6bI/,X.«NXI/$'OR(*2Q/13"7*28p8U(R*08pLM5>"b: 1"%!=67:VEJ(+!3*'6 :&c? A<N ">8!=Eq">././:+57">1VQ«l T Q !3:+!i:+5>IJ(+!3:V8p8H!=6 Eq!3{S. $'*21*'(„ U5>*06
 
T T
"%(Q/!=:j(+Q "%6;„715>:+!=„ l `† 5b&wŠ 5˜I 8H!#8](+Q/!6/5>(*05>6h5>L«":!=6 EJ!=m3Z>57I 8].C5>*06^(fÁY sÄeNS‚`"71VQ-?>:+5>I/.h*28`"7885J1*2"4(!#E95>6/!9ÁM5>:s,-5>:+!#Ä
zN|¿! T ?>:+5>I/.D:+!=1!=*'Z7!3:V88!36<ED„ U5>*06 „,9!#88+"%?7!=8(5b(+Q/!h zN«¾«*'x7!;Ì ROplk!#">1VQD*'6^(!=:,-!#EJ*0"%(!-:+5>IJ(+!3:p(+">x>!#8f"7EJZ4"%6^(+">?>!95%L
 

(+Q/!=8!i„ U5>*06 „;,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8(+5gI/.yE/"4(+!X(+Q/!-EJ*08H(:+*0A/IJ(*05>6r(:+!3!7N !f"4(V";*288I/!=EqA^@o"8H57I/:V1!*28W<:+8H(!=6 13">. 8HI $0"%(!=Eq*'6BI/6/*213">8H(f">6 E

   

(+Q/!36o8!36^((5-(+Q/! ‰A<!3LM5>:+!A<!=*'6 ?;EJ*08H(:+*0A/IJ(!#E*'6(Q !,XI/$'(*213"78U((+:!=!;Áa(Q !p(:+!3!*28RI/6/*2EJ*':+!=1(*05>6 ">$2ÄN`n/57:R(Q/5^8H!pZ7!3:+@g">1(*0Z>!



85>I/:V1!#83l/">6 EbAC!=13">I 8!?>5>*06/?-(+Q/:57I/?>Qo"h ÍAC!LM57:! U5>*06/*'6 ?;"-:!#1!3*0Z>!=:*08,-5SE/!3:V"4(!=$'@!ˆ;1*0!36^(#l j†U¿ +%Š 5 !=6 "%A/$0!=8(Q/!X13:!3&


"%(*05>65%L]"9 `nP(+:!=!:5S5%(+!=E"4((Q *0885>I :+13!>Nz†‡(*08R(+QSI 8$0!=8+8EJ!3.C!36 E/!36^(5>6(Q/!13!36^(!=:$'5J1="4(*05>6(Q<"%6rÌ ROpN

  
 

 B

?QH  SA   @ E
9@4C E MNAD0 

p57,9.C!3$0$2"o!(h"%$cN 8 Î $ < ./:+5>.C578!=EK"rEJ*08H(:+*0A/IJ(!#EKQ/!=I/:+*08H(*21g">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,tLM57:9135>6 8H(:+I 1(*06/?r"r135>6 8H(:V"%*06/!#EKŠ^(!=*'6/!=:X(+:!=!>NDORQ/!

">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,˜:!#~7I *':+!=8!3Z7!3:+@6/5JEJ!9(+5g,h"%*06^(+"%*06B"EJ*28U(V"%6 13!iZ7!=1(5>: T Q/*21VQB8H(5>:+!=8(Q !9,-*06/*0,XI/,tE/!3$2"[@(+5!=Z>!=:@5%(+Q/!3:p6/5JEJ!7N
Š^(V"%:(*06/? *'(Q(Q/!i8H57I/:+13!p6/5JEJ!>lJ(+Q/!X">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,€1576 8H(:+I 1e(V8_(Q/!,iI/$'(*213">8H((:+!3!*'(!=:+"%(*0Z>!=$'@;AS@">E/EJ*06/?;"-$0*'6 xg*067(+5-(Q/!p(+:!=!
!#">1VQh(+*',-!>T Nj‚s">1VQ;*'(!=:+"%(*05>65%L|(+Q/!"%$0?>5>:+*'(Q/, 1576 8*08H(+8s5%L(Q/:+!3!f./Q "78H!#8`5>L«,-!=8+8">?>!.<">8+8H*06/? Nz†w6g(Q/!fW :V8U(R./Q "78H!7l^(Q/!p8H57I/:V1!
6/5JEJ!pA/:+57"7E/13"78U(V8s" O7'&&1#1QAREJ5 T 6;(+Q/!p. "%:(*2"%$0$0@;15>6<8U(+:I 1(!#Eh(:+!3!7N]} Q/!36b"i6/5JEJ!p:!#1!3*0Z>!#8j(+Q/!p,-!=8+8">?>!>lS*'(RW 6 E/8R57IJ(
(+Q/!">E H"71!=67($0*'6 x T Q/*21VQ|­


E $'!#">E/8_(+5h"9E/!=8H(*06 "4(+*'57657IJ(5%L‹(Q/!p(+:!=!>l
E EJ5S!=8R6/5>(Z^*05>$2"4(+!f(Q/!EJ!=$0"[@15>6<8U(+:+">*'6^(=lJ">6 E
E ,-*'6/*0,-*'m=!"-8H!=$'!#1e(*05>6LMI/6 1(*05>6|N
†w69(Q !R8!=135>6 Ei./Q "78H!7l4(Q !8H!=$'!#1e(!#E9$'*06/xJ8]"%:+!_8!36^(](+5(+Q/!85>I/:V1!_6/5JEJ!>l Q/!3:+!_(Q/!RAC!=8H(j$'*06/xi$ Q/*21VQi,-*06/*',-*0m3!#8z(Q/!8!3$0!=1(*05>6
LMI/6<1e(*05>6‰*2891VQ 578!36|NP†w6G(Q/!(Q/*0:VEF./Q<">8!>lj"%6‰u ! !›,-!=8+8">?>!;*28-8H!=6^(iT (+5D"7E/EK$R(+5r(+Q/!g(+:!=T !>NFORQ *089./:+5J1!=E/I/:!15767(+*'6SI/!#8
I/6^(+*'$z!3Z7!3:+@E/!=8H(*06 "4(+*'576q*08*06 1$0I EJ!#Eq*06q(Q !X(+:!=!>NpORQ/*08f"%$0?>57:*'(Q ,:+!=~^I/*0:!#8*06^(!36<8H*0Z>!i,XI/$'(*0./$0!i,-!=8+8+"%?>!X!{/1VQ "%6 ?>!=8=NO T 5
*0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(]./:57A/$0!3, T *'(Q B*08(Q<"4(](Q !R135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'576X54Z>!=:Q !=">E*08‹Z>!=:@Q *'?7Q9">6 E(+Q "4(j!=Z>!3:+@p6/5JEJ!R6/!3!#E/8‹(5f,h"%*06^(+"%*06
"9?>$05>A<"%$|8H(+"4(+!>N
 

Ã>Ã

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

  B

4j ?QH
J S E   
¬5>I 1.#_1576 1!=67(+:+"%(!#E 5>6 !36/Q ">6 1!=,-!36^(+8g(5 U5>*06 +[$0!="[Z7!q,-!=8+8">?>!q. :5J1!#88*06/?F576:57IJ(!=:+8=l">*',-*06/?‰"%((+Q/!D?>I ">:+">67(+!3!


5>LfEJ*'dC!=:!=6^( T 5SŠª:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8=lj5>6 !"%(h"B(+*',-! 8 Ã/* < N‰‚s">1VQF:+5>I/(!3:9x>!=!3. 89*06JLM5>:+,h"4(+*'576G:+!3?^"%:VEJ*'6 ?o(Q/! T 5SŠª$0!3Z7!3$R5%Lf*v(V8



EJ5 T 6<8U(+:!#"%, ,9!=,XAC!3:V83NP} Q/!=6F*'(9:+!=13!3*0Z>!#8X" U57*'6G,-!=8+8">?>!>lz*'(-1VQ !=1VxJ8X*'L(+Q/! T 5SŠP$0!3Z>!=$s:+!=~^I/*0:+!=EDLM5>:9(+Q/!6 ! T ,-!3,iA<!=:

1="%6ªAC!g./:+54ZS*0EJ!#Eklz"%6 EK"%((Q !8+"%,-!h(*0,-! Q/!3(Q/!=:X(+Q/! T 5SŠB$'!=Z>!3$_5%LR(+Q/!g5>(Q/!=:X,-!3,iA<!=:+8i13"%6K8H(*0$0$sAC!g,h"%*06^(+">*'6/!#E ÁaLM57:


U57*'6B,9!#88+"%?7!=85>6/$0@/ÄeNORQ/! U57*'6B,9!#88+"%?7!XQ T"78(+5g(+:+"[Z7!3$(5(Q/!h135>:+!X5%L`(Q/!9(:+!3!iA<!3LM5>:+!X(+Q/! U5>*06B1="%6B8I 1=1!3!#Ekl|8*'6 13!i!#">1VQ

:+5>IJ(+!3:px>!=!3. 8 T 5SŠo*06JLM5>:+,h"4(*05>6D"%AC5>IJ(EJ5 T 6<8U(+:!#"%,˜,-!3,XAC!3:V8p5>6 $'@7NiORQ/!hEJ!=$0"[@q">6 Er$0578+8f:!#~^I/*':+!3,-!=67(p5%Ls,9!=,XAC!3:V8p,h"[@
  

AC!iEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(=lCA/IJ(f(Q/!iA "%6<E T *0EJ(Qq:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(*28">8+8I/,-!=E(5A<!X(Q/!98">,-!>NORQ/! T 5^Š:+!=~^I/*0:!=,9!=6^(+8">:!6 5%(f135>6 8*2EJ!3:+!=E

*06P(Q/!h:+5>I/(*06/? l«(Q/!=@D">:! UI 8H(X?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=EDEJI/:+*'6/?b(+Q/!h(+:!=!;15>6<8U(+:I 1(*05>6P"%6 EB(+Q/!36ª*'(X*28,h"%*067(V"%*06/!=EDAS@r:+!=8H(:+*21e(*06/?b(+Q/!
8I 1313!=8+8R5%L U5>*06,-!#88+"%?7!=8=N



ŒiŒ š›•–‹—i¡ ]¤•¢š›•–•  pf¥]ž—9£

u 6/!( 5>:+x-13"%6g./:54ZS*2EJ! T 5SŠ9?>I ">:+">6^(!3!#8](+5i1576/6/!#1e(*05>6<83lS5>6 $'@-*'L«*v(RQ "78`:+!=8!3:+Z>!#E9">././:+5>./:+*2"4(!:!#8H57I/:+13!=8s"%$05>6/?(+Q/!f*0EJ!=6^(*'&
W !#EX:+5>T I/(!=8=N 5q!3:+!3$0@W 6 EJ*06/?":57IJ(!_(Q<"4(]Q ">8z8IJˆ;1*0!36^(]:!#8H57I/:V1!=8=l[,h"[@6/5%(j"%I/(5>,h"%(*213"%$0$0@8H57$'Z7!`(+Q/!R./:57A/$0!3,°5>L ./:+54Z^*2EJ*06/?
T 5SŠX?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!=8=N|†‡Lk6/5:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'57698+1VQ/!3,-!*28]I/6 E/!3:(+"%x7!36|l>(Q/!=6-(Q/!(:V"4ˆ;1RA<!=*'6 ?XEJ@S6 "%,-*21%l^13"%6-*06 1:+!="78H!">6 E-1576/?>!#8U(](+Q/!
8@J8U(+!3,(Q "%(_*06h(+I/:6 T *'$0$CQ^I :H(s(Q/! T 5^Š-?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!=8jA ">EJ$0@>NjŠS5<lJEJ!W 6 *v(+!"%$0$05S1="4(+*'576;5%L|:+!=85>I/:V1!#8]Q/!=$'. 8_*06g8+"4LM!3?7I "%:VEJ*06/?(+Q/!
T 5SŠX?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!=8=N|†w6-(+Q/*08s8H!#1e(+*'576 T !EJ*2813I 8+8j"p.<57./I/$2"%:`">6 E T *0E/!3$0@iI 8!=E9./:+5%(+5J15>$ 6 "%,-!=E-!#8H57I/:V1!R:![ŠS!3: j"4(+*'576 j:+5%(5J135>$
Á)Š _Ä 8 Î-= l<Ã7à < N
 


}D!o13"%6‰8H57,-!(*0,-!=8-:+!=EJI<1!(Q/!bA ">6 E *2ES(Q "%6<EKA/IJdy!3:;8. "71!:!#8H!=:Z7!=EªLM57:h"r,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(h?>:+5>I/.‰"4(9(Q/!o:+5>IJ(+!3:V8i">6 E

$0*'6 xS8(:V"[Z>!=:+8!=EAS@b,957:!p(+Q "%6r5>6/!i,XI/$'(*213T "78U((+:!=!XI 8*06/?g"h:+!=85>I/:V1!:+!#ŠJ!3: j"4(*05>6o. :5>(5J157$k(Q "%(f135>6 8*0E/!3:V8(Q !i"%?7?>:+!3?^"4(!
:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(5%L«(+Q/!,XI $v(+*01=">8H(?>:+5>I/.">8" T Q/5>$0!>N]†w6oEJ!=!=EklS(+Q/*28*08(Q/!Š ‰./:+5%(5J135>$cN




   @4 MN  K L A E   D  MN C O H  R

Š Í*288H57$'!=$'@g"9:+!=85>I/:V1!:!#8H!=:Z4"%(*05>6g. :5>(5J157$)Nz†‡(">8+8I/,-!=8s(Q "%((Q/!,iI/$'(*213">8H(R(:+!3!Q "78RA<!=!36o8!(I/.bAS@h(Q/!:+5>I/(!3:V8_5%L
(+Q/!6/!( T 5>:+xyN‹uEJ,-*08+8*'5765>L‹"-6/! T ,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(1576/6/!=1(*05>6*08RQ<"%6 EJ$0!=EAS@h(+Q/!">EJ,-*288*05>6b15>6^(+:57$C,-5JEJI/$0!*06b"9$05 T !=:R$0"[@7!3:#N


Š ">8EJ!#8H*0?>6/!#E*'6 -Î ././V "4B( 3!3:+5[{ ]"%$05hu$'(5;!#8H!#"%:V1VQoÌs!=6^(!3:#NsORQ !*0EJ!#" "78_(5;EJ!#8H*0?>6o"-:+!=85>I/:V1!p:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6

./:+5%(+5J15>$C(+Q T "4(1="%6b81="%$0!(+5h,XI/$'(*213"78U(135>,-,XI/6 *01="4(*05>6b"%6<E1="%6*'6<15>:+.C5>:V"4(!fQ/!3(!3:+5>?7T !36/!=5>I 8s:+!=1!=*'Z7!3:V83N
 

Š !#8U(V"%A/$0*08Q/!#8"%6 Eb,h">*'6^(+">*'6<8" &' Z0."$_LM5>:!=">1VQoEJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6q">6 EbI 8!=8*'((+5;8H!=6 Eo1576^(:+5>$|,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8_LM:57,!#">1VQ

EJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6«N‹u 8*'6 x(:+!3!R*28j"p8H. ">6/6/*06/?f(:+!3!_(Q<"4(]*08j:5S5%(+!=Ei"4(](Q !EJ!=8H(*06 "4(+*'5769">6 E915>6 6/!=1(+8]"%$0$J(+Q/!8H57I/:+13!=8‹*06-"f,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(


?7:57I/.|N†‡(*08f57AJ(+">*'6/!#EqAS@o(+:+"71*06/?g*06r(+Q/!9:!=Z>!3:V8!iEJ*0:!#1e(+*'576qLM:+5>,˜(Q !-E/!=8H(*06 "4(+*'576q(5!3Z7!3:+@o8H57I/:+13!9">$'576/?;(+Q/!-. "4(+Q 8f*'6D"

,iI/$v(+*01=">8H((:+!3!7N
p¶4»<µ=»|´7»<É  `Å^¶4¯Jµ#·Y»C±`½o‚`"71VQª:57IJ(!=:iI<8H!#EKAS@ª"r,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(i?7:57I/.K,h"%*06^(+"%*06 8X( T 5r(U@S.<!#8i5>L*06JLM5>:+,h"4(*05>6«­ ‹¯Jµ#È 3µ#¯Jµ=Å
"$!&1!"'`#* &#3NiORQ/!-. "%(QP8U(V"4(!95%L_!="71VQB85>I/:V1!9*08p135>6 13!3:+6/!=EB"%AC5>IJ(p(Q !9.<"4(QDI 8!=ErA^@q(Q/!h85>I/:V1!7NXŠ ÀI 8!=8f(+Q/*28


*06JLM5>:+,h"4(+*'576g(+59,h">*'6^(+">*'6(+Q/!8H*06/xh(+:!=!=8R5>L(+Q/!EJ!=8H(*06 "%(*05>6|N

 


Š *08X":+!=13!3*0Z>!=:H&‡5>:+*'!=6^(!=Eq./:5>(5J157$)NhORQ "%(*08=l|(+Q/!h:!#1!=*'Z7!3:p5%L"bE/"4(V%" <5 *06/*v(+*0"%(!#8"%6 ED,h"%*06^(+">*'6 8f(+Q/!h:+!=85>I/:V1!

:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6rI 8H!#EqLM57:p(Q "%(  5 T N9¿5%(+!i(+Q "4(!#">1VQD:57IJ(!=:f:+!=13!3*0Z>!#8":+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6qT ,-!#88+"%?7!XLM:+5>, !#">1VQB5%L`(+Q/!hEJ5 T 6 8H(:+!=">,


$0*'6 xS8f*06q(+Q/!i,iI/$'(*213">8H(f(:+!3!-"%6 Eq8!36<E/8f5>6/$0@b5>6/!9:!#8H!=:Z4"%(*05>6o,-!=8+8">?>!*06^(5*v(V8fI/. 8H(:+!="%,˜$0*'6 xCNORQ !i:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6q8H(+"%(!95%L

!#">1VQE/!=8H(*06 "4(+*'576*281576 1!=:6/!#E *'(Qb:+!=85>I/:V1!#8s8!(">8*2EJ!LM57:R(Q/!EJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6(5h8I/./.C5>:(R(Q/!:+!=~^I/*0:!#E T 5SŠyNJORQ/!p6 "%,-!p5%L
(+Q/!EJ!=8H(*06 "%(*05>6PÁM:+!=8!3:+Z>!3:eÄs"%6 ET (Q !"%,-5>I/6^(:+!=8!3:+Z>!=Eg"%:+!p">,-5>6/?9(Q !*'6JLM57:,h"%(*05>6g. :54ZS*2EJ!=EAS@h(Q/!:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576;(+">A/$0!>N
u. "%(QP,-!=8+8">?>!9*08"o135>6^(:+5>$z,-!=8+8+"%?>!h8!36^(AS@B"b8H57I/:V1!h"%6 ErLM5>: "%:VEJ!=ErA^@r(Q/!h:+5>I/(!3:V8f*'6ª"b,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(p(:+!3!>N;‚s">1VQ
85>I/:V1!i8H!=6 E/8*v(V8W :V8H(. "%(Qr,-!#88+"%?7!A<!3LM5>:+!X*'(p135>,-,-!36 13!=8(:V"%6 8,-*08+8H*0T 5>6q">6 Eq8!36 E 88I/A 8!=~^I/!=67(f. "4(+Qq,-!=8+8">?>!#8.<!=:*05JEJ*'&
1="%$0$'@7N‹u,9576/?(+Q/!*06JLM5>:+,h"4(*05>6;1="%:+:*0!=Ei*06;!="71VQ9.<"4(Qh,-!#88+"%?7!5%L|"85>I/:V1!R*28](Q B!  5 T 8H.C!=13*vWC13"4(+*'576h5%Lk*'(+8j,-!#88+"%?7!8U(+:!#"%,bN
ÃV

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 u :+5>IJ(+!3:RI/.yE/"4(+!=8R(+Q/!. "%(Qo8U(V"4(+!fI .<576:+!=13!3*0ZS*'6/?9(+Q/!. "4(+Q,-!#88+"%?7!LM:+5>,"985>I :+13!>N
‚s">1VQbEJ!=8H(*06 "4(+*'576o8H!=6 E/8:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576:+!=~^I/!#8U(,-!=8+8">?>!;ÁY:!#8HZ,9!#88+"%?7!fLM5>:8Q/5>:(VÄ Q *01VQo"%:+!pLM5>: "%:VEJ!=E"%$05>6/?9(+Q/!X8*'6/x
(+:!=!5%Lk(+Q/!E/!=8H(*06 "4(+*'576|N]u,-5>6/?(Q/!f*'6/LM5>:+,-"%(*05>6;135>6^(+">*'6/!#E-*'6!="71VQh:!#8H!=:Z4"4(+*'576-,9!#8T 8+"%?7!*28j(+Q/!B 5 T T 8.<!#1*'W<13"%(*05>6;?7*'ZS*06/?
(+Q/! T 5^Šg:!#~^I/*':+!3,-!=67(5>L«(Q !8H!=6 EJ!3:#N
†‡(p*08p13$'!#"%:(+Q "4(f(Q !-">,-5>I/6^(5>L`A ">6 E *2ES(Qr(Q "%("g:57IJ(!=::+!=8!3:+Z>!#88Q/5>I/$2Eq6 5%(p!{/1!=!=Eb(+Q/!-$'*06/xy© 8p1="%. "71*'(U@>NpO«5 "%:VE/8
(+Q/*08=l T Q/!=6/!3Z7!3:_(Q !:57IJ(!=::!#1!3*0Z>!#8R"i6 ! T T :+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576g,-!=8+8">?>!7l^*'(EJ!3(!3:+,-*'6 !=8*'L‹*'(+8E/5 T 6 8U(+:!#"%, $0*06/xJ8R5>6(Q/!,iI/$vT (+*01=">8H(
(+:!=!i13">6q./:+54ZS*0EJ!(Q/!9:!#~^I/*':+!=Eb:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576|N†‡Lj(+Q/!-">EJ,-*288*'576b(!#8U(fLY"%*0$08=lC(Q/!9:+5>IJ(+!3::+! U!#1e(V8(+Q/!i:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576q"%6 Eo:+!(+I/:+6 8
">6r!3:+:+5>:,-!#88+"%?7!(5(Q/!h">././:+5>./:+*0"%(!:+!=13!3*0Z>!=:#Á)8+ÄNfŠ EJ5S!=8f6/5%(EJ!3W 6/!-"%6S@q8H.C!=13*vWC1i"7EJ,-*08+8H*05>6q(!=8H(=lkA IJ(*v(">8+8HI ,9!#8


(+Q "4((+Q/!:57IJ(!=:R.<!=:HLM57:,h88I 1VQ"9(+!=8H("%6 Eg(Q<"4((Q !Š 1="%6*'6^(+!3:V">1e( T *'(Q(Q !p(!=8H(=N




ORQ/!pEJ!#8U(+*'6 "%(*05>68H!=6 E/8_*v(V8_W :V8U(R:!#8H!=:Z4"%(*05>6;,-!=8+8+"%?>! Q/!36*'(R:+!=13!3*0Z>!#8s"i. "4(+Qg,-!=8+8+"%?>!LM:57, "i85>I :+13! Q/5^8H!,-!=8+8">?>!

8H(:+!=">, *v( T *28HQ !=89(5P:+!=13!3*0Z>!>NÍuLa(+!3: T ">:+E 8i*'(;8H!=6 E/8-:+!=8!3T :+Z4"4(*05>6G,-!=8+8">?>!=8i.C!3:+*'5JEJ*213">$'$0@ª(5P,h"%*06^(+">*'6‰:!#8HT !=:Z4"%(*05>6|N‰ORQ/!
,h"%*06^(!=6 "%6 13!5>L:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6P(+Q/:57I/?>QG.<!=:*05JEJ*21g,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8*28 T Q "4(h8H!3(+8-Š "%. ">:H(iLM:57, ,95^8U(-5%L(Q/!5%(+Q/!3:-:+!=85>I/:V1!
:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6./:+5%(+5S135>$283NsORQ/*08*08R(+Q/!X85;13">$'$0!=ME &1-,H&'3#%3"%6 E*28R(Q/!X./:!3LM!3:+:!#EE/!=8*'?76b1VQ 5>*21!pLM5>:"%././$0*213"4(+*'576 8_(Q<"4(">:!"%:+!
 

EJ@S6 ">,-*01p*06o6 "4(+I/:+!>N`¬5 !=Z>!3:#lS(Q !6/!3!#ELM5>:!#">1VQQ/578H((5h.C!3:+*'5JEJ*213">$'$0@;(+:+">6 8,9*'(,-!=8+8">?>!#8_LM5>:(+Q/!./I/:+.<5^8H!5>L‹:+!LM:+!=8Q/*06/?

*'(+8_8U(V"4(+!=8s,-">*'6^(V"%*06/!=EhAS@-T :+5>IJ(+!3:V8j$0!=">E 8](59"Q/*0?>Q !3:`. :5>(5J157$ 54Z>!=:Q !=">E|NORQ/*28`54Z7!3:+Q/!="7E9*08_8H57,-! T Q "%(s$0!=8+8H!=6/!=EhAS@i(Q/!LY">1(
(+Q "4(1576^(:+5>$‹,9!#88+"%?7!=8:!#~7I *':+!i$05 T !3:54Z7!3:+Q/!="7Eb(Q<"%6BE "4(+",-!=8+8">?>!#83N 5o!=:?7*'6/?5%LR15>6^(+:57$,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8LM:+5>, ">$'$zQ/5^8U(V8f">6 E
LM57: T "%:VEJ*06/? T Q !36/!=Z>!3:_(+Q/!3:+!*08R6 596 ! T 8U(V"4(!p*06JLM5>:+,h"4(+*'576|lS(Q/!. :5>(5J157$k54Z>!3:+Q/!#">E;1="%6LMI/:H(+Q/!3:A<!:+!=EJI<1!=E|N
u W $'(!=:_*28"i$'*28U(5>L6 ">,9!#8_5%L‹85>I :+13!=8 Q/578!,-!#88+"%?7!8H(:+!="%,h8R13">6gI 8!f(Q/!p:+!=85>I/:V1!#8j:+!=8!3:+Z>!#E-LM5>:_(Q !pE/!=8H(*06 "4(+*'576|Nju
EJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6(+Q "4( T "%6^(V8"9W $v(+!3:*06 13$'I E/!=8T (+Q/!pW $'(!=:*06*'(+8:!#8H!=:Z4"%(*05>6g,-!#88+"%?7!>Nj} Q/!=6o6/5-W $'(!=:*08"%././$0*0!=EklC"%$0$«8H57I/:V1!=8R*06
(+Q/!,XI/$'(*213"78U(?7:57I/.g,h"[@;I<8H!p*'(+8:+!=85>I/:V1!#83N
 Œ  ]
 “¤  ’ož3£ “£ 
—9”3ž¤ž=£


 

u8`"%$0:+!=">E/@iEJ*2813I 8+8H!#Ekl^85>,-!,-!#1VQ "%6/*28, (+5:!=?>I/$2"4(+!R(Q/4!  5 5%Lk. "71Vx>!(V8]*06h(Q/!6/!( 5>:+xX*28j6 !3!=E/!=EklS8H5(Q "%(`(Q !?>:+!3!#EJ@X57:
,h"%$0*21*05>I 8_:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!f5>:R6/576:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!f85>I :+13!=8_EJ5i6 5%(6/!3?^"4(+T *'Z7!3$0@;"4dy!=1e(R(+Q/! T 5^Šh?7I T "%:V"%6^(+!3!=8s?>*0Z>!=6;(+595>(Q/!=:15>6 6/!=1(*05>6 8=N
ŠSQ<"%./*06/?r">6 EP.<57$'*21*06/?r">:!;(Q/!,9!#1VQ "%6 *08,h8I 8!=EP(+5q!36 8I/:+!h(Q *08=NqO">A/$0! = N Î 8I/,-,-">:*0m3!#8(+Q/!;x>!=@DE/*vdy!3:+!36 13!=8XA<!3( !=!36
8Q "%. *'6/?h">6 E.<57$'*21*06/? NsORQ/!1VQ/5>*21!AC!( T !3!=6 T Q/*01VQb576/!f(5hI 8!EJ!3.C!36<E/8576g(+Q/!(U@S.<!5>Lz">././$0*01="4(+*'576">6 E*v(V88.<!#1*'W<1 T T 5^Š
:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8=N
ȋ¯ ‹·)±¸ »CÉY·)´>·Y±‹¸
 #Å^´>µ=D· C<Å


  !"$#%'&( )*+#,!"-# &+.*0/(.

%12*0/(,,*+343456"74'8 *+343456"74'89),*:$*%-1! 78
;o¯/±‹ÆÉ)·Y±‹¸ 9²¶ =µ <="-?>@7&:AB1'&(*4!>CA
  DE*+#F(01G8
"'H4%I 5C/!5@FJ?"34*:*%5CF? 78 ),*:$*
"34*:*%5CF8
¹g=Æ C/¯/±yµ=¯ ¸<Å K/(*%5C"'"345@""5@*+L=* K/+*+5C$!>C7AB=*4:5@F!8
EJ:+5>. .<!#E.<">1Vx>!3(+8=N
 U· =¯ Æ C/¯/±yµ#¯/¸CÅ
 M%N5@:"*O>PA!-=*4:5@F8 M%7=*%F%#!$*%Q
 7BG"7348
O‹"%A $'!7N = N Î ­]O«:V"4ˆ;1ŠSQ ">./*'6 ?hZ>!3:V8I 8 z5>$0*013*'6/?


ŠS!=Z>!=:+">$z(:V"4ˆ;1;8Q "%./*06/?q">6 EP.<57$'*21*06/?o(+!=1VQ/6 *0~^I/!#8X"%:+!;"[Z4"%*0$0">A/$0!>N†w6P(Q/!gLM5>$0$'5 T *06/? l T !;EJ*08+1I<88i"%6ª*0,9.C5>:(+">6^((:V"4ˆ;1

8Q "%. *'6/?h">6 Eg.C5>$0*21*06/?-(!#1VQ/6/*2~7I !>N

Ã$

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 r tokens / second

if sufficient
Packets Packet tokens, remove tokens
and transmit
Wait packet outgoing link

n‹*'?7I/:! Î : ­]O«57x>!=6 _I 1Vx7!(} *v(+Qo¾|!=">xS@g"4(+!XÌs5>6^(:+5>$




   @4M Q E  7KA    A 

      C
u .C5>. I/$0">:](!#1VQ/6/*2~^I/!I 8!=E-*06-8Q ">./*'6 ?"%6 E-.C5>$0*013*'6 ?*08z(+5>x7!36-A/I 1Vx7!( *'(Qh$0!="%xS@i:+"%(!1576^(:+5>$K8 Î;:1< N]u8j8Q/5 6-*'6;n‹*0? N Î;: l>"
A/I<1Vx>!(_13"%6hQ 5>$2EhI/.h(+5X1!=:H(V"%*06h./:!#8H.C!=13*vW<!=E-6SI/,XAC!3:s5%Lk(+5>x>!=6 8=N‹O5>x7!3T 6 8j">:!">E/EJ!#E9(5X(Q/*28jA/I<1Vx>!(R">8zLM57$'$05 TT 8=N‹¿! T (57x>!=6 8
(+Q "4(,-*0?>Q^(A<!;"7E/EJ!#Eq(+5b(Q/!hA/I<1Vx>!(#l">:!h"%$ T "[@S8?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=ED"4(X":V"4(!-5>L_:p(+5>x>!=6 8p.C!3:X8!=135>6 EkN-†‡LR(Q !hA/I 1Vx>!3(15>6^(V"%*06 8
$0!=8+8j(+Q/!36A;(+5>x>!=6 8 T Q/!36g"(57x>!36g*08_?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=Ekl7(Q !6/! T $'@-?7!36/!=:+"%(!=Eh(5>x7!36h*28R">E/EJ!#E-(5i(Q !A/I<1Vx>!(#S5%(Q !3: T *08!(Q !6/! T $'@
?7!36/!=:+"%(!=E;(57x>!36*28*'?76/5>:+!=E|lS">6 E(Q/!p(+5>x7!36A/I 1Vx>!3(:!=,-">*'6<8_LMI/$'$ T *v(+QA(+5>x>!=6 8=N
†w6b$0!="%xS@;:V"4(+!15767(+:57$)l/" "%*'(*06/?-. "71Vx>!(*28R(+">x>!=6LM57:(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576576/$0@;*vLz(+Q/!3:+!*08"4($0!=">8H(5>6 !p(5>x7!36*'6b(+Q/!A/I 1Vx7!(#N
†‡Lz!36/57I/?>Q(+5>x>!=6 8"%:+!p6/5%("[Z4T">*'$2"%A/$0!f*'6b(+Q/!A/I 1Vx7!(=l/(Q/!=6(+Q/!. "71Vx>!3(R!=*v(+Q/!3: T "%*'(+8I/6^(*0$k(Q/!A I 1Vx>!3(Q ">8R!=6/5>I/?7Q(5>x7!36 8R*06
1=">8!i5>L_"b8HQ<"%.C!3:#Ni†w6P13"78H!95%L"g.C5>$0*21!3:#lk(+Q/!h. ">1Vx7!(p*08p!=*v(+Q/!3:E/*08+13">:+EJ!#Eq57:f*28p,h"%:+x>!#ErEJ5 6|N-ORQ/!9(57x>!=6B*28p:!=,-54Z>!=E|lk*vL
(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6q5>L`(Q !i. "71Vx>!3((V"%x>!#8. $0"71!>N _!=13">I 8!(Q !3:+!91="%6rAC!h"4(,-578H(fAB(57x>!=6 8*06B(Q/!-T A/I 1Vx7!(#ly(Q/!-,h"4{J*0,XI/,›A/I :+8H(
8*'m=!5%Lj"h$0!=">xS@7&‡A/I 1Vx7!(&c.C5>$0*013!=%E  5 *08Aq. ">1Vx7!(V83NRn/I/:(Q !3:+,957:!7l AC!=1="%I 8!p(Q/!X(57x>!36b?7!36/!=:+"%(*05>6b:+"%(!*28:#l/(+Q/!,h"4{J*0,XI/,


6SI/,iA<!=:j5%Lk. "71Vx>!(V8‹(Q "%(s13">6-!36^(!=:]T (Q/!6/!( T 5>:+x5%L|">6^@X*'6^(!=:Z4">$/5%Ly(*0,-!5%Ly$0!36/?>(Q-(`*28]:(  A«NzORQSI 8=l%(+Q/!(+5>x>!=6-?>!36 !3:V"4(*05>6

:V"4(+!>l>:#lS8H!=:Z7!=8z(+5X$0*',-*'(`(Q !$05>6/?>&)(+!3:+, "[Z>!=:+">?>!R:V"4(!"%( T Q/*21VQ-(Q !. "71Vx>!(_13"%6h!=6^(!3:`(Q/!6/!( T 5>:+xyNORQ/*28`(!=1VQ 6/*0~^I/!13"%6;">$085
AC!I 8!=E(5-.C5>$0*013!p(Q/!.C!=">x;:+"%(!"%$05>6 ? T *'(Qb$05>6/?>&)(+!3:+,€"[Z>!=:+">?>!:V"4(+!>N
Π

¤  • q ¡o”=ž3£   •¤   £ož–z‘–

Switch

Switch Service Discipline

Output
Buffers

fixed delay

Switch
Switch

‹n *0?>I/:+! Î1, ­]u 5o5JEJ!=$|5%L]u ]">1Vx7!(Š T *v(V1VQ/!=Eb¿!( T 5>:+x



u8H*0,-./$'!,-5SE/!3$_5%L"%6K†w6^(+!3:+6/!(9*08i"r157$'$0!=1(*05>6ª5>L8H!=6 EJ*06/?r"%6<Eª:!#1!=*'ZS*06/?q6/5JEJ!#8X"%6<Eª6/!( 5>:+xB8 *'(+1VQ/!#83Nru_(9!3Z7!3:+@

8 T *v(V1VQ|l](+Q/!3:+!,h"[@PAC!,h"%6S@ª*06 157,-*'6/?D"%6 EF,h"%6S@P5>IJ(+?>5>*06/?D15>,-,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576K$0*'6/xJ8-">898Q/5 T 6KT *06‰n‹*0? T N Î1, N !!3.C!36<EJ*'6 ?
/Ã (

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 I/.C5>6PEJ!#8U(+*'6 "%(*05>6B5%L_". "71Vx>!(#ly*v(*28~7I !3I/!#Eq5>6DA/IJdy!3:~^I/!=I/!-5%L`. ">:H(+*013I/$2"%:f5>IJ(+?>5>*06/?$'*06/xyNiu8+1VQ/!=EJI $'!=:p8!3$0!=1(+8f. "71Vx>!(V8
(+59AC!f(:V"%6 8,-*v((!#E;LM:+5>,(+Q/!A/IJdy!3:"%(s(+Q/!p5>IJ(+./IJ($0*'6/xgA ">8!=Eg5>6b8H57,9!p8+1VQ/!=EJI $'*06/?9.<57$'*21@7Nju 8!3:+ZS*013!fE/*08+1*0./$0*'6/!8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'!#8
*06 157,-*'6/?. "71Vx>!(V8LM57:f(:V"%6 8,-*08+8H*05>6«NXn/57:f:+!=">$«(+*',-!h1576/6/!#1e(*05>6«lk:+"%(!9A ">8!=EB8H!=:ZS*21!-EJ*08+1*0./$0*'6 !=8p"%:+!iI<8H!#Eo(5b./:+5%(+!=1((+Q/!
?7I "%:V"%6^(!=!=8`?>*0Z>!36;(5-15>6 6/!=1(*05>6 8`LM:57, 6/!( T 5>:+x-$'5^">E <I 1e(+I "4(+*'576 83N]ORQ/*28_?>I ">:+">6^(!3!#8`"i,-*'6/*0,XI ,€8H!=:ZS*21!:+"%(!(+5i*06 EJ*0ZS*0EJ&
I ">$|1576/6/!=1(*05>6 8R:+!3?^"%:VEJ$0!=8+8`5>L(+Q/!p(:V"4ˆ;1f?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=E;AS@5%(Q !3:1576/6/!#1e(*05>6<83N
ORQ/! sI/dC!=:X:+!=~^I/*0:!=,9!=6^(+8X"%(i"q8 *v(V1VQKEJ!3.C!36<E/8X576ª,h"4{J*',iI/,Â. ">1Vx7!(X">::+*'Z4">$j:+"%(!7l‹,h"%{S*0,XI , . "71Vx>!3(X8H*0m3!g">6 EP(+Q/!
!3{S.C!=1(!#Er85 U5>I :6o(+*',-!-5%Ls. ">1Vx7!(+8=NXT\6o(Q !95>(Q/!=:Q<"%6 Ekly(+Q/!-A/IJdy!3:p:+!=~^I/*0:!=,9!=6^(+8f"4(f(Q/!9:!#1!=*'ZS*06/?g!=6 Eq*28f!=~^I "%$‹(+5g(+Q/!


./:+5JEJI 1(5%L‹E/!3$2"[@ U*v((!=:=l ">6 Eg(Q/!,h"4{J*0,XI/,. ">1Vx7!("%:+:*0Z4"%$k:V"4(+!f">6 E. ">1Vx7!(8H*0m3!7N




ORQ/!h8!3:+ZS*013!9EJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!h"4(">6^@b(+*',-!hEJ!#1*2EJ!=8 Q/*21VQD5>IJ(+./IJ(A/IJdy!3:V8 5>I/$2EqAC!-(+">x>!36BI/.BLM5>:p(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576r6/!3{S(=N-ORQ/!

8 T *v(V1VQ +[:+5>I/(!3:hEJ5S!#8-(Q/!B8 T *'(+1VQ/*06/?ª5>L(+Q/!rE/"%(+"PT . "71Vx>!(V89LM:57,*'(+8h*06/./I/T (g.<57:H(h(+5P(Q/!BEJ!=8*':+!=E‰57IJ(./I/(g.<57:H(#l_85P(Q<"4(g*'(
:+!="71VQ/!=8`(Q/!E/!=8H(*06 "4(+*'576">E EJ:!#88=N]‚jZ7!3:+@-8 T *'(+1VQ +4:57IJ(!=:_1="%6gAC!,-5JEJ!3$0!=E">8R"9~7I !3I/!7l T Q/!3:+!p. ">1Vx7!(+8`LM:+5>,€EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(  5 T 8
135>,-.<!3(!iLM5>:f(Q !98 *v(V1VQ/*06/?. :5J1!#88*06/?h(*0,-!h"%6 Eo57IJ(. IJ($'*06/xyNORQ/!3:+!9,-"[@bAC!i,h">6^@o*06 135>,-*'6 ?g$0*'6/xJ8(5b"8 *'(+1VQ|lC(+Q/!3:+!
,h"[@rAC!g"o6SI/,iA<!=:T 5%LZS*0:H(+I "%$`135>6/6 !=1e(+*'576 8pLM57:!="71VQD$0*06/xylz">6 ED(Q !3:+!h,-"[@BA<!"o6SI/,XAC!3:5>L. ">1Vx7!(+8*'6ª!#">1VQªT 1576/6/!=1(*05>6
(+5DAC!q8!3:+Z>!=E|NGORQ/!#8H!b. "71Vx>!(V89,-"[@G15>,-.C!(+!LM57:-(Q/!o8+"%,-!b5>IJ(+./IJ(;$0*'6 xCN ORQ/!b,h"%6 6/!3:h*06 T Q *01VQG(Q/!q~^I/!=I/!=EG. "71Vx>!(V8
">:!98H!=$'!#1e(!#EbLM5>:(Q !X(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6o5>6r(Q/!i$'*06/xo*28fx^6 5 6q">8$'*06/xo5>:(:V"4ˆ;1i81VQ/!#EJI/$0*'6 ?EJ*2813*'. $'*06/!>NORQ/!981VQ !=EJI/$0*06/?EJ*28+1*'&
./$0*06/!"4(]!="71VQi8 T *v(V1VQi8!3$0!=1e(V8 T Q/*21VQX. "71Vx>!(‹(5f(+:+">6 8H,-*'(‹T 6 !{S(]A^@iEJ*08+1:+*0,9*06 "%(*06/?.<">1Vx>!3(+8‹A "78H!#E5>6X(Q/!=*': T 5SŠ:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8=N

  A M
E 0  E 
O:+"%ˆ;1?7!(V8RA/I/:V8U(+*'!=:"%6 EA/I/:V8U(+*'!=:"4La(+!3:*'(. ">8+8H!#8s(Q/:+5>I/?7Q!#">1VQ8 *'(+1VQ|l<"%6 E*v(,h"[@;6 59$05>6 ?>!3:8+"4(+*08HLM@;*'(+885>I/:V1!p1VQ ">:+"71e&
(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6«NzORQ *08*28RAC!=13">I 8!>lS(Q !~7I !3I/*06/?;"4(!#">1VQb8 T *'(+1VQQ ">8"-A I/T 6 1VQ/*06/?-!dy!=1(5>6(Q/!.<">1Vx>!3(+8_5%Lz"h8H!#88*05>6|N
n 5>:!3{J">,-./$'!7l<*'L`";135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576q8"%(*28UW !#8XÁ D JÄ"%((Q !X8H57I/:V1!>l (Q/!=6q*'(+8 57:+8H(13"78H!p(+:+"%ˆ;11VQ "%:V">1(!=:*0m="%(*05>6 UI 8U(fA<!3LM5>:+!
(+Q/!*'(Qb8 T *v(V1VQgAC!=157,-!=8pÁ  D JÄel T Q/!3:+!
       "%6 E   T *08s(+Q/!p$'5J13">$CE/!3$2"[@9AC5>I 6 E;LM57:`(+Q/!1576/6/!=1(*05>6
$ % 
 

"%(_(+Q/! w(Qq8 T *'(+1VQ|N

$ $ % $ %


Çi»C±yµ3¶4»<É)ÉY·)±¸Æ‹· =µ=»<¶[µ=·)»<±s½;ORQ/!;:+5>$0!h5%LR(Q !h(:V"4ˆ;1;EJ*28H(5>:(*05>6PQ ">6 EJ$0*'6 ?q*08(Q/!=6P(5q,-5JEJ*'LM@D(Q/!;*06/./I/(X(:V"4ˆ;1-!=*v(+Q/!3:iA^@

:+!=135>6 8H(:+I 1e(+*'6 ?9*'((5h*'(+85>:+*'?7*'6 ">$|8H57I/:V1!p1VQ "%:V">1(!3:+*28U(+*01=8s57:AS@EJ!=:*0ZS*'6/?9(+Q/!6/! T (+:+"%ˆh1p1VQ ">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6"4((+Q/!!36^(:V"%6<1!


(+5p(Q/!8 T *'(+1VQh">8+8HI ,9*06/?p(+Q/! T 57:+8H(`13"78H!R,iI/$v(+*'. $'!3{S*06/?<Nzu6/5%(+Q/!3: T "[@(+5Q "%6<EJ$'!R(+Q/!(+:+"%ˆh1R.<"4(H(+!3:+6hEJ*08H(57:H(+*'576-*08z(+515767(+:57$

*'(`"4(j!=Z>!3:+@8 T *v(V1VQ9AS@:+!=135>6 8H(:+I 1(*06/?(+Q/!R(:V"4ˆ;1_5%Lk"p1576/6/!=1(*05>69(5p*'(+8j85>I :+13!_1VQ ">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6«N«u$0$/6/576J& T 5>:+x^&‡135>6 8!3:+ZS*'6 ?
EJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!#8./:+5>.C578!=E;*06(Q/!$0*'(!3:V"4(+I/:+!fI<8H!f(Q *08R(+!=1VQ/6 *0~^I/!7NjORQ/!3@g8!3.<"%:V"4(!f(+Q/!8H!=:Z7!3:_*'6^(+5-( T 5h157,-.<576/!36^(+8
Î Nu :+"%(!15767(+:57$'$0!3:#­
†‡(15>6^(+:57$08_(+Q/!EJ*28U(+5>:(*05>6g576b!=">1VQb1576/6/!#1e(*05>6I 8*'6 ?9:+!3?7I/$2"4(57:+8_"%6<E">$'$05J13"%(!=8_A ">6 E T *2ES(Q(+5-(Q/!=,N
Ã/Nu 81VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:#­
†‡(5>:VEJ!3:R(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6g5>L‹.<">1Vx>!3(+8_5>6bEJ*'dC!=:!=6^(15>6 6/!=1(*05>6 8">6 Eg. :54ZS*2EJ!p54Z>!3:R1576/6/!#1e(*05>6oEJ!=$0"[@hAC5>I 6 E/8=N
u 8H!=:ZS*21!iE/*08+1*0./$0*'6/!9Q/!=$'. 8*28H57$0"%(! T !3$0$'&cAC!3Q "[Z7!=Eb?7I "%:V"%6^(!=!=E(+:+"%ˆh1i8H57I/:V1!=8LM:57,˜*'$0$v&‡AC!3Q "[Z7!=Eq85>I/:V1!#83lC6/!3( T 57:x$'5^">E
 I<1e(I<"4(*05>6‰"%6 EFA<!#8U(&c!3dC57:H(9(:V"4ˆ;1>NKORQ/!*0$0$v&‡A<!=Q "[ZS*'6 ?rI 8!3:h"%6<EK,h"%$'LMI/6 1(*05>6/*06/?D!=~^I/*0./,-!36^(9,h"[@K8!36 EF. ">1Vx7!(V8(+5r(+Q/!
8 *v(V1VQF"4(9"oQ/*0?>Q/!=:i:V"4(+!h(Q/!=6FEJ!#1$2"%:+!=EkNqORQ/!6/!( 5>:+xr$057"7)E  I 1(I "%(*05>6K,h"[@P13"%I<8H!;Q *'?7Q/!3:i*'6 8H(+">6^(+"%6 !35>I<8X"%:+:+*'Z4"%$`:+"%(!
!=TZ>!36PLM:+5>,Â"r85>I :+13!>l T Q/*01VQFQ ">8i8"%(*28UW !#ED(Q/!g(:V"4ˆ;T 1;135>6 8H(:V"%*06^(i"4((+Q/!g!=6^(:V"%6 13!;5%L(+Q/!g6/!3( T 57:xyNb†w6ª(+Q/!1=">8!;5%LAC!=8H(
!3dC57:H((:V"4ˆ;1%lk8*'6 13!X(+Q/!i(:V"4ˆ;1*28f6/5%(1576 8U(+:+">*'6 !=E(Q !3@q13">6rZ7!3:+@ T !3$0$]13"%I<8H!915>6 ?>!=8H(*05>6q">6 ErE/*08:I .J((+Q/!98!3:+ZS*013!(+5g(+Q/!
T !3$0$v&‡AC!3Q "[Z7!=E;?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!=E;(:V"4ˆ;1p8H57I/:V1!=8=N

 A M H M4 4@SC E 
 E ME  C E 4
n 5>:j8I/./.C5>:(*06/?pA<!#8U(j!3dC57:H(j8!3:+Z^*21!7l>1576SZ>!36^(+*'576 "%$S8H!=:ZS*21!EJ*2813*'. $'*06/!=8`8HI 1VQ-">8]nzÌ_n]Š57:]:57I/6 Ei:57A/*'6-8!3:+Z^*21!#8z"%:+!R8IJˆ;1*0!36^(#N
¬5 T !=Z>!3:#l>.C!3:_1576/6/!=1(*05>6;.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6 13!?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8]6/!=!=Eh,-57:!!=$0">A<57:+"%(!8!3:+ZS*013!EJ*2813*'. $'*06/!=8=N]uÀ8!3:+ZS*013!EJ*2813*'./$0*06/!1="%6;AC!
Ã=

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 1
Active Eligible Time D
computation M 2
U n−1 MUX Departing msg
Msgs X
Hold Queue n

n‹*'?7I/:! Î-. ­ j:+5J1!=8+8*'6/?9*06b"-¿5>6J&‡}B57:x^&HÌs5>6 8!3:+ZS*'6 ?iŠS!3:+ZS*013! ! *2813*'. $'*06/!



13$0"788*vW<!=ED">8p!3*'(Q !3: T 5>:+x7&w1576 8!3:+Z^*06/?;57:p6/5>6J& T 5>:+x7&w1576 8!3:+Z^*06/?<N†w6D" T 5>:+x^&‡135>6 8!3:+ZS*'6/?EJ*08+1*0./$0*'6 !>l"b8!3:+Z>!=:f*28p6/!=Z>!3:*2EJ$0!

T"%LaQ/(!3!=: 69(Q/Q/!=*01V:!Qo*2"-8j"p. "7. 1V"7x>1V!3x>(R!(zAC!=(+1355>8H,-!=6 !=Ek8N‹!3$0†w*'6-?7*'"pA/$06 !p5>(6J5h& T AC57!:8x^!3&w:+1Z^57*26 18H!#!=Ek:N`ZS*0uº6/?8!3EJ:+*2Z>8+1!=*0:./*0$'*086/">!7$'l>$05!="71V!=QiEg.<(">5;1Vx>8!3!36 (]E*08j5>"76 8$'8@g*0?>(6/Q/!#!Ei. ">"7691Vx>!=!3$'*0(+?>8 *0A/*0$'Q/*'(U*21V@Qo(+*'"%,-:+!f!>lS!="f$'*0?>(*0*0A/,-$0!!
">6 EK*'(9T *2896/!3Z7!3:-*2EJ$'!b">8i$05>6/?P">8X(Q/!=:!b"%:+!g!=$'*0?>*0A/$0!.<">1Vx>!3(+8X(5P8H!=6 EkNKuT ,9576/?B(Q/!b./:+5>.C578!=EK8!3:+ZS*013!EJT *28+1*0./$'*06/!#83l ZS*':(I ">$
13$'5J1Vxyl }n T l^Š Ì_n T l !!3$2"[@^&‡‚ ! ! "%:+! T 5>:+x^&‡135>6 8!3:+ZS*'6/?<l T Q/!3:+!"78 7*v((!=:H&w‚ ! !XlJŠ^(+5>.J&w"%6 EJ& 6 5<l^¬lJÌRŠ K"%:+!6/576J& T 57:x^&
135>6 8!3:+ZS*'6/?-EJ*2813*'. $'*06/!>N


O5B. :54ZS*2EJ!!=6 ES&c(5>&c!=6 E T 5SŠª?7I "%:V"%6^(!=!=8X(5P*06 EJ*0Z^*2EJI ">$1576/6/!=1(*05>6 8=l`:+!=">$_(*0,9!q8!3:+ZS*013!E/*08+1*0./$0*'6/!#8-6/!3!#EK(+5ª8HI/. ./$'@

85>$0IJ(*05>6<8_LM5>:#­‹.C!3:15>6 6/!=1(*05>6A "%6 E T *0ES(+Qo"%6 EEJ!3$2"[@g">$'$05J13"4(+*'576*06o"-8H*06/?>$0!8 T *'(+1VQ«N
†‡(h./:+54ZS*0EJ!#8X$05J13">$_.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6 13!?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!=8(5ª"D15>6 6/!=1(*05>6G"%(-"P8 T *v(V1VQ|NFORQ/!=:!b"%:+!!=8+8H!=67(+*0">$'$0@D(Q/:+!3!o">././:+57">1VQ !=8(+5
A ">6 E T *2ES(Qo">6 EbEJ!3$2"[@;"%$0$'5J1="4(*05>6(5hEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(1576/6/!=1(*05>6 8R*06o"-8H*06/?>$0!8 T *'(+1VQ«­
Î N®°²‹ÉMµ=·)ÉYÅ C<ÅSÉpÊ|¶4¯/¼F·Y±‹¸ µ=¶4¯Jµ=ÅS¸<Ë]½g†‡(X*28I 8!=EPAC5%(+Qª*'6‰Š^(57.J&‡">6 ES& 6 5o"%6 Eª¬ 8!3:+Z^*21!;E/*08+1*0./$0*'6/!#83No¾«!(XI 8i1576J&
8H*2EJ!=:5>6 !$'!=Z>!=$«LM:V"%,-*06/?hW :V8U(#N†w6q576/!$0!3Z7!3$LM:+">,9*06/?<lC"%(!="71VQo6/5JEJ!>lC$05S1="%$(*0,-!i"4{J*28*28E/*'ZS*2EJ!=Eo*06^(5gW/{J!=Eo*06^(!3:+Z4"%$28


Opl1="%$0$'!#Eª"LM:+">,9!7Nou$'(Q/57I/?>QK135>6SZ>!=6/*'!=6^(=lLM:+">,9!#85>LE/*vdy!3:+!36^(X6/5JEJ!#86/!=!=EP6/5>(XAC!8@^6<1VQ/:576/*0m3!=E|N R"%6<E T *0EJ(Qª*28

"%$0$'5J1="4(!#EP(5B!="71VQF1576/6/!=1(*05>6‰">89"r1!=:H(V"%*06KLM:V">1(*05>6K5>L(Q/!LM:V"%,-!;(+*',-!>l Q/*21VQFAC5>I/6 E 8X(+Q/!b"[Z>!3:V"%?7!h:+"%(!5%L(+Q/!


(:V"4ˆ;1-5%L"q135>6/6 !=1e(+*'576|l T Q/!3:+!-(Q !"[Z>!=:+">?>*06/?*'6^(!=:Z4">$`*28XOpN !*28"7EJZ4"%6^(+">?>T !h5%L576/!;$0!3Z>!=$jLM:V"%,-*06/?o*08(Q/!g(:V">EJ!3&c5>d

A<!3( T !=!36i(Q/!?>:V"%6SI/$2"%:+*v(U@p5%LyA ">6 E T *2ES(Qh"%$0$05S1="4(+*'5769">6 Ei(Q/!EJ!=$0"[@XA<57I/6 EkN]ORQ/!#8H!RLY"71e(57:+8]">:!_*06^Z7!3:V8H!=$'@X./:57.<57:H(+*'576 "%$cN
O«554Z>!=:+135>,-!(Q *08f,XI $v(+*'./$0!iLM:+">,9!-8*'m=!X*28*06^(:+5JEJI 1!#EkN _IJ(f*06B(Q/!#8H!981VQ/!=,-!9">$085;(+Q/!3:+!i">:!98H5,-">6S@o./:57A/$0!3,h8"78
$'5 T !3:I/(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6 85%L]A ">6 E T *2ES(Q|Nu6/5>(Q/!=:fEJ*28+">EJZ4"%6^(V"%?>!p5>L]LM:+">,9*06/?h(+!=1VQ/6 *0~^I/!*28*v(V8*06/!ˆ;1*0!36<1@b*'6oQ<"%6 EJ$0*06/?;(+Q/!


1576/6/!=1(*05>6 T *'(QoA/I/:V8H(U@;(:V"4ˆ;1>N _IJ(LM:V"%,-*06/?h8U(+:+"%(!3?7@g*28!="78H@g(5h*0,-./$'!=,-!36^("%6<ELY">8H(!36/57I/?>Q(5hAC!I 8!=Eo"%(Q/*0?>Q

8H.C!3!#E;(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6:+"%(!#83N


Ã/N »<¶[µ=ÅSÆ p¶4·Y»<¶[·YµV
Ë h²‹ÅS²ÅC½_†‡(R*28RI 8!=Eg(5i(5-*0,9. $'!=,9!=6^(EJ@S6 "%,-*21./:+*05>:+*v(U@;8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'!=:+8R8I 1VQb">8R‚ ! ! I 8!=E*'6bEJ!3$2"[@^&

‚ ! !À">6 E U*v((!3:&w‚ ! !À"%6<Eh"%$28H5pI 8!=E-*06hZS*':(I ">$ 1$05J1Vxyl>}n T l^Š Ì_n T N7†‡(sEJ5S!=8]6 5%(`Q "[Z7!_(Q/!">6S@X5%Ly(+Q/!8Q/5>:(+135>,-*'6 ?78


5%LRLM:V"%,-*'6 ?q8U(+:+"%(!3?7*'!#83Nb¬5 T !3Z7!3:#l«*'(i8IJdC!=:+8LM:57, "bQ *'?7QKEJ!3?7:!=!h5%L157,9. $'!3{S*'(U@>Nb†w6 8!3:(*05>6ª*06^(5q"q85>:(!#ED./:*05>:+*'(U@



~^I/!3I/!p*28"%6q\9ÁM$05>?-¿Ä./:57A/$0!3,bl T Q/*21VQ1="%6bA<!I 6 ">1=1!3./(+"%A $'@g8$05 T LM5>:Q/*0?>Qo8.<!=!=E6/!3( T 57:xyN

V N®°²‹ÉMµ=·)ÉYÅ C<ÅSÉÊRÇXÊ ;²ÅS²‹ÅC½†‡(9*08iI 8!=Eª(+5r*0,-./$'!=,-!36^(-8H(+"%(*21;./:+*05>:+*v(U@P81VQ !=EJI/$0!3:V8=NB¾|!=Z>!=$08X5%L(Q !nzÌ_nzŠK~7I !3I/!#8
157::+!=8.<576 E(5;. :*05>:+*v(U@$0!3Z>!=$08=N‚`"71VQq1576/6/!=1(*05>6o*28"788*0?>6/!#E";./:*05>:+*'(U@">6 Eo"%$0$.<">1Vx>!3(+8RLM:+5>, (+Q "4(p15>6 6/!=1(*05>6q"%:+!


*'6<8H!=:H(+!=E;*06^(59(Q !n‹Ì_n]Šg~^I/!=I/!p5%L(Q "%(./:*05>:+*'(U@h$'!=Z>!3$cDN 5oI/$'(*0./$0!15>6 6/!=1(*05>6 8R13">6AC!">8+8H*0?>6 !=Eh(+59(Q/!8+"%,-!f./:*05>:+*'(U@

$'!=Z>!=$)N ]">1Vx7!(+8`"%:+!81VQ !=EJI/$0!=E;*'6n‹Ì_n]Š-5>:VEJ!=:jLM:+5>,(Q/!Q/*0?>Q/!#8U(&c./:+*05>:+*v(U@i6/5>6J&‡!3,-.J(U@h~^I/!=I/!LM57:`(+:+">6 8H,-*288*05>6|N‹ORQ/!=8!
81VQ !3,-!p*08RI 8!=E*06(Q/!ÌRŠ ÍEJ*2813*'. $'*06/!>N


ORQ/!R5>6/$0@X:+!=8H(:+*21e(*05>6i*'6-I 8*06/?,XI/$'(*0$0!3Z>!=$/n‹Ì_n]Š9~^I/!3I/!RLM57:j8U(V"4(+*01R./:+*05>:+*v(U@8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'!=:+8z*28z(+Q "4(](+Q/!6SI/,XAC!3:]5>LyEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(



EJ!3$2"[@bA<57I/6 EBZ4"%$0I/!=8(Q<"4(13">6BAC!-./:54ZS*2EJ!=Eo(5(Q/!-1576/6/!#1e(*05>6<8f">:!9AC5>I/6 E/!=EBA^@b(+Q/!-6SI/,XAC!3:p5%L_./:+*'57:*'(U@b$'!=Z>!3$28f5%L

(Q/!8@J8U(+!3,bN
ORQ/!=:!">:!f!=8+8H!=6^(*2"%$0$'@h( T 59(U@S.<!#8R5%L‹(:V"4ˆ;1p81VQ/!#EJI/$0*'6 ?-E/*08+1*0./$0*'6/!#83­
Ã:

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 E
»<¶ Çi»C± #Å^G¶ C|·)±¸U· =´7· zÉY·)±ÅC½h†w6 T 5>:+xB1576 8!3:+Z^*06/?q8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'*06/?q8+1VQ/!3,-!#83l(Q/!8H!=:Z7!3:*286 !3Z>!=:*2EJ$'!g*vL(+Q/!3:+!;*28
E/"4(V"i(5-A<!8!36^(#N
 

E o»<± » ¶ GÇi»<± #Å7¶C|·)±¸)U· =´7· zÉY·)±ÅC½`†w6b"i6/5>6J& T 5>:+x-135>6 8!3:+ZS*'6 ?9EJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!7lJ!=">1VQ. ">1Vx7!(R*08"788*0?>6/!#EklS!3*'(Q/!=:!{S&

./$0*013*v(+$'@7lJ5>:R*',-./$0*21*'($0@>l ">6g!3$0*0?>*0A/*'$0*'(U@h(*0,-!>NjORQ/!p8H!=:Z7!3:_*0E/$'!#8ÁM6/5>(_(+:+">6 8,9*'(H(+*'6 ?-">6S@;E/"4(V"7Ä T Q/!366/5-E/"4(V"i*28_!3$0*'?7*'A $'!7N

 

} Q/!3(Q/!=:i"q8!3:+ZS*013!;EJ*2813*'./$0*06/!;*28 5>:+xB1576 8!3:+Z^*06/?o57:6/5>6/& 5>:+xr1576 8!3:+Z^*06/?q"%dC!#1e(+8XA/IJdy!3:i:!#~7I *':+!3,-!36^(V83lzEJ!3$2"[@B">6 E

EJ!=$0"[@ U*'(H(+!3:#NG}D5>:+xK1576 8!3:+Z^*06/?DEJ*08+1*0T ./$0*'6 !=896/!3!#EF$0!=8+89A/IJdy!3:;">T 6 EG1="%I 8!b8HQ/57:H(+!3:-EJ!3$2"[@ªA/IJ(;1="%6/6/5>(hA<57I/6 E‰EJ!3$2"[@ U*v((!=:
(+*'?7Q7(+$'@7NORQ/!i5>./.C578*v(+!*28(+:I/!LM5>:6 5>6J& T 57:x1576 8H!=:ZS*06/?;EJ*2813*'. $'*06/!=8=­_(Q/!=@b6/!3!#Eo";$2"%:+?>!3:A IJdC!=:=lk1="%I 8!$05>6/?7!3:EJ!=$0"[@7l A/I/(
 

1="%6AC5>I/6<EXEJ!=$0"[@ U*v((!=:(+*'?7Q^($0@>NzORQ/!jLM57$'$05 T *'6 ?"%:+!`"LM! T 13:*'(!=:*2"R(5 UI EJ?7!`(+Q/!_8I/*'(+">A/*'$0*'(U@f5>L ". ">:H(+*013I/$2"%:8!3:+ZS*013!sEJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!7N

 

} Q/!3(Q/!=:z*v(]*28z:!#~7I *':+!=E(5f./:54ZS*2EJ!R8U(V"4(*28H(*213"%$S57:zE/!(!=:,-*06/*28U(+*01s?>I ">:+">6^(!3!#83NORQ/!R./:57.<!=:H(+*'!#8‹5%L<4"  5 (+Q "4(j"%:+!_:!#~7I *':+!=E

(+5A<!?7I "%:V"%6^(!=!=EXA^@(Q/!8+1VQ/!3,-!7N‹ORQ/!RLM57I/:j157,-,9576  5 T ./:+5>.C!3:(*0!=8‹(+Q "4(`">:!R5>La(!36-?7I "%:V"%6^(!=!=Ei"%:+!sI/T . .<!=:jA<57I/6 E95>6-$0578+8
:V"4(+!>lS(Q ! T 57:+8H(H&w13"78H!A "%6 E T *0ES(+Q|l/(+Q/!I/./.C!3:A<57I/6 E/8R576b~^I/!=I/*06/?hEJ!3$2"[@>l/">6 EbEJ!3$2"[@ U*'(H(!=:=N`ŠJ5>,-!81VQ !3,-!=8R576/$'@g?>I ">:+">67(+!3!
576/!i57:f85>,-!i5%Lj(+Q/!=8!i. :57.<!=:H(+*'!#83Nu15>,-./:+!3Q !36 8*'Z7!i">6 "%$0@J8H*285>L`Z4"%:+*'57I 8(+:+"%ˆ;1iEJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!#89ÁYA<5>(Q T 57:xo1576 8!3:+Z^*06/?g">6 E


6/576 T 5>:+xg135>6 8!3:+ZS*'6/?SÄ`">6 Eg(Q/!=*'::+!3$2"4(+*'Z7!f135>,-. ">:*28H5761="%6A<!pLM57I/6 E*'6 8 /Ã ( < N

†w6(Q/!pLM57$'$05 *06/? l !W<:+8H(EJ*08+1I<88R"iLM! T T 57:x;135>6 8!3:+ZS*'6 ?iEJ*2813*'. $'*06/!=8=l ">6 E8I/A 8!=~^I/!=6^($0@ T !EJ*2813I 8+8"XLM! T 6/576J& T 57:x^&
135>6 8!3:+ZS*'6/?-8!3:+Z^T *21!pEJ*2T813*'. $'*06/!=8=N

d  )
  4 K LBE  E ME  C E B
†w6(Q *088I/A 8!=1(*05>6|l T !EJ*2813I 88"iLM! T *0,-.<57:H(V"%6^( T 57:x;135>6 8!3:+ZS*'6 ?98!3:+ZS*013!fEJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!#83N
ÅS·)¸<Èyµ#Å^Æ Ê«¯/·Y¶ k²‹ÅS²·)±¸ # Ê %&4½]}n T 8 :;< Q "78!3Z75>$0Z>!=ErLM:+5>, n‹$0I/*2Eªn "%*0: T I/!=I/*06/?KÁYnzn T Äl">$085bx^6 5 T 6P"78 ]">1Vx7!(
6 !=6/!3:V"%$0*'m=!=E `:5J13!=8+8H57:iŠSQ ">:*06/?GÁ 6 _Š/ÄeNz†w6Gnzn T (Q/!=:!*08-"D8H!=. "%:V"4(+!gn‹†Un‹\˜~^I/!=I/!;LM57:-!=">1VQG15>6 6/!=1(*05>6F8Q "%:+*06/?q(+Q/!
 

8+"%,-!g$0*06/xyN !I/:+*06/?B">6^@D(+*',-!b*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$ Q !36K(+Q/!3:+!b"%:+!;!{/">1($0@K¿€6 5>6J&‡!3,-.J(U@ª~^I/!3I !=8=l](Q/!b8!3:+Z>!3:98H!=:Z7!=8(Q/!b¿€.<">1Vx^&

  

!3(+8-"4(9(Q/!Q/!#">Eª5>L(Q/!o~^I/!=I/!=898H*0,XI $v(V"%T 6/!=5>I 8$'@7l]!="71VQF"4(9(Q/!:V"4(!5%L Î +4¿(QF5>L(Q !$0*'6 xK8H.C!3!#EkNKnzn T "%$0$05 T 8iEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(

135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576 8f(5bQ "[Z7!-E/*vdy!3:+!36^(8H!=:ZS*21!h8Q "%:+!=8=N9u nzn T *281VQ "%:V">1(!=:*0m3!#EoAS@r¿.<5^8H*'(*0Z>!-:+!=">$]6^I ,XAC!3:V8  %D     9l«!#">1VQ
135>:+:!#8H.C5>6 E/*'6/?p(+55>6 !~^I/!3I/!7N]u_(s"%6S@i(*0,9!(Q/!f8H!=:ZS*21!:V"4(+!LM5>:_"6/5>6/&c!=,9./(U@9~^I/!=I/!*<*08`!{/">1($0@Á       Ä   T Q/!3:+!
pÁ  Äf*28(Q/!h8!(p5%L`6 5>6J&‡!3,-.J(U@q~^I/!=I/!=8p"%6<EDÌ *28(Q/!-$0*'6 xq8H.C!3!#EkNiORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>lknzn T 8!3:+Z>!#8.<">1Vx>!3(+8*'6D6/576J&c!=,-.J(U@o~7I !3I/!#8
"713157:+E/*'6/?(5b(+Q/!3*0:8!3:+Z^*21!h8Q "%:+!=8=Nhnzn T *08*0,-./:V">1e(+*01="%$j"78p*v(X"788I/,-!=8f(+Q "4((+Q/!;8H!=:Z7!3:13">6ª8H!=:Z7!9">$'$j135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576 8 *'(Q


6/576J&‡!3,-.J(U@b~7I !3I/!#88*',iI/$v(V"%6/!=5>I 8$0@"%6<Eb(Q "%((Q !(:V"4ˆ;1*28*06JW 6 *v(+!3$0@bE/*'ZS*28H*0A/$0!>N†w6q"h,-57:!:+!=">$'*28H(*21p. ">1Vx7!(8@J8U(+!3,bl T 576/$'@

576/!15>6 6/!=1(*05>6h13">6i:+!=13!3*0Z>!8H!=:ZS*21!"4(j"f(+*',-!"%6<E9">6i!=6^(*0:!. "71Vx>!3(z,iI 8H(zAC!8!3:+Z>!#EAC!LM5>:+!"%6 5%(Q !3:]. "71Vx>!(j1="%69A<!8!3:+Z>!#EkN

4j   Rd     S K LBE  E ME  C E 4
¿5>6J& T 75 :x;135>6 8!3:+ZS*'6 ?9EJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!#8 T !=:!p6/5>(R?7*'Z7!36bEJI/!*0,-.<57:H(V"%6 13!f!#"%:+$'*0!3:RAC!=1="%I 8!p5%L‹( T 5-,h"%*06:+!="78H576 8=N
E j:+!3ZS*05>I 8$'@(Q/!,h" U5>:j.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6 13!*'6 E/*013!=8 T !3:+!R(Q !"[Z>!=:+">?>!EJ!3$2"[@X5>L|"%$0$/(Q !. ">1Vx7!(V8j"%6 E9(+Q/!"[Z7!3:V"%?>!s(Q :57I/?>Q/. IJ(
5%L(Q/!8!3:+Z>!3:#N‹} *v(+Qb"96/576J& T 57:xh1576 8!3:+Z^*06/?9EJ*08+1*0./$0*'6 !>l "9. "71Vx>!(R,h"[@hA<!Q !3$2Eg*06(Q/!8!3:+Z>!3:_!3Z7!36 T Q/!36(Q !8H!=:Z7!3:
 

*08R*2EJ$0!>NjORQ/*28,h"[@;*06 1:+!="78H!(Q !"[Z>!3:V"%?7!EJ!=$0"[@h5>L(+Q/!. "71Vx>!(V8R"%6 EbEJ!#1:+!=">8!(Q/!"[Z7!3:V"%?>!(Q/:+5>I ?>Q/./I/(R5>L(+Q/!8!3:+Z>!3:#N

E T I/!3I *'6/?K">6 "%$0@J8H*28h85PLY"%:g"788I/,-!=E‰5>6 $'@‰"ª8H*06/?>$0!q8!3:+Z>!3:h!=6SZ^*0:+5>6/,-!36^(#N ORQ/!o.C5%(+!36^(*2"%$f">EJZ4"%6^(V"%?>!#8-5%Lp6/5>6/& T 5>:+x
1576 8H!=:ZS*06/?oEJ*2813*'./$0*06/!=8X*'6K6 !( 5>:+x>!=EB!36SZS*0:576/,-!36^( !3:+!h6/!3Z7!3::+!=">$'*0m3!#EP†w6ª?>I ">:+">67(+!3!#EB.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6 13!;8H!=:ZS*21!7l«(+Q/!
,-5>:+!*',-.C5>:(+"%6^(.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6 13!T *'6<EJ!{b*08(Q/!i!36 EJ&)(+5%&‡!3T 6 EbEJ!=$0"[@A<57I/6 Eo:V"4(+Q/!3:(+Q "%6b(+Q/!i"[Z7!3:V"%?7!fEJ!=$0"[@7NR†w6q">E/EJ*'(*05>6«l
EJ!3$2"[@X6 !3!=E 8](5AC!AC5>I 6 EJ!=E-*06;"6/!3( 57:xS*06/?p!36SZS*':+5>6 ,9!=6^(j:+"%(Q/!=:](Q ">6 UI 8H(s*06;"8H*06/?>$0!6/5JEJ!7N]ORQ/!3:+!LM57:!7l4(Q/!"%AC54Z>!
:!#">85>6 8`LM5>:6 5%(I 8*'6 ?96 5>6J& T 57:x;135>6 T 8!3:+ZS*'6 ?9EJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!#8EJ5h6/5%(Q/57$0Eb">6^@h,-57:!7N


Ã,

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 w† 6(Q/!pLM57$'$05 T *06/? l T !EJ*08+1I<88"iLM! T *0,9.C5>:(+">6^(6/5>6J& T 5>:+x7&w1576 8!3:+Z^*06/?8!3:+ZS*013!pE/*08+1*0./$0*'6/!#83N
|·Mµ=µ=Å^¶ f¯J¶4ÉY·)Å =µ%U²Å U¯Jµ#Å<½ORQ !7*v((!=:H&w‚ ! ! 8 Ã$ < . :54ZS*2EJ!=8EJ!3$2"[@^& U*'(H(+!3:fA<57I/6 E/8=NuLa(!=:";. "71Vx>!3(Q "78AC!3!=6B8!3:+Z>!=Eo"%(
!#">1VQr8!3:+Z>!=:=ly";W<!3$2Eq*06r*'(+8fQ/!="7EJ!3:f*28f8H(+">,-.<!#E T *'(Qq(+Q/!hEJ*'dC!=:!=6 1!9A<!3( T !=!36q*'(+8pEJ!#">EJ$0*06/!9">6 Eo(+Q/!-">1e(+I "%$‹W 6 *08Q/*06/?g(+*',-!7N

 

uG:!=?>I/$2"4(+5>:«"%(«(+Q/!`!=67(+:+">6 1!s5%LJ(+Q/!`6/!3{S(z8!3:+Z>!=:|Q/5>$2E/8«(Q/!_. "71Vx>!(«LM5>:|(+Q/*28.C!3:+*05SEA<!3LM5>:+!`*'(‹*28«,h"7EJ!`!=$'*0?>*0A/$0!j(5A<!_81VQ !=EJI/$0!=E|N

Delay Bound

PreAhead

Switch i−1
Arrival Departure Deadline

Holding Delay Bound

Switch i
Arrival Eligible Deadline

n *0?>I :!Ã* ­ ]">1Vx>!3(ŠJ!3:+Z^*21!p*06 >*'(H(+!3:&‡‚ ! !



7*v((!=:H&p‚ ! !*28i*'$0$'I<8U(+:+"%(!=EP*06Gn‹*0? NPÃ*/l Q/*21VQF8Q/5 8(+Q/!./:57?>:+!=8+8p5%L"r. ">1Vx7!((+Q/:57I/?>QK( 5r"7E H">13!36^(98!3:+Z>!=:+8=No†w6

(+Q/!bW :V8U(g8!3:+Z>!=:=l](+Q/!o. "71Vx>!(h?75%(;8H!=:Z7!=E j:+!=T uQ !=">E‰8!=T 1576 E/8-AC!LM57:!b*'(+8;EJ!#">EJ$0*06/!>NÀŠS5<ls*06‰(Q/!oT 6 !{S(g8H!=:Z7!3:#l`*'(;*08-,h"7EJ!


!=$'*0?>*0A/$0!(5A<!X8!36^(f5>6/$0@"%La(!=: j:+!=uQ/!="7Eb8H!#15>6<E/83NŠJ*'6 13!(+Q/!3:+!*28"g135>6 8H(+">6^(EJ!3$2"[@AC!( T !3!=6b(Q/!i!3$0*'?7*'A *'$0*v(U@(+*',-!=85%L](+Q/!



. "71Vx>!3("%(( T 5h"7E H">13!36^(8H!=:Z7!3:V83l^(Q !. ">1Vx7!(8H(:+!="%,13"%6AC!./:+54Z^*2EJ!#E"-EJ!=$0"[@ U*'(H(+!3:A<57I/6 EkN`u88I/,-*06/?-(Q/!=:!*286/5-:+!3?7IJ&



$2"4(+5>:j"4(z(+Q/!EJ!=8H(*06 "%(*05>6-Q/578H(=l%(Q/!!=6 ES&c(5%&‡!36<EiEJ!=$0"[@ U*v((!3:`A<57I/6 E9*08](Q/!8+"%,-!">8‹(+Q/!$'5J1="%$/EJ!=$0"[@AC5>I 6 E-"4(z(Q/!$0"78U(j8!3:+Z>!3:#N

 


µ=» V¯/±‹Æ  »«½pŠ^(57.J&‡">6 ES& 6 5;EJ*2813*'./$0*06/%! 8 ( < *28A<">8!=Eb5>6o,iI/$'(*0$'!=Z>!3$«LM:+">,-*'6/?8U(+:+"%(!3?7@>NRn‹*':V8U( !E/!=8+1:+*'AC!(Q *08fEJ*2813*'./$0*06/!

I 8*06/?i576/!$0!3Z7!3$CLM:V"%,-*'6 ? lJ"%6 Eh(Q/!=6 T !!3{S(!36<E;*'(s(+5i,iI/$v(+*v&‡$0!3Z>!=$CLM:+">,9*06/?<N†w6b"LM:V"%,-*06/?98H(:V"4(+!3?7T @>l7(Q/!(*0,-!p"%{J*08s*08REJ*0ZS*0E/!=E


*06^(5bLM:V"%,-!=8=l T Q *01VQK">:!-.C!3:+*'5JE/8X5%L8H57,9!;135>6 8H(+">6^($'!=6/?%(+QKOpN‹Š^(+5>.J&w"%6 EJ& 6 5qEJ!3W 6/!#8EJ!3.<"%:(*06/?q"%6 Eª">::+*0Z^*06/?LM:V"%,-!=8pLM57:

!#">1VQ$'*06/xyNsu_(!#">1VQb8 T *'(+1VQ|l/(Q/!X">::+*0Z^*06/?iLM:+">,-!5%Lz!=">1VQ*06 157,9*06/?-$0*'6/x*28,h"%./.C!=E(5-(+Q/!EJ!=. "%:(*06/?-LM:V"%,-!p5%L‹(Q/!57IJ(. IJ(
$0*'6 x;AS@h*'6^(:+5JEJI 13*'6/?-"-1576 8U(V"%6^(EJ!3$2"[@ E/l T Q/!=:! * & E N]u13135>:VEJ*06/?X(+5X(+Q/!Š^(57.J&w"%6 ES& 6 5-EJ*08+1*0./$0*'6 !>lS(Q !(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6
5>L_". ">1Vx7!((+Q "4(Q "78p"%:+:*0Z>!#Eo5>6D"%6S@o$'*06/xq$jE/I/:*06/?b";LM:V"%,-!iL_8Q/5>I $0EB"%$ T "[@J8A<!-.C578H(.C5>6/!#ErI/6^(+*'$z(+Q/!-A<!=?>*06/6/*06/?5>L`(+Q/!


6/!3{S(LM:+">,9!7lS(QSI 8R(+Q/!8!3:+Z>!3:_:+!3,h"%*06 8R*2EJ$'!I 67(+*'$|(Q/!=6!=Z>!=6*'L(+Q/!3:+!"%:+!f. ">1Vx7!(+8~^I/!=I/!=EgLM5>:R(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6|N

ORQ/!fLM:V"%,-*06/?h8U(+:+"%(!3?7@h*'6^(+:5JEJI 13!=8_(+Q/!./:+5>A/$0!3, 5>L‹135>I/./$0*06/?-A<!3( !=!36oEJ!3$2"[@hAC5>I/6 Eb">6 EgA<"%6 E *2ES(+Qb">$'$05J13"%(*05>6?>:V"%6SIJ&
$2"%:+*v(U@7N_ORQ !XEJ!3$2"[@g5>Lj"%6S@.<">1Vx>!3("4(";8*06/?>$0!8 T *'(+1VQo*28AC5>I 6 EJ!=EqA^@gT ( T 5-LM:V"%,-!(+*',-!#83NO5;:!#EJI 13!pT (Q/!9EJ!3$2"[@>l "g8H,h"%$0$0!3:O
*28EJ!=8*0:!#EkN]¬5 !3Z>!=:=lJ8*'6<1!O*28"%$28H59I 8!=Eg(5h8.<!#1*'LM@h(:V"4ˆ;1f*v(*28_(*0!=Eg(5-A ">6 E *2ES(Qo">$'$05J13"4(+*'576g?7:+">6^I $0">:*'(U@>N‹u8+8HI/,-*06/?h"
W/{J!#Eb. ">1Vx7!(8*'T m=! zlJ(Q/!i,-*'6/*0,XI ,?7:+">6^I $0">:*'(U@h5%L]A ">6 E T *2ES(Qq">$'$05J13"4(+*'576b*08 J+4T OpN/O5;Q "[Z7!p,957:! <!{J*'A *'$0*v(U@*06q"%$0$'5J13"%(*06/?
A ">6 E *2ES(Q«l^57:_8,h"%$0$'!=:sA<"%6 E *2ES(+Q"%$0$05S1="4(+*'576h?>:V"%6SI/$2"%:+*v(U@7l7"$2"%:+?>!=:`O *28`. :!3LM!3:+:!#EkN†‡(R*28_13$'!#"%:`(Q "%(_$05 EJ!3$2"[@9A<57I/6 Eg">6 E
 

W 6 !?>T :V"%6SI/$2"%:+*v(U@-5%L‹A "%6<E T *0EJ(T Qq"%$0$05S1="4(+*'57613">6/6/5>(RAC!">1VQ *'!=Z>!=E8*',iI/$v(V"%6/!=5>I 8$0@h*'6o"iLM:+">,-*'6/?h8H(:V"4(+!3?>@gT $'*0x>!Š^(+5>.J&w"%6 EJ& 6 5<N
T2 Frame

T1 Frame

n‹*'?7I/:+!à Π­]O T 95 ¾«!3Z>!=$|n/:V"%,-*06/? T *v(+Q 
V   

Ã.

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 O5?7!(‹">:57I/6 Ep(+Q/*28‹135>I/. $'*06/?. :57A/$'!=, ,XI/$'(*'&c$0!3Z7!3$7LM:+">,-*'6/?*08‹I 8!=E|N†w6(+Q/*283l4(+Q/!s(*0,9!R"4{J*28«*28‹EJ*'ZS*2EJ!=EX*'6^(+5f"Q/*'!=:+">:+1VQ *01="%$
LM:V"%,-*06/?8U(+:I 1(I/:+!8Q/5 T 6i*06hn‹*'?<Nzà ΠNn 5>:`"f6-$0!3Z>!=$JLM:V"%,-*'6 ? T *'(Q9LM:V"%,-!8*'m=!=8]O Î l0N0N'l^OR6-">6 E-OR,  Î
;p,bN OR,°LM5>:`,
Î l/N0l
6J& Î l#. "71Vx>!(V8k5>6"$'!=Z>!3$7.1576/6/!=1(*05>66/!=!=Ef(+55>A 8!3:+Z>!z(+Q/!sŠ^(+5>.J&w"%6<ES& 6 5:I/$0! T *'(QLM:V"%,-!`8*'m=!`OR.|l[*cN !7N'l[$0!3Z>!=$>.. "71Vx>!3(+8 T Q/*21VQ
">::+*'Z7!=Ei"4(j"%695>IJ(+./IJ(j$0*'6 xiEJI/:+*06/?"fOR.9LM:V"%,-! T *'$0$/6/5>(]A<!#15>,-!R!3$0*0?>*0A/$'!RLM57:z(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576XI/6^(*0$J(+Q/!8U(V"%:(]5%L<6 !{S(`OR.XLM:V"%,-!7N
u$085 l<LM5>:( 5g. ">1Vx7!(+8 *v(+QBEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(LM:V"%,-!i8*0m3!=8=lC(Q/!i. ">1Vx7!( *'(QD"g8,h"%$0$'!=:LM:V"%,-!i8*'m=!XQ "78";6/5>6J&‡./:+!3!=,9./(*0Z>!X. :*'&
57:*'(U@q54Z>!=:f(Q/!;T .<">1Vx>!3( T *v(+QPT "b$2"%:+?>!=:fLM:+">,9!h8*'m=!>N;} *'(Qª,iI/$'(*'&)LM:V"%,-T !gŠ^(+5>.J&w"%6 EJ& 6 5<l|*v(*28.C578+8H*0A/$0!-(5o./:+54ZS*0E/!9$05 T E/!3$2"[@
AC5>I/6<E/8_(5h85>,-!f1VQ<"%6/6/!=$08RAS@h./I/(H(*06/?-(+Q/!3, *06LM:+">,-!=8 T *v(+Q"-8,h"%$0$'!=:sLM:V"%,-!(*0,-!>l ">6 E;(+5h"%$0$'5J13"%(!fA "%6<E T *0EJ(Q T *v(+QW<6/!
?7:+">6^I $0">:*'(U@b(5b5%(+Q/!3:i1VQ "%6/6 !3$28pA^@B./IJ((*06/?b(Q/!=, *06P$'!=Z>!=$08 T *'(QK"b$2"%:+?>!=:LM:V"%,-!9(*0,-!>N¬5 T !3Z>!=:=ly(+Q/!g135>I/./$0*06/?bA<!3( T !=!36
EJ!=$0"[@o">6 EoA ">6 E T *2ES(QD"%$0$'5J13"%(*05>6o?7:+">6^I $0">:*'(U@8H(*0$'$z!3{S*28H(+8 T *v(+Q/*'6B!="71VQoLM:+">,-!>Npu 8+1VQ/!3,-!X*28f./:+5>.C578!=E(5">E/Er"8!3. ">:+"%(!
8Q "%. *'6/?-,-!=1VQ<"%6/*28H, "4((+Q/!6/!( 5>:+x;!=67(+:@g.<57*'6^(LM5>:6/!( 5>:+xJ8 *'(QbLM:V"%,-*06/?-A ">8!=EEJ*2813*'. $'*06/!=8=N`} *'(Q(+:+"%ˆh18Q ">./*'6 ?-"%(
(+Q/!!=67(+:+">6 1!R(+5(Q !6/!3( T 57:xyl>*'(`T *28`.C578+8*'A/$0!(+5,XI/$'(*0./$0!{hT 8H!=Z>!=:+">$T 1576/6/!=1(*05>6 8`5>6;"8*06/?>$0!8H$05%(s5%L«"pLM:V"%,-!>l>(Q/!=:!3LM5>:+!"[Z>57*0E
(+Q/!./:+5>A/$0!3, 5>Lz135>I/. $'*06/?-A<!3( T !=!36LM:+">,-!p8*0m3!"%6<EgA ">6 E T *2ES(Qo">$'$05J13"4(+*'576?7:+">6SI/$0">:*'(U@>N
¯Jµ=Å eÇi»C±yµ3¶4»CÉYÉYÅSÆ µ#¯Jµ=·)´ p¶4·)» ¶4·MµVË]½`ORQ !_. :!=Z^*05>I<8H$0@EJ*08+1I<88!=Ei8H!=:ZS*21!&wEJ*2813*'. $'*06/!=8 T !3:+!s!=*v(+Q/!3:zA "78H!#E5>6-85>:(!=E./:*05>:+*'(U@
~^I/!=I/!R,9!#1VQ "%6 *08, ÁM!7N ?<N«}n T Ä57:LM:V"%,-*06/?p8U(+:+"%(!3?7@hÁM!>N ? N]Š^(+5>.J&w"%6 EJ& 6 5SÄeN‹ŠJ5>:(!=EX./:+*'57:*'(U@8H!=:ZS*21!3&‡EJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!#8">:!R157,9. $'!3{



">6 EoEJ*'ˆh13I/$'((+5;*',-./$0!3,-!=67("%6<ELM:+">,9*06/?g8H(:V"4(+!3?7@8IJdC!=:LM:+5>,(Q !iEJ!=.<!=6 EJ!36<1*0!=8A<!3( !=!36q~^I/!3I *'6/?EJ!3$2"[@">6 Eo?7:+">6^I $0">:H&

*'(U@o5%L`A<"%6 E T *2ES(+Q|NiO5?7!("%:+5>I/6<Eb(Q/!#8H!9./:+5>A/$0!3,h8=lkm3Q ">6/?">6 Ern !3:+:+">:* 8 à =;< lk./:+5>.C578!=T Er"4(!3&UÌs576^(:+5>$0$'!#EqŠ^(+"%(*21e& j:+*'57:*'(U@
T Q/!=:!=*'6(Q !pLMI/6 1e(+*'576b5%Lz:+"%(!15767(+:57$CLM:57,€EJ!3$2"[@g135>6^(:+5>$yQ "78RA<!=!36qEJ!#15>I ./$'!#Eg*06(Q/!E/!=8*'?765>L‹8!3:+Z>!3:#N


Regulator 1
Regulated Traffic Priority level
Regulator 2 1
input output

n
Regulator h

Rate Controller Scheduler

n*0?>I :!Ã>Ã/­]"4(+!iÌs5>6^(:+5>$0$'!#EŠ^(V"4(+*01 `:*05>:+*v(U@


u88Q/5 6o*06
Cly"gÌRŠ À8!3:+Z>!=:Q "78( 5157,-.<576/!36^(+8=­";:V"4(+!&w15>6^(+:57$'$0!3:">6 Eq"g8H(+"%(*21./:+*05>:+*v(U@81VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:#NpÌs576 1!=.J&

(+I "%$0$'@7l/"X:V"4T (+!f135>6^(:+5>$0$0!3:s135>6 8*28U(V8s5>L"98H!3(R5>TL«:+!3?>I $0"%(5>:V8_15>:+:+!=8.<576 EJ*06/?(59!="71VQg5>L|(Q/!135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576 8s(:V"[Z>!3:V8*'6/?(Q/!8!3:+Z>!3:#


!#">1VQª:+!3?>I $0"%(5>:X*08i:!#8H.C5>6<8H*0A/$0!hLM5>:-8HQ<"%./*06/?o(+Q/!g*06/./IJ(9(:V"4ˆ;1h5>L(Q/!b157::+!=8.C5>6 EJ*06/?q135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576ª*'6^(5r(Q/!EJ!=8*0:!#EP(:V"4ˆ;1

. "%(H(+!3:+6|N .C5>6P"%:+:*0Z4"%$5%Ls!#">1VQq.<">1Vx>!3(=lk"%6B!3$0*'?7*'A *'$0*v(U@b(+*',-!9*08p1="%$21I/$2"4(+!=Er">6 Er"788*0?>6/!#Eb(5(Q/!9. "71Vx>!(pAS@(Q/!-:+!3?>I $0"%(5>:#N
ORQ/!. ">1Vx7!(X*289Q/!3$2Eª*06K(+Q/!g:+!3?7I/$0"%(57:(*0$'$R*'(+8i!3$0*'?7*'A *'$0*v(U@D(+*',-!A<!3LM5>:+!gAC!3*06/?rQ ">6 EJ!#Eª(5r(Q/!81VQ !=EJI/$0!3:iLM5>:X(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576|N


ORQ/!8H(+"%(*21. :*05>:+*v(U@;8+1VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:V8s. :54ZS*2EJ!?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!=8s5>6bEJ!=$0"[@;">6 EE/!3$2"[@7& U*'(H(!=:A<57I/6 EkNjORQ !p8+1VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:*28R*',-./$0!3,-!36^(+!=EA^@

",XI/$'(*0$0!3Z>!=$]n‹Ì_n]Šq~^I/!=I/!>l Q/*21VQB8!3:+Z>!#8(+Q/!-. ">1Vx7!(+8">1=15>:VEJ*06/?;(+5*'(+8f./:+*05>:+*v(U@b*cN !7NpW :+8H(p. ">1Vx7!(*06q(+Q/!-Q/*0?>Q/!#8U(f./:*05>:+*'(U@


6/576J&‡!3,-.J(U@g~^I/!=I/!>NjORQ/!=:!">T:!f( T 5X(U@S.C!=85>L‹:+!3?7I/$0"%(57:+8=­
V*

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 E  "4(+!& U*v((!=:ÁY#SÄ_:!=?>I/$2"4(+5>:#l T Q/*01VQb1576^(:+5>$28s:V"4(+!& U*v((!=:A^@. "%:(*2"%$0$0@h:!#15>6<8U(+:I 1(*06/?i(Q/!p(+:+"%ˆh1>N


E !!=$0"[@^& U*v((!=:bÁ ! SÄ9:+!3?>I $0"%(5>:#l T Q/*21VQÍ15>6^(+:57$08-EJ!=$0"[@^& U*v((!3:hAS@ªLMI $'$0@F:+!=135>6 8H(:+I 1e(+*'6 ?q(Q !b(:V"4ˆ;1%NÍ}D!b"788I/,-!(Q "%(
(Q/!;ÌRŠ º8+"4(+*08HLM@q(+Q/!qÁ 3,-*'6|l 3f"[Z>!>l«†HÄ1VQ "%:V">1(!=:*0m="%(*05>6|NhORQ/!qÁ 3,-*'6«l 3f"[Z>!7l|†HÄ#o:+!3?7I/$2"4(57:p!36 8I/:+!=8f(Q<"4((+Q/!
 

5>IJ(+./IJ(;5>L(Q !o:!=?>I/$2"4(+5>:-8"%(*28ULM@ª(+Q/!KÁ 3,-*'6|l3f"[Z>!>ls†HÄi(:V"4ˆ;1,-5SE/!3$cl T Q/*0$0!(+Q/! ! ª:!=?>I/$2"4(+5>:9!36 8I/:+!=89(+Q "4(h(+Q/!



5>IJ(+./IJ((+:+"%ˆh1f5>L(+Q/!:!=?>I/$2"4(+5>:R*28!{/">1($0@h(Q !X8">,-!p"78_(Q/!57IJ(. IJ((:V"4ˆ;1f5%L‹(Q !:!=?>I/$2"4(+5>:"4((+Q/!./:+!3ZS*'57I 88!3:+Z>!3:#N

ORQSI 83lJ*'L«(+Q/!p(:V"4ˆ;1p8+"4(*28HW !=8s(Q !;Á 3,-*06|l 3f"[Z>!>lS†HÄR1VQ ">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6;"%(6/!( T 5>:+xh!36^(:V"%6<1!>lSAC5%(+Q(U@S.C!=8R5>L:+!3?>I $0"%(5>:V8
T1VQ *'"%$0$z:V">!361(8!=I/::+*0!Xm="%(+(Q *05>"46|(fN (Q !957IJ(. IJ(f5>L`(+Q/!i:+!3?7I/$2"4(57:=l T Q/*21VQr*28f(Q/!9*06/./IJ(p(5(Q !-8+1VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:#l T *0$0$j8"%(*28ULM@(Q !-8+"%,-!i(:V"4ˆ;1
ORQ/!i81VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:*06q";8!3:+Z>!=:ÌRŠ I 8!=8"h6 5>6J&‡./:+!3!3,-.J(+*'Z7!8U(V"4(+*01. :*05>:+*v(U@.<57$'*21@yC*v(f"%$ "[@J88!3$0!=1e(V8(+Q/!X. "71Vx>!3("4((+Q/!
Q/!#">E-5>L|Q/*'?7Q/!=8H(s. :*05>:+*v(U@9~^I/!3I/!(Q "%(s*28j6/5>(s!=,9./(U@>N]ORQ/!fŠ K81VQ !=EJI/$0!3:sQ ">8s"6SI/,iA<!=:`5%L|. :T *05>:+*v(U@i$'!=Z>!=$08 T *v(+Q;!="71VQh./:*05>:+*'(U@


$0!3Z7!3$ 135>:+:!#8H.C5>6 E/*'6/?(5"E/!3$2"[@A<57I/6 EkN]‚s">1VQ-15>6 6/!=1(*05>6-*08`">8+8H*0?>6/!#E(+5"p./:+*'57:*'(U@$0!3Z>!=$ EJI/:+*06/?1576/6/!=1(*05>69!=8H(+">A/$'*28Q/,-!36^(



(+*',-!>N 5qI/$v(+*'. $'!135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576 813">6AC!">8+8H*0?>6/!#Eh(+5i(+Q/!8+"%,-!p./:*05>:+*'(U@h$'!=Z>!3$clJ"%6 E"%$0$k. "71Vx>!(V8_5>6(Q/!135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576 8R">8+8H5J1*2"4(+!=E

T *'(Qo"9./:+*'57:*'(U@;$0!3Z>!=$|"%:+!f">./.C!36 EJ!#E(5-(Q !!36 E5%L‹(Q/!~^I/!=I/!pLM5>:R(+Q "4(./:+*05>:+*v(U@;$0!3Z7!3$cN
ORQ/!i81VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:*06q";8!3:+Z>!=:ÌRŠ I 8!=8"h6 5>6J&‡./:+!3!3,-.J(+*'Z7!8U(V"4(+*01. :*05>:+*v(U@.<57$'*21@yC*v(f"%$ "[@J88!3$0!=1e(V8(+Q/!X. "71Vx>!3("4((+Q/!
Q/!#">E-5>L|Q/*'?7Q/!=8H(s. :*05>:+*v(U@9~^I/!3I/!(Q "%(s*28j6/5>(s!=,9./(U@>N]ORQ/!fŠ K81VQ !=EJI/$0!3:sQ ">8s"6SI/,iA<!=:`5%L|. :T *05>:+*v(U@i$'!=Z>!=$08 T *v(+Q;!="71VQh./:*05>:+*'(U@


$0!3Z7!3$ 135>:+:!#8H.C5>6 E/*'6/?(5"E/!3$2"[@A<57I/6 EkN]‚s">1VQ-15>6 6/!=1(*05>6-*08`">8+8H*0?>6/!#E(+5"p./:+*'57:*'(U@$0!3Z>!=$ EJI/:+*06/?1576/6/!=1(*05>69!=8H(+">A/$'*28Q/,-!36^(



(+*',-!>N 5qI/$v(+*'. $'!135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576 813">6AC!">8+8H*0?>6/!#Eh(+5i(+Q/!8+"%,-!p./:*05>:+*'(U@h$'!=Z>!3$clJ"%6 E"%$0$k. "71Vx>!(V8_5>6(Q/!135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576 8R">8+8H5J1*2"4(+!=E

T *'(Qo"9./:+*'57:*'(U@;$0!3Z>!=$|"%:+!f">./.C!36 EJ!#E(5-(Q !!36 E5%L‹(Q/!~^I/!=I/!pLM5>:R(+Q "4(./:+*05>:+*v(U@;$0!3Z7!3$cN
ÌRŠ *28"bA<!3(H(+!3:X8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'*06/?q">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,t8*'6 13!h*v(*28!#">8@o(5o*0,-./$'!=,-!36^(i"%6<EB*28EJ!=Z>57*0EB5%L./:+5>A/$0!3,h8fLY"71!=EDAS@r5>(Q/!=:
8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'!=:+8=N


Œ

—  — o•”–
†w6^(!=:6 !(f‚`6/?>*06/!=!3:+*'6/?;O‹">8xbn/5>:V1!ÁM†U‚`On]Ä  ./:+5>.C578!=Eo8!3Z7!3:V"%$|,-5JEJ!3$28LM5>:. :54ZS*2EJ*'6 ? T 5^Šb"788I/:V"%6 13!=8_(5†w6^(!3:+6/!3(H&‡A ">8!=E
">././$0*01="4(*05>6<83N-ORQ/!=8!-,-5SE/!3$28"%:+!91="%$0$'!#E  7 O/1 &f5>:  #%"$L 31C"L'&eN;ORQ/!-,-5JEJ!3$28p:!#~^I/*':+!i(Q "%((Q/!;135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576 8
:+!=~^I/!#8U(+*'6/? T 5SŠ;,iI 8U(LM57$'$05 T 13!3:(+">*'6b./:+5J1!=E/I/:!#8s(5;"[Z4"%*0$y(Q/! T 5^ŠyN/ORQ/!=:!">:!f(Q :!=!,-" U5>: T 5SŠ;,-5JEJ!3$28R(+Q "4(Q "[Z7!pA<!=!36
   

./:+5>.C578!=E|N‹ORQ/!#8H!">:!†w6^(+!3?>:V"4(+!=E-ŠS!3:+ZS*013!=8ÁY†w6^(VŠS!=:Z/Äel !*vdy!3:+!36^(*2"4(+!=E;ŠS!=:ZS*21!#8Á!*vd|ŠS!=:Z/Ä]">6 E-$0"78U(+$'@ 5oI/$'(*'& `:5>(5J157$/¾«">A<!=$



Š *'(+1VQ *'6/?KÁ 5 `¾‹Š/ÄeN !*'dkŠS!=:ZB*08X"%6D*',-./:+54Z>!=,9!=6^(p576B†w6^(eŠS!3:+Z T Q/*0$'! 5 `¾Šr*28". ">1Vx7!(H&cLM5>: T "%:VEJ*'6 ?g81VQ !3,-!-Q "[ZS*'6/?(+Q/!


"7EJT Z4"%6^(+">?>!=8_5>LAC5%(Qb†w6^(VŠJ!3:+Zg"%6 E !*vd|ŠS!=:ZyN

 

;j
 4
   A  HJKL E MN
†w6^(!=?>:V"4(+!=EqŠS!=:ZS*21!=8iÁM†w6^(VŠJ!3:+ZJÄB5o5JEJ!3$ *'6<1$0I EJ!=8( 5h(U@S.<!#85>L`8H!=:ZS*21!=8(+"%:+?>!3(!#E(5 "%:VE:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!(:V"4ˆ;1>­_?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!=E
>" 6 E./:!#EJ*21e(*0Z>!8!3:+ZS*013!>Nj†‡(*06^(!=?>:V"4(!#8_(Q/!#8H!8!3:+ZS*013!=8 T T *'(Qq135>6^(:+5>$0$'!#Eg$0*06/x8Q ">:*06/? l/">6 T E*v(*08E/!=8*'?76/!=E(5 T 5>:+x T !3$0$ T *'(Q
,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(">8 T !=$'$‹">8I/6/*213">8H((+:+"%ˆh1>N†w6^(+8!3:+Z:+!=~^I/*0!3:V8!{J./$0*21*'(:+!=85>I/:V1!p:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6(5gA<!9EJ5>6/!7l T Q *01VQo*06o(I :6o:+!=~^I/*0:!#8
 5 T &w8.<!#1*'W<1p8U(V"4(!p*06(Q/!:+5>IJ(+!3:V83N
ORQ/!†w6^(+!3:+6/!(jQ "78z(5AC!I 8!=E-"78j"157,9,-576i./$2"4(LM5>:+,°LM57:jA<5>(Qh:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!R">6 E96/5>6/&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!s(+:+"%ˆ;1"%6 Ei(QSI 8`./:+!=1$0I EJ!#8
(+Q/!6/!3!#E(5;EJ!#8H*0?>6b"-. ">:+">$'$0!3$k*06JLM:V">8H(:+I 1e(+I/:!fLM57::!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p(:V"4ˆ;1>N 8!5%Lz!{J*08H(*06/?h†w6^(!=:6 !(H&‡$2"[@>!3:R./:+5%(+5J15>$jÁY!>N ? N0l/† sÄsLM57:
:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!E/"%(+"i*08s./:+5>.C578!=E;85X(+Q "4(R!=135>6/57,X@95%L135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'576"%6<Eh*'6^(+!3:+5>.C!3:V"%A/*0$'*'(U@-A<!3( T !=!36†w67(eŠS!3:+Zh"%6 Eg6/5>6/&c†w6^(VŠJ!3:+Z
 

6/!3( T 57:xJ8j1="%6;AC!f:!#"%$0*'m=!=EkNzORQ/!3:+!8Q/5>I $0EhAC!p"8H*06/?7$'!f8H!=:ZS*21!,-5JEJ!3$CA/IJ(R. "71Vx>!(_81VQ/!#EJI/$0*'6 ?i"%6<Eh">EJ,-*288*'576g1576^(:+5>$ ,-!#1VQJ&

">6/*08,€1="%6bZ4"%:+@>N

  "!$#%&' !)(**,+-.#/012$3#$+%#454,6 78#9 :;#1<=#/0>3#?=$@ <#?=$<
%>*%#%<1:* A.@ #+6B#C#9. %> %6D<" 45#2#"#/0>3#C#9E. 2F

V/Î

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 †w6^(VŠJ!3:+Zo*',-./$0!3,-!36^(V"4(*05>6BQ ">8LM57I/:*',-.C5>:(+">67(157,-.<576/!36^(+8=­(+Q/!h8H*0?>6<"%$0*'6/?./:+5%(+5S135>$RÁYŠ sÄlk(Q !-"7EJ,-*08+8*'576r15767(+:57$
:+5>IJ(+*'6 !>ls(Q/!r13$0"788*'W !3:h"%6<EF(+Q/!q. "71Vx>!3(h8+1VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:#NuLa(!=:;(+Q/!o:!#8H57I/:V1!:!#8H!=:Z4"4(+*'576‰">6 EÍ13">$'$"7EJ,-*08+8H*05>6Í./:+5J1!#88!=8-"%:+!


135>,-./$0!(!7l T Q/!=6"9:+5>IJ(+!3::+!=1!=*'Z7!=8R"9. ">1Vx7!(#lS(Q/!13$0"788*vW<!3:R.<!=:HLM57:,h8"-1$2">8+8*vW<1="4(+*'576"%6<Eg*06 8!3:(+8_(Q !. ">1Vx7!(*'6o"-8.<!#1*'W<1

~^I/!=I/!A ">8!=E576b(Q/!X13$0"788*'W<13"%(*05>6:!#8HI/$'(=N_ORQ/!. "71Vx>!3(8+1VQ/!#EJI/$0!3: T *0$'$|(Q/!=6q81VQ/!#EJI/$0!(Q !. ">1Vx7!(">1=157:+EJ*06/?7$'@h(+5h,-!3!(*v(V8
T 5SŠ;:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8=N
n‹*0? N Î7Î 8Q/5 83lCQ/5 (Q !=8!i157,-.<576/!36^(+8,-*'?7Q^(W/(f*'6^(5"%6q† :57IJ(!=:(Q<"4(pQ ">8A<!=!36r!3{S(!36<EJ!=Eb(+5g./:+54ZS*0E/!*'6^(+!3?>:V"4(+!=E
8!3:+ZS*013!=8=N«ORQ/!_:57T IJ(!=:Q T "78( T 5A/:5^">EpLMI 6 1e(+*'576 "%$JEJ*0ZS*08*'576 8=­k(Q/!_LM57: T "%:VEJ*06/?. "%(QXAC!3$05 T (Q !RE/5>I/A/$0!_Q/5>:+*'m=5>6^(+">$>$0*'6 !>l>">6 E(+Q/!


A "71VxS?>:+5>I/6 E15JEJ!"%AC54Z>!f(+Q/!$'*06/!7N`ORQ/!pLM5>: T "%:VEJ*'6 ?i. "%(Q5%L‹(Q/!:+5>I/(!3:*28!3{S!#1IJ(+!=ELM5>:!=Z>!=:@;.<">1Vx>!3(R">6 E,XI 8H((Q !3:+!LM5>:+!

AC!Q/*0?>Q/$0@;5>./(*0,9*0m3!#EkN]†w6 EJ!=!=Ekl *'6b,-578H(157,9,-!=:+13*0">$C:+5>I/(!3:V8=l^*'(*28*',-./$0!3,-!=67(+!=E*06Q<"%:VE T ">:!7N
ORQ/!gLM5>: ">:+E/*'6/?r. "4(+QK*08-EJ*0ZS*0E/!=Eª*06^(5B(Q/:+!3!8H!#1e(*05>6<83­h*06/./IJ(hEJ:+*'Z7!3:#l]†w6^(!3:+6/!3(XLM5>: "%:VEJ!3:#l‹">6 EK57IJ(. IJ(-E/:*0Z>!=:=NDORQ/!
†w6^(!=:6 !(_LM5>: T T ">:+EJ!=:s*06^(!=:./:+!(V8j(+Q/!p† FQ !=">E/!3:#Nzn 5>:R!="71VQ;. "71Vx>!(#lJ"%6g†w6^(+!3:+6/!(RLM5>: T "%:VEJ!3:sT !{J!=13IJ(!#8_"98I/*v(+!&wEJ!3.C!36<EJ!36^(1$2">8H&
8*vW<!3:"%6 Er(Q !36P. ">8+8!=8(Q/!h. "71Vx>!3(p">6 Eq*'(+813$0"788(5(+Q/!;"%./. :57./:*2"4(+!X57IJ(./I/(E/:*0Z>!=:=N9u13$0"788*'W !3:p,XI<8U(AC!9AC5%(+QB?7!36/!=:+">$


">6 E!ˆ;1*0!36^(=Njn 5>:!3ˆ;1*0!36 13@>l "-157,-,9576,-!#1VQ "%6/*28,8Q/5>I/$2EA<!I<8H!#E;LM57:A<5>(Qb:+!=85>I/:V1!p1$2">8+8H*'W<1="4(*05>6b"%6<Eg:+5>IJ(+!p$'5S5>xSI/.«N

ORQ/!57IJ(. IJ(EJ:+*'Z7!3:R*',-./$0!3,-!=67(V8R(Q !. ">1Vx7!(81VQ !=EJI/$0!3:#N
ORQ/!A ">1VxS?7:57I/6 E-15JEJ!*08R8*',-./$0@-$'5^">EJ!#Eh*'6^(+5X:+5>IJ(+!3:`,-!=,957:@h">6 Eh!{J!#1IJ(+!=EhAS@h"?7!36/!=:+">$v&‡./I/:+.<5^8H!Ì NSORQ/!=8!A<">1Vx^&
?7:57I/6 Eh:+5>IJ(+*'6 !=8R1:+!="%(!E "4(+"98H(:+I 1e(+I/:!#8s(Q "%(135>6^(:+5>$<(Q !LM57: T "%:VEJ*06/?X. "%(Q|N]ORQ/!p:+5>IJ(+*'6 ?i"%?7!36^(R*',-./$0!3,-!36^(V8_"i. ">:H(+*013I/$0">:
 

:+5>IJ(+*'6 ?. :5>(5J157$j"%6 EDA/I/*0$2E/8"b:+5>IJ(+*'6/?oE/"%(+">A ">8!>N;ORQ/!h:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576B8!(I .K"%?>!=6^(p*0,-./$0!3,-!36^(+8(Q/!h./:+5%(+5J15>$]I<8H!#Er(+5q8H!3(

I/.B:!#8H57I/:V1!X:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576 83Nf†‡L_"7EJ,-*08+8*'576r15767(+:57$?7*'Z7!=8(Q/!h„S\ „-LM5>:";6 ! :+!=~^I/!#8U(#lk"%././:+5>. :*2"4(+!X1VQ "%6 ?>!=8f"%:+!X,h"7EJ!X(+5
(+Q/!i13$0"788*vW<!3:">6 Eb. "71Vx>!(f81VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:fE/"4(V"%A "78H!(+5;*0,9. $'!=,9!=6^((+Q/!iEJ!#8H*0:+!=E T T 5^ŠkN<n‹*'6<"%$0$'@7lC!=Z>!=:@:57IJ(!=:8I/./.C5>:(+8">6r"%?7!36^(
LM57:_6 !( T 5>:+xh,-">6 "%?7!3,-!36^(#N‹ORQ/*28"%?7!36^(R,XI 8H(A<!"%A $'!f(59,-5JEJ*vLM@g(Q/!13$0"788*vW<!3:R"%6 E. ">1Vx7!(81VQ !=EJI/$0!3:E/"%(+">A ">8!=8`(5h8!(I/.
135>6^(:+5>$0$'!#E$'*06/x8Q ">:*06/?;"%6<Eg(+5g8!("7EJ,-*08+8H*05>6o135>6^(:+5>$k.C5>$0*013*'!#83NRORQ/!*0,-./$0!3,-!36^(+"%(*05>6bLM:V"%,-! T 5>:+xhLM57:"-Q/578H(*28?7!36/!=:+">$'$0@
8*',-*0$0">:p(5b(+Q "4(LM57:"b:57IJ(!=:=l T *'(QD(+Q/!;">E/E/*v(+*'576D5>LR">././$0*01="4(+*'576 83Nh"%(Q/!=:(Q<"%6DA<!=*'6/?bLM57: T "%:VEJ!#Ekl|Q/5^8U(E/"%(+"b5>:+*0?>*06 "4(+!=8
">6 Eo(+!3:+,9*06 "%(!=8*06B"%6B"%././$0*213"4(+*'576|Nu6D"%././$0*213"4(+*'576q6/!=!=EJ*06/?b";:+!="%$'&c(*0,9! T 5^ŠLM57:f%"  5 T ,iI 8U(85>,-!3Q/5 T *06SZ>5>x7!X"$'5J13">$
:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>68H!3(I/.o">?>!36^(#N
u88U(V"4(!#E!="%:+$0*'!=:_†w6^(eŠS!3:+Z;Q "78RA<!=!36oEJ!=8*0?>6/!#E;(+5h./:54ZS*2EJ!( T 59(U@S.<!#85%Lz8H!=:ZS*21!#83­
E 6 I "%:V"%6^(+!3!=EŠS!3:+ZS*013!fLM5>:"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6 8R:+!=~^I/*0:+*'6/?iW/{J!=EbEJ!=$0"[@hAC5>I 6 E
E j:+!=EJ*21e(+*'Z7!ŠS!3:+ZS*013!LM5>:`">././$0*01="4(+*'576 8]:+!=~^I/*0:*06/?./:+5>A ">A/*0$'*28U(+*01E/!3$2"[@XAC5>I/6 E|NzORQ !*0,9. $'!=,9!=6^(+"4(+*'576 8]5>LC(+Q/!?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!=E
8H!=:ZS*21!"%6<E9(Q/!. :!#EJ*01(*0Z>!8!3:+ZS*013!R">:!E/!W 6/!#E-*'6-(+Q/!?7I "%:V"%6^(!=!=Ei8H!=:ZS*21!nzÌ 8 1Î V < "%6 E9(+Q/!135>6^(:+5>$0$'!#EX$057"7E-8H!=:ZS*21!


n‹Ì 8 à V;< l/:!#8H.C!=1(*0Z>!=$'@7N

ORQ/!p†w6^(VŠJ!3:+Zg"%:V1VQ/*'(!=1(I/:+!f:!=./:!#8H!=6^(+8_"XLMI 6 E/"%,-!=67(V"%$«1VQ<"%6/?7!(+5i(+Q/!p†w6^(!3:+6/!3("%:V1VQ/*v(+!=1(I/:+!A IJ(*v(*28RA<!#8H!3( *v(+Qb,-">6S@
./:+5>A $'!=,-8=l T Q/*21VQ,h">x>!=8R*'(Z>!=:@;E/*vˆ;1I $v((+5hEJ!3./$054@>N`ŠJ5>,-!p5%L‹(Q/!p*0,9.C5>:(+">6^(./:57A/$0!3,h8"%:+!(+Q/!pLM5>$0$05 T *'6/?<­ T
E ORQ/!i">,-5>I/6^(5>Ls8U(V"4(+!X*06JLM5>:+,h"4(*05>6o*06 13:!#">8!=8. :57.<57:H(+*'576 "%$0$'@ T *v(+Qq(+Q/!X6SI/,iA<!=:5>DL  5 T 83NfORQ/*28./$2">13!=8f";QSI/?7!X8U(+5>:&
"%?7!_">6 E./:+5J1!#88*'6 ?54Z7!3:+Q/!="7E5>6i(Q/!R:+5>IJ(+!3:V83N‹ORQ/!3:+!LM57:!7l[(Q/*28]"%:V1VQ/*'(!#1e(I :!REJ5S!=8‹6/5>(`81="%$0! T !3$0$J*'6i(Q !_†w6^(+!3:+6/!(j157:!7
E ORQ/!9:!#~7I *':+!3,-!36^(f5>6r:+5>I/(!3:V8*08fQ/*0?>Q|Niu$0$‹:+5>I/(!3:V8,XI 8H(f*0,-./$0!3,-!36^(Š zl|">EJ,-*288*'576r1576^(:+5>$cNl 5rn 1$2">8+8H*'W<13"%(*05>6
"%6 E. "71Vx>!(8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'*06/?<
 

E A/*2~^I/*'(5>I<8_E/!3./$054@S,9!=6^(_*28_:!#~7I *':+!=E-LM57:R?>I ">:+">67(+!3!#E;8H!=:ZS*21!7N†w6 13:!=,-!36^(+">$yE/!3./$054@S,9!=6^(_5>LzÌs5>6^(:+5>$0$0!=ES&w¾|5^">E;ŠS!=:ZS*21!

*08R.C578+8*'A/$0!fA^@EJ!3./$054@S*'6 ?hÌs5767(+:57$'$0!=EJ&‡¾«57">EŠS!3:+ZS*013!f">6 EŠ GLMI/6 1(*05>6 ">$'*'(U@g"%(_(+Q/!AC5%(H(+$'!=6/!=1Vxg6/5JEJ!=8R5>L‹"9EJ5>,h"%*06


"%6 Eg(I 6/6/!3$0*06/?-(Q/!Š Í,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8_54Z>!3:_5%(+Q/!3:.<"%:(R5>L(+Q/!EJ57,-">*'6«N




VÃ

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ;j
 4
E
K E A  $HK LBE MN
O5h54Z>!=:+135>,-!(+Q/!$0*',-*'(+"%(*05>6 85>L‹†w6^(eŠS!3:+Zyl/†U‚`OnF./:57.<5^8H!#E !*'dC!=:!=67(+*0"%(!#EqŠS!3:+ZS*013!=8Á !*'dkŠS!=:Z/Ä 8 Î ( < l Q/*01VQb*288*',-./$0!3:">6 E
-, 5>:+!X8+13">$0">A/$'!7N !*vd|ŠS!=:Zb:+!=EJ!3W 6/!=8(Q/!9† jZ $gOs@S.<!i5%LsŠS!=:ZS*21!gÁ)O\pŠ/ÄW !3$2Eo5>:† jZ = O:+"%ˆ;19Ìs$2">8+8 _T @^(!i"78EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(*2"4(+!=E
8!3:+ZS*013!Á!pŠ/Ä]W<!3$2EkN]ORQ/!W :V8U(_8H*'{9A *v(V8`5>LC(+Q/!W<!3$2Eh"%:+!13"%$0$0!=Eh">8 !fŠÌs5SE/!.<57*'6^(#l Q/*21VQ Q/!=6;,h"%:+x>!=E-EJ*'dy!3:+!36^($0@i*06 EJ*213"%(!#8
  

(+Q/!A<!=Q "[ZS*'57:ÁMxS6/5 T 6b">8R.C!3:&cQ/57.AC!3Q<"[Z^*05>:57: `¬ Ä_!#">1VQ:57IJ(!=:_*28:+!=~^I/*0:!#Eh(+5;T "%././$0@hT (+59*06 EJ*0ZS*0E/I "%$|.<">1Vx>!3(+8=N

 

ORQ/!*'6/LM5>:+,-"%(*05>6ª:+!=~^I/*0:!#EPAS@B(+Q/!gA IJdC!=:i,h">6 "%?7!3,-!36^(i">6 EK8+1VQ/!=EJI $'*06/?q,-!=1VQ<"%6/*28H,h8i*08i13">::+*'!#E *v(+Q/*06K(Q !g. "71Vx>!(#N

ORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>l/EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(*2"4(+!=Eb8H!=:ZS*21!#8EJ5h6/5%(:+!=~^I/*0:+!p8.C!=1*2"%$8H*0?>6 ">$'*06/?-./:+5%(+5S135>$28_(5;135>6^(:+5>$y(+Q/!,-!=1VQ ">6/T*08,h8R(Q<"4("%:+!pI 8!=E
(+5B8!3$0!=1e(-EJ*'dC!=:!=67(i(:+!="%(,-!36^(XLM57:X(+Q/!*'6 E/*'ZS*2EJI "%$_. "71Vx>!(V83NªÌs5>6 8!=~^I/!=6^($0@>l‹(Q/!b"%,-57I/6^(X5%L8H(+"%(!*'6JLM57:,h"%(*05>6|l T Q/*21VQK*28
:+!=~^I/*0:!#EB(5qAC!g,h"%*06^(+">*'6/!#ED.<!=:X6/5JEJ!7l‹*28. :57.<57:H(+*'576 "%$z(+5o(Q/!6SI/,XAC!3:i5%L8H!=:ZS*21!;13$0"788!=8">6 EP6/5%(i./:57.<57:H(+*'576 "%$j(5o(+Q/!
6SI/,iA<!=:5%L]"%././$0*213"4(+*'57%6 <5 T 83l T Q/*21VQ*08,h" U5>:R*',-./:+54Z>!=,-!36^(_54Z7!3:R†w6^(VŠS!=:ZyN 

u 1I<8U(+5>,-!3:,iI 8U(Q "[Z7!8H!=:ZS*21!f$'!=Z>!3$|">?>:+!3!=,9!=6^(pÁcŠJ¾«ufÄ *v(+Q*'(+8R†HŠ G*06b5>:VEJ!3:_(+59:+!=13!3*0Z>! !*'d|ŠS!3:+ZyN`u6oŠJ¾«uº8.C!=1*'W !#8

(+Q/!;1$2">8+8p5%L8H!=:ZS*21!-8HI ./.<57:H(+!=EP"%6<Eq(+Q/!;"%,-5>I 67(5>L`(+:+"%ˆh1hT ">$'$05 T !=Eq*06P!="71VQD13$0"788=Nhu6KŠJ¾«u 1="%6PAC!;8U(V"4(*2195>:EJ@S6 ">,-*01>N


Š^(V"4(+*01ŠJ¾u8">:!f6/!3?75%(+*0"%(!=Eg5>6b"9:!=?>I/$2"%:#l7!7N ?<Nz,9576^(Q/$0@g"%6<Eg@7!="%:+$0@>lSA ">8*283N`ÌsI 8H(57,9!=:+8 T *'(Q !@^6<"%,-*01ŠJ¾u8R,iI 8U(I<8H!p"

8*'?76 "%$0*06/?i. :5>(5J157$)lJ!7N ?<NzŠ zlJ(+5h:!#~^I/!=8H(RLM5>:8!3:+Z^*21!#8_5>6bEJ!3,h"%6<EkN


;j
 4
4@ 4M E  BADC

C  ) E HJKL   MSEF M @B
ORQ/
! !*'dC!=:!=6^(*2"4(!#ErŠS!=:ZS*21!=8"%:V1VQ/*'(!=1(I/:+! 8 $ = < *08f157,9.C578!=Eb5>Lj"h6SI/,XAC!3:5%LzLMI/6 1(*05>6 ">$!=$'!=,9!=6^(+8=l<6 ">,-!3$0@. "71Vx>!3(1$2">8+8H*'&
W !=:+8=lS(:V"4ˆ;1p1576 EJ*'(*05>6/!=:+8">6 E.<!=:H&‡Q/5>.LM5>: T "%:VEJ*'6 ?iAC!3Q "[ZS*05>:V8pÁ `¬ ÄeN/ORQ/!#8H!">:!pEJ!=8+1:+*0A<!#EAC!3$05 T ­  

¯/´ <Å^µÀÇXÉ)¯ =· ‹Å^¶ >½ ]">1Vx7!(;1$2">8+8*vW<1="4(+*'576G*28h6/57:,h"%$0$0@FEJ5>6 !q"4(h(Q !q!=EJ?7!o5%Lf(Q/! !fŠÍEJ57,h"%*06‰AS@G. ">1Vx7!(g1$2">8+8*vW !=:+8=l
T_!3Q/Q<*21V"[QGZ^*085>!3:-$0!=u1(h?7?>. :+">!31V?^x7"4!((+!D8iÁ A R"7u8H!#Ä-EK13$05>"76F88(*'WQ/!3!b:#l1576^Q/(!3*21V6^Q‰(-85%!3Lf$0!=. 1">(+1V89x7.!(i"71VQ x>!=!">(VE/89!3A :V83">NK8!=EGO T 5>5r6F(U(@SQ/.C! !=89!pŠ‰5%LfÌs15J$2">EJ8+! 8Hz*'W 5>!3*0:V6^89(9"%57:+6/!$'@713lsI/">::+6 !3EK6^(+(+$'Q/@ª! EJ5o!3W I/6/$'!=(E|*'&‡­gn‹*0(+!3Q/$2E !
    

Á 5qn]Ä1$2">8+8*vW !=:=l T Q *01VQo.C!3:LM5>:+,h8R(Q/!i8H!=T $'!#1e(*05>6bA "78H!#E5>6(Q/!i15>,iA/*06 "4(+*'5765>L]5>6/!57:,-5>:+!fQ !=">E/!3:W !=$0E 83lC8HI 1VQo"788H57I/:V1!
  

"7E/EJ:+!=8+83lJEJ!#8U(+*'6 "%(*05>6o">E EJ:!#88=l^(U@S.<!3&c5>Lz8!3:+ZS*013!AS@^(!7l/./:+5%(5J135>$28s† !il 85>I/:V1!f.C5>:(6^I ,XAC!3:"%6<EEJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6b.C5>:(6^I ,XAC!3:#N

s¶4¯ K´ÇX»C±‹Æ·Yµ=·Y»C±‹Å7¶ 7½oO«:V"4ˆ;1g135>6 E/*v(+*'576/!3:V8LM57:, (+Q/!,-5^8U(-ZS*v(V"%$R. "%:(i5>L"rE/*vdy!3:+!36^(*2"4(+!=EG8H!=:ZS*21!=8X6/!( 5>:+xyNDORQ !3*0:
?757"%$]*28f(5q">././$0@B135>6 EJ*'(*05>6 *'6/?LMI/6<1e(*05>6<85>6B(Q !;./:+!3ZS*'57I 8$'@q13$0"788*vW<!=ED. ">1Vx7!(V8f"713135>:VEJ*'6 ?(+5o"b./:!#EJ!W<6/!=EPTO:+"%ˆh1;Ìs$2">8+8
  

ŠS.C!=13*vWC13"4(+*'576b*'6oŠJ¾«uXN u (:V"4ˆ;1p1576 EJ*'(*05>6/!=:1576 8H*28H(+8R5%Lz5>6 !f57:,-5>:+!5>L(+Q/!pLM5>$0$'5 T *06/?-157,9.C5>6 !36^(+8=­

5o!3(!=:=­]uºEJ!=Z^*21! T Q *01VQ,-!=">8I/:+!=8s(Q !p(!3,-.C5>:V"%$k./:+5>.C!3:(*0!=8R5>Lz"i(+:+"%ˆh1p8H(:+!=">,€8H!=$'!#1e(+!=EA^@"h1$2">8+8H*'W !3:#N
5q">:x7!3:#­‹uºE/!3ZS*013!f(Q "%(8H!3(+8R(+Q/! !fŠoÌs5JEJ! z5>*067(R*06b"9. "71Vx>!3(RA<">8!=E5>6 T !=$'$'&‡E/!W 6/!#Eg:+I/$0!=8=N
ŠSQ<"%.C!3:#­`u°EJ!=Z^*21!p(+Q "4(E/!3$2"[@S8. ">1Vx7!(+8 T *'(Q *'6q"9(+:+"%ˆh18H(:+!=">, (5;1="%I 8!p(Q !X8U(+:!#"%, (+5;1576JLM5>:+, (+5;8H57,9!E/!W 6/!#E(:V"4ˆ;1


./:+5%W<$'!hÁ)ŠJ!3!XŠS!#1e& V N = ÄN
!:57./.C!3: + z5>$0*21!3:#­uºE/!3ZS*013!f(Q "%(EJ*08+13">:+E 8R. ">1Vx7!(+8_A "78H!#Eg5768.C!=1*'W !#E:+I/$0!=8ÁcŠS!3!XŠS!#1%N V N = ÄeN


Å7¶ ;o» iÅSȋ¯ C|·)» Q ¶ # 4; &4½«u s¬ *08f"gE/!=8+1:+*'.J(+*'576o5%L](+Q/!X!3{^(+!3:+6 "%$0$0@57A 8!3:+Z[">A/$0!pLM5>: ">:+EJ*06/?hAC!3Q "[ZS*05>:5%L`";EJ*'dy!3:&
!=67(+*0"%(!#Eq8H!=:ZS*21!#86/5JEJ!>ly"%. ./$'*0!=Eo(5"g15>$0$0!=1e(+*'576o5%Lj. "71Vx>!3(+8 T *'(Qr(Q/!98">,9!
!fŠrÌs5JEJ! z5>*06^(T (Q "%(f">:!13:5^88*'6 ?;";$0*'6/x*06r"

   

. ">:H(+*013I/$2"%:EJ*0:!#1e(+*'576DÁ)13"%$0$0!=EbEJ*'dC!=:!=67(+*0"%(!#E8!3:+ZS*013!=8_AC!3Q "[ZS*05>:"%?7?>:+!3?^"4(![ÄeNz‚`"71VQ8!3:+ZS*013!p13$0"788R*28"7885J1*2"4(!#E T *'(Qq" `¬ fN



s¬ R8">:!9EJ!W<6/!=EB*'6r(!=:,h8f5%L`AC!3Q<"[Z^*05>:p1VQ ">:+"71e(!=:*28H(*2138:+!3$0!3Z4"%6^(f(5b8H!=:ZS*21!i./:54ZS*28H*05>6 *'6/?h.C5>$0*21*0!=8=l|"%6 Er6/5%(p*'6r(!=:,h8f5%L

 

. ">:H(+*013I/$2"%:]*0,9. $'!=,9!=6^(+"4(+*'576 8=N s¬ R8],h"[@i">$085pA<!8.C!=1*'W !#E-*'69(!=:,h8`5%LC(Q/!=*':j:+!=85>I :+13!_. :*05>:+*v(U@X:!=$0"%(*0Z>!_(55>(Q/!=: `¬ _8=l>57:

 

*06g(+!3:+,h8s5>L|(Q !3*0::!=$0"%(*0Z>!57A 8!3:+Z[">A/$0!(:V"4ˆ;1f1VQ "%:V">1(!=:*28U(+*01=83N]ÌsI/:+:!=67(+$'@-(+Q/!3:+!p"%:+!(+Q/:!=!. :57.<5^8H!#E `¬ _8s(+Q "4("%:+!A :*0!  @

   

EJ!#813:*0AC!=EA<!=$'5 T N
 

E ORQ/! !!LY">I/$v(Á !f‚sÄ `¬ G*28`(Q/!f15>,-,-5>6«l7AC!=8H(H&‡!dy5>:(jLM5>: T "%:VEJ*'6 ?"[Z[">*'$2"%A $'!*06;(+5SE "[@C© 8]†w6^(!=:6 !(=Nz† F. ">1Vx7!(+8j,-">:x7!=E
LM5>:`(Q/*28R8H!=:ZS*21!">:!f8H!=67(_*'6^(+5i"6 !( T 5>:+x T *'(Q/57IJ(_"7EJQ/!=:*06/?(+5i">6^@9. ">:H(+*013I/$0">:`:+I/$0!=8_"%6 E-(+Q/!f6/!( T 5>:+x T *0$0$CEJ!=$'*0Z>!=:_"78
  

,h"%6S@;5%L(Q/!#8H!.<">1Vx>!3(+8R">8R.C578+8*'A/$0!"%6 Eb"788H5S5>6b">8_.C578+8H*0A/$0!A/IJ( T *'(Q/57IJ("%6S@;?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!=8=N

E u8+8HI :!#E;n/57: T "%:VEJ*06/?gÁYun]Ä s¬ Í*28R"X,-!=">6 8sLM5>:R"X. :54ZS*2EJ!3:_EJ*vdy!3:+!36^(+*0"%(!=E8!3:+Z^*21!#8`EJ57,h"%*06;(595%dy!3:EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(_$0!3Z7!3$28
5%LLM5>: T ">:+EJ*06/?-">8+8HI :+">6 1!#8jLM57:† G.<">1Vx>!3(+8R:+!=13!3*0Z>!=E;LM:57,€"h1I<8U(+5>,-!3:EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(*2"4(+!=E8H!=:ZS*21!=8REJ57,h"%*06|N
 


V/V

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ORQ/!‚j{J.<!#EJ*v(+!=EGn/5>: "%:VEJ*'6 ?KÁY‚`n]Ä `¬ *28-"qQ/*0?>QF./:*05>:+*'(U@BAC!3Q "[ZS*05>:9"%6 EF*089EJ!W<6/!=EG">89"oLM5>: "%:VEJ*'6 ?b(:+!="4(+,-!36^(
E
LM5>:"-. ">:H(+*013I/$2"%:EJ*'dC!=T :!=6^(*2"4(!#Eb8H!=:ZS*21!=8">?>?7:!=?7"4(+! T Q !3:+!(+Q/!XEJ!=. "%:(I :!p:V"4(!5>L(+Q/!X">?>?>:+!3?^"4(+!>© T8`. "71Vx>!3(+8_LM:+5>,">6S@
 

!fŠS&‡135>,-./$0*0">67(-6/5JEJ!,XI 8H(-!=~^I "%$R57:i!3{J13!3!#EF"D15>6/W ?>I/:V"%A $'!:+"%(!>NKORQ !‚sn (:V"4ˆ;18Q/57I/$0EFA<!o">$'$05J13"4(+!=EP(+Q/*28-:+"%(!

*'6<EJ!3.C!36 E/!36^($0@g5>L«(Q !*'6^(!=6 8*v(U@5%L‹">6S@;5%(+Q/!3:R(+:+"%ˆh1p"%(H(!=,-.J(*06/?-(5-(+:+">6 8*v(R(Q !6/5JEJ!>N


  §  š 
E !=">$v&c(*0,-!r157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6 :+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8h5>LX"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6 8"%:+!o!{J./:+!=8+8H!#EÍ*'6 (+!3:+,h8;5%LX13!3:(+">*'6~^I ">$'*'(U@G5>L8H!=:ZS*21!
Á T 5SŠ/Ä. ">:+">,-!(!=:+8=Npu :+!=">$v&c(*0,-!X./:+5%(+5S135>$‹?>I ">:+">6^(!3!#8R(Q ! T 5SŠb:+!=~^I/*0:!=,9!=6^(5%Ls">6B">././$0*01="4(*05>6«lC576 1!i*v(">1=1!=.J(+8f"
1576/6/!=1(*05>6:!#~^I/!=8H(=N
E !=">$v&c(*0,-!157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>69./:5>(5J157$08]">$'$05 T A<5>(Q-6/5>6/&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!R">6 E-:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!R,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8‹(5AC!Q ">6 EJ$0!=E9*'6-(+Q/!8+"%,-!
LM:+">,-! T 5>:+xCN
E †w6g(+Q/!†w6^(!=:6/!3(!36SZS*':+5>6 ,9!=6^(=lS5>6/$0@85%La(:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'576*288HI ./.<57:H(+!=EkN
   š˜Ÿ  


Î NŠ^(+"%(! T Q !(Q !3:9@>5>Iª135>6 8*0E/!3:(+Q/!hLM57$'$05 T *'6 ?r8U(V"4(+!3,-!36^(+8(5qAC! 
5>:iÊy¹ 2 XN >I<8U(+*vLM@P@>57I/:X">6 8 T !3:X*'6K!#">1VQ

13"78H!7N
 

ÁY"^ÄŠ^(+:!#"%,-*06/?h15>,-./:+!=8+8!=E;ZS*2EJ!35-(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6*08">6!3{/"%,-./$0!f5>L:+!=">$v&c(*0,-! RÁYZ4"%:+*0">A/$'!pA/*'(:V"4(![Ä`(:V"4ˆ;1%N  

ÁMA<ÄORQ/!rZ^*0:(I ">$(*0,-!q./:+5%(5J135>$*28;"%6 !3{/"%,-./$0!o5%L"ªA<57I/6 EJ!#E ">1=1!=8+89(U@S.<!r5%L81VQ !=EJI/$0*06/?ª*'6"P,iI/$'(*0./$'!B">1313!=8+8
6/!3( T 57:xyN
ÁY1=Ćw6À"PAC5>I 6 EJ!=EÀ">1313!=8+8-(57x>!=6‰:+*06/?K./:+5%(+5S135>$I<8H*06/?ª!3*'(Q !3:;(+Q/!r. :57.<57:H(+*'576 "%$57:;(Q !q$'5J1="%$(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6‰(*0,-!
">$'$05J13"4(+*'5768+1VQ/!=,9!#83lS(+Q/!8I/,h8R5%L‹(Q/!8@S6 1VQ/:+5>6/57I 8`A<"%6 E T *2ES(+Q 8    !=~^I ">$08 Î N
ÁYE Ä 6 EJ!3:6/5>:+,h"%$y:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!f(:V"4ˆ;1p1576 EJ*'(*05>6 8=lS(Q !,-"%{J*',iI/,€EJ!=$0"[@g8IJdy!3:+!=EAS@;(Q !fQ *'?7Q/!=8H(./:+*'57:*'(U@h. ">1Vx7!(V8_"%(
"h8 *v(V1VQ Q/!36o"9,XI/$'(*'&‡$'!=Z>!3$n†Unz\°~^I/!=I/!&‡A "78H!#E8!3:+ZS*013!pE/*08+1*0./$0*'6/!*28EJ!=./$054@>!=E T 5>I/$2EgAC!$05 T !=:15>,-. ">:!#E;(+5


(+Q/!T 13"78H! T T Q/!=6b"iLM:V"%,-*06/?%&‡A ">8!=E8H!=:ZS*21!pEJ*2813*'./$0*06/!*08EJ!3./$054@>!#EkN

ÁM!#Ä!#"%$'&)(+*',-!135>,-./IJ(+!3:157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6*08R!#88!36^(+*0">$'$0@g157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6b"4(Q/*0?>QoE/"%(+"9:+"%(!#83N
ÁaL+Ä 6 EJ!3:b6/57:,h">$(+:+"%ˆh1B1576 EJ*'(*05>6 8=l"G./:+*'57:*'(U@‰~^I/!=I/!&‡A "78H!#E8H!=:ZS*21!DEJ*08+1*0./$0*'6 ! T 5>I/$2E *06 1I :$0!=8+8./:+5S13!=8+8H*06/?
54Z7!3:+Q/!="7E/8s"%("-8 T *'(+1VQo157,-. "%:+!=E;(5h"-,XI/$'(*'&‡$'!=Z>!3$|n‹†Unz\º~^I/!3I !&‡A ">8!=E5>6/!7N


ÁM?SÄ;†w6D(Q !hZ^*0:(I ">$v&c(*0,-!h./:5>(5J157$)l8HI/. .<5^8H!9(Q<"4((Q !hQ/*'?7Q/!=8H(./:+*'57:*'(U@o. "71Vx>!(p(+Q "4(X"b6/5JEJ!-6/!=!=E/8(5b(:V"%6<8H,-*'("%(

85>,-!*06 8U(V"%6^(5>L‹(+*',-!*28,bNORQ/!36LM57:!ˆ;13*'!=67( 5>:+xS*'6 ?95>Lz(Q/!. :5>(5J157$)l E/I/:*06/?h./:+*05>:+*v(U@g">:A *v(+:+"%(*05>6b*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$
(+Q/!6/5JEJ!8Q/5>I $0E T "%*'(LM5>:à  H>›(+*',-!I/6 *v(V8T A<!3LM5>:+!8U(V"%:(*06/?9(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576|NÁ 9*28R(Q/!X./:57. "%?^"4(+*'576EJ!=$0"[@;*06
(+Q/!6/!( T 5>:+xyN Ä
ÁMQ<ÄORQ/!h135>I/6^(+E/5 T 6r./:+5%(+5S135>$]8Q/5>I/$2E T 57:xo8I 1313!=8+8ULMI/$0$0@q*':+:+!=8.<!#1e(*0Z>!95%L T Q/!(+Q/!3:p(+Q/!-./:+*'57:*'(U@q"%:+A/*'(:V"4(*05>6q(:V"%6 8H&
,-*288*'576 8h8H(+"%:( T *v(+Q‰!=*v(+Q/!3:-(+Q/!o,h8HA‰5>:h$28AG!=6 EF5>L(+Q/!o./:+*'57:*'(U@ªZ4"%$0I/!>l_">8-$05>6/?ª">8-">$'$6/5JEJ!#8h"%?7:!=!576F(+Q/!
135>6SZ>!=67(+*'576|N
ÁY*2Ä‚`Z>!36 T Q/!=6o"-?>$05>A ">$k./:*05>:+*'(U@7&‡A "78H!#E;,-!=8+8">?>!(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576*288I/./.C5>:(!=EAS@"-:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>66/!(&
T 5>:+xylS45qu ÁM:V"4(+!p,9576/5%(+5>6/*21p"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,;Äs81VQ !=EJI/$0*06/?-5%Lz:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p,-!=8+8">?>!=8_*28R*'6 !dy!=1e(+*'Z7!>N
Á Än 5>:(+:+">6 8H,-*'(H(+*'6/? R :+!=">$v&c(*0,-!-(:V"4ˆ;1h"%,-576/?(+">8xJ8p54Z>!=:"o¾«u¿Xl"o1="%$0!36 E/">:H&‡A "78H!#Eq:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6B./:5>(5J157$
T Á 6 5>I/$2Á EÍfÄR@S*'*2!=8_$0E(Q/Q/!*'?7?7IQ/!3"%::V"%66^(!=!Á . Ä-:57(+A Q "%"%A/6À*0$0*v!3(U*'@;(Q/"%!=(:IJ"ª(*0$'?7*0m=$'57"%A(*0"%5>$6 ./:*0Ä 5>:+*'(U@7&‡A "78H!#Ekls57:"ªAC5>I 6 EJ!=EÀ">1313!=8+8-(U@S.<!B5%L./:+5%(+5S135>$cN
  
 
  
ÁYxJĆw6P,XI $v(+*'./$0!hAC5>I/6 E/*'6/?q"[Z7!3:V"%?7!X:V"4(!h1VQ ">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6r5%LRA/I/:V8U(U@o(+:+"%ˆ;1%lk(+Q/!;$2"%:+?>!3:f*28p(Q/!;"[Z7!3:V"%?7*'6/?*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$
(+Q/!$'5 T !3:R*28R(Q !:+"%(! T *v(+Q T Q/*01VQ(Q !8H57I/:+13!p*08RAC5>I/6<EkN

V$

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ÁY$2ÄORQ/!-Á  ;D 7Äj,-5JEJ!3$CLM57:s:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!(:V"4ˆ;113"%6A<!p8+"4(*28HLY">1e(+5>:+*'$0@9I 8H!#EhLM57:s:+!=85>I/:V1!:!#8H!=:Z4"4(+*'576-(5i./:54ZS*2EJ!
T 5SŠ;?7I "%:V"%6^(!=!LM57:157,9. :!#88!=E"%I EJ*05h"%6 EZS*2EJ!35h8*'?76 "%$283N
 

ÁY†w6r(+Q/!Á   D Ä,-5SE/!3$z(Q !i,-*06/*',iI/, *06^(!3:V"%:+:+*'Z4"%$«(*0,-!9AC!( T !3!=6r. "71Vx>!3(+8*08fAC5>I/6 E/!=EBA<!=$'5 T AS@ 3,-*06

">6 E(Q/!$2"%:+?>!#8U(R. ">1Vx7!(8H*0m3!*28RAC5>I/6 E/!=Eb"%AC54Z>!fAS@ŠS,h"4{ Ä
 

ÁY,hÄORQ/!,h"4{J*',iI/, EJ!3$2"[@h8HI/dC!=:!#E-A^@-. "71Vx>!3(+8jI 6 EJ!3:R",iI/$'(*0$'!=Z>!3$yn‹Ì_n]Šh~^I/!=I/!A<">8!=E;8!3:+ZS*013!EJ*2813*'./$0*06/! T 5>I/$2EhAC!

$05 T !=:_(Q ">6(+Q "4(*06o"iLM:+">,9*06/?>&cA "78H!#Eg8!3:+ZS*013!fEJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!I/6<EJ!3:8*0,9*0$2"%:R(:V"4ˆ;1p1576 EJ*'(*05>6 8=N
ÁM6<Ćw6"%6S@-./:+"71e(+*01="%$C:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'576;./:+5%(5J135>$cl T !f1="%6;!3{J.<!#1e(R(Q "%(s(+Q/!f?>I ">:+">67(+!3!. :57A "%A/*0$0*v(U@oÁ 6 _Ä](+5
AC!1$0578!_(5 *fLM5>:]I/(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6-$'5 T !3:z(+Q "%69(+Q/!uZ7!3:V"%?>! _:!#"%xJEJ5 T 6 (*0$0*'m#"4(*05>6oÁ)u Ä]">6 E 6 T 57I/$2Ei">././:+57">1VQ


Î ">8_(+Q/!IJ(+*'$0*'m#"4(+*'576*06 13:!#">8!=8_A<!=@>576 Eu N

    
 
ÁM5SÄ;†‡Lk"13!3:(+">*'6i(57x>!36/&c. "788*06/?6/!3( T 57:xpQ "78]"1VQ<"%6/6/!=$/13">. ">13*v(U@5>L Î *0*/5oA . 83l#(+Q/!369(Q !_†U‚s‚`‚ , *^ÃJN (ÁM. :*05>:+*v(U@^&‡A ">8!=E
./:+5%(+5J15>$aÄ T 57I/$2E. :54ZS*2EJ!pQ/*'?7Q/!3:?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!p./:+5>A ">A/*'$0*'(U@g157,9.<"%:+!=Eg(5h†U‚`‚s‚ , *7Ã/N $oÁa(+*',-!#E(5>x7!36./:+5%(5J135>$aÄs"%(
Z7!3:+@;$'5 T 1VQ "%6 6/!3$kIJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576 8=N
ÁM.<ÄORQ/!135>I/6^(VEJ5 T 6:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p?>$05>A ">$C. :*05>:+*v(U@;135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'576./:+5%(+5J15>$|8Q/57I/$0E T 5>:+x;8HI 1=1!#88HLMI/$0$'@*':+:!#8H.C!=1(*0Z>!f5%L
T"78RQ/$'!357(6/Q/?h!=:">(+8Q/"%!X$0$k. 6/:5J*05>EJ:+!#*v(U8@b"%"%?7:+:A/!=!*'(:V57"46g(+*'(+57Q/6!(+1:+57">6^6 Z78!3,96^*2(8+*08H5>*06«5>6N 88U(V"%:( T *'(Qq!=*v(+Q/!3:(Q/!i,h8HAq57:$28HAr!36 Eo5>Lz(Q/!9./:+*'57:*'(U@gZ4"%$0I/!7l
Á)~SÄ‚`Z>!36 T Q/!=6o"-?>$05>A ">$k./:*05>:+*'(U@7&‡A "78H!#E;,-!=8+8">?>!(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576*288I/./.C5>:(!=EAS@"-:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>66/!(&
T 5>:+xylS45qu ÁM:V"4(+!p,9576/5%(+5>6/*21p"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,;Äs81VQ !=EJI/$0*06/?-5%Lz:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p,-!=8+8">?>!=8_*28R6/5%(Z7!3:+@h!dy!=1(*0Z>!>N
Ã/N#!@S6 ">,-*011VQ "%6/?7!=8z(+5(+Q/!:+!=8!3:+Z>!#E9:!#8H57I/:+13!=8]*28_"%6h*0,9.C5>:(+">6^(_EJ*28U(+*'6 ?>I/*28HQ *'6/?91VQ "%:V">1(!=:*28U(+*01R5>Lk(Q/!fŠ K./:+5%(+5S135>$cN
8*'6 ?oLM5>I/:X5>:W<Z>!;8!36^(!=6 1!#8!{J./$2"%*06ªQ/5 T Š º./:+5%(5J135>$j*28X1="%. ">A/$'!g5%LEJ@S6 "%,-*213">$'$0@B1VQ ">6/?>*06/?b(+Q/!g:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6
 

8U(V"4(+I 8R5%Lz"h15>6 6/!=1(*05>6bEJI/:+*'6/?9(+Q/!$'*'LM!p(*0,-!5%L‹(Q/!135>6/6 !=1e(+*'576|N

  

V N†w6K"%6ª†U‚s‚`‚ , *^ÃJN $o6/!( T 5>:+xyl«*'L b*08(Q/!8HQ 5>:(!=8H(XEJ!#">EJ$0*'6 !;5%L">$'$s,9!#88+"%?7!=8p:+!=~^I/*0:!#ED(5qAC!;(+:+">6 8,9*'(H(+!=EP54Z7!3:(+Q/!

6/!( T 5>:+xylS*0EJ!=6^(*'LM@;(Q !./:5^8R"%6 Eb1576 8R5%L‹,h"%xS*'6 ?-OOzO !=~^I ">$y(5
ÁY"^Ä 

 ÁMA<Ä 
ÁY1=Ä  ÁYE<ÄÃ  
$<Nu6 8 T !3:](+Q/!LM57$'$05 T *'6 ?*'6h(+Q/!135>6^(!3{S(`5%L|"iÌsQ/!=,-*01="%$ ,h">6^I/LY">1e(+I/:+*'6/?i15>,-. ">6S@(Q<"4( T *28Q/!=8j(5X">IJ(57,-"%(!*'(+8`./:+5S13!=8+8
15767(+:57$k"%././$0*213"4(+*'576|­
ÁY"^Ä;} Q "%(_. :57A/$'!=,h8s,-*0?>Q^("%:+*08!*'L‹"%6"4(H(+!3,-.J(*28s,h"7EJ!(+5X*0,-./$'!=,-!36^(R(Q/!p1VQ/!3,-*213">$C. $0">67(1576^(:+5>$<85%La( T "%:+!I 8*06/?
(+Q/!‚](+Q/!3:+6/!(¾u¿°"[Z4"%*0$2"%A/$0!*06(Q/!pLY"71e(+5>:+@.F
ÁMA<Ĭ5 T 13">6o"i?7$'57A "%$y./:+*05>:+*v(U@h./:+5%(+5J15>$kAC!8I/./.C5>:(!=E*06b"-¾u¿ T *'(Qq157$'$0*28H*05>6J&‡A "78H!#E;">1=1!=8+8 F
ÁY1=ƇL45qu 8+1VQ/!#EJI/$0*'6/?i5%L«5>L|. ">1Vx7!(V8`*28j(+5iAC!p8HI/. .<57:H(+!=Ekl T Q "%(s*28`(+Q/!,h"%{S*0,XI , 1VQ "%6/6 !3$CIJ(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6g(Q "%(_13">6gAC!
"71VQ/*'!=Z>!#(E F
ÁYE Ä} Q "%("%:+!f(Q/!,h"%*065>A 8H(+"71$0!=8_(5-!3ˆh13*'!=6^(*',-./$0!3,-!36^(V"4(*05>6b5>L‹B5qu *06(Q/*288!(I/9. F
(/NÌs5>6 8*2EJ!3:(Q/!iI 8H!i5%L](+*',-!=Eo(5>x7!36q. :5>(5J157$`ÁM†U‚s‚`‚ , *7ÃJN $^Ä*'6o(+Q/!LM57$'$05 T *06/?g8*v(+I "4(+*'576|N}D!XQ "[Z7!LM5>I :6/5JEJ!#8*06q(+Q/!
8H@J8H(!=,N‰ORQ/!b:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!:!#~^I/*':+!3,-!=67(h*28i(Q "%(;6/5JEJ!  A<!o">A/$'!(+5B(+:+">6 8,9*'(hI/.J(+5  pA *v(V8-54Z>!3:9!="71VQF.C!3:+*'5JEG5%L
EJI/:V"4(+*'576  ,9*0$0$'*aŠS!=135>6 E 83l Q/!3:+!  "%6 E  "%:+!?>*0Z>!=6*06o(+Q/!(V"%A/$0!XAC!3$05 Nu8+8HI ,9!X(Q "%((+Q/!X./:+5>.<"%?7"%(*05>6(*0,-!X*28


6/!3?7$'*0?>*0A/$0!15>,-. ">:!#Eh(+5-OOT zO "%6 E(+Q "4((+Q/!6/!( T 5>:+xhA ">6 E T *2ES(Qb*28 Î 5oT A/.<83N
  

¿5JEJ!  
6 Î Î */* pA Î *9,h8H!#1
 

6<Ã /Ã */* pA Î (4,h8!=1

6 V (/*/* pA Î */*%,h8!=1
ÁY"^ÄÌsQ/5S5^8H!8I/*v(V"%A/$0!OOzO ÁM(+"%:+?>!3(R(5>x7!36:5>(+"%(*05>6(*0,9![ÄeN
ÁMA<Ä} Q "%(*08(Q/!,h"4{J*0,XI/, (*0,9!pLM57: T Q/*21VQb"9:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!f,-!#88+"%?7!,h"[@g8IJdy!3:*06^Z7!3:V8H*05>96 F
ÁY1=Ä57AJ(+">*'6ª8I/*v(V"%A/$0!-Z4"%$0I/!=85>L  ÁM(5>(+"%$`6^I ,XAC!3:5%LRA/*'(+8p(+Q "4(X1="%6DA<!;(:V"%6 8,-*v((!=EBAS@q(+Q/!h6/5JEJ!=8p6 Î l«6CÃJl">6 EB6 V
54Z7!3:R!3Z7!3:+@;1@J1$0!>N ÄiI/6 EJ!=:./:+5>.C5>:(*05>6 ">$C">6 E$'5J13">$|"%$0$'5J1="4(*05>681VQ !3,-!=8=N


V(

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ÁYE Ä !!(+!3:+,9*06/!-(+Q/! T 5>:V8U(13"78H!9(*0,-!=8AS@ T Q/*01VQD6 Î 135>,-./$0!(!#8f(:V"%6 8,-*v((*06/? Î *0* pAB5%LR:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!-,-!=8+8">?>!9I/6 EJ!=:
!#">1VQ5%L‹(Q/!p( T 5iA<"%6 E T *2ES(+Qb">$'$05J13"%(*05>6b81VQ/!=,-!=8=N
ÁM!#Ä !!(+!3:+,9*06/!(+Q/! T 5>:V8U(`1=">8!_(*0,9!A^@ T Q/*21VQ-6 Î 157,-./$'!3(!#8z(:V"%6 8,-*v((*06/? Î *0* pA95%Lk6/576J&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!R,9!#88+"%?7!RI/6 EJ!=:
!#">1VQ5%L‹(Q/!p( T 5iA<"%6 E T *2ES(+Qb">$'$05J13"%(*05>6b81VQ/!=,-!=8=N
= NÌs5>6 8*2EJ!3:"-13">$'!=6 E/"%:&‡A ">8!=Eg:!#8H!=:Z4"4(+*'576g./:+5%(+5J15>$C(+5-(:V"%6 8,-*v(:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!p,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8_54Z>!3:R"h157$'$0*28H*05>6J&‡A "78H!#Eh6/!( T 5>:+xy­
ÁY"^Äg‚j{S. $0">*'6qQ 5 T (+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>6o5>Ls">8@S6 1VQ/:+5>6/57I 8,-!=8+8">?>!#8AS@6 5SE/!=8f13"%6rA<!9Q "%6<EJ$'!#EkN-ÁYu8@S6 1VQ/:+5>6/57I 8,-!#88+"%?7!=8
Q "[Z7!p./:57A "%A *'$0*08H(*21f"%:+:*0Z4"%$C(*0,-!=8">6 EbEJ5-6/5%(Q "[Z7!f">6S@g8H.C!=13*vW<!=E(*0,-!A<57I/6 E/8VÄeN
ÁMA<Ä‚j{S. $0">*'6 T *'(QK. :57.<!=:X:+!=">85>6 *'6/?(+Q/!;(U@S.C!=85>L(:V"4ˆ;138LM5>: T Q *01VQF"r13"%$0!36<E/"%:&cA<">8!=EB./:5>(5J157$ T 5>I/$2EP.C!3:LM5>:+,
8+"4(+*08HLY">1(5>:+*0$'@;">6 E(Q/!p(U@S.C!=8_LM5>: T Q *01VQb*'( T *'$0$|6/5>(=N
: NORQ/!A ">6 E T *2ES(Qg5%L«"./:+*05>:+*v(U@^&‡A ">8!=EX(57x>!36h:+*06/?6/!3( T 57:xÁM†U‚`‚s‚ , *^ÃJN (>ċ*28 Î */*/5qA/. 8=N‹u88I/,-!(Q<"4(`(+Q/!. :57. "%?^"4(*05>6
(*0,-!B5>L(Q/!D6/!( T 5>:+x‰*08 Î *K,9*0$0$'*aŠS!=135>6 E 83N !!(!=:,-*06/!B(Q/!BLM:+"71e(+*'5765%LA ">6 E T *2ES(Q T "78U(+!=EE/I/:*06/?G!3Z>!=:@‰LM:V"%,-!
(:V"%6 8,-*08+8*'576|l T Q !36;(+Q/!fLM:+">,-!f8*'m=!*28Ã _. 8pÁDp*0$05 _@^(!#8`.C!3:8!=135>6 E Ä 6 E/!3: T Q "%(R135>6 EJ*'(*05>6<8 T 5>I/$2Eh(+Q/! T "78U(+!=E
A "%6<E T *0EJ(QbA<!m=!3:+5 F
  

, N†UEJ!36^(+*vLM@g(Q/!pLY"71e(57:+8 T Q *01VQo1576^(:+*'A/I/(!f(5;EJ!=$0"[@ U*v((!3:*'6b:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'576 8R*'6b. "71Vx>!3(H&w8 T *'(+1VQ/!#Eg6 !( T 5>:+xS8=N

u8+8HI ,9!9(+Q "4("1!3:(+">*'6D:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!-"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6B:!#1!3*0Z>!#8pE/"4(V""%(f(+Q/!-:+"%(!95%L Î */5qA/. 8=N9ORQ/! T 5SŠo?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!(5(+Q/!


"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6.<!=:,-*'(+8"-EJ!3$2"[@ U*'(H(+!3:5>L]/à *%,;ŠS!=1>N`Ìs5>,-./IJ(+!p(Q/!A/I/dC!=::!#~^I/*':+!3,-!=67("4((+Q/!:+!=1!=*'Z7!3:#N



. NÌs5>6 8*2EJ!3:(Q/!iI 8H!i5%L](+*',-!=Eo(5>x7!36q. :5>(5J157$`ÁM†U‚s‚`‚ , *7ÃJN $^Ä*'6o(+Q/!LM57$'$05 T *06/?g8*v(+I "4(+*'576|N}D!XQ "[Z7!LM5>I :6/5JEJ!#8*06q(+Q/!
8H@J8H(!=,NzORQ/!:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!_:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(]*08](Q "%(j6/5JEJ)!  AC!"%A $'!_(5p(+:+">6 8,9*'(jI/.J(+5  A/*'(+8`54Z>!3:z!#">1VQ9.<!=:*05JEi5>LyE/I/:+"%(*05>6
 ,-*0$'$0*aŠS!=135>6 E/8=l T Q/!=:!  ">6 E  ">:!f?>*0Z>!=6*06(Q/!p(V"%A/$0!AC!3$05 T N

  

¿5SE/!  
Î Î */l */*0*
 



 $ (/*/l */*0*
 1Î = . */l */*0*


1Î = . */l */*0*
ÌsQ/5S578!8I/*'(+"%A $'!OOzO°Áa(V"%:+?>!3(s(+5>x>!=6g:+5%(V"4(*05>6;(*0,9![ÄR"%6 Eg5>AJ(V"%*068I/*'(+"%A $'!fZ4"%$0I/!=8R5>L  Áa(+5%(+">$y6^I ,XAC!3:5%LA/*v(V8_(Q "%(
13">6gAC!(+:+">6 8,9*'(H(+!=EgA^@g6/5JEJ!  54Z>!3:_!3Z7!3:+@;1@J1$0!>N Äiu8+8HI/,-!f(Q<"4(R(Q/!p./:+5>.<"%?7"%(*05>6-(+*',-!p*08R6 !3?>$0*0?>*0A/$'!p157,-. "%:+!=E-(+5


OOzOÀ"%6<Eg(+Q "4((+Q/!8@S8H(!=, A ">6 E T *2ES(Qb*28 Î 5oA . 83N

Î */NR†‡L@>5>IK">:!;135>6 8H(:V"%*06/!#ED(5qI 8!g">6ª!{J*08H(*06/?r‚j(Q/!=:6 !(9¾u¿LM57:i"bLY"71e(+5>:+@D">IJ(57,-"%(*05>6ª"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6|l T Q "%(i"%:+!h(+Q/!
EJ*'dC!=:!=67(R./:+5%(+5S135>$28](+Q "4(R@>57Ig13">6gI 8!(+5i8I/./.C5>:(R135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'6/?i:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!(+">8xJ8 F} Q *01VQ5%L|(+Q/!f">$v(+!3:+6 "4(+*'Z7!=8`(Q "%(
@>57IgQ "[Z7!f*2EJ!=67(+*vW<!=E@>57Ig(+Q/*'6 x T 5>I/$2E T 5>:+xhAC!=8H( F 6 *0Z>!p@75>I/:R:+!=">85>6 *'6/?^83N
Î7Î NÌs5>6 8*2EJ!3:9" Î */5oA/.<8(57x>!=6J&c:+*06/?q6/!3( T 57:xP5>.C!3:V"4(+*'6 ?qI/6 EJ!=:9(Q/!./:+*'57:*'(U@^&cA "78H!#ED./:5>(5J157$fÁY†U‚`‚s‚ , *^ÃJN (>ÄeNPn/57:X(+Q/*28
6/!( T 5>:+xyl`(+Q/! T "%$0xK(+*',-!r*28gÃP,;ŠS!#1q"%6<EF(+Q/!qLM:V"%,-!o$0!36/?>(Q *28 Î *7Ã$ _@^(!#83N !!3(!=:,-*06/!o(Q !qLM:V">1e(+*'576Í5%L T "78U(+!=E
A "%6<E T *0EJ(QgEJI !(+5(Q ! T "%*'(j(*0,-!:+!=~^I/*0:+!=E9LM5>:s(Q !(+5>x>!=6-(5i:!3(I/:+6h(5X(Q/!(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(*06/?i6/5JEJ!"%La(!3:s(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576h5%L


"9LM:+">,-!*08157,9. $'!3(!>Nu_((+Q/!X?7*'Z7!36bA ">6 E T *2ES(Q T 5>I/$2Eo"hAC5>I/6<EJ!=Eo"7131!#88./:5>(5J157$|.C!3:LM5>:+,€AC!(H(+!3: Fª‚]{J./$2"%*06b@>57I/:

"%6 8 T !3:#N
Î ÃJNÌs5>6 8*2EJ!3:" Î */5oA/.<8p(57x>!36P:+*'6 ?6 !( T 5>:+xCNORQ/! T "%$0xo(*0,-!;*08 Î ,;ŠS!=1>NORQ/!-LM:V"%,-!;8*'m=!h*08 ( Î ÃgAS@^(!#83N !!3(!=:,-*06/!
(Q/!,h"4{J*',iI/, (*0,9!LM5>: T Q/*21VQF"o,-!=8+8">?>!h,h"[@PI/6 EJ!=:?75o./:+*'57:*'(U@B*06SZ>!=:+8*'576PI/6 EJ!=:i†U‚s‚`‚ , *^ÃJN $q"%6 EK†U‚`‚`‚ , *7Ã/N (
./:+5%(5J135>$283N
Î-V N›ÁY"^Ä;†UEJ!=6^(*'LM@-"%(s$0!="78U(s( T 5LY"71e(+5>:V8 T Q/*21VQg15767(+:*0A/IJ(+!(+5XEJ!3$2"[@ U*v((!3:R*06;:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!15>,-,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576 8`">6 E-!{J./$2"%*06;Q/5 T
(+Q/!3@13"%I<8H! U*'(H(!=:=N


ÁMA<Ä} Q "%(f*28(Q/!-EJ*'dC!=:!=6 1!iA<!3( T !=!36B!{J!=13IJ(*05>6o(+*',-!-"%6 Er:!#8H.C5>6<8H!(+*',-!95%Ls";(+"78Hx F‰†w6 T Q "%(p13*':V1I ,-8H(+">6 1!#81="%6
(+Q/!3@A<!EJ*'dy!3:+!36^( F
V/=

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Î $ NÌs5>6 8*2EJ!3:(Q/!iI 8H!i5%L](+*',-!=Eo(5>x7!36q. :5>(5J157$`ÁM†U‚s‚`‚ , *7ÃJN $^Ä*'6o(+Q/!LM57$'$05 T *06/?g8*v(+I "4(+*'576|N}D!XQ "[Z7!LM5>I :6/5JEJ!#8*06q(+Q/!
8H@J8H(!=,NzORQ/!:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!_:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(]*08](Q "%(j6/5JEJ)!  AC!"%A $'!_(5p(+:+">6 8,9*'(jI/.J(+5  A/*'(+8`54Z>!3:z!#">1VQ9.<!=:*05JEi5>LyE/I/:+"%(*05>6
z,-*0$'$0*28H!#15>6<E/83l T Q !3:+! ]"%6 E ]"%:+!f?7*'Z7!36*'6(+Q/!p(+">A/$'!pAC!3$05 T N

  

 ¿5JEJ!  *06 s@^(+!=8  *06,-*0$'$0*ŠS!#1576 E/8


Î*


 $
 Î* (/*

 Î* .*


/Ã * Î *0*
ÌsQ/5S578!8I/*'(+"%A $'!OOzO°Áa(V"%:+?>!3(s(+5>x>!=6g:+5%(V"4(*05>6;(*0,9![ÄR"%6 Eg5>AJ(V"%*068I/*'(+"%A $'!fZ4"%$0I/!=8R5>L  Áa(+5%(+">$y6^I ,XAC!3:5%LA/*v(V8_(Q "%(
13">6;A<!f(+:+">6 8H,-*'(H(+!=E;AS@-6/5JEJ!  54Z>!=:`!=Z>!3:+@h1@J1$0!>N Äiu8+8HI/,-!(Q "%(s(+Q/!f./:57. "%?^"4(+*'576-(*0,9!p*28 Î ,-*'$0$0*2ŠS!#1p"%6 E-(+Q "4(R(+Q/!


A "%6<E T *0EJ(Qb5%L(Q/!6/!3( T 57:xh*28 Î */5oA/.<83N

Î (JNu Á D SÄ(:V"4ˆ;11VQ ">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>65%Lj"h1!=:H(V"%*06o. ">1Vx7!(8 T *v(V1VQ/!=E:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!(:V"4ˆ;1p*281VQ ">:+"71e(!=:*0m3!#EgAS@"h.<!#"%x(:V"4ˆ;1
Á |Äj5%L Î *0*.<">1Vx>!3(+8j">6 Eh"[Z>!=:+">?>!s(:V"4ˆ;1R:V"4(!iÁ JÄz5%L Î *p.<">1Vx>!3(+8].C!3:_8H!#1576 EkNzORQ/!. "71Vx>!(`8*0m3!*28 ( Î ÃfAS@7(+!=8=N‹u88I/,-*06/?
$ (%

(Q "%((Q !g. "71Vx>!(V8I/6 E/!3:+?>5r"o,h"%{S*0,XI , ~^I/!=I/*'6 ?rEJ!3$2"[@D5%SL (*>,;ŠS!=1h"%(i!="71VQP5%L(Q !8 T *v(V1VQ/!=8=l T Q<"4( T 5>I $0EPAC!;(+Q/!
$ %

(:V"4ˆ;1p1VQ "%:V">1(!=:*0m="%(*05>6g"%La(!3:R(+Q/! Î *%(Qb8 T *'(+1VQ5>6(+Q/!:57IJ(!7N

Î-= NÌs5>6 8*2EJ!3:9" Î */5oA/.<8(57x>!=6J&c:+*06/?q6/!3( T 57:xP5>.C!3:V"4(+*'6 ?qI/6 EJ!=:9(Q/!./:+*'57:*'(U@^&cA "78H!#ED./:5>(5J157$fÁY†U‚`‚s‚ , *^ÃJN (>ÄeNPn/57:X(+Q/*28
6/!( T 5>:+xyl`(+Q/! T "%$0xK(+*',-!r*28gÃP,;ŠS!#1q"%6<EF(+Q/!qLM:V"%,-!o$0!36/?>(Q *28 Î *7à $ _@^(!#83N !!3(!=:,-*06/!o(Q !qLM:V">1e(+*'576Í5%L T "78U(+!=E
A "%6<E T *0EJ(QgEJI !(+5(Q ! T "%*'(j(*0,-!:+!=~^I/*0:+!=E9LM5>:s(Q !(+5>x>!=6-(5i:!3(I/:+6h(5X(Q/!(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(*06/?i6/5JEJ!"%La(!3:s(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576h5%L


"9LM:+">,-!*08157,9. $'!3(!>Nu_((+Q/!X?7*'Z7!36bA ">6 E T *2ES(Q T 5>I/$2Eo"hAC5>I/6<EJ!=Eo"7131!#88./:5>(5J157$|.C!3:LM5>:+,€AC!(H(+!3: Fª‚]{J./$2"%*06b@>57I/:

"%6 8 T !3:#N
Î : NÌs5>6 8*2EJ!3:" Î */5oA/.<8p(57x>!36P:+*'6 ?6 !( T 5>:+xCNORQ/! T "%$0xo(*0,-!;*08 Î ,;ŠS!=1>NORQ/!-LM:V"%,-!;8*'m=!h*08 ( Î ÃgAS@^(!#83N !!3(!=:,-*06/!
(Q/!,h"4{J*',iI/, (*0,9!LM5>: T Q/*21VQF"o,-!=8+8">?>!h,h"[@PI/6 EJ!=:?75o./:+*'57:*'(U@B*06SZ>!=:+8*'576PI/6 EJ!=:i†U‚s‚`‚ , *^ÃJN $q"%6 EK†U‚`‚`‚ , *7Ã/N (
./:+5%(5J135>$283N
Î-, NÌs5>6 8*2EJ!3:(Q/!iI 8H!i5%L](+*',-!=Eo(5>x7!36q. :5>(5J157$`ÁM†U‚s‚`‚ , *7ÃJN $^Ä*'6o(+Q/!LM57$'$05 T *06/?g8*v(+I "4(+*'576|N}D!XQ "[Z7!LM5>I :6/5JEJ!#8*06q(+Q/!
8H@J8H(!=,NzORQ/!:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!_:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(]*08](Q "%(j6/5JEJ)! yAC!"%A $'!_(5p(+:+">6 8,9*'(jI/.J(+5 yA/*'(+8`54Z>!3:z!#">1VQ9.<!=:*05JEi5>LyE/I/:+"%(*05>6
z,-*0$'$0*28H!#15>6<E/83l T Q !3:+! ]"%6 E ]"%:+!f?7*'Z7!36*'6(+Q/!p(+">A/$'!pAC!3$05 T N

  

 ¿5JEJ!  *06 s@^(+!=8  *06,-*0$'$0*ŠS!#1576 E/8


Î*


 $
 Î* (/*

 Î* .*


/Ã * Î *0*
ÌsQ/5S578!8I/*'(+"%A $'!OOzO°Áa(V"%:+?>!3(s(+5>x>!=6g:+5%(V"4(*05>6;(*0,9![ÄR"%6 Eg5>AJ(V"%*068I/*'(+"%A $'!fZ4"%$0I/!=8R5>L  Áa(+5%(+">$y6^I ,XAC!3:5%LA/*v(V8_(Q "%(
13">6;A<!f(+:+">6 8H,-*'(H(+!=E;AS@-6/5JEJ!  54Z>!=:`!=Z>!3:+@h1@J1$0!>N Äiu8+8HI/,-!(Q "%(s(+Q/!f./:57. "%?^"4(+*'576-(*0,9!p*28 Î ,-*'$0$0*2ŠS!#1p"%6 E-(+Q "4(R(+Q/!


A "%6<E T *0EJ(Qb5%L(Q/!6/!3( T 57:xh*28 Î */5oA/.<83N

Î-. NR}B57I/$2EB*'(XAC!;">EJZS*28">A/$0!i(+5oI 8!;"%6ª‚](+Q/!3:+6/!(X¾u¿ *06ª"bQ "%:VEB:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!;"%. ./$'*213"%(*05>6P8HI<1VQP"78pLY">1(57:@r">IJ(57,h"4(*05>96 F
>I<8U(+*vLM@;@75>I/:">6 8 T !=:=Nz‚jZ4"%$0I "%(!f(Q/!. :5^8_">6 Eb1576 8R5%L‹I 8H*06/?;">6‚j(Q/!=:6/!3(H&‡A ">8!=Eg./:+5%(5J135>$k*06b8I 1VQb"%6b"%./. $'*213"%(*05>6|N
Ã/*/NŠSI/?7?>!=8H(g"K8+1VQ/!3,-!b(+Q "4(b13"%6 Q !3$0. Q "%6 E/$'!r">.<!=:*05JEJ*21q"%6 E 8.C5>:V">EJ*21b,-!=8+8">?>!=8-*06"ª:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6ºÁ)13"%$0!36<E/"%:&cA<">8!=E Ä
./:+5%(5J135>$ T *v(+Q/5>I/(,-">xS*'6/?-,h" U57:1VQ "%6/?7!=8s(5-(+Q/!./:+5%(+5S135>$cN


à ΠNR†UEJ!36^(+*vLM@(Q/!LY">1e(+5>:V8 T Q/*21VQq15>6^(+:*0A/IJ(+!p(5gEJ!=$0"[@ U*v((!3:f*06o:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6 8=Nsu88I/,-!(Q<"4("h13!3:(+"%*06b:!#"%$'&

(*0,-!9">././$0*01="4(*05>6r:!#1!3*0Z>!#8E/"%(+""4((Q/!9:+"%(!i5%L Î */5oA/.<83NORQ/! T 5^Šb?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!(+5;(Q !9">././$0*01="4(*05>6B.<!=:,-*'(+8p"gE/!3$2"[@


 U*v((!=:5%L]à *%,;ŠS!#1%N`Ìs5>,-./I/(!p(Q !A/IJdy!3::+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(R"%((Q/!:+!=13!3*0Z>!=:=N

V:

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Ã7ÃJN‚]{J./$2"%*06 T QS@(+:+"%ˆh1_?7!(+8]E/*08H(57:H(+!=Ei*'6h"f,XI/$'(*28!3?>,-!=67(]6/!3( T 57:x">6 EiQ/5 T (+:+"%ˆh1_:+!=8Q "%. *'6/?f*28]">1VQ/*0!3Z7!=EXLM5>:z./:+54Z^*2EJ*06/?
T 5^Š;?>I ">:+">67(+!3!7N
à V NÌs5>,-. ">:!(+Q/!p.<!=:HLM57:,h">6 1!5%L|†U‚`‚s‚ , *7ÃJN $./:+5%(+5J15>$ T *'(Qg†U‚s‚`‚ , *7Ã/N (./:5>(5J157$ LM57:s:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8s"%(_Q/*0?>Q«l
,-!=EJ*0I/,bl "%6<Eg$05 T A ">6 E T *2ES(Q<83N
à $ N‚]{J./$2"%*06;I 8*'6 ?LM5>I :s57:`W Z7!f8!36^(+!36 13!=8=l7Q/5 T ?7$'57A "%$C./:+*'57:*'(U@-"%:+A/*v(+:+"%(*05>6;*28_">1VQ/*0!3Z7!=EhI 8*06/?XZS*0:H(+I "%$<(*0,-!f. :5>(5J157$)Nzu_(
T Q/*21VQ†HŠ \º$0"[@7!3: T 5>I/$2E8I 1VQo"9./:+5%(5J135>$y5>.C!3:V"4(+G! F
Ã0(JNŠSI/./.C578!(Q "%( T !bQ "[Z7!g(+Q/:+!3!b.<!=:*05JEJ*21,-!#88+"%?7!=89, Î l_,hÃ/ls">6 E‰, V (+5DAC!b(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(!#EKLM:+5>,(Q/:+!3!q8H(+"%(*05>6 8hŠ Î l
Š/ÃJl">6 E Š V l:+!=8.<!#1e(+*'Z7!3$0@F5>6 ">6Ín ! !†h6 !( T 5>:+xCN ¾|!3(;(Q/!BOO‹OÂÁM(5>x7!36Í:+5%(+"%(*05>6‰(*0,-!#Ä;A<! Î *P,h8H!#1o"%6 E‰(+Q/!
T Á "> $'xD
. (+*',h,-8H!!#1%A<l ! 
Î ,hÎ>Î8!=*>1B,hNK8H!#1=ORÄeQ/f!;Á (+:+7">
6 Î 8HÃ4,-,h*2888!=*01>5>l 6ª (+
*',-Î (/!ª*%Á,h 8 !=,-1=Ä38Á!=1#ÄX@
">6 Î (4Eª,h(+8HQ/!#!1%l .<!= :
*05JÎ1EK= *>5%,hL8H(!#Q/1=!ÄeN ,-!!=8+!8(+">!3?>:+,-!=8*'6/Á ! (ÄXQ ">!b:!8@S">6 8X1VQ/LM5>:+5>$0$'6/5 57T I 8=8 ­
A  "%6<E T *0EJ(Q(Q "%(6/!3!#E/8_(5-AC! "%$0$'5J1="4(!#E;(+5h!="71VQ8H(+"%(*05>6LM 5>:8I 1313!=8+8ULMI/$y(+:+">6 8,9*28+8H*05>65%L‹(Q/!,-!=8+8+"%?>!#83N
à = N‚]{J./$2"%*06q(+Q/!-*',-.C5>:(+"%6^(8Q/5>:(+135>,-*'6 ?785%L`(+Q/!h†w6^(VŠS!=:Zq">:+1VQ *v(+!=1e(+I/:+!i*06D8I/./.C5>:(*06/?b:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!-157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6|l|">6 E
Q/5 T !*'dkŠS!=:Zg54Z>!3:V157,-!=8_*v(#N
à : NÌs5>,-. ">:!(+Q/!p">EJZ4"%6^(V"%?>!#8j"%6<EgEJ*28"7EJZ4"%6^(+">?>!#8]5%L«I<8H*06/?i"X:*06/?i6/!( T 5>:+x9">6 E;"i15>$0$0*08*'576;A "78H!#Eh6/!( T 5>:+xiLM5>:_:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!
157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6|N
à , NR} Q "4(EJ5h@75>II/6 EJ!=:+8H(+">6 EA^@ T 5^Šg:57IJ(*06/? N]‚j{S. $0">*'6(Q/!E/*vdy!3:+!36^((U@S.<!#8R5%L T 5^Šg:57IJ(*06/?-"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,h8=N
à . N‚]{J./$2"%*06 T Q "4(s">:!R(+Q/!EJ*'dy!3:+!36^( T 5^Š9135>6 8H(:V"%*06^(+8z(+Q "4(s">:!135>6 8*2EJ!3:+!=E-EJI/:+*06/? T 5^Ši:+5>IJ(+*'6/?<N‹‚j{J./$0">*'69(+Q/!LM!#"4(I :!#8]5%L
(Q/!#8H!135>6 8H(:V"%*06^(+8sA ">8!=Eg5>6 T Q/*01VQ(Q !p135>6 8H(:V"%*06^(+8R13">6gAC!1$2">8+8H*'W !#EkNz} Q "4("%:+!(Q/!p*0,9. $'*213"%(*05>6 8R5>L«(Q !=8!LM!#"4(+I/:!#8
5>6(Q/!:+5>I/(*06/?h"%$0?>5>:+*'(Q/,h8 F
V */NR} Q "4(EJ5@>5>IrI/6 EJ!=:+8H(+">6 EqAS@ T 5^Šb:+5>I/(*06/? F 6 *0Z>!98H57,9!9!{/">,9. $'!#85>L`">E/EJ*'(*0Z>!7lk,XI/$'(*0./$0*01="4(+*'Z7!>lk"%6 EB1576 13"[Z7!X1576J&
8U(+:+">*'6^(V8(+Q "4(X">:!96/57:,h"%$0$0@r1576 8H*2EJ!=:!#Eq*06 T 5SŠq:+5>I/(*06/?o81VQ/!=,-!=8=N-‚j{J./$0">*'6BQ/5 T (+Q/!=8!-LM!="%(I/:+!=8">:!-1576 8*0EJ!=:!#Er*06
T 5^Š;:57IJ(*06/?-./:+5%(5J135>$283N
V Î N‚]{J./$2"%*06g(+Q/!XEJ*'dy!3:+!36 13!A<!3( T !=!36(:V"4ˆ;18Q "%. *'6/?;">6 E.<57$'*21*06/?<N_¿"%,-!"9(:V"4ˆ;18Q "%./*06/?;">6 Eb.<57$'*21*06/?h./:+5%(+5J15>$|">6 E
A/:+*'!  @gEJ!#813:*0A<!p*'(+857.<!=:+"%(*05>6|N
V ÃJNR} Q "4(*08"h135>6^(:+5>$0$0!3:"%:+!="96/!3( T 57:xBÁcÌ_u¿fÄ F9‚]{J./$2"%*06o"h:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!135>,-,XI/6 *01="4(*05>6b./:+5%(+5J15>$|(Q "%(13">6AC!I 8!=Eb*06o"
Ì_u¿XN
š›•™>• ]•£b¤•–
X5O`#LO !" CO%*'&1T  33T F,  !" ;!*1!6 I `T F,P#%"'^=#N O4l 7`">!6S"I &'"%:+^.@ -1Î ,.0. : #N "'^ #O'&'C 3 ,!"
8 Î < u8HQ 5>x;u?^"%: T ">$0"iu:VE/">8Ìs*0$'*06/?7*':+5>?7$'I|l/ŠSI 6/?h¾|!3!7N]!=">$v&c(*0,-!p135>,-,XI 6/*01="4(+*'576|

 

8 à < ŠJQ/*'?^"%6/?ÌsQ/!=6-">6 E p$0">:+"f¿">Q/:V8U(+!=ES(#N u6h54Z7!3:+Z^*0! T 5>Ly~^I ">$'*'(U@^&c5>La&‡8!3:+ZS*013!`:+5>IJ(+*'6 ?LM57:z(Q/!6 !{S(j?>!=6/!3:V"4(+*'576XQ/*0?>QJ&w8.<!=!=E

6 !( T 5>:+xS8=­ `:5hA $'!=,-8f"%6<Eo8H57$'IJ(+*'576 8=N (!G "$0 /1*#&&'7 "L#&' )&&*% #ON)&'C"'*b1* -,f[Q/ 3#%
I*O/4l<¿54ZyN + !!#1%N -Î ././, N
 

8 V< !iN>}P"%*'(m=,h"%6gÌN ]">:H(+:*2EJ?>!ŠyN !!=!3:+*'6/?<N !*08H(+">6 1!Z>!=1(57:],XI/$'(*213"78U(j:+5>IJ(+*'6 ?./:5>(5J157$)N !#"6$N1CG %"$0% "$0% AQ
& "$% a6 3#%R,!"LO'Ia `\1"&' C^4lC¿54Z7!3,XAC!3: -Î ./,/, N


N )+*+,-)/6


8 $ < uXN¬!3$0,X@ !XNzn ">:*06 ">1=1*j!3(=N‹"%$cN `:5>(5J157$]*'6<EJ!3.C!36 E/!36^(i,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(H&w8H.<"%:V8H!-,-5JEJ!rÁM. *',9&w8H,;Äe­ `:5>(5J157$)(

 #%33QA"'^./ 9!!"' !a3#% l 7I/6/! -Î ././, N
 

8 ( < ŠkN  N 6 5>$0!=8H(+">6/*cNFu˜8U(+5>.J&w"%6 EJ&c?75B~^I/!3I *'6/?BLM:V"%,-! T 5>:+xDLM5>:h1576/?>!#8U(+*'576K,h"%6 ">?>!3,-!=67(#N 0 & 212(43 5 a^& (6
 %( *#*&5X5"$L 31C"LN#O76K"LR 686 Z  #/O/1 Z*#\626;XlJ. "%?7!=8 ,:9C1Î , l/ŠS!3.J(+!3,iA<!=: 1Î ./. */N
 

V/,

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 †eN *06/*'5>(*28;¬NRŠJ"%$2"%,h" l !iN`!=!3Z>!#8h"%6 EÍOpNRŠSQ/!3I«N Ìs5>,-. ">:*28H576G5>Lf,iI/$'(*213">8H(;:+5>IJ(+*'6/?ª">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,h89LM5>:hQ/*0?>QJ&w8.<!=!=E
6 !( T 5>:+xS8=N   aL*#%"'*6   R )+5:T 5*%l Î1./. $ N
8 =< 

uXN!!3,-!=:+8RŠyN.p!=8Q "[Zi">6 EgŠyN/ŠSQ !36/x7!3:#N|u6 ">$'@J8*08s"%6 E;8*0,XI/$2"4(+*'576;5%L«"LY"%*0:s~^I/!3I *'6/?9"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,bN 6K"LRO AQ%&_F, X7 




! & 12  3 56 X5Z&'  l/. ">?>!#8 Î 9CÎ ÃJlJŠS!3./(!3,iA<!=: 1Î .0,/. N

8 :;<
  

!3576͊kN -NsŠJQ/*'6 -N 6 N`">6 E CQ/!=6/? T N Š^(V"4(*28H(*213"%$:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!o157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6Í54Z>!=:h!(+Q/!3:+6/!(hLM57:;,h"%6SIJLY"71e(I :*06/?

">IJT (57,h"4(*05>6b8@S8H(!=,h83N 6K"$ LO ZQ&7-, 45# R  aL%=$Q/^ #O7XH: *#%C*%& ^ \&' 9l . ">?>!=8 -Î . Ã 9 Ã *^ÃJl
8 ,< 

-Î ./.0. N
 

8 .< ^"%,-!#8n_9N pI :5^8H!X">6 E p!3*'(Qr}ºNy578+83N  % 31"(!G "$0% AQ CX  O/G MXK/"$R#:LJN z!="%:V85>6b‚`EJI 1="4(+*'576qu8*0" l
/Ã */*^ÃJN
 

8Î * < -N 6 1N T !35>6«l7ŠyN -N>ŠSQ/*06;"%6 Ei}B57:xS,h"%6 6 N<u1VQ/*0!3ZS*'6 ?f:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!15>,-,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576i54Z7!3:z!(+Q/!3:+6/!3( T *v(+Q-"7E/"%./(*0Z>!_(:V"4ˆ;1

8,-5S5%(Q *'6/?<N 6K"$ RT,\4 5# R fZ%=LQ%^c#O XH/ *#*& a^\&'  2 f:X 23 )+.'< 6/% #\&$ AQ/3%
(T  T=6
Xl^.<"%?>!#8 . * 9CÎ *0*/l V/Î 5q"[@h&_Ã 7I/6/!Ã *0*/* N   

¿XKN 5q"%$2157$', ">6 EB}ºN CQ "%5<NX¬">:+Er:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!-157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6r*06D,XI/$'(*0./$0!;">1313!=8+86 !( T 5>:+xS8=N "'# -, 5L#% R 7


8 Î>Î <
^\&'31N&el ]57$)N . ­ : ( 9yÎ * : l -Î ./. (/N  

</N 5o54@7N 5oI $v(+*01=">8H(j!{S(!=6 8H*05>6<8z(55^8H.JLUN  ." 6 #QA"'^. a#O/#%"$O\& "$#/06 (!G "$0 % "$0% AQ & "$ 66K"LL%
 

8Î Ã <
! T0l 5q">:+1VQ 1Î ./. $ N
 

8 Î1V< ŠkN<ŠSQ/!=6/x>!=:ÌN ]"%:(:+*0EJ?7!">6 EbN 6 I/!=:*06|NjŠS.C!=1*'W<1="4(*05>6b5>L‹?7I "%:V"%6^(!=!=E;~^I ">$'*'(U@;5>Lz8!3:+ZS*013!>N  ).)0:)7lyŠS!=.J(=N 1Î ./. : N
iN zN p57,-.<!=$'$2" <N>ÌN ]"78~^I ">$'!s"%6 E 6 N%ÌN z57$'@Sm=578=0N 5oI/$'(*213"78U(z:+5>IJ(+*'6/?LM5>:‹,XI/$'(*0,-!=EJ*2"p157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6|!N  X7 


8Î $ <  
"$#%&1#/1C*%&N(N1CG %"$0 ZQ%l ]5>$cN Î Á)¿5 N V Äe­ Ã ,0=-9 Ã . Ã/l 7I/6/! 1Î .0./V N


 

8Î ( < !3(=N ">$)N ŠkN _$0">x>! !XN _$2">1V%x 5KNCÌ_"%:+$085>6«N‹u6b">:+1VQ *v(+!=1e(+I/:+!LM57:EJ*vdy!3:+!36^(+*0"%(!=Eb8!3:+ZS*013!=8=N   ) -"4l !!#1%N -Î ./.0, N
  

8 Î1=< ¾`N yQ "%6/?ŠyN !!=!3:+*'6/? !XNk‚`8H(:+*06rŠyN|ŠSQ/!36 x>!3:f"%6 E !XN y">./. "%$2"/N8HZS.|­u 6/! T :!#8H57I/:+13!:!#8H!=:Z4"%(*05>6o./:+5%(+5S135>$cN 
(!G "$0 #1QA# 1 3lCŠJ!3.J(+!3,XAC!3: 1Î ./.0V N
 

u6 EJ:+! T ŠyN O‹"%6/!=6^A<"%I/,bN  !"(!G "$0&eN j:+!36^(*21!p¬">$'$«5%L†w6<EJ*0" l 1Î .0. : ÁYORQ/*0:VE‚sEJ*v(+*'576<ÄeN



8 Î;:;<
ÌN ]!36/x4"4(+:+">,h"%6/*">6 EÍOpN_ŠyNÌsQ/*0I/!3Q|N ŠSI/./.C5>:(*06/?K:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!(:V"4ˆ;1b5>6Í!(+Q/!3:+6/!3(=N 6K"$ RT "4   5L#% R 7


8 Î1,<
 ^\&'31N& a^\&' il . "%?7!=8Ã , Ã 9 Ã ,/= l -Î ./. $<N




8 Î1.< _*06q}P"%6/?g">6 EBÌsQ ">5%& >Io¬5>I|Nfu 8I/:Z7!3@5>6q,iI/$'(*213">8H(:+5>IJ(+*'6 ?g"%6 Eq*v(V8~^578!{S(!=6 8*'576|­R./:57A/$0!3,h83ly"%$0?>57:*'(Q ,-8=l<">6 E
. :5>(5J157$08=8N  N1CG %"$0 #1QA# 1 l ]5>$cN Î $CÁY¿5<N Î Äl/n/!3A :I ">:@Ã */*0*/N


¬I/6/?>& f*'6/?qOs@7">6ªÌsQ<"%5%& 7ID¬5>I _*'6ª}P"%6 ?q"%6 E `"%5>& 5q*'6FÌsQ/!=6|N T 5^8p!{S(!=6 8*'576B(+5r1A/(=N   X7  "L#&1T %
 

8 Ã* <
(!G "$0% AQ>l 7I/$0@Ã *0*7ÃJN
   

8Ã Î < zN }P"%6/?;">6 E  NkÌs:5 T 1:+5%La(#N T 5^8:+5>IJ(+*'6/?-LM57:8I/./.C5>:(*06/?;:+!=85>I/:V1!p:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6«N   Z%"'#% -, %!*#%;X5"$#&(-,

 %( *#*<l<ŠS!=.J(=N -Î ./.0= N
  

8 Ã>Ã <  ]">I/$ zN/} Q/*'(!7Nj8HZS.o"%6<Eg*06^(!3?7:+"%(!#E8!3:+ZS*013!=8_*'6(+Q/!*'6^(+!3:+6/!(#­juÀ(+IJ(57:*2"%$cN    (a*#*&el 5q"[@ 1Î .0. : N


8 à V< <NJ}D:5J1$2" T 8x^*cN]ŠS.<!#1*'W<13"%(*05>6b5%L‹(Q !15>6^(+:57$'$0!=ES&‡$057">E;6/!( T 5>:+xh!3$0!3,-!36^(8!3:+ZS*013!>N  ).)0.%lyŠS!=.J(=N 1Î ./. : N

8 Ã$ < !iN ]!3:+,-"X¬N CQ "%6 ?X"%6 E !XNSn/!=::V"%:+*)N 6 I ">:+">6^(!3!=*'6 ?EJ!3$2"[@ U*'(H(+!3:_A<57I/6 E/8s*06;. ">1Vx7!(`8 T *v(V1VQ/*06/?X6/!3( T 57:xJ8=N 6?"$RO ZQ&

F,."'*%('3 56  #1 f   6 ("'4' #"$% #%l . ">?>!#8 V ( 9 $ = l^u./:*0$ -Î ././Î N
 

¬XN yQ "%6/?<NŠS!3:+ZS*013!XEJ*2813*'./$0*06/!=8LM5>:?7I "%:V"%6^(+!3!=E.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6 13!8H!=:ZS*21!*06q. "71Vx>!(8 T *'(+1VQ/*06/?;6/!3( T 57:xJ8=N 6K"$ LO ZQ&7-,


8 Ã/( < 
4_l ]57$)N , (/Á Î *7Äl \f1e(57A<!=: 1Î .0. (JN
¬XN CQ<"%6/?;">6 E !XNyn/!=::V"%:+*cNs"%(!&w1576^(:+5>$«8H(+"%(*21e&‡./:*05>:+*'(U@g~^I/!3I/*06/?</N 6?"$RO ZQ& F,      121243 5.*%6 ;#;"L#


8 Ã =< 
1)&1\6 Xpl . "%?7!=8Ã>Ã : 9 Ã V/= l 1Î .0./V N  

V/.

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 




 "!$#%&('*),+.-/#021314&5+7682),+.94:3#8#<;=),9>:?)$9!$#@&.!,AB#02-/9C4B)D:E9FG;3H)DI24;13!,9J68#%:$:),K4#%:,#L;32)$/FM9B!E),K4#8+.!:,C46868#%:$:?FMC4&9B1J'
#%!$2),+.9ONQP CR6DKS:T),9B!,+.3A!$#%UVC3+.!$#8-/#8V)$:L9J6868C3!/WK3#8SX689V),!$9&.&5+.3AY:TJ:T),#8-4#8#%;4:0)$9-/+5V)D2+.Z2ZC31J)$9 ;4H),#=:T)$H)$#"9F)$K3#
689V),!$9&.&5#<;:TJ:T),#8-=N[ FM#8W#8\J-/13&5#<:]9F:TC46DK^:,J:?)$#8-_:]+.468&5C4;3#"4# )?W`9!$a-_24A#%-b#%V)0:TJ:T),#8-=cd+54;3C4:?)$!,+72&`6 9BB)$!,9B&
:,J:?)$#8-=c4;XYCJ),9B13+.&59)@:,J:?)$#8-=N_efK3#%3#8gB#8!]:T),9!$+.3A>4;X13!,9J68#%:$:T+.3A>&.!,AB#/-/9C3V)$:9Fh;32)$>+7:i!,#<UBC4+5!$#%;jc>;4H)$k4:,#
-_2R2A#%-/#8V)l:,J:?)$#8-m+7:lC4:T#<;jNonhK3#4#8#%;0FM9!p;3H)D2k4B:T#-_24A#8-/#%B)p:, :T),#%-qFM9!p:T),9!D2AB#G2R;013!$9J6 #<:,:,+54A92FR&.!,AB#Gg9B&5C4-b#<:
9Fl;32)$/24;r),K4#kR:,+.6+7:,:,C3#%:h+.>!,#%&.2),+.94&s;4H)$k4:,#-/42AB#8-/#8V):TJ:T),#%-/:@tvuEwx`XP3y`K4zg#k{#8#8=13!$92FMCR:T#%&5I;J+7:$6 C4:$:T#<;r+.
:T)$4;32!D;b;3H)D2k4B:T#h&.+()$#8!DH),C4!,#:,C46DK_:E|5}2cB~3cH€R4;bW#EB:,:,C3-/#`),K42)p),K3#!,#<;J#%!l+7:&5!$#%B;J@F2-/+.&5+72!pW+5),K/)$K3#%:,#+7:,:,C3#%:%NonhK3#
FM9J6 CR:92Fs)$K3+.:`6DK41J),#%!+.:G!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#;4H)$k4:,#-_24A#%-b#%V)G:TJ:T),#8-_:tuonwxhP4yo),KRH)`!,#CR:T#<;/+5I;32)$@+.V),#%4:T+.g#!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#
1313&.+.6%H),+.9R:8c3:,C46DK=:h3#8)?W9B!,a_-_2R2A#%-/#8V)E:TJ:T),#8-_:%cJ+5R;JC4:T),!$+.&O6 9V)$!,9B&s:,J:?)$#8-_:%c42CJ)$913+.&.92)E:TJ:T),#%-/:%cJ# )D62N
[:p),!D;3+()$+59B42&{;3H)D2k4B:T#E:,J:?)$#8-_:;394cV!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#E;32)$2kR:,#:TJ:T),#%-/:2&7:T9]:,#8!$g#:!$#81{9B:,+5),9!$+.#%:o92FO&72!$A#gB9&.C3-/#%:G92F‚;32)$
4;Y13!,9Hg +7;J#/# ƒI6 +.#8V)0:T),9B!$A#cj!$# )$!,+.#8gH&vcl24;Y-_23+.13C3&7H)$+59B92F;3H)D3NI„E9HW`#8gB#8!<cj),K4#8!$#I2!$#/"FM#%W +.-/1R9B!T)D2V)];J+5†{#%!,#%46 #<:
k{# )?W`#8#%")$!$B;J+5),+.94&s4;>!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#i;3H)D2k4B:T#<:8N
‡Eˆ<‰Š‹Œ(hŽJŒ {‰.‰z‘8‰8’p“2‰8”v•‰%‰2h‹`‘8–3<—<‰%”$Œ –4z‹V˜™ŽV‹<”T‹V“z‹z’,‰G‹VzŽ‹.‰<‹V˜ šv”$Œ(Š‰GŽB‹<”T‹V“H‹z’T‰E˜ Œ ‰`Œ(”™ˆz‰p”?‰Š]›2– 7‹V˜ ‘2ˆz‹7‹H‘ š
”?‰MŒ ’T”$Œ ‘ ’G–œj”™ˆ<‰’?”?– 7‰%ŽLŽB‹<”T‹J”$Œ(ŠiŒ(zž0‘ –4<’T”™7‹Œ(<”?’`Œ(Š]›2–B’T‰%ŽL–3”™ˆ<‰ŽB‹<”T‹V“H‹z’T‰–3›2‰2Ÿ‹<”$Œ –3z’%V‹VHŽ]”™ˆz‰@›2‰2.œM– *Š‹Vz‘8‰
žB–B‹V˜ ’%
eY#h#8&72k{9!DH),#),K4#%:,#`+7:$:TC3#<:l+5L),K3+7:6DK41J),#%!%N¡¢)pW9BC3&.;Lk{#%6 9B-/#h68&5#<2!),K42)p),K3#<:T#h+7:,:,C3#<:-_a#h;J#%:,+5ABb4;b;J#8gB#8&.913-/#8V)o92F
/:$H),+7:TF6™)$9!$/!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#@;3H)D2k4B:T#i21413&5+7682),+.9"-0C46DK>-/9!$#i;3+(ƒI6 C4&()4;"689-/13&.+.6%H)$#%;>6 9-/14!,#<;_)$9L)$!$B;J+5),+.94&s;4H)$k4:,#
1313&.+.6%H),+.9‚N
nhK3+7:06DKR21J)$#8!0KR:LkR#%#8^9B!,AV23+.£8#<;YB:]FM9B&5&.9HWE:%N¤eX#"¥4!D:?)0k4!,+.# ¦4#8\J-/+53#"¤FM#8W 1313&.+.6%H)$+59B4:]3#%#%;J+.3AY:TC3141R9B!T)b92FE
!$#%&('*),+.-/#E;3H)D2k4B:T#BN§E#8\ )%cVW#!$#8g +.#8W¨:T9B-b#9Fs),K3#EkR:,+.6689468#81J)D:+./),!D;J+5),+.94&3;3H)D2k4B:T#h)$#%6DK34+.UVC3#)$K4H)`2!$#`!$#8&.#8gHB)p)$9
)$K3#];J+7:,68C4:,:,+.94:`+.r)$K3+.:©KR21J)$#8!<NGP C3k4:,#%UVC3#%B)$&5BcJW#i#%&.kR9B!$2),#+.-/13&.+.6%H),+.9R:h92F‚)$K3#i),#%-/1R9B!$&O6DK42!D6 ),#8!$+7:?)$+.6%:92Fo;3H)Db+5=
!$#%&('*),+.-/#i;4H)$k4:,#Noªl+5R2&.&5Bc3W#@;J+7:$6 C4:$::T9B-/#i689468C3!$!,#%46 I689V),!$9&j13!$92)$9J6 9&7:),K42)68"k{#@C4:,#%;>+5>!$#%2&5'*),+.-b#@;32)$k4:,#%:%N
« ¬®­"¯]°²±¤³ ´¶µ·±¤±¤³8¸8¹¯ºo¸8»L¼=½¾»0¿®À´E¯]³DÁ{Âø8° ´¶Äůºl¯]Æ=¯@½l´E½
¡Ç"),K3+7:h:T#<6™)$+59BrW`#!$#8g +.#8WÈ0FM#8WÉ:,-b14&5#i21314&5+7682),+.94:G),K42)3#8#<;_),9/C4:,#!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#i;3H)D2k4B:T#<:8NonhK3#%:,#i21313&.+768H)$+59B4:`2!$#)$K3#
!$#813!$#%:,#8V)DH),+.g#<:9F`>6 !$9B:$:?'Ç:,#%6™)$+59B92Fh21314&5+7682),+.94:K4zg +.3A>:T),!$+.3A#%B)),+.-/+54A>!$#%UVC3+.!$#8-/#8V)$:%NL[C34;J#%!$:T)$4;J+.3A"9FG)$K3#%:,#
1313&.+.6%H),+.9R:hW9BC3&.;"&.# )EC4:hg +.#8WÊ),K3#@+7:,:,C3#<:;3;J!$#%:$:,#%;I+.>),K3#]:,C3k4:,#%UVC3#%V):,#%6 ),+.94:h+.¤b13!,9B1R#%!1R#%!$:,1{#%6™)$+5gB#N
ËiÌHÍOÎBÏVÐ<Ð_Ñ0Í{ÒsÓ8ÌHÍ{Ô?Õh[:&5!$#%B;J_;J+.:$6 CR:,:,#%;"+5=Öp\3-b14&5#b}9FoP #<6b}N.}c +5R;JC4:T),!$+.&s689V),!$9&j:,J:?)$#8-_:h2!$#C4:,C4&5&.IH),)$6DK4#%;_)$9
:,#84:,9!D:4;B6™)$C4H)$9!D:8NinhK3#L:,#8R:T9B!$:-/93+5),9B!)$K3#b:T)$2),#L92F:,9-/#0!$#%&('¢W`9!$&.;=13!$9J6 #<:,:,#%:%c{4;=)$K3#b689V),!$9&.&.#8!D:E-_23+.13C3&7H)$#
)$K3#igz&5gB#%:%NG©9V),!$9&s;J#%68+.:,+.94:h2!$#-_B;J#ik4:,#%;r9I)$K3#i+5413CJ)E;3H)DL4;>6 9V)$!,9B&5&.#8!h6 9BJ¥4AC4!$2),+.9_14!$-b#8),#%!$:%N¡Ç413CJ);32)$
!,#/A#%3#8!DH)$#%;XFM!$9-×¥R#8&7;Y;3#8g +.68#%:]:,C46DKd:0:T#%4:T9B!$:%cj)$!$4:T-/+5)T)$#8!D:8cl24;:,W+()D6DK3#%:i)$K4H)b2!$#/68934#%6™)$#%;X),9=)$K3#r689V),!$9&.&5#%!%Ø :
;32)$_B68UVC3+7:T+5),+.9>+5V)$#8!,F6 #<:8cR24;=2&7:,9LFM!$9-Ù92)$K3#8!689V),!$9&.&.#8!D:g +7/+5V)$#8!,'¢689V),!$9&.&5#%!6 943#%6 ),+.94:%NGnhK3#]+.313C3);3H)D_24;")$K3#
689V),!$9&.&5#%!p6 93¥4AC3!DH)$+59B014!$-/# ),#%!$:l!$C3/+5V)$9i:,#8gB#8!D2& -/#8AV2k V),#%:o9F{+.JFM9B!,-_H)$+59BL#%g#%0FM9B!-/9 ;3#8!DH),#%&50&.!,AB#`:,J:?)$#8-_:8Noª39B!
:,C46868#%:$:?FMC4&O91{#8!DH)$+59B>9Fo_)?V14+.6%2&O13!$9J6 #<:,:689V),!$9&O1313&.+.6%H),+.9‚c3),K4#]gH2&.g#]6 9BV),!$9&jK4B:h),9_k{#06DK4+5#%g#%;>W+5),K=)$K3#06%6 C3!D68
9F`rFM#8WÚ-/+.&5&.+G:,#%6894;3:%N0nhK3#%!,#8FM9!$#cs)$K3#_;3H)D2k4B:T#L),!D24:$6 ),+.94:K4zgB#]),9=k{#_6 9-/13&.# )$#%;XW+()$K3+.rFM#8WÛ-/+5&.&5+7:,#%6 9B4;3:%cO#8gB#8
}

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 C3R;J#8!W`9!D:?),'¢6%:,#&.9BB;I9B")$K3#]:, :T),#%-=N
ÒsÓ<ÏVÌzÒlÏVÓ
OÏVÌ ÎBÏ  3Ò {ÏQÏVÒsÓBÕ/¡ÇB)$#8!$3# )i)$!$2ƒ_6LK4B:AB!,9HW13K3#849-/#84&5&.+.)$K3#_&.B:?)FM#8WÛ#<2!D:8N][&.:,94c‚B;JgH2468#%;
3#8)?W9B!,a:,#8!$g +.68#%:i2!$#b+5468!,#<:,+54A&.¤kR#<6 9-/+.3A¤zgH2+.&.k3&5#/:)$K3#_¡ÇV),#8!$3#8)@:,#8!$g +.68#L14!,9Hg +7;J#8!D:/tM¡TP :$yg +5#b)$9>-_+5V)$+5X),K4#8+.!
#<;JA#"9Hg#8!0#%6DKd9),K3#%!%NYn‚9HWh2!D;X),K3+7:L#84;jc:T#%!,g +76 #I13!$9Hg +.;3#8!D:]2!$#I+.46 !$#%B:T+.3A&.X;3#813&.9H +53AX:T#%!,g +76 #I-_2R2A#%-/#8V)b:,J:?)$#8-_:
t*PJP3y N4[EPJP"&.# )D:2=¡TP ¨6 !$#%2),#i24;"13!$9HgV+7;J#¡ ¨:T#%!,g +76 #%:h:,C46DK=:h# '¢-_2+.&vc G§0c ‚wE[ ¨;J+5!$#%6 ),9B!,I:,#8!$g +.68#%:%cV#8)$6NnhK3#
PJXP0:T),!$#%-b&.+.3#%:l2&.&59J6%H),+.9L92F4!$#%:,9C4!$68#%:j)$9@:TC3kR:,68!,+.kR#%!$:%cz!,#<:T9BC3!D6 #G-_42AB#8-/#8V)%c24;0689V),!$9&.&.+53A2&.&V),K3#h!$#8&.#8gH2V)4# )?W`9!$a
689-/1R9B3#8V)D:EH)_:,+.3A&.#06 #%V),!D2&.+5£%#%;>1R9B+5V)+.=),K4#]3# )?W`9!$asN[PJP=3#%#%;3:),9IC4:,#0/!$#%&('*),+.-/#];3H)D2k4B:T#iFM9B!E1R#%!TFM9B!,-/+.3A
CJ),K39B!,+.£%2),+.9OcOCJ),K4#8V),+7682),+.9Oc‚4;Y68689C3V)$+53A"FM9!i)$K3#_¡ÇV),#%!,3#8)@C4:T#%!$:%N/nhK3#IPJPX-0C4:T)@-_24A#/:TC46DK;32)$=:i:,#%:$:T+.9
:T)$2),C4:B:W`#8&.&j:`+.JFM9!$-_H),+.9>2k{9CJ)h)$K3#i3# )?W`9!$asc :,C3k4:$6 !$+.kR#%!%cJ2R;r1{9&.+.68+5#<:  +5"),K3#FB6 #i92F),K3#i C3-0k{#8!h9Fl:,C3k4:$6 !$+5k{#8!D:
!$C333+.3A/+.B)$9_-/+5&.&5+.9R:8Npu#<2&5'v)$+5-/#];32)$2kR:,#-_2R2A#%-/#8V)E:TJ:T),#8-_:!,#C4:,#%;"),9/-_2+.V)$2+.>),K3#<:T#@;32)$4N

 4ÎÏ Î2Ì *ÓÑLÍRÒsÓ%ÌzÍ{Ô
OÐ8Ó<Ï fÕi¡Çr:,1468#%68!$2FŸ)%csI6 9BB)$!,9B&:,J:?)$#8- +.:!$#%:,1R9B4:T+.k3&.#@FM9!),K3#/:,C46868#%:$:?FMC3&9Hg#%!$&5&O9B1R#%!$2),+.9
9Fp),K3#b:T14B6 #<6 !DHFŸ)%N¡¢)+7:&.:,9I!$#%:,1R9B4:T+.k3&.#@FM9!!,#<6 #%+5g +.3Ar6 9B-/-/4;4;6 9BV),!$9&O+.JFM9!$-_H)$+59B¤FM!,9B- )$K3#0AB!,9BC34;¤689-/13CJ)$#8!<N
[m:,14B6 #%68!$2FŸ)6 9BB)$!,9B&O:TJ:T),#%- -_2+.V)$2+.4:E689V)$B6™)EW+5),K¤)$K3#]AB!,9BC34;>6 9V)$!,9B&OC4:,+53AIV),#8442#Bc3!,#<6 #%+5gB#8!D:8c34;>),!D24:,-/+(),),#%!$:%N
nhK3#E689V),!$9&3:,J:?)$#8-Û-b9B3+5),9!D:p:,#8g#%!$& 142!D2-/# )$#8!D:l!,#%&5#%gzV)l)$9i),K3#:TC46%6 #<:,:TFMC3&J91{#8!DH)$+59BL9FR)$K3#:,1468#%68!$2FŸ)l)$K3!$9C3ABKb:,#8gB#8!D2&
:,#84:,9!D:-/9BC3V),#%;I9r4;_W+5),K3+.r)$K3#:,14B6 #%68!$2FŸ)%Nl¡Ç"B;3;J+5),+.9_)$9L6 9BV),!$9&.&5+.3A@)$K3#!$#8ABC3&72!G9B1R#%!$2),+.9_9Fj),K3#i:T1R6 #<6 !DHFŸ)<c)$K3#
689V),!$9&.&5#%!@2&7:T9=-/93+5),9B!$:)$K3# TK4#%2&5),"K !"9F)$K3#r:,1468#%68!$2FŸ)+5)$:,#8&5F]tM1{9HW#%!%cj)$#8&.#8-/# )$!,Bc#8)$6N y NrnhK3#_!$#8&.+.k3+5&.+5)?!,#<UVC3+5!$#8-/#%B)D:
FM9B!h:,C46DK=:TJ:T),#%-/:h;J+76™)DH)$#!$#%;3C34;346 _+.>&5&jKR2!D;JW`!,#24;":T9FŸ)?W`!,#6 9B-b1{94#8V)$#:  +.46 !$#%B:T+.3AL),K3#ig9B&5C4-b#92Fo;3H)DL4;
B;3;J+.3A])$9@),K3#i6 9B-/13&5#8\J+()?b92F‚;32)$0-/42AB#8-/#8V)<NlnhK3#6 9BB)$!,9B&5&.+.3A@+53FM9!$-/2),+.9_-_2+.V)$+53#<;_k b),K3#6 9V)$!,9B&5&.#8!+.468&5C4;3#)$K3#
)$!$B6Dab+.JFM9B!,-_H)$+59BONpnhK3#g9&.C3-/#92F;32)$L-_2+.B)D2+.3#%;IkV/)$K3+7:haV+.4;r92Fl1313&.+.6%H)$+59B4:G+7:`!,#%&.2),+.g#%&5_:,-/&5&j4;I!$#%:T),!$+.6 ),#<;/),9/
FM#%WÊ-/#8AV2k V),#<:9Fl+.JFM9B!,-_H)$+59BOcJk3CJ))$K3#i),+.-/+54AI24;"1R#%!TFM9B!,-_46 #@H),),!$+5k4CJ),#<:2!$#gB#8!$I:?)$!,+.3AB#8V)%N
$¤ÏV&Ó %0ÍR(Ì ') 3Ò {Ï^Ï Òs*Ó
OÐ%Ó%Ï fÕG[f4# )?W`9!$a0-_24A#%-b#%V)G:TJ:T),#8-ÛFM9!G-b9J;J#%!,_4# )?W`9!$a :p6%2_k{#UVC3+5),#689-/13&.# \jNonhK3#
3#8)?W9B!,a=-_2R2A#%-/#8V)i:,J:?)$#8-×:T),9B!,#<:4;;J#<2&7:W+()$KX&72!$A#b2-/9C3V)D:9F`;32)$"1R#%!T)D2+.3+.3Ar)$9"9B3#8)?W9B!,a>)$91{9&.9ABcO6 9BJ'
¥4ABC3!DH),+.9‚c3#%UVC3+.13-/#8V):,# ),),+.3AB:%c4#8)$62Nh¡ÇB;3;J+5),+.9Oc{:TW+5)$6DK3#<:E6 !$#%2),#@&72!$A#]-b9BC3V)$:9F;3H)D/1R#%!T)D2+.3+54A/),9I3#8)?W9B!,ar),!DHƒI6
4;"F2C3&5)$:%N`nhK4#]3# )?W`9!$ar689V),!$9&*cJ-_24A#8-/#%B)<c42R;¤;J-/+.3+.:T),!DH)$+59B"9B1R#%!$2),+.94:E&5#<;"),9I:,#8gB#8!D2&j!$#%2&5'*),+.-b#i)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:
9Br)$K3#];3H)D2k4B:T#FM9B!E:?)$9!$+53A/2R;>B6868#%:$:T+.3AL),K3#@!$#8&.#8gH2V)E;32)$3N
nhK3#i;32)$2kR:,#E!,#<UVC3+5!$#8-/#%B)D:FM9B!`),K3#i2k{9Hg## \32-/13&.#1313&.+.6%H),+.9R:GgH2!$/+5"),K4#8+.!G)$+5-/+.3A/!,#<UBC4+5!$#8-/#8V)D:8cBFM!,9B--/+.68!,9V:T#<6™'
9B4;3:)$9r-_2aB#]!$9CJ)$+53A";J#%68+.:,+59B4:E+._4# )?W`9!$a"-_2R2A#%-/#8V):TJ:T),#%->cR),9"-/+5&.&5+7:,#%6 9B4;3:EFM9!91{#83+.3Ar4;6 &.9B:,+.3A_92FgH2&.g#<:
+.^2d+.4;JC4:T),!$+72&13!$9J6 #<:,:]689V),!$9&1313&.+.6%H)$+59BOcl4;d:,#%6 9B4;3:iFM9B!]-_H)$#8!$+.&.:@-/9HgB#8-/#8V)]9d=FB6™)$9!$¦49 9!<N"„9HW#%g#%!%c+5!,'
!$#%:,1R#<6™)$+5gB#]92Fp)$K3#0-_2AB3+5),C4;J#L92Fp)$K3#])$+5-/+.3A"6894:T),!D2+.V)%c{WK4H)+.:-/9!$#]+5-/1{9!,)$B)+.:),K42)C34&5#<:,:),K3#0),!D24:$6 ),+.9=)$+5-/+.3A
6894:T),!D2+.V)$:h2!$#i-b#8)%cJ)$K3#]:, :T),#%- W`9C3&7;IF+5&*N
+ À-´ ,"¸ /´ . »L1 ¿ 0 ¯@½o¸ ¹Äůºl¯]Æ=¯@½l3 ´ 2ûL¼=¹´±"ºo½
¡ÇX),K3+7:@:,#%6™)$+59BXW`#b!,#%gV+.#8W IFM#%WÚ!$#8&.#8gH2V)@;3H)D2k4B:T#/6 9B46 #%1J)$:%N/„E9HW`#8g#%!%cjB:&5!$#%B;J=!,#%-_2!$a#%;),K3#<:T#b)$913+768:i2!$#bW+.;J#%&5
689Hg#8!$#%;>+.X:T)$4;32!D;¤;32)$2kR:,#]&5+5),#%!$2),C3!$#0:,C46DKB:0|5}cj~ cjz€*cj4;=),K4#L!$#8g +.#8Wq+5),K3+7:i:T#<6™),+.9¤+7:kV=39"-/#%2R:+.V),#8R;J#%;=)$9
k{#06 9B-/13!,#%K3#8R:T+.g#BN`[Ú!,#%&.2),+.94&O;3H)D2k4B:T#]6894:,+.:T)$:E92FI:,# )9FlFB6™)E)D2k3&.#%:%NÖGB6DK"FB6™)E)D2k3&.#06894:,+.:T)$:E92F:T#%g#%!$&O!,#<6 9B!$;3:%N
¡Çd-_2 1313&.+.6%H)$+59B4:8cl+5)]+.:0!,#<UBC4+5!$#%;),K42)]),K4#r;3H)D2k4B:T#/!$#%689!D;3:@2!$#/13!,#%g#%B)$#%;XFM!$9- B:,:,C3-/+.3A6 #%!T)D2+.XgH2&.C3#<:@9!068#8!,'
)D2+.06 9B-0k3+.4H)$+59B@92FJgH2&.C3#%:%N[:,:,#8!,),+.9R:‚2k{9C3)‚),K4#GgH2&.C3#%:O),K42)‚)$K3#G!$#%689!D;3:O680:$:,C3-/#G2!$#68&5&.#%5; 4&687 9;:<9;=?>@7A4@B4&679;=DCFE8:G7=D9™N
wH)D2k4B:T#21313&.+768H)$+59B4:`2!$#39B!,-_&5&._:?)$!,C46 ),C3!$#%;r+5V)$90)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:8No[È),!D24:$6 ),+.9I+7:hL:,#%UVC3#%46 #92F‚!$#%B;3:`24;"W!,+5),#<:
9BL)$K3#E;32)$2kR:,#G)$9]6DK3+.#8gB#h:,9-/#hK3+.AKJ'¢&.#8g#%& FMC346 ),+.9/92F{),K3#E1313&.+.6%H)$+59BONl[f;4H)$k4:,#`),!D24:$6 ),+.90),!D24:TFM9!$-_:p;4H)$k4:,#
FM!$9- 9B3#]6 9B4:,+.:T),#%B)E:T)$2),#i),9_392)$K3#8!<N§E9B!,-_2&.&.c3;J+5†{#%!,#%V)`)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:h9=/;3H)D2k4B:T#i9B1R#%!$2),#i+5¤"+.V),#8!$&.#%zg#<;r-_J'
3#%!%N/¡ÇV),#%!,&.#%zg +.3A"),K3#_6%6 #<:,:i9F`;J+5†{#%!,#%V))$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:),9>),K4#I;3H)D2k4B:T#/68X!$#8-_2!$aH2k3&.¤+.-b14!,9HgB#0)$K3#/),K3!$9C4AK313C3)@4;
!$#%:,9C3!D6 #CJ),+.&.+5£<H),+.9>92F‚),K3#];32)$k4:,#NonhK3#8!$# FM9B!,#Bc 93#+5-/1{9!,)$B)E+5-+.r)$K3#@;J#%:,+.A>92F;32)$k4:,#:,J:?)$#8-_:`+.:`)$9L-_2\ +.-/+5£%#
)$K3#iVC4-0k{#8!92F),!D24:$6 ),+.94:G),KRH)E68rk{#]6™)$+5gB#2)E])$+5-/#N[É14!T)$+.68C3&72!:T#<UVC3#8468+54AL9Fl6 ),+.94:`9Fl;J+5†{#%!,#%V)`)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:
+7:]68&5&.#%;d HIE=JELK&E9@>59@4NM>&HOPQ>8N¤„E9HW`#8g#%!%c6 9R6 C3!$!,#%V)i#8\J#%6 C3),+.992Fh),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:@682&.#%B;)$9:T9B-/#I;3H)D2k4B:T#I:$6DK3#%;3C3&5#<:
~

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

)$K4H)0g +.9&7H)$#_+5V),#%A!$+()?X92Fh),K4#r;3H)D2k4B:T#BN>wC3#r),9=),K4#r1{9B:$:T+.k3+.&5+5)?9Fhg +.9&7H)$+59BY9F+5V),#%A!$+()?Bcl;4H)$k4:,#%:i49!$-/&5&.!$#%:T),!$+76™)
689468C3!,!$#8V)h# \J#%68CJ),+.9=9F‚),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:G)$K3!$9C3ABKr)$K3#@C4:,#9F-4&687A4@OC;CF> 7 4 B54&687= CF6P CF6=J6 4&68P 9



©9B46 C3!$!$#8468X6 9BV),!$9&G14!,9),9J6 9B&.:0-/+5V)D2+.d),K3#"+5V)$#8A!$+5)?X9F),K3#=;3H)Dk !,#<UVC3+5!$+.3A=),K3#"),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:@),9Y:,2),+7:?FMXFM9C4!

+.-/1R9B!T)D2V)13!,9B1R#%!T)$+5#<:ha 39HW>B:[©¡?w 13!$91{#8!,),+.#%:%NpnhK3#@[©¡?w 13!$91{#8!,),+.#%:2!$#ik3!$+5#8¦4I# \J13&72+.3#<;r+.>),K3#iFM9B&5&.9HW+54A 

Ó%AÍ vLÎ M&Ó  ]ÖG+()$K3#8!@2&.&o9!i39B3#L9F),K4#b9B1R#%!$2),+.94:92FhI)$!$4:$6™)$+59B2!$#b1R#%!TFM9B!,-/#%;ON0nhK4H)i+7:8c‚&5&l)$K3#/91{#8!DH),+.9R:9F

),!D24:$6 ),+.9>2!$#)$9A#8),K3#%!h),!$#%2),#%;>:/:,+54A&.#@+54;3+5g +7:T+.k3&.#C43+()<N
 

Ñ Í{Ò(Ð Ð%Ó%Ï Òl8Î  h[É),!D24:$6 ),+.9"3#8#<;3:h),9/-_2+.V)$+5>),K4#@+5V),#%A!$+()?I6894:T),!D2+.V)$:`9>)$K3#];3H)D2k4B:T#BN



 Ð%Í{Ô 3Ó Í{Ò n!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:h2!$##8\ #<6 CJ)$#%;=6 9B46 C4!,!$#8V),&.I:h&.94A/B:`),K3#%";J9/39)+5V),#%!TFM#%!,#i+.=#%6DK>92)$K3#8!<Ø :6 9-/13C3)$H)$+59B4:%N

Ì vÔ NÓ  d[&5&6DKR23AB#%:b-_;J#¤k Qd689-/-/+(),),#%;Z)$!$4:,B6™)$+59BZk{#%689-/#=1R#%!,-_24#8V)I+5S)$K3#;3H)D2k4B:T#Bc:,C3!$gV+.g +54A 
:TC4k4:T#<UVC3#8V)hF2+.&5C4!,#<:8N


‚# )C4:39HWq# \3-b+.3#]K49HWq[©¡?wÛ13!$91{#8!,),+.#%:2!$#@#84:,C3!$#%;=+.I;32)$2kR:,#]+5),K3#L13!,#<:T#%46 #@9F+5V)$#8!$&5#<zg#%;>#8\ #<6 CJ)$+59B¤92F

)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:8NlefK3+.&5##%B6DK_),!D24:$6 ),+.9_13!$#%:,#8!$g#<:6 9B4:,+.:T),#%46 /92Fj)$K3#i;3H)D2k4B:T#2)+5)$:`k{9C34;42!$+5#<:8c @)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B/),K42)GF2+.&7:
)$906 9B-b14&5#8),#-/+5ABKV)68C4:T#h)$K3#E+.V),#8AB!,+5)?09Fs),K3#;4H)$k4:,#h),9@k{#Eg +.9&7H),#<;jNou9&.&5kR6Da014!,9),9J6 9B&.:p!,#C4:,#%;b)$9]#8R:TC3!$#EH)$9-/+76 +5)?
4;¤;JC3!D2k3+.&.+()?"13!,9B1R#%!T)$+5#<:WK3#%/),!D24:$6 ),+.9>F2+.&7:h),9r689-/13&.# )$#Nh¡?:T9B&.2),+.9¤68¤kR#0#84:,C3!$#%;>),K4!,9BC3AK>),K4#]C4:,#]92Fp&.9 6Da +.3A
4;r!$9&.&.k46Da_13!$92)$9J6 9&7:%N
‚# )EC4:# \32-/+.3#@K39HWq_!,9B&5&.k4B6DaI13!$92),9J689&jW`9!$a :%NG¡¢Fb)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B ]!$#%B;3:_gH2&.C3#i),KRH)Wh:W!$+5)T),#%¤k "2kR9B!T)$#%;
)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B ,c ),K3#% -0CR:?)Ek{#]2k{9!,),#<;I)$9b#%JFM9!D6 #)$K3#]H)$9-/+.68+()?r13!,9B1R#%!T)?BN¡Ç=9),K3#%!W9B!$;3:%cJL),!D24:$6 ),+.9r-/+.AKV)E3#%#%;


)$9bk{#@!$9&.&5#<;rk4B6Dar2R;r!$#%:T)$!T)$#%;"kR#<682CR:T#i+5)EK4;"!,#<;>bgz&5C4#)$K4H)EWh:h14!,9J;JC468#%;"k r:T9B-/#9),K3#%!h),!D24:$6 ),+.9"WK3+.6DK=AB92)

 

kR9B!T)$#%;jN_„E9HW`#8gB#8!<cj+()L-0C4:T)@kR#_!$#8-/#8-LkR#%!,#<;)$K4H)]!$9&.&pk4B6Da :@6%2Y&5#<;),96%:$68;3#%;kR9B!T)D:8N_¡ÇX),K4+.:]689V),#8\ )%c‚!$9&.&.k46DaJ:

K4zgB#L+.-/1R9B!T)D2V)@+5-/13&.+768H)$+59B4:FM9!@!$#%&('*),+.-/#b1313&.+.6%H),+.9R/:  !$9&.&.k46DaJ:92FŸ),#%X+.-/13&.C34;39+.3A>:,+.A3+5¥R68V)@-/9C3V)$:9F`6 '
689-/13&.+.:,K3#%;"W`9!$a  ),K3#@!$#%:,C3&5)$B)E;J#%&.zr+5=!$#%;J9B+53AL),K4#@W9B!,aI689C3&7;>-/a#@L),!D24:$6 ),+.9"-b+7:$:h+()D:E;J#%B;J&.+53#BN
n9/#84:,C3!$#)$K3#];JC3!D2k3+.&.+()?I14!,9B1R#%!T)?BcV9B46 #@L),!D2R:,B6™),+.9>6 9B-b-/+5)$:%c3+5)682>39)hk{#]2k{9!,),#<;jcJ3#%+()$K3#8!+5)$:h#8†{#<6™)$:6DK423AB#%;
;JC4#I),9Y68B:,6%;J+.3A2k{9!,)$:%NY©`B:,6%;J#%&5#<:,:]kR9B!T)D:06%2dk{#>B6DK3+5#%g#<;Xk #8R:TC3!$+.3A¤),KRH)L#%g#%!,X),!D24:$6 ),+.9!$#%;4:]94&5d;32)$
gH2&.C3#<:hW!,+5)T)$#8=k r6 9B-b-/+5)T)$#%;"),!D24:$6 ),+.94:%N
 À´E¯]³$Á{Âø8° ´ Äůºl¯]Æ=¯@½l´E½
x`# FM9B!,#bW`#LC3R;J#8!D:?)D24;),K3#/gH2!$+.9C4:+.:$:,C3#%:i:$:,9 68+.2),#<;¤W+()$KX!$#%&('*),+.-/#b;4H)$k4:,#%:%csW#b-0CR:?)@C34;3#8!D:?)D24;K39HWÚ"!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#
;32)$k4:,#_;J+(†s#8!D:iFM!$9-·>)$!$B;J+5),+.94&;3H)D2k4B:T#BNInhK3#8!$#I2!$#b),K3!$#8#_-_2+.d6 9BC3V)$:i9WK3+76DKY),K3#<:T#/)?W`9=)? 1R#<:@92F;32)$2kR:,#%:
;J+5†s#8!<Nª+.!D:?)<cJC33&.+5aB#)$!$B;J+()$+59B42&j;32)$k4:,#%:%cV),+.-b+.3A_6 9B4:T),!D2+.B)D:!,#i:$:,9 68+.2),#<;_W+()$Kr)$K3#@;J+5†{#%!,#%B)9B1R#%!$2),+.94:h68!,!$+.#%;_9BCJ)
9B>!$#%&('*),+.-/#];3H)D2k4B:T#<:8NhP #%6894;Oc4!$#%2&5'*),+.-b#];4H)$k4:,#%:hKRzg#i),9I;3#%2&W+()$K=),#%-b1{9!D2&;3H)DI6 9B-b1R2!$#%;r),9r:T)$2),+76@;3H)DI:+.
)$K3#b6%:,#09F),!D;J+5),+.9R2&o;3H)D2k4B:T#<:8N@nhK3+.!$;OcR)$K3#b1R#%!TFM9B!,-_2R6 #0-/#8),!$+.6%:)$K4H)@2!$#0-/#<23+.3A2FMC4&)$9r)$K3#L),!D24:$6 ),+.94:92F)$K3#%:,#
)?W`9b)?V1{#%:h9Fo;4H)$k4:,#%:h!,#ig#%!,I;3+(†s#8!$#8V)%NpeY#@39HWÊ#8&72k{9!DH),#),K4#%:,#i),K3!$#8#i+7:,:,C3#%:%N
Ï  GÍRÌ 4Ô JÓ wH)DLWK49B:,#gH2&.+7;J+()?r+.:`&.9B:T)2FŸ),#%!h),K3#i#8&721R:T#92Fo:T9B-b#i13!$#%:,1{#%6 +5¥4#<;_),+.-/#@+5V)$#8!$gz&j2!$#6%2&.&5#<;I)$#8-/1R9B!$&
;32)$b9!1{#8!$+7:TK4k3&.#i;4H)$4NpÖp\32-/13&.#%:h9Fl:,C46DK¤;3H)DL+.468&5C4;3#i),K3#iFM9B&5&.9HW+54A4N
  

©94:,+7;J#8!0),K3#>1R#%!,+.9J;J+76r;32)$AB#83#%!$2),#<;kVd),#8-/1{#8!DH)$C3!,#>:T#%4:,9!<NXnhK3#r),#8-/1{#8!DH)$C3!,#>:T#%4:,9!])$!$4:,-b+5)$:b:$2-/13&.#%;

),#%-b1{#8!DH)$C3!$#;3H)DX1{#8!$+.9 ;3+.6%2&.&5Q),9),K4#6 9BB)$!,9B&5&.#8!<c:$zQ#%g#%!,®} Y-/+5&.&.+.:,#%6894;3:%NÊ[:_3#%W )$#8-/1R#%!$2),C3!$#!$#%B;J+54AB:
kR#<6 9B-b#@zgH2+.&72k3&.#cV),K4#@9&7;r)$#8-/1{#8!DH),C4!,#@;32)$bkR#<6 9B-b#]:T)$&5#@4;"!,#i!$#%;JCR6 #%;r),9I!$6DK4+5gH2&j;32)$4N


©94:,+7;J#8!E:T),9J6Dar-_!,aB# )13!$+.68#]UBC492)$2),+.94:%N[:3#%WÉ14!,+76 #]UVC39)$H)$+59B4:6 9B-/#@+5Oc{;3H)D/1R#%!T)D2+.3+.3A/),9I14!,#%gV+.9CR:UBC492)$2'


),+.94:hk{#%689-/#%:h9Bk4:,9&.# ),#BN

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ©94:,+7;J#8!),K3#_689V),!$9&.&5#%!9Fr¦4V'*k V'*W+.!$#L2+.!D6 !DHFŸ)%NLnhK3#0¦RB'¢k V'*W+.!,#b2+.!$68!$2FŸ)+7:# \J1{#%6™)$#%;),9"),!Dzg#%&l&59B3A>"13!$#%;J#8'

),#%!,-/+.3#%;¤1RH),K‚NiÖGg#%!,rFM#8Wm-/+.&5&.+.:,#%6894;4:8c{),K4#b689V),!$9&.&5#%!E!$#%6 #%+5gB#%:E),K3#/6 C3!$!$#8V)&()$+()$C4;J#csgB#8&.9 68+()?Bcj24;B6868#8&.#8!DH),+.9
;3H)DLFM!,9B-ÙgH2!$+.9C4::,#84:,9!D:h-/9C3V)$#%;>9>),K4#02+.!$68!$2FŸ)%NGª4!,9B- )$K3#]!$#%6 #%+5gB#%;>;3H)D_24;")$K3#]&7:T)6 9-/13C3),#%;=1{9B:,+5),+.9=92F
),K3#2+.!$68!$2FŸ)%c+5)689-/13CJ)$#%:p)$K3#68C3!,!$#8V)G1{9B:,+5),+.9/92Fj)$K3#2+.!D6 !DHFŸ)G2R;b),K3#;3#8g +.2),+.9_9F{)$K3#+5!D6 !DHFŸ)pFM!$9-Û),K3#13!,#<;J# )$#8!,'
-/+53#<;=14H)$KON„#8!$#c4),K3#068C3!$!,#%B)1{9B:,+()$+59BOcR&()$+()$C4;J#Bc4g#%&59J68+()?Bc424;=B686 #%&5#%!$2),+.9>gH2&.C3#%:E!,#i)$#8-/1{9!D2&‚;32)$
 3WK3#8!$#%B:
),K3#";3H)D=!,#%13!,#<:T#%V),+.3A>),K3#I14!,#<;J# )$#8!$-b+.3#<;X1RH),Kd+7:]>)$!$B;J+()$+59B42&G39J'*),#%-/1R9B!$&G;3H)D3N>nhK3+.:0# \32-/13&.#I21413&5+7682),+.9
:TK49HWE:),K42)L=!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#_;32)$2kR:,#_W9BC3&.;YK4zgB#b),9;J#<2&GW+5),Kdk{92)$K),#%-b1{9!D2&:iW`#8&.&:@!$6DK4+5gH2&;3H)D3Nr¡Çd:,C46DKd
:TJ:T),#%->co¤;32)$2kR:,#b9B1R#%!$2),+.9-/+5ABKV)L6 9B-b14CJ),#_!$#%:,C3&5)$:]k Y6 9-Lk3+.3+54A=),K3#IgH&5C3#<:@92FE:,#8gB#8!D2&o),#%-/1R9B!$&G:@W`#8&.&B:
2!D6DK3+.gz&j;3H)DL+5),#%-_:8N
DÒ ÉÑLÍ{ÒÐ%Ó8Ì vÒsÓ%ÐÍ{Ò JÓ( 4Ð% Ï  GÏVÌ JÓ vÍRÒlÐ =nl:,aJ:04;d)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:0!,#>:T+.-/+5&72!/2k4:T),!D6 ),+.94:0+5Q),K3#¤:,#84:,#
)$K4H)]k{92)$K!,#/C34+()D:@92FhW9B!,aB:iW#%&5&B:]:$6DK3#%;JC4&5+.3A4N_„9HW#%g#8!<cjC33&.+.a#_!$#%2&5'*),+.-b#b)D:,a :%c‚"),!D2R:,B6™),+.9Y# \J#<6 CJ)$+59BX-/+.AKV)
 

!$#%UVC3+.!,#-/ /;4H)$0!,#<6 9B!$;3:G+5"# \36 &.C4:,+5gB#E-/9J;J#Np[E&7:,94c WK3+.&5#),K3## \J#%68CJ),+.9I),+.-b#<:`92FO)D:,a :68I!,#<:,94k3&.Lk{#B:,:,C3-/#%;/)$9

k{#;J#8),#%!,-/+.3+.:T),+762cz)$K3#)$!$4:$6™)$+59Bi# \J#%68CJ),+.9i)$+5-/#%:l2!$#-LC46DK@-/9!$#C3313!$#%;3+.6 )$2k4&5#Bc<#<:T1{#%68+.&5&.i+(F4;3+.:,aB6868#%:$:T#<:O2!$#!$#%UVC3+.!,#<;jN
ËÏBÌ ¢ÍRÌ  3ÒÎB)Ï mÏVÓ8Ì Î nhK3#L-b9V:?)i6 9B-b-/9B1R#%!TFM9B!,-_46 #@-/# )$!,+76@FM9B!&5&l;3H)D2k4B:T#<:  !,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#]9B!39/)  +.:),!D2R:,B6™'
)$+59BX!$#%:,1R9B4:,#]),+.-/#Nbª39!)$!$B;J+()$+59B42&o;32)$2kR:,#L:, :T),#%-_:8cs)$K3+.:@6DKR2!D6™)$#8!$+.:T),+76]k{9+.&7:;39HW),9"),K4#b C3-LkR#%!i92FG)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:


689-/13&.# ),#<;Y1R#%!@C33+5)@),+.-b#BNInhK3+7:@-/#%:,C3!$#8-/#8V)),K3#%!,#8FM9!$#/+.:iC4:,#%;YK3#<zg +5&.¤+59B1J),+.-/+5£%+53A=)$K3#Izg#%!$A#]!$#%:,1{94:,#b),+.-b#/FM9B!

)$!$B;J+()$+59B42&t393'*!$#%&('*),+.-/#<yh21413&5+7682),+.94:%NGª49!!$#%2&5'*),+.-b#];4H)$k4:,#%:h9B>),K3#@9),K3#%!EK42R;jcJ),K4#@)? 13+.6%2&O-/#8),!$+.6i9Fl+.V),#8!$#%:T)E+7:
)$K3#@ C3-0k{#8!9F)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:`-b+7:$:T+.3Ab),K3#%+5!;J#%B;J&5+.3#<:h1R#%!C33+5)E),+.-/#N
  !"$# % %&(')*,+.-/0!1,23-/4"!1!"5 0!
w #%:,+5AB¤92F_!$#%&('*),+.-/#0;3H)D2k4B:T#]1313&.+.6%H)$+59B¤+.:-0C46DK¤-/9!$#]+.V),!$+.6%H),#i)$K42X;J#%:,+5AB¤92F;32)$2kR:,#%:hFM9B!39BJ'*!$#%&('*),+.-/#@21313&.+5'
6%H),+.9R:8N ‚# )C4:+. g#<:?)$+5AVH),#i)$K3#b!,#<:,94:k{#8K4+54;¤),K3+7:8N¡Ç!,!$#%:,1{#%6™)$+5gB#]92FWK4# ),K4#8!!$#%&('*),+.-/#09B!39)%cs;3H)D2k4B:T#@)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:
K4zgB#I# \ )$#84:,+5gB#";32)$¤!$#%UVC3+.!$#8-/#8V)$:%NXnhK4#8!$# FM9!$#co+.Z6%:,#I92FE!$#%&('*),+.-/#";32)$2kR:,#%:%cl+5F),K4#>;32)$+.:b:?)$9!$#%;+.ZX:T#<6 9R;32!$
:T),9B!$A#c2),K3#;J#8&7z0+.r6%6 #<:,:,+54A)$K3#;4H)$0682_-_a#Ei)$!$4:,B6™)$+59Bb-/+7:,:G+()D:;3#%;3&5+.3#No[E&7:,94cV+()`kR#<6 9-/#<:G2&.-/9B:T)+5-/1{9B:$:T+.k3&.#
)$9>14!,#<;J+.6 )@),K3#_!$#%:,1{94:,#b),+.-b#/FM9B!i),!D24:$6 ),+.94:i;JC4#L)$9=),K3#_+.V),!$+.6%H)$#b14!,9),9J6 9B&.:i:,C46DKYB:@6 9B46 C3!$!$#84686 9V)$!,9B&l14!,9),9J6 9B&.:%c
689-/-/+()h13!$92),9J689&7:8c 24;I!,#<6 9Hg#%!,b13!$92)$9 689&7:C4:,#%;I),9L-/+5V)D2+.I),K4#6894:,+.:T),#%46 /9FO),K3#i;32)$2kR:,#NpP #%6894;J&.c !$9&.&RkR6DaJ:G6%2
K4zgB#6%:$68B;J+54AL#8†{#<6™)$:24;=68"+.V),!$9J;JC46 #iC3413!,#<;J+76™)$k3&.#]2-/9C3V)D:9Fo;3#8&7zN
¡Ç¤)$K3#]FB6 #]9Fp),K3#b2k{9Hg#]-/#%B)$+59B3#%;13!,9Bk3&.#8-_:8cR+()i-/+5ABKV)2131{#%!E)$K4H)C4:T#L92FG;32)$k4:,#%:+7:+5-/13!D6 ),+7682&+5K42!D;=!,#<2&5'
)$+5-/#I21413&5+7682),+.94:%N/„E9HW`#8g#%!%cO:,#8gB#8!D2&o:T+.&.g#8!@&.+.3#%:i#8\ +7:T)%N_ªl+5!D:?)<c‚C4:,#/92Fh2Y+5J'¢-/#8-/9!$;32)$k4:,#b6%2Y-_2a#/-_2 ¤9F)$K3#
13!$9k4&5#%-/:gH23+7:TK‚Nª3C4!T)$K3#8!<cR+5)-LC4:T)k{#L!$#8-/#8-LkR#%!,#<;>),K42)+.!$#%2&5'*),+.-b#L21313&.+768H)$+59B4:%c4)$K3#L:,# )92Fp),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:E2!$#0:,+5-/13&.#
4;X!,#La 39HWXk{# FM9B!,#bK44;Zt#N A4NL1R#%!,+.9J;J+.6/:,#84:,9!C31s;3H)$#<y NbnhK3#<:T#b)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:!,#L¥3\J#%;X+.)$K3#_:T#%4:T#L),KRH)i),K3#%C4:,#
)$K3#]:,-/#]2-/9C3V)4;")?V1{#%:E92Fp;3H)DL#<6DK>),+.-/#N`nhK3#8!$# FM9B!,#BcJ13&.4:`FM9!# †s#%6™)$+5gB#@!,#<:T9BC3!D6 #C4:,A#@68=kR#]-_B;J#),9I6DK4+5#%g#
;J#8),#%!,-/+.3+.:T),+76),!D2R:,B6™),+.9"# \J#%68CJ),+.9R:8N
6 287=:¯ 9p¯@¹`ºl´ 9¸ ½‚ºo¸ ¹½ »L¿ÊÂZ´° ±Y;» 9p¯]³QÄ ¯ºo¯
[ )? 13+768&l!$#%&('*),+.-/#_:TJ:T),#8- 6 9R:T+7:?)D:92F`=689V),!$9&.&5#<;:,J:?)$#8- t#8 g +5!$93-/#%B)™y24;Y"689V),!$9&.&.+53A=:, :T),#%- t689-/13CJ)$#8!™y™N/¡Ç
9),K3#%!W9B!$;3:%c ),K4#]6 9V)$!,9B&5&.+54Ab:,J:?)$#8- -_+5V)$+5R:2>+5-_2AB#i92Fl),K3#@#%Vg +.!,9B3-/#8V)h),K3!$9C4AK>1R#%!,+.9J;J+.6i1{9&.&.+53A/9Fo:,#84:,9!E;4H)$4N
< )$K3#r9),K3#%!LK44;jcl),K4#r#8 g +.!,9B3-/#8V)0+7:0;J 4-b+76I+.^42),C3!$#r4;a#%#814:L6DK423AB+54A+()D:0:T)$2),#rC4313!$#%;J+76™)D2k3&.NnhK4#";32)$
!$#813!$#%:,#8V)$+53Ar),K3#I68C3!$!,#%B)@:T)$H)$#L9FG)$K3#_#8 g +5!$94-b#%V)+7:@2Y# \32-/13&.#L9FG)$#8-/1R9B!$&;3H)D"4;X+.:K3+.AK3&.1{#8!$+.:,K4k3&5#BNL[:@2
#8\J-/13&5#Bc‚6 9B4:,+.;J#%!@22V),+.-/+.:$:T+.&.#b:,J:?)$#8-=NL¡ÇY)$K3+.:%cj)$K3#I6 9BB)$!,9B&5&.#8!-_2+.V)$2+.4:i6%6 C3!DH)$#L+.JFM9B!,-_H)$+59BYkR9BCJ)i),K3#_:T)$2),#/92F
)$K3#r-/+7:,:,+5&.#IAB+5gB#8k X+5)$:01R9V:T+5),+.9OcogB#8&.9 68+()?Bcl4;d6%6 #%&5#%!$2),+.9;3H)D3N¤nhK3#_)$!$> =?#%6™)$9!$9Fd+5R6 9-/+.3A-/+7:,:,+5&.#I+7:]C3413!,#8'
;J+76™)D2k3&.#4;/)$K3#V),+.-b+7:$:T+.&5#:TJ:T),#%- -LC4:T)-_2+.V)$2+._)$K3#:T)$2),#92Fj),K4#-/+.:$:,+5&.#AB+5gB#8_k /+()D:68C3!$!,#%B)`1R9V:T+5),+.9‚cBgB#8&.9 68+()?BcV4;
B686 #%&5#%!$2),+.9_gH2&.C3#<:`2)h /),+.-b#BNnhK3#i6 C3!$!,#%V)+.JFM9!$-_H),+.9"-_2+.B)D2+.3#%;rk /),K3#i6 9BB)$!,9B&5&.#8!h:,K39C3&7;Ik{#i6 9R:T+7:?)$#8V)hW+()$Kr)$K3#
B6™),CR2&s:?)DH),#92FO)$K3##8 g +5!$93-/#%B)<NlnhK4+.:&5#<;3:G),90),K3#39),+.9I9FO),#%-b1{9!D2&s6 9B4:,+.:T),#%46 BNlnhK3#3#%#%;/)$9L-_2+.V)$+5r6894:,+7:?)$#8468
k{# )?W`#8#%Z6 ),C4&`;4H)$92FE)$K3#>#8 g +5!$93-/#%B)<cp24;^),K42)b1{#8!D6 #%+5gB#%;dk Y),K3#=6 9BV),!$9&.&5+.3A:,J:?)$#8-3#<6 #%:$:,+()DH),#<:])$K3#>392)$+59B^92F
?

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 =J>

6CFE8P 4&67 9;:<9;=J> 7 4 BHN¡Ç=:,C3k4:,#%6™)$+59B N ?4N.}c W#i#%&.kR9B!$2),#),K3#@492),+.9>92F),#%-b1{9!D2&6 9R:T+7:?)$#8468N
P +.468#I),K4#rgH2&.C3#%:L92F:T#8)L92FE1R2!D2-/# )$#8!D:@92F)$K3#"#% gV+.!$93-/#8V)L!,#r!,#<6 9!D;J#<;X+.QX;3H)D2k4B:T#_)D2k3&.#"AB+5d2R;^2AV2+.Oc
)$#8-/1R9B!$&H),),!$+5k4CJ),#<:_92F),K3#<:T#;4H)$Y-LC4:?)Ik{#:T),9B!,#<;jNf¡Ç®:TC4k4:T#<6™)$+59B JN ?RN5}BcW`#¤#8&72k{9!DH)$#"K39HWÙ),#%-/1R9B!$&E;3H)Dd682¨k{#
!$#813!$#%:,#8V)$#%;=+.Xr;4H)$k4:,#N¡ÇX;4;J+()$+59B¤),9r),#%-b1{9!D2&o;32)$3cjr!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#0;32)$k4:,#]-_z¤2&7:T9r689V)$+5X2!D6DK3+5gH&;32)$I:,C46DK


B:),K4#0;J#%:,+.!$k3&5#@#% gV+.!$93-/#8V):T)$2),#rt#N A4Nh!$9k{92)142),KRy NEnhK3#8!$# FM9B!,#Bc4!$#%&('*),+.-/#];3H)D2k4B:T#<:E:TK49C3&7;=kR#L2k3&.#@),9rK424;3&5#LkR9),K

)$#8-/1R9B!$&B:@W#%&5&`:L2!D6DK3+5gH&G;3H)D3N ),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:@-/+5ABKB)LK4zg#/)$96 9B-0k3+.3#r:,#8gB#8!D2&p)$#8-/1R9B!$&;32)$¤4;1R9V:,:,+.k3&5
:,9-/#_2!D6DK3+.gz&p;3H)Dr)$9;J#8!$+.g#/3#8W ;3H)D3NIª49!@# \3-b14&5#BcO+5d>!$9 6DaB# )<cj),K3#I:$2-/13&.#%;Xg#%&59J68+()?Bc6%6 #%&5#%!$2),+.9OcO4;1{9B:,+5),+.9
gH2&.C3#<:682>k{#@C4:T#<;>W+()$K")$K3#@13!$# 'Ç:?)$9!$#%;";J#%:,+5!$#%;"142),K¤;3H)DL),9b),!D6Da_)$K3#@142),K>#8!$!,9B!%N
   0%:+* 
 +.-&!1(! 0- '

n#8-/1{9!D2&R6894:,+7:?)$#8468b9F‚;3H)D@!$#%UVC3+.!,#<:p),K4#6 ),C4&{:T)$2),#92Fj),K4##8 g +.!,9B3-/#8V)2R;/),K3#:?)DH)$#!$#813!$#%:,#8V),#<;/k L)$K3#;4H)$k4:,#

{k #/g#8!$¤6 &.9B:,#b4;+.2 ¤68:,#bW+()$K3+5X),K4#b&.+.-b+5)$:!$#%UVC3+.!,#<;k =),K4#/1313&.+.6%H)$+59BON]n‚#%-/1R9B!$&o6894:,+7:?)$#8468¤92F;32)$"K4:)$K3#
FM9B&5&.9HW+54AL)?W`9b-/+5=!$#%UVC3+.!,#%-/#8V)$: 

oÐ%Í{Ô Ó%Ï 3ÔD M&Ó  nhK3+7:E+7:h)$K3#039),+.9=92F6894:,+.:T),#%46 "kR#8)?W#%#8=)$K3#]#8 g +.!,9B3-/#8V)24;=+5)$:!,#8¦4#%6 ),+.9=+.=),K3#0;4H)$k4:,#

A+.g#%rk I)$K3#];3H)D/6 9&.&.#%6™)$#%;"k _),K3#]:,J:?)$#8-¾2k{9CJ)h),K4#@#8 g +5!$93-/#%B)<N
  

 rÏ Ô JÓ( {ÏÑ0Í{ÒlÐ vÐ8Ó<ÏVÒl8Î  hnhK3+7:h+.:),K3#@39),+.9>92Fo6 9R:T+7:?)$#8468r2-/9B3Ab),K3#];32)$L),KRH)2!$#C4:T#<;"),9_;J#8!$+.g#i3#8Wq;32)$3N


x`# FM9B!,#W## \3-b+.3#),K3#<:T#39),+.94:`+.r-/9!$#;3# )$+5&*c &5#8)C4:`# \32-/+.3#K49HWÈ;3H)D]+5),#%-/:6%2"kR#!,#%13!$#%:,#8V),#<;I+."L!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#
;32)$k4:,#4;"),K3#@492),+.9>92Fpb!,#%&.2),+.g#i6 9B4:T+7:T),#8R6 r:,# )<N
¤Í %×Ó<Í rÏ ÌHÏ Ð<ÏVÒsÓ JÓ )™Ó<Ï ^Ð vÒ "Ï 4Ô  ^Ï 3Ó 3Ð<Ï
[Û;3H)D_+()$#8-;6%2k{#0!$#813!$#%:,#8V)$#%;=:/),!$+514&5#8); 7tMgH2&.C3#Bc zg +*c )$+5-/#%:T)$-/1Ry™NnhK3#@),K4!,#%#L6 9B-/1R9B3#8V)$:92FGI;4H)$I+()$#8-;2!$#
      

;J#%392)$#%;/:
VWK3#8!$# ];J#8492),#<:o),K4#),+.-/#EWK3#8/-/#%B:TC4!,#%-b#%V)92Fj;0)$9 9a014&.B6 # j+7:



)$K3#]2k4:,9&.CJ)$#gH&5+7;J+5)?r+.B)$#8!$gH2&sFM9!h)$K3#];32)$b+()$#8- ;"4;>!,#%13!$#%:,#8V)$:),+.-/#@+5V)$#8!$gz&jFM9&.&.9HW+53AL),K4# I;JC3!$+53A/WK3+76DK


 "!$#%&' %#()*+-, /.0!213,'.4 5-, /.0!213,'.4 &&' 

)$K3#_;3H)DI+5),#8- ;+7:6894:,+7;J#8!$#%;=)$9"KRzg#Lk4:,9&.CJ),#bgH2&.+.;J+5)?) ]!$#814!,#<:T#%B)D:E)$K3#bgz&5C4#L!$#%689!D;J#%;=FM9B!;ON0ª39B!#8\32-/13&.#cj

6-, /.0!213,'.4

;32)$>+5),#8- ; bt?}z~ 3c 2-_:T#<62c.} -_:T#<6%y!$#814!,#<:T#%B)D:E)$K3#_gH2&.C3#b92FG)$K3#I;32)$"+()$#8-×)$9=kR#=}<~ 3cj!$#%689!D;J#%;2)_} -_:T#<62cjW+5),K2

78
9:!

k4:T9B&5C3),#igH2&.+.;J+5)?I+.V),#8!$gH2&j9F 2-/:,#%6N
<;  7=  
  
>=

"ÏVDÔ JÓ  RÏÑLÍ{Ò(Ð Ð%Ó%Ï Òl8Î 
‚ÏVÓÕ

©9B4:T+7;J#%!E_:T+5),C42),+.9=WK3#%!,#]_:,# )E9Fo;32)$/+5),#%-/:EC4:T#<;>),9I;J#%!,+.g#@/3#%WÉ;4H)$4Nª49!h),K4#0;J#8!$+.g#%;>;32)$/+5),#8-_:E),9_k{#]6 9!$!$#%6™)<c


)$K3#:T#8)o9Fs;4H)$+5),#8-_:o9BLWK3+76DKb+()+7:ok4:,#%;0-0C4:T)pkR#!$#8&7H)$+5gB#8&.@6 9R:T+7:?)$#8V)pW+()$K/#%6DKL92)$K3#8!<Nª49!p# \3-b14&5#BcH+5_2/2V)$+5-/+7:,:,+5&.#

:,J:?)$#8-=cJ),K4#06 C3!$!$#8V)Eg#%&59J6 +5)?r4;>1R9V:T+5),+.9¤9Fo/-/+7:,:,+5&.#]68=kR#]CR:T#<;r)$9_13!$#%;J+76™)+5)$:E3#8Wq1{9B:,+()$+59BONG¡Ç>),K4+.:68:,#c4+()W`9C4&.;
k{#]+.46 9B!,!$#%6 )`)$9_C4:,#]2=#%!,&.+5#%!E:,-/13&5#<;>1R9V:T+5),+.9=W+5),K=),K4#@g#8&.9J6 +5)?rgH2&.C3#i)$9I;J# )$#8!$-b+.3#i)$K3#]3#%WÊ1{9B:,+()$+59B=92Fo),K3#@-/+7:,:,+.&5#BN
¡ÇI9),K3#%!GW`9!D;3:%c!$#8&7H),+.g#6 9R:T+7:?)$#8468L#%4:,C3!,#<:p)$K4H)`93&._6 9V)$#8-/1R9B!$!,b;3H)D@+5),#8-_:`2!$#EC4:,#%;/)$9L;J#%!,+.g#3#8W®;32)$4NlnhK3#:T#8)
9Fp;4H)$/+5),#%-_:E)$K4H)!,#@!$#8&7H)$+5gB#8&.r6 9B4:,+.:T),#%B)W+()$K¤#%6DK¤9),K3#%!%c3FM9!$-¾/!$#8&7H)$+5gB#]6 9R:T+7:?)$#8468":,# )u]N{Ö6DK=u +.::$:T9J6 +7H)$#%;
W+5),K^¤!$#8&7H)$+5gB#_gH2&.+.;J+5)?+.V),#%!,gH2&tM!$g +7y cl;J#%392)$#%;k  ?N¤nhK3#I!$#8&7H)$+5gB#I6 9B4:T+7:T),#8R6 9Fh),K3#r;4H)$+()$#8-_:]+.),K3#r!,#%&.2),+.g#
6894:,+.:T),#%46 ":T#8)6%2=k{#];J# )$#8!$-b+.3#<;rk rCR:T+.3A p:h#8\J13&.+54#%;"kR#%&59HW@N
?A@B 
C?A@B 

xh:,#%;r9>),K4#]2k{9Hg#i;J+.:$6 CR:,:,+59B4:%cVW`#]68"49HWÊ;J#8¥43#i),K4#]6 9R;J+()$+59B4:`FM9!Ek4:,9&.CJ),#@2R;r!$#8&7H)$+5gB#gH&5+7;J+5)?r:`FM9B&5&.9HWE: 

D ÑLÍ{Ò M(Ó Í{Ò ¢ÍRÌ oÐ<ÍRÔ ‚Ó<Ï 3ÔD M&Ó  [ ;3H)Db+()$#8-Ù;>+7:2k4:,9&.CJ)$#8&.IgH2&.+.;jc4+(†Zt

 E   GFIH<J"J:KL) Vy
NM3OPK0QR, /.S!T13,'.4 VUW&' 

D ÑLÍ{Ò M(Ó Í{Ò ¢Í4Ì rÏ DÔ JÓ  RϤÑ0Í{ÒlÐ vÐ8Ó<ÏVÒl8Î  `[Ê:,# )hu®9F‚;3H)D0+5),#%-/:+7:!$#8&7H)$+5gB#8&.b6894:,+7:?)$#8V)%c +5†

C  EXYZ#2X[8\[]^?`_  ,  .0!213,
.4 Q
8,\  .0!21N,'.4 _&UW? @B 

  oÔÏ OÕ +5gB#8I)$#8-/1R9B!$&R;32)$i+5),#%- t?} D~ 8} %yj24;L)$K3#gH2&.C3#9Fj68C3!$!,#%B)p)$+5-/#B:G~ HN

¡?:`)$K3#@A+.g#%>;32)$b+5),#8-¾2k4:,9&.CJ)$#8&.IgH2&.+.;
aAb c d e fg; h# -=  $O iLKLj$#  $O iLKLj  -OPiLK"j
Zk

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur


‚ÍRÔ ‚Ó(Í{Ò ¡¢)K4:k{#8#%¤A+.g#%")$K4H) Û} 3NhP 94c{;=+.:Egz&5+7;¤;JC3!$+.3A_),K4#]+5V)$#8!$gz&Ok{# )?W`#8#8~ b4;~ 4NG„E#%46 #Bc4)$K3#
AB+5gB#8=;3H)DL+5),#%- _+7:h39)2k4:,9&.CJ),#%&5rgz&5+7;>H)),K4#i),+.-b#@+.4:T)$B)~ L-_:T#<62N
 8
  ;  =  

 8 


  oÔÏ OÕ O#8)h!$#8&7H),+.g#p6894:,+.:T),#%46 :T#8)‚ukR# %),#%-b1{#8!DH)$C3!$#c<13!,#<:,:,C3!$# p24;i&7H) JkR#`~JNGtvByj[!,#o)$#8-/1R#%!$2),C3!$# z>? bc

-_:,#%6bc L-/:,#%6 ]4;r14!,#<:,:,C3!$# ]k4!%c.} 0-_:T#<62c 0-_:T#<6 @!,#%&.2),+.g#%&5I6894:,+.:T),#%V)
aAb 6c     7?I@B  ";  'F =

tkRyh[E!$#i),#%-b1{#8!DH)$C3!$# < ? bc b-_:,#%6bc L-/:,#%6 ]2R;"14!,#<:,:,C3!$# 2k4!%c.} -_:T#<62c B~z-_:,#%6 h!$#8&7H),+.g#%&5"6 9R:T+7:?)$#8V)
8=  "; "=  8  k
";  &'F = 8=   =
"; "   k

‚ÍRÔ ‚Ó(Í{Ò /tVyh)$#8-/1R#%!$2),C3!$# z>? bc I-_:,#%6Ic _-/:,#%6 b4;¤13!$#%:$:TC4!,# bk4!%c.} I-/:,#%6c b-_:T#<6 /2!$#]!,#%&.2),+.g#%&5=6 9BJ'
:,+.:T),#%V)%N
 ";  'F = =   = 
:; "  & 

tkRy),#%-b1{#8!DH)$C3!$# < ? bc L-_:,#%6/c 0-/:,#%6 ]4;r14!,#<:,:,C3!$# 2k4!%c.} -_:T#<62c B~H-_:,#%6 h!,#i39)h!$#8&7H)$+5gB#8&.r6 9B4:,+.:T),#%B)<N
";  & F = =   =
"; "  


  oÔÏ jÕ +.g#80),K42)E!$#8&7H),+.g#`6 9B4:T+7:T),#8R6 ]:,# )pu %1{9B:,+()$+59BOc g#8&.9J6 +5)?cH6%6 #%&5#%!$2),+.9 4; } p24;]FM9&5'
&.9HW+54Ah;4H)$h+5),#%-_: Útv~ $~ $~ 8y™c mtv $~ , 8y™c
aAb gc  e A;   +? @B  ; $O iLK"j

t*~ D~ ? ~ $~ 8y™c Ù~ HNI[E!$#/),K3#rA+.g#8d;32)$=+5),#%-/:L2k4:,9&.CJ)$#8&.gH2&.+.; Û[&.:,94co2!$#

$i M NM")P; =:OR# -=-OPiLK"j:# -OPiLK"j 6K:j'M  ; -O-i# -== -OPiLK"j:# -OPiLKLj ! j
j K" KLJ"( NM")P;

)$K3#8"!,#%&.2),+.g#8&.I6 9B4:,+.:T),#%B)
$O#$i"$:# -=:O iLK"j:# $O iLK"j *FIH JLJ:KL) NMGOPKE;
$O iLK"j <k
'k

‚ÍRÔ ‚Ó(Í{Ò o9B:,+()$+59Br+7:E2kR:T9B&5CJ)$#8&.IgH2&.+.;>:@t*~ ~ By ¨~

p#%&59J6 +5)?r+7:2&7:,9/k4:,9&.CJ),#%&5_gH2&.+7;>B:@tv~ d~ By ¨

IQ =   &% 

[686 #%&5#%!$2),+.9>+.:&.:,9_2k4:,9&.CJ)$#8&._gz&5+7;=:@t*~ >~ ?V~ By f~

IQ -==  &%   

ª49!!$#8&7H),+.g#i6 9B4:,+.:T),#%46 BcJW#iK4zgB#)$9_6DK3#%6DaIWK4# ),K4#8!h),K4#];J+(†s#8!$#8V);32)$b+5),#8-_:E!,#14+5!,'*W+7:,#i6894:,+7:?)$#8V)%No¡¢)68"k{#@#%B:T+.&.

 IQ -= '%  

6DK3#<6Da#<;@),KRH)p),K4#`AB+5gB#8/:T#8)p92F{;4H)$+7:o392)p!$#8&7H)$+5gB#8&.]6 9R:T+7:?)$#8V)%cB:T+.46 #`FM9B!lgB#8&.9J6 +5)?024;b6%6 #%&5#%!$2),+.9 t*~ />~ ?V~ y Ê} 4N  -=-= Q = )% ( 


* 2 ,+ L» ¼=¹ 99p´¼=¹ 2 »L¼/º9p»L³S¸8¼ À´¯]³$Á{Âø8° ´ Äůºl¯]Æ=¯@½l´E½

-

Ö6DK;32)$k4:,#])$!$4:,B6™)$+59BC4:,C42&.&5¤+. g9B&5gB#%:6868#%:$:T#<:E)$9>:,#8gB#8!D2&l;3H)Dr+5),#%-/:%cOC4:,+.3A"WK4+.6DKX+()]68!,!$+.#%:9CJ)),K3#/3#<6 #<:,:$2!$

13!$9J6 #<:,:,+54A4N=ÖG6DKdB686 #<:,:@),9;32)$¤+5),#%-/:])$a#%:06 9R:T+7;J#8!D2k4&5#/)$+5-/#co#<:T1{#%68+.&5&.X+5FE;J+7:Ta6%6 #%:$:,#%:]!,#_+. g9&.g#<;jN=nhK3+.:L6 9BJ'
)$!,+.k3CJ)$#%:p)$9@-_2a +54A]n‚!D24:$6 ),+.94:)$9]kR#92Fs&59B3A#%!;JC3!DH),+.9b)$K42I)? 13+768&J)$B:TaL# \J#%68CJ),+.9/+.Ii39J'Ç;32)$2kR:,#h1313&.+.6%H)$+59BON
ª49!+.-/13!,9HgB#%;L),K4!,9BC3AK314CJ)%cB+()G+7:GiAB9 9 ;/+7;J#<),90:T)$!T)p)$K3#E# \J#<6 CJ)$+59B_92FO),!D24:$6 ),+.9/::T9 9_B:o),K3#E),!D24:$6 ),+.9bkR#<6 9-/#<:
!$#%B;J¤tŸ),KRH)h+.:%cJ6 9R6 C3!$!,#%V),&.b&59B3A]W+5),K>92),K4#8!),!D24:$6 ),+.94:2&.!,#<;JbC34;J#%!#8\J#%6 C3),+.9Ry cJ!$2),K3#%!),KR2r#8\J#%6 C3),+.3A])$K3#8-9B3#
2FŸ),#8!E),K3#]9),K3#%!%Nh©9468C3!,!$#8V)h),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:H)2 _)$+5-/#0!,#)$K39B:,#@WK3+76DK2!$#iB6™)$+5gB#/t+vN #Nh:T)$2!,),#<;>k3CJ)E39)#8)6 9-/13&.# )$#<y N
nhK3#/6 9B46 C4!,!$#8V))$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:6%2X91{#8!DH),#L#8+5),K3#%!i+5Y2+.V),#%!,&.#%zgB#%;=9!+.X ?),!$C3&.¤6 9R6 C3!$!,#%VN) !_-_243#8!  +()@;J9 #%:39)
!$#%&5&.-/2)T)$#8!<N^efK4H)/+7:L+.-/1R9B!T)D2V)bFM9!_X:,# )/92F),!D24:$6 ),+.94:0),9YkR#=6 9B46 C4!,!$#8V)L+7:L),K42)/),K3#%^2!$#>B6™),+.g#>H)b),K3#¤:$2-/#
)$+5-/#Np¡¢)`+.:g#%!,bC33&.+.a#8&.L),9]¥R4;r]689-/-/#8!D6 +72&{;3H)D2k4B:T#)$K4H)h;J9 #%:392)`# \J#%68CJ),#+()D:)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:689468C3!,!$#8V)$&5BNl„9HW#%g#8!<c
C34&5#<:,:L),K4#>689468C3!,!$#8V)L),!D24:$6 ),+.94:L2!$#r13!$91{#8!$&5d689V),!$9&.&5#<;jco),K4#8d-_z13!,9J;JCR6 #>+54689!$!,#<6™)b!,#<:TC3&5)$:Lk dg +59B&.2),+.3AX:,9-/#
[©¡?w 13!$91{#8!,),+.#%:%cs#N A4Ni!,#<:TC4&()i!,#<6 9B!$;J#<;¤k =93#L),!D24:$6 ),+.9¤+7:+5-/-/#%;J+7H)$#8&.¤9Hg#%!,W!$+(),),#%¤kV392)$K3#8!<N@[©¡?w 13!,9B1R#%!T)$+5#<:
W`#8!$#b;3+.:$6 C4:$:,#%;X+5dP #%6N JN ~3NLnhK3#/-_2+.Y+.;J#<>kR#%K3+5R; 4&67 4 OC;CN> 7 4 B 4&67"=DCF68PR+7:),9=#%4:TC4!,#b393'*+.V),#8!,FM#8!$#8R6 #=tM+7:T9B&.2),+.9X4;
2),9-/+76 +5)?3y-/93A_;J+5†{#%!,#%V)`)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:%N
C

©9B46 C3!$!$#84686 9BB)$!,9B&2:,6DK4#8-/#%:j49!$-/&5&.#%4:,C3!,#p49J'¢+5V)$#8!,FM#8!$#8468#o-/93Ah)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:sk !$#%:T),!$+.6 ),+.3AE6 9B46 C3!$!$#8V)s),!D24:T'

B6™),+.9R:),9rkR5# 9 >@C;: EP : EIK P > Ni[Ú689468C3!,!$#8V)E#8\ #<6 CJ)$+59B92FI:,# )92Fo),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:+.::$2+7;>),9Ik{#L:,#8!$+.&5+.£%k3&.#c3+5†X)$K3#L;4H)$k4:,#
9B1R#%!$2),+.94:6%2!$!,+.#%;"9CJ)Ek r),K3#%- +7:#%UVC3+.gH2&.#8V)),9I:,9-/#]:,#8!$+.&j# \J#%68CJ),+.9=92Fl),K4#%:,#i),!D24:$6 ),+.94:%Np¡Ç¤92)$K3#8!W`9!D;3:%c36 9R6 C3!,'
/.

!$#846806 9BV),!$9&V13!,9),9J6 9B&.:o&5&.9HWQ:,#8g#%!$&V),!D24:$6 ),+.94:‚),9@6%6 #<:,:oi;3H)D2k4B:T#h6 9B46 C4!,!$#8V),&.cHk4CJ)&5#<zg#),K3#E;4H)$k4:,#h6 9R:T+7:?)$#8V)

k I#%JFM9!D6 +.3A_:T#%!,+72&.+.£%2k4+5&.+()?BN
©9B46 C3!$!$#8468r6 9BB)$!,9B&j13!$92),9J689&7:hC4:TCR2&.&5=;J9B1J)2 "92Fl),K3#@FM9B&5&.9HW+.3A/)?W9/)? 1{#%:92Fp21313!$9BB6DK3#%:%N`©9B46 C3!$!$#8468r6 9BB)$!,9B&
6%2=kR#L6DK3+.#8gB#%;"#8+5),K3#%!Ek ";J+7:,&5&.9HW+.3A_6 #8!,)$+5>)? 1{#%:E9F)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:`FM!$9- 14!,9BA!$#%:$:T+.3A4c 9B!kV=2&.&.9HW+53A_&5&j)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

)$9Q13!$9AB!,#<:,:_W+5),K49CJ)=2 ¨!,#<:?)$!,+76™)$+59B4:_+.-b1{9B:,#%;®9f)$K3#8-=c4;¨)$K3#8Ê13!,C43+54AQ:T9B-/#92F@)$K3#)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:%NÚnhK3#%:,#)?W`9
)? 1{#%:h92Fl6 9R6 C3!$!,#%46 I689V),!$9&{13!$92)$9 689&7:689!$!,#<:T1{9R;/),9/1{#%:$:T+.-/+.:T),+76i24;"91J)$+5-/+7:?)$+.613!$92)$9J6 9&7:%N¡Ç=01{#%:$:,+5-/+7:?)$+.613!$92)$9 689&*c
1{#8!$-/+.:$:T+.9/-LC4:?)kR#E9BkJ)$+54#%;bk Li)$!$4:,B6™)$+59BOc2k{# FM9!$#+5)G1R#%!TFM9B!,-_: 091{#8!DH)$+59BL9BI@;3H)D2k4B:T#h9Bk =?#%6 )%N o#8!$-/+.:$:T+.9R:‚)$9
)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:p)$9bB686 #<:,:;3H)D]+5),#%-/:`+7:`!,#<:?)$!,+76™)$#%;_39B!,-_&5&.0)$K3!$9C3ABK_),K3#C4:,#9F‚:T9B-/#&.9 6Da +.3AL:$6DK3#%-b#BN < 1J),+.-/+.:T),+76:$6DK3#%-b#<:
3#%A&.#%6 )h:,C46DKr1{#8!$-/+.:$:,+59B"6 9BV),!$9&7:4;r&5&.9HWf),K4#)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:)$9bFM!,#%#8&.I6868#%:$: /;4H)$L+5),#8- ),K3#%I!,#<UVC3+5!$#No„E9HW`#8gB#8!<cV2)
)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B=689-/-/+()$-/#8V)%cj_gH2&.+7;3H)$+59B¤),#<:?)+.:6 9R;JC46™)$#%;=)$9rgB#8!$+(FM"),K42)&5&l;3H)D2k4B:T#0B6868#%:$:T#<:-_2+.B)D2+.:T#%!,+72&.+.£%2k4+5&.+()?BN
¡ÇX),K3#/FM9B&5&.9HW+.3A4cjW`#b¥4!$:T)@;J+.:$6 CR:,:@"),!D;3+()$+59B42&o&.9 6Da +.3A2'¢k4B:T#<;6 9B46 C3!$!$#8468=689V),!$9&o13!$92)$9J6 9&p6%2&.&5#<;YL~ Q),K42)i+7:ik{#8+.3A
1{913C4&.!,&.rC4:,#%;+5689-/-/#8!D6 +72&O39BJ'¢!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#];32)$2kR:,#@-/42AB#8-/#8V):,J:?)$#8-_:8NheY#@),K4#8;J+7:$6 C4:$:EK39HWÊ),K4+.:13!$92),9J689&OK4B:
k{#8#%# \ ),#%4;J#<;=FM9!!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#]21413&5+7682),+.94:%NP C3kR:T#<UBC4#8V),&.c{W#0# \32-/+.3#L/FM#%W 91J)$+5-/+7:?)$+.606 9R6 C3!$!,#%46 >6 9BB)$!,9B&‚13!$92)$9J6 9&7:
;J#<:T+.A4#%;rFM9!!$#%2&5'*),+.-b#@1313&.+.6%H),+.9R:8N

;+' (- 2  !"  +.- ' 5 h*0-&' +.-3*+.

eY#/¥4!D:?)0;J+7:$6 C4:$:0~8#cO>1{913C3&72!01R#<:,:,+5-/+7:?)$+.6_689468C3!$!,#%46 689V),!$9&o13!$92)$9J6 9&4;X),K3#%# \32-/+.3#_K39HWm)$K3+7:]13!$92)$9 689&pK4B:

k{#8#%>#8\ ),#8R;J#%;"FM9!!$#%&('*),+.-/#@21313&.+768H)$+59B4:%N
4Ë  J¡¢)G+7:Gi1{#%:$:,+5-/+7:?)$+.6h13!$92)$9J6 9&3),K42)!,#<:?)$!,+76™)D:o),K3#;J#8AB!,#%#`9Fs689468C3!$!,#%46 ]+.I@;32)$2kR:,#N‚¡Ç/)$K3+7:G:$6DK3#8-/#c),K3##8\J#%6 C3),+.9
9F¤),!D24:$6 ),+.9d6 9B4:T+7:T)$:]9Fh)?W914K4:,#%: bA!$9HW+53A=13KR:,#r24;d:TK3!$+.3a +53A13K4:,#N=¡Çd)$K3#rAB!,9HW+.3A=13K4B:T#Bco&59J6DaJ:]2!$#
 

B68UVC3+.!,#<;dk ^)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B^9Q),K3#¤;J#<:T+.!,#<;^;32)$X+()$#8-_:8N O9J6DaJ:b!,#"!,#%&5#<:,#%;d+.^)$K3#¤:TK4!,+.3a +54A13K4B:T#BN < 468#>X&59J6Da+7:



!$#8&.#%B:T#<;Ik "L),!D2R:,B6™),+.9‚cV+5)$::TK3!$+.3a +53A/13KR:,#i:T)$!T)D:8c34;"39bFMC3!T)$K3#8!&59J6DaJ:68"k{#]6%UBC4+5!$#%;rkVr),K3#i)$!$4:$6™)$+59BON

[¾:?)$!,+76™)rL~ ®+7:L),K3#=-/9B:T)_6 9-/-/9Z13!$92),9J689&h+5-/13&.#8-/#%B)$#%;Z+5S6 9B-b-/#%!$68+.&h;4H)$k4:,#%:%N^nhK3+7:b13!,9),9J6 9B&+.-/1R9V:T#<:/2
B;3;J+5),+.94&R!$#%:T),!$+.6 ),+.9I9B>L~ +."),K42)h]),!D24:$6 ),+.9r6%2r492)h!,#%&5#<:,#2 _&.9 6Da/C3V)$+5&jHFŸ)$#8!h+5)`)$#8!$-/+542),#<:t+vN #N689-/-/+()D:9B!
kR9B!T)D:$y NnhK42)+.:%c4&5&‚B68UVC3+.!,#<;>&59J6DaJ:E2!$#i!,#8),C3!$3#<;"k =b),!D24:$6 ),+.9>93&."2FŸ),#%!),K3#]),!D24:$6 ),+.9"),#8!$-/+5RH),#<:9!6 9-/-/+5)$:%N
nhK39BC3AK‚c4)$K3+.::,+5-/13&.+(¥R#%:+5-/13&.#8-/#8V)DH),+.9X92Fp)$K3#013!$92)$9J6 9&*cR":?)$!,+76™)@8~ #d+.:),9 9 $:?)$!,+76™&) !I2R;¤13!$#8g#%V)$:689468C3!$!,#%B)# \J#%68CJ'
)$+59B4:iWK3+76DK689C3&7;XK4zg#/#%B:T+.&.¤kR#%#8d2&.&59HW`#%;W+()$K39C3)0682CR:T+.3A¤2 g +.9&7H),+.9X92F6 9B4:T+7:T),#8R6 ¤92F`),K4#I;3H)D2k4B:T#BNb[:T),!$+.6 )
L~ X),K3#%!,#8FM9!$#+.V),!$9J;JC46 #<:h# \ ),!D/;J#8&7zJ:8N
nhK3#_689 g#%B)$+59B42&L~ S+.:]C34:$H),+7:TF6™)$9!$=FM9!@!$#%&('*),+.-/#/1313&.+.6%H)$+59B4:FM9!]:,#8gB#8!D2&o!,#<:,94: i1R9V:,:,+.k3+5&.+5)?92Fh13!$+59B!,+5)?¤+53'
gB#8!D:T+.94:%c4&.94AIk3&.9 6Da +.3Ar;J#%&.zJ:%cR&76Da>92FG6894:,+7;J#8!DH)$+59B"FM9B!)$+5-/+.3Ar+.JFM9B!,-_H)$+59BOcs24;;3#%;3&59J6DasN[m14!,+.9!$+()?>+.VgB#8!D:T+.9¤6%2


9J6868C3!<cJWK3#8b&.9HWÈ13!$+59B!,+5)?_)$!$4:,B6™)$+59Br+7:K39&7;J+.3AIb&59J6Da"9=_;3H)DL+5),#%-=cR2R;"/K3+.AK=13!$+.9!$+()?/)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B"3#%#%;J+.3A/)$K3#
;32)$+()$#8-mWh2+5)$:lC3V)$+5& )$K3#&.9HW^13!$+.9!$+()?),!D2R:,B6™),+.90!,#%&5#<:,#%:‚),K3#h&.9 6DasNl[Q)$!$4:$6™)$+59B]-/+5ABKV)lC3R;J#8!$A9&59B3Ak4&59J6Da +54A;J#%&.zJ:%c
:,+5R6 #i2 /92),K4#8!`92),K4#8!`),!D24:$6 ),+.9IWK4+.6DK"-b+.AKV)`K4zg#68UVC3+.!$#%;/)$K3#@;3H)D]k{# FM9!$#+()hW9BC3&7;IK39B&.;r+()`),+.&5&j+5)$:h689-/13&.# ),+.9‚c 4;
-/9B:T)h),!D24:$6 ),+.94:h!,#iC4:,C42&.&.I92Fo&59B3A_;JC3!DH)$+59BI)? 1R#<:8N
¡Ç_)$K3#EFM9B&5&.9HW+.3A]W`#+.&5&.C4:T),!DH),#K39HWf;J#%B;J&.9 6DaJ:682_9J6%6 C3!`+5>8~ C4:T+.3Ab2I#8\J-/13&5#BNp©9B4:,+.;J#%!)$K3#FM9B&5&.9HW+.3A0:,#%UVC3#8R6 #
9FoB6™),+.9R:k r)?W9L),!D24:$6 ),+.94: 2R;  WK3+76DK"4#8#%;=B686 #<:,:)$9/)?W9_;32)$b+()$#8-_:E;j}@4;";R~JN
$

  !#"$%!#"$
 $ & !#"$%!#"$

[:,:,C3-/#),K42')  K4B:hK3+5ABK3#8!h13!$+.9!$+()?/)$K42(  N  :?)D2!,)$:`!,C433+.3Ab¥4!$:T)E24;r&59J6DaJ:;32)$L+()$#8-Ù;R~JNp[FŸ)$#8!:,9-/#),+.-b#Bc)

&.9J6Da :;j}]24;>)$K3#8=)$!,+.#%:),9I&.9J6Da";4~bWK3+76DK¤+7:kR#%+54AIK3#8&7;=k   Nh[:_6 9B4:T#<UVC3#8468# k3&59J6DaJ:%cR2R;% 4#8#%;4:h),9I&.9J6DaI)$K3#
$ $

;32)$b+5),#8-¾;j}@k{#8+.3A/K3#8&7;>kV  N§E9HW@c )$K3#i),!D24:$6 ),+.94:  2R;  2!$#kR9),K¤;J#%B;J&.9 6DaB#%;jN

$ $

4Ë  +* Ë o8~ #j'¢1e mtMWh2+5)13!$9-/9),#<yE+.:r:$6DK3#%-b#L13!$91{9B:,#%;=)$9r9Hg#%!6 9B-/#L:,9-/#09Fp),K3#/:TK49!,)$6 9B-/+53AV:E9Fp),K3#b13C3!$#b~L

$

13!$92)$9J6 9&*NpnhK3+7::,6DK3#%-/#i6%2=k{#@W!,+5)T)$#8>+5=14:,#8C4;39/689J;J#iFM9!$- :`FM9B&5&.9HWE:

 > 


,-/.0&13254&6 78!:9)7; .0&1  0 1 9<=$>?9 0)@ !&; @ 9 1 A ! 4#-:,

1 > 2B.0&13254C 6ADAE0&1254$F&6$6 :9 G7A! ,)-H4F G":;I9$G7"$ 0 7$JAK7;9)7:/L< 4 CM-:,
4C=N)@#1 9 ;PO
4FQ1 !G7 0&1 9 ; .0&1  0&1 9<?$> 4$C O
7");A7

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 4C=N)@#1 9 ;PO
7A!) 1 >
¡¢)r6%2SkR#¤9Bk4:T#%!,gB#%;QFM!,9B-),K4#14:,#8C4;J9d689 ;3#=),K42)IWK3#8f;3H)D+()$#8- !,#<UBC4#%:T),#%;Zk ZYK3+.AK¨13!$+59B!,+5)?d)$!$4:,B6™)$+59BQ+7:
{k #8+.3A/K3#8&7;"kVIL&.9HW#%!13!$+.9!$+()?b),!D2R:,B6™),+.9‚cB)$K3#8"),K4#&.9HW®13!$+.9!$+()?b),!D2R:,B6™),+.9"+54K3#8!$+()D:),K3#i13!$+59B!,+5)?/92F),K3#iK3+.AK"13!,+.9!$+5)?
)$!$4:,B6™)$+59BON~Lj'¢e1¨)$K3#8!$# FM9B!,#0;3#813&.9HJ:I14!,+.9!$+()?>+.3K3#8!$+5)$2R6 #L:$6DK3#%-b#BN„9HW#%g#%!%cR+5X~LO'*e1fC43&5+.a#bI13C4!,#L13!,+.9!$+5)?
+.3K3#%!,+5)$46 #0:$6DK3#%-b#BcR+5FG_K3+.AK4#8!E13!$+.9!$+()?"),!D24:$6 ),+.9=+7:2k{9!,),#<;=WK3+.&5#L+()+.:kR#%+53Ark3&59J6DaB#%;jcR),K3#L#8&.#8gHH)$#%;=13!$+.9!$+()?r),!D24:T'
B6™),+.9r!,#8)$2+.4:),K3##8&.#8gHH)$#%;_14!,+.9!$+()?bC3V),+.&{+()D:G)$#8!$-/+542),+.9ONonhK3+7:6%2I&.#%B;/),90),K3#FM9&.&.9HW+53A0C34;J#<:T+.!$k3&.#:T+5),CRH),+.9‚
N 4;J#%!
K3+.AKd;32)$=6 9BV),#8V)$+59BY:,+()$C4H)$+59B4:%cl8~ #j'¢1e ÈW`9C4&.;X!,#<:TC4&()]+.-b9V:?)]9FG)$K3#_),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:+.Y),K3#I:,J:?)$#8- # \J#%68CJ),+.3A¤H)@)$K3#
:$2-/#h13!$+59B!,+5)?N¡ÇL)$K3+7::T+5),CRH),+.9‚cH),K3#kR#%K4zg +59B!l9F{@;32)$k4:,#`;3#813&.9H +53A]L~ j'¢1e XW9BC3&.;L!$#%;JC468#h),9),KRH)92Fji6 9BVgB#8V),+.9R2&
;32)$k4:,#CR:T+.3Ar8~ #NJ„E9HW`#8gB#8!<c C34;J#%!&59HWÊ&59V;>:T+5),C42),+.94:%c48~ #j'¢1e Z:,K39BC3&.;>1{#8!,FM9!$- k{# )T)$#8!)$K42L~ N
4Ë  ¤Ë l8~ #j'DŽ mtK3+.AK14!,+.9!$+()?3yE9Hg#8!D6 9B-/#%:E:,9-/#09Fp),K3#b13!$9k3&.#8-_:W+()$KYL~ j'¢1e oN{¡ÇX8~ #j'DŽ oc4WK4#8XI),!D24:$6 ),+.9
!$#%UVC3#<:?)D:"&.9 6Da¤9BX>;3H)Dr9Bk =?#%6 )@K3#8&7;k "&59HW`#8!13!$+59B!,+5)?>),!D24:$6 ),+.9X+5Y>689J¦R+.6 ),+.3A"-/9J;J#Bcj),K3#/&.9J6Da>K49&7;J+54A>&.9HW`#8!
 > 

13!$+.9!$+()?>),!D2R:,B6™),+.9+.:i2k{9!,),#<;jN]nhK3+7:13!,9),9J6 9B&+7:i2&7:T9"a 39HW:13!$+.9!$+()?=2k{9!,)/Dt j[y13!$92)$9 689&*N@nhK3+.:13!$92)$9J6 9&o68k{#

#8\ 14!,#<:,:,#%;r+5>),K4#iFM9!$- 92F),K3#iFM9B&5&.9HW+.3A/14:T#%C4;J9_6 9J;J# 

1 > 2 ! A A!)>" 1 9 6 9$G7A! 4C @ A7);;A7; ), -H4C 1 ;/9$G7 0 7$J:K7);9 1 !H9 )0 @ ! ; @ 9 1 A! :- ,
7");A7 ), - 9 0)@ ! ; @ 9 1 A! 4F 1 ;IG"A 1 !?9$G)7 @ 9 @ 1 9)7' -A,
,)-H0 7;A" )7 9$G7 A8!)>)" 1 9 @ ; > ""$ N ;
-:,
1 > 25E0&132B4C&6ADAE$0&13254F 6$6 9$G7A! @ L) 0 9 4F
7");A7 4CN@#1 9 ;/> 0 9$G7="$ O ,)-H4C L#"$#; -:,
~Lj'DŽ Z+.=B;3;J+5),+.9"),9_k{#8+.3A/FM!$#8#FM!,9B- 13!$+59B!,+5)?_+.VgB#8!D:T+.9‚cV+7:E&.:,90FM!$#8#iFM!$9-Ù;J#%B;J&59J6DaJ:%N
Ö\ 1{#8!$+.-b#%V)$2&‚!,#<:TC3&5)$::TK49HWÊ)$K4H)!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#]689468C3!,!$#8R6 "689V),!$9&‚13!,9),9J6 9B&.:Ek4:,#%;=9BX~8#j'DŽ ¨9C3),1{#8!,FM9!$-Ù13!$92)$9J6 9&7:
k4B:T#<;9B#8+5),K4#8!]8~ #Q9B!iL~ j'¢1e oNsnhK3+.:i!$#%:,C3&5)-/+.AKV)@2131{#%!)$9"k{#/C33#8\ 1{#%6 ),#<;jc‚:,+5468#LC44;J#8!0~LO'¢„fW9B!,a=+7:iW`B:?)$#%;
;JC4#)$90)$!$4:,B6™)$+59Br2k{9!,),+.94:9J6868C3!,!$+.3A]WK3#%3#8gB#8!h0K3+.AK4#8!`13!,+.9!$+5)?L)D:,a_!,#<UVC3+5!$#%:0!$#%:,9C4!$68#E&59J6DaB#%;Ik _L&59HW`#8!13!,+.9!$+5)?
)$!$4:,B6™)$+59BONI„E9HW`#8gB#8!<cs),K3#_!$#%:,C3&5)0682k{# =?C4:T),+5¥4#%;YFM!$9-·),K3#/FM9B&5&.9HW+54A=6894:,+7;J#8!DH)$+59BON E3&.+5aB#/)$B:TaJ:@:,K42!$+54A>!$#%:,9C4!$68#%:
+.V),#8!$-/+(),),#%B)$&5BcJ),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:hC34;J#%!8~ Y9B46 #i)$K3#8>68UVC3+.!$#;32)$4c3K39&7;"),K3#%- C3V)$+5&j)$K3#8+.!689-/13&.# ),+.9=9B!E2k{9!,),+.9ONpnhK C4:%c
)$K3#0;32)$_K39B&.;3+53A/)$+5-/#L92Fb),!D24:$6 ),+.9=+7:6 9B-/142!D2k3&.#),9_)$K3#]&.+(FM#0),+.-/#]92Fo),K4#]),!D2R:,B6™),+.9>WK3+76DK¤+.:C4:,C42&.&5>UVC3+()$#0&.93ARN
n!$4:$6™)$+59B4:`W+()$K¤!,#<:T9BC3!D6 #i6 9V)$#8V),+.9Oc )$K3#8!$# FM9B!,#iC3R;J#8!$A9_:,#8!$+.&j# \J#%68CJ),+.9=C34;3#8!8~ #Y!$2),K3#%!h),K4=:,#8!$+72&.+5£<2k3&.#i# \J#%68CJ'
)$+59BONpnhK3+.:`+.-/13&5+.#%:)$K4H)6DK42R6 #%:92Fl;J#%B;J&5+.3#-/+.:$:T#<:Gk _K3+.AK4#8!`13!,+.9!$+5)?0)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:GC44;J#8!8~ #-_z/kR#i-/9!$#E)$K42r),K42)
+.X8~ #j'DŽ oN3¡ÇL~ Y)$K39C3ABK¤),K4#06DK42R6 #%:92F68B:,6%;J#<;>!,9B&5&k46DaJ:E!,#@&.#%:$:8c{k3CJ)),K3#Lzg#8!D2AB#),!D24:$6 ),+.9=# \J#%68CJ),+.9=)$+5-/#<:
K4zgB#k{#8#%=!,#%1R9B!T)$#%;r),9_k{#@&59B3A#%!%N
ËiÌ ÍRÌ M&Ó mÑ0Ï vÔ Ò ¨ËiÌHÍ4Ó<ÍOÎÍ{Ô O#8)]C4:i39HW ;J+.:$6 CR:,*: G!,+.9!$+5)?X©#8+.&5+.3A !$92)$9 689&t h© yFM9B!];3H)D2k4B:T#<:8N E4&5+.a# h© ÈFM9B!
!$#%:,9C3!D6 #@:,K42!$+.3AI2-/94A/)$:,aJ: A`© ¨+.;32)$2kR:,#]6 9R6 C3!$!,#%46 "6 9V)$!,9B&‚;J9 #%:392)-_a#@C4:,#]92FV>13!$+59B!,+5)?I+.3K3#%!,+5)$46 #BN


nhK3#0-/+5689468#81J)E+. g9B&5gB#%;>+5=)$K3+7:E13!$92)$9 689&O+7:)$K3#]#<:?)D2k3&.+.:,K3-/#8V)9Fo_),92)D2&O14!,+.9!$+()?"9!D;J#8!$+.3A_2-/93AI&5&‚),!D24:$6 ),+.94:%N

nhK3+7:13!$92)$9J6 9&jB:,:,9J6 +7H),#<:),K3#iFM9B&5&.9HW+54A0)$K3!,#%#@gH2&.C3#%:hW+5),K=#8gB#8!$I;3H)D/9k =?#<6™)<N
rÏ ÚÑLÏ Ô vÒ /nhK3+.:]gz&5C4#_+54;3+.6%H),#<:i),K4#_13!,+.9!$+5)?gH2&.C3#_92F`),K3#rK3+5ABK3#%:T)]13!$+59B!,+5)?=),!D2R:,B6™),+.9X),KRH)]-_zW!$+()$#/),9=)$K3#
;3H)Db9k =?#<6™)%N
 h 

 oÐ%Í{Ô Ó%ÏÑLÏ Ô vÒ nhK4+.:h+7:h),K4#@K3+5ABK3#%:T)13!$+59B!,+5)?_),!D2R:,B6™),+.9r),K42)E-_zI!,#<;r9!W!$+()$#)$K3#];32)$/9*k =?#%6™)<N



rÏ 5*mÌ MÓ<Ï=ÑLÏ DÔ Ò nhK4+.:`gH2&.C3#+.:h;J#8¥43#%;";J 42-/+768&5&.IH)`!,C3r),+.-/#NpefK3#%>]),!D24:$6 ),+.9IW!$+()$#%:G),9/L;4H)$09k =?#<6™)<c

),K3#L!,#<; '¢W!$+()$#06 #%+5&.+54Ar+7::,# )#%UVC42&),9r),K3#b2k4:,9&.CJ)$#L6 #%+5&.+.3A4N„E9HW`#8g#%!%cR!,#<; '¢W!$+()$#06 #%+5&.+54AI+.:i:,# )#%UVC42&‚),9r),K3#b!,#<;
 h7 

6 #%+5&.+54ALFM9B!Eb!,#<;"91{#8!DH),+.9‚N
nhK3#i13!$+.9!$+()?I68#8+.&5+.3A_!$C3&5#i+7:h),K4#FM9B&5&.9HW+.3A4N
ʔ™7‹Vz’,‹H‘ ”$Œ –3=7‰ <‰%’?”$Œ(zž>‹H‘%‘ ‰8’,’”?–¤‹IŽV‹<”T‹I–4“ ¢‰%‘ ”iŒ ’iž3Ÿ‹V%”?‰<Ž>”™ˆ<‰b’,‹VŠ‰VŒ œ`‹VHŽ=–3V˜ >Œ œG”™ˆz‰>›2Œ – MŒ ” _–2œG”™ˆz‰
”™Ÿ‹V<’$‹H‘™”$Œ –4_.‰ z‰8’T”$Œ(<žb”™ˆz‰iŽV‹<”T‹L–3“ *‰%‘ ”Œ ’ˆŒ ž3ˆz‰2j”™ˆH‹V@”™ˆ<‰/7‰%‹HŽšv•MŒ ”?‰@‘8‰zŒ(˜ Œ(zžL–œo‹V˜ ˜ ŽB‹<”T‹0–3“ *‰%‘ ”?’%


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ¡¢)E68rk{#@:TK39HWr),K42/) `© Z+.:;J#<;J&.9J6Da/FM!,#%#4;>:T+.3A&.#k3&59J6Da +.3A4Npu#<6 9&.&.#%6™)`),KRH):,+53AB&5#k3&.9J6DaV+.3Ab-/#%2R:G)$K4H)9B46 #i
)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B":T)$2!,)$:h#8\J#%6 C3),+.3A_HFŸ),#%!Ek{#8+.3A/k3&59J6DaB#%;jcJ+5)E-_zI392)Ek4&59J6DarAB2+.ON
‚# )C4:h24&5 £%#0FM#8WÉ+5V)$#8!$#%:T),+.3AL14!,9B1R#%!T)$+5#<:9FO),K4+.:14!,9),9J6 9B&vNo[É13!,9B1R#%!T)?_9F‚)$K3+.:h14!,9),9J6 9B&R+7:`),K42)h),!D24:$6 ),+.94:`W+5),K
13!$+.9!$+()$+5#<:‚)$K4H)!,#`&59HW`#8!),KR2b9!o#%UVC4& ),9),K3#h!$#%B;06 #%+5&.+.3A@2!$#39)2&.&59HW`#%;i)$9i!,#<;@)$K3#;3H)D9k =?#<6™)$:l#%g#8b+.b6 9B-b1RH),+.k3&.#
-/9J;J#NGPJC46DK"L1R#<:,:,+.-b+7:T),+76-/#%B:TC4!,#K4:`k{#8#8")$a#%_),9b#84:,C3!$#)$K4H)E]FMCJ),C3!$#iK3+.AKr14!,+.9!$+()?b)$!$4:,B6™)$+59BIW+5&.&s392)k3&.9J6Da/9
&.9HW®13!$+59B!,+5)?/W!,+5),#%!$:%Np[E&7:T9RcJHFŸ),#%!E])$!$4:$6™)$+59BIW!$+()$#%:b;3H)D0+5),#%->cJ49b9),K3#%!`),!D24:$6 ),+.9I+7:h1R#%!,-/+5)T)$#%;r),9/#8+5),K3#%!h!,#<;I9B!
W!$+()$#),9/),KRH);32)$b+()$#8-ÙC3V),+.&j),K3#@9B!,+.A+.4&{W!$+5),#8!h)$#8!$-/+542),#<:8N
  oÔÏ OÕ [:$:,C3-/#)$K4H))$K3#i!,#<;>6 #%+5&.+54A0FM9B!Eb;4H)$b+5),#%- ;>+.:E~ L4;I)$K3#]2kR:T9B&5CJ)$#68#8+.&5+.3A/+7: ? 3NpnhK3+7:h-/#%4:`),K42)
K3+.AK4#%:T)i14!,+.9!$+()?¤-b9B3A=2&.&)$K3#b),!D24:$6 ),+.94:),KRH)@-/+5ABKB)@!$#%B;;X+.:@~ 4N0[FŸ)$#8!0 =),!D24:$6 ),+.9!$#%B;3:;Ocj),K3#_!$#%B; '¢W!,+5),#
aAb c
  

68#8+.&5+.3A/+.::T#8)`)$9r~ 4NonhK4+.:h13!$#8gB#8V)$: _),!D24:$6 ),+.9"WK3+.6DK>3#%#%;3:h)$9/!,#<;>;rFM!$9-Ù6868#%:$:T+.3A/;jN


 

  % *! ' 

 +.- ' 5 h*0-&' +3-.*+3*++ ')+.(!
< 1J)$+5-/+7:?)$+.6]©9B46 C3!$!$#8468_©9BB)$!,9B&lt < ©©hy !$92),9J689&RB:),K3#42-/#i:TC4AA#<:?)D:;39V#<:`392)+."2 _Whz/13!,#%g#%B)h2 b),!D24:$6 ),+.9
FM!$9-·B6868#%:$:T+.3A" ;3H)Dr+5),#%-_:i+()]!$#%UVC3+.!,#<:8Nb„E9HW`#8gB#8!<cs")$!$4:,B6™)$+59B+7:igz&5+7;32),#%;YH)),K4#/),+.-b#_9F+5)$:@689-/-/+()$-b#%V)@4;
V"6 93¦4+.6 ),+.3Ab),!D24:$6 ),+.94:h!,#@2k{9!,),#<;jN
‡Eˆ<‰@‘ –4z‘8‰2›<”–œ
   v‹V˜ ’T– 2z–z•]‹z’
  "!# $ hŒ ’h‘8‰2<”™7‹V˜V”?–_‹V˜ ˜ Z›27–2”?–J‘8–3˜ ’%
&%(')'

¡¢F)$K3#8!$#I+7:0&.+(),),&.#"689V),#%B)$+59B^24;^+5V),#%!TFM#%!,#%46 #"2-/93A=)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:%c-/9B:T)0)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:@W`9C3&7;k{#":,C46868#%:$:?FMC3&.&.XgH2&.+5'
;32),#<;jN E4;3#8!EK3#<zg I&59V;"6 9R;J+()$+59B4:K39HW`#8gB#8!<c)$K3#8!$#]68"k{#@&72!$A#i C3-0k{#8!9F)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:),K42)F2+.&s),K3#]gH&5+7;3H)$+59Br)$#%:T)
4;_2!$#E2k{9!,),#<;jNlnhK4+.:-/+5ABKB)&5#<;b),9L:T#%g#8!$#!$#%;JC46 ),+.9/+._),K3!$9C4AK313C3)24;_:,K4!,1/+.46 !$#%B:T#+.r;J#<;J&.+54#E-/+.:$:T#<:8NonhK C4:%c)$K3#
1{#8!,FM9!$-_2468#]92F < ©©È13!$92)$9 689&7:6%2:,K39HW I-_2!$a#<;¤;J!,9B1H)K3+5ABK¤&59V;3:%NEeY#L49HWq;3+.:$6 C4:$:IFM#8W +.-/1R9B!T)D2V)9B1J),+.-/+.:T),+76
689468C3!,!$#8R6 I6 9BV),!$9&s13!$92),9J689&7:8N
Í4Ì % JÌ "Ñ/Ñ ¡Çb),K4+.:G13!,9),9J6 9B&vcz)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:o!$#%;b2R;LC41{;32),#E;32)$i+5),#%-/:pFM!,#%#8&.cB:T),9B!,+.3A),K4#8+.!C31s;3H)$#%:p+.V),9]13!$+5gHH)$#
W`9!$a13&768#N¤nhK3#<:T#_C31s;32),#%:b2!$#_-_;J#r13C3k3&.+.6I93&.Y2)]),!D2R:,B6™),+.9d689-/-/+()])$+5-/#BNx#8FM9!$#I=),!D2R:,B6™),+.9+7:0&5&.9HW#<;)$9
* : 

689-/-/+()<c{+5)iK4:),9>14:$:rgH2&.+.;32),+.9¤)$#%:T)%N@nhK3#bgH2&.+.;32),+.9¤)$#%:T)i6DK4#%6DaJ:EWK3#8),K3#%!)$K3#8!$#b+.:2 ¤6 9BJ¦4+76™)k{# )?W`#8#%)$K3#0gH2&.+5'

;32),+.3A@)$!$4:,B6™)$+59BI24;/9),K3#%!G)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:o),KRH)KRzg#E6 9B-/-b+5)T)$#%;":T+.46 #E),K3#gz&5+7;32),+.3A])$!$4:,B6™)$+59B/:T)$!T)$#%;/#8\ #<6 CJ)$+54A4Np[
)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B0+7:p2k{9!,),#%;OcH+(Fs+();J9 #<:o392)p14B:,:),K4#`gH&5+7;3H)$+59B0)$#%:T)%NonhK3+7:oAC4!$B)$#8#<:O)$K3#H),9B-/+.68+()?04;0;3C3!$k3+.&5+5)?]13!$91{#8!,),+.#%:%N
P +.468#W!,+5),#<:o9 6%6 C3!p9B3&.0H)6 9B-/-b+5)p),+.-/#c),K3#E:,#8!$+.&5+.£%2),+.9]9B!$;3#8!p+. < ©©d+.:o)$K3#9!D;J#%!l+./WK3+76DK0)$K3#h),!D24:$6 ),+.94:o689-/-/+()<N
"ÑbÑ LÌzA Í lLÎ 3Ð%Ó=ÑLAÍ Ó `¡Ç < ©©Êx!$9BB;368B:?)©9B-b-/+5)bt < ©©G'¢xE©hyh13!$92)$9J6 9&*c4WK4#8/)$!$4:$6™)$+59B¤6 9-/-/+5)$:%cR+5)39'
)$+(¥4#<:E+5)$:+5V)$#8V),+.9=)$9r2&.&‚9),K3#%!6 C4!,!$#8V),&.r!$C334+53AI),!D24:$6 ),+.94:%NÖG6DK=9Fl)$K3#%:,#]!$C333+.3A_)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:E6%2!$!,+.#%:9BCJ)/)$#%:T)
,+ h 

)$9"6DK3#<6Da"+5FG+5)K4B:V=6 9BJ¦4+76™)D:W+5),K),K3#b6 9-/-/+5)T),+.3Ar),!D24:$6 ),+.9ONE¡¢F`2 >689J¦R+.6 )$:2!$#0;J# )$#%6 ),#%;OcR)$K3#8),K3#0),!D24:$6 ),+.9

6%2!$!, +.3AL9BCJ)h),K3#]6DK4#%6DaI+.-/-b#<;J+7H),#%&5>2k{9!,)$:`+5)$:,#8&5Fo4;>!,#<:?)D2!,)$:%N
§92),#G),K42))$K3#8!$#`+.:394#8#%;]FM9!o689-/-/+(),),+.3A)$!$4:$6™)$+59B@),96DK3#%6DaFM9B!l689J¦4+76™)D:‚W+5),Kb2&.!,#<;Ji6 9B-/-b+5)T)$#%;0),!D24:$6 ),+.94:%c
k{#%6%2C4:,#@+(Fp+5)W`#8!$#+.6 9BJ¦4+76™)W+5),K¤V"92Fo),K4#]6 9-/-/+5)T),#<;>),!D24:$6 ),+.94:%c3+5)EW9BC3&7;"KRzg#]2&.!$#%;3IkR#%#8kR9B!T)$#%;jNGnhK C4:%c4+.
< ©©G'ÇxE©Z9468#0),!D24:$6 ),+.9I!$#%B6DK3#%:G+()D:hgH2&.+.;32),+.3A014K4:,#c +5)h+7:`AC4!$V),#8#<;I6 9B-/-b+5),-/#%B)<NG©9-/142!$#%;_),9 < ©©G'vFM9B!,Wh2!D;jc
+5)#84689C3V),#%!$:`#<2!$&5+.#8!`!,#<:?)D2!,)$:h2R;I&.#%:$:hW`B:?)$#%;r689-/13CJ)DH)$+59B4:8NpnhK3#%!,#8FM9!$#cV),K4+.:h13!$92)$9J6 9&j:,K39C4&.;r1R#%!TFM9B!,- k{# ),),#%!h),K4r)$K3#
< ©©G'*FM9!$W`!$;b13!$92)$9J6 9&{+.r-/#8#8),+.3A0)D:,aI;J#%B;J&.+53#<:8Np„9HW#%g#8!<cB013!$9k3&.#8-W+5),Kr),K3+7:h13!$92),9J689&4+7:),K42)`+5)E;J9 #%:392)6 9B4:,+.;J#%!
)$K3#r13!$+.9!$+()$+5#<:@92F)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:8N < d)$K3#r9),K3#%!0K44;jco+5)L-_zXk{#r1{9B:$:,+5k3&.#_)$9X6DK4+5#%g#_k{# )T)$#8!b1R#%!TFM9B!,-_46 #Ik Y# \J13&.+.68+()$&5
6894:,+.;3#8!$+53AL),K4#@13!,+.9!$+5),+.#%:h92F),K3#i)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:%N
"ÑbÑ
3ÎÌ  oÎÏ dnhK3+.:I13!,9),9J6 9B&# \J13&.+.68+()$&5S6 9B4:T+7;J#%!$:b)$K3#¤13!$+59B!,+5),+.#%:/9F),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:8N®[&.:,94c),K3+7:_13!$92)$9J6 9&+.V),!$9J;JC46 #<:
)$K3#Y689468#81J)>92FL 4&67 : 4@= 9 >@=*N [Å6 9BJ¦4+76™)¤:T#8)"+7:I)$K3#Y:,# )=92F068C3!$!,#%B)$&5¨!$C333+.3AQ),!D24:$6 ),+.94:I),K42)>6 9BJ¦4+76™)=W+()$K®)$K3#
6 .- 
/

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 gH2&.+7;3H)$+53Ah)$!$4:$6™)$+59BON‚[Y)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B9B46 #p!$#%B6DK3#%:{+5)$:‚gz&5+7;32),+.9@:?)D2AB#c%6DK4#%6DaJ:sFM9!6 93¦4+.6 )$:jW+5),Ki)$K3#G68C3!,!$#8V)$&5E#8\J#%6 C3),+.3A
)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:8Nl¡¢F689J¦4+76™)D:h2!$#;J# )$#%6 ),#%;>2R;_93#9!`-/9!$#9FO),K3#),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:+.I),K4#689J¦4+76™):,# )hK4:K3+.AK3#%!13!$+.9!$+()?b),KR2
)$K3#/gz&5+7;32),+.3AI)$!$4:,B6™)$+59BOc{),K3#%)$K3#/gz&5+7;32),+.3AI)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B+.:ikR9B!T)$#%;4;!$#%:T)$!T)$#%;jN < )$K3#8!$W+7:T#Bcs&5&l)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:+.
)$K3#L689J¦4+76™)i:T#8)!,#0kR9B!T)$#%;4;¤!$#%:T)$!T)$#%;jNE„9HW#%g#8!<c3)$K3+7:13!$92)$9J6 9&l:TC3†{#%!$:FM!,9B- )$K3#b13!,9Bk3&.#8-Ù),K42)i/)$!$4:$6™)$+59B¤-_z
k{#b:$68!,+5¥R68#%;=9¤k{#8KR2&5FG92FG392)$K3#8!),!D24:$6 ),+.9=),KRH)i+.::,B6 !$+(¥{6 #%;=&7H)$#8!<c{4;:,9I9  &.#%B;J+.3A_),9"W`B:?)$#%;689-/13CJ)DH)$+59B4:
4;";3#%;3&5+.3#@-/+.:$:,#%:%N
  %:0' 5 ( *
.  +.- ' 5 h*0-&' +.-3*+.

P 1{#%68C3&7H),+.g#E©9R6 C3!$!,#%46 ]©9V)$!,9B&RtvPR©©hy‚14!,9),9J6 9B&2),!$+.#%:‚),99Hg#8!D6 9B-/#-_=?9B!‚W`#%aV4#%:$:O92F4),K3# < ©©X13!$92),9J689&7:8N‚uE#%6 9B&5&.#%6 )

)$K4H) < ©©È13!,9),9J6 9B&.:+5AB39!$#@)$K3#L9J6%6 C3!$!,#%46 #092FG6 9BJ¦4+76™)kR#8)?W#%#8)?W`9_)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:EC3V)$+5&l),K4#0gH2&.+.;4H),+.913K4:,#09F93#L92F
)$K3#8-=Np[`)),K4+.:o)$+5-/#BcB+5)G-_z02&.!$#%;3]K4zg#k{#%689-/#h),9 9@&7H)$#h),9]6 9B!,!$#%6 )o),K3#E14!,9Bk3&5#%-Úk 0!$#%:T)$!T)$+54A9B3#92F{),K4#),!D24:$6 ),+.94:%c
#<:T1{#%68+.&5&._+(Fl),K4#)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:`K4zg#),+.AKV)E;J#%B;J&.+53#<:8Nn9b9Hg#8!D6 9B-/#E),K4+.:h13!$9k4&5#%->cJ+.¤P4©©c36 9BJ¦4+76™)$:!,#i6DK3#<6Da#%;"H)h#8gB#8!$
!$#%B;Y4;W!$+()$#I91{#8!DH)$+59B4:8N"efK3#84#8g#%!0689J¦4+76™)L+.:L;J# )$#%6™)$#%;jcp=3#%WÃg#8!D:,+59B¨tv68&5&.#%;X),K4#":,K4;J9HWÛg#%!$:,+59BRy92F#<6DK92F
)$K3#I6 9BJ¦4+76™),+.3A>),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:+7:@+.3+5),+7H),#<;jNInhK3#_13!$+.-/!,g#8!D:,+59B# \J#<6 CJ)$#%:@:@ ¤),!D24:$6 ),+.9XW9BC3&.;X# \J#<6 CJ)$#_C34;J#%!]2
< ©©^13!$92),9J689&*c2+5AB39!$+.3A),K3#689J¦R+.6 )$:p)$K4H)G;3#8g#%&59B1ONo¤#%VWK4+5&.#c),K3#:,K4B;J9HWQgB#8!D:T+.9b# \J#%68CJ),#<:GB:2 @)$!$4:,B6™)$+59BbW`9C4&.;
;J9XC34;J#%!L1R#<:,:,+5-/+7:?)$+.6r13!$92),9J689&  :TC4k =?#%6 ),#%;d),9&.9J6Da +53AX24;d!$#%:T)$!T)D:8NnhK4#r+7;J#%¤+7:0),9X&5WhzJ:ia#%#81Q68&5#<2^gB#8!D:T+.9
tvIg#%!$:,+.9¤W+5),K39BCJ)V¤689J¦4+76™)D:$yE+5Y68B:T#]+5)i+.:#8gB#8!4#8#%;3#%;jNinhK3+7::,K39C4&.;¤K4#8&.1+.-/#8# )$+54AI),K4#b;J#<;J&.+.3#%:92Fp)D:,a :W+5),K
)$+5ABKB)h;J#%B;J&.+53#<:8NlefK3#%r]:,K4;J9HWS!$#%6DK4#%:@1{9+.V)9F‚6 93¦4+.6 )%cV+()`k3&.9 6DaJ:B:GVL),!D2R:,B6™),+.9/C3R;J#8!`]1{#%:$:T+.-/+.:T),+7613!$92)$9 689&*N
efK3#%^)$K3#r13!$+.-/!,Yg#%!$:,+.9d6 9B-b-/+5)$:%c2 :TK4B;J9HW:$:T9J68+.2),#%;YW+5),KZ+()b+.:b;J+7:,6%2!D;J#%;jN¡ÇQ;3;3+()$+59BOc2 :TK4B;J9HWÃWK39B:,#
:,#8!$+.&5+.£%k3+.&5+5)?>;3#81{#84;3:9B¤),K3#b;J+7:,6%2!D;J#%;:,K4B;J9HWE:E+7:&.:,9r;J+7:$682!D;J#<;jN„9HW#%g#8!<c4WK4#8)$K3#b13!,+.-_2!$r)$!$4:$6™)$+59B2k{9!,)$:%c
)$K3#]:TKR;J9HWÈ:T)$!T)D:h92†#8\J#%6 C3),+.3A/C34;J#%! < ©©®B:`),K3#@3#%WÈ13!$+.-/!,BN
[:+5=)$K3# < ©©®13!$92),9J689&7:8c3+.P4©©È13!$92),9J689&O2&7:,9I2&.&OC31s;3H)$#%:E-_B;J#@k >b)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B>!,#@-_;3#@9=&59J6%2&‚68913+.#%:E4;
)$K3#8!$# FM9B!,#@2!$#392)Eg +7:T+.k3&.#C4B)$+5&O),K3#i)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B>689-/-/+()D:8N
 +3 %&
 (!"+.- + 
 +.- ' 5 h*0-&' +.-3*+. 
 *++ ')+.(!
`x # FM9B!,#=W`#¤;J+.:$6 CR:,:/)$K3#¤!$#8&7H),+.g#=1{#8!,FM9!$-_2468#>9F)$K3#;J+5†{#%!,#%V)r68H)$#8AB9!$+5#<:09F13!$92)$9J6 9&7:%cGW`#¤K3+5ABK3&.+5ABKB)I:,9-/#:,1{#%6™)D:/92F
689468C3!,!$#8R6 =6 9V)$!,9B&13!$92)$9J6 9&7:),K42)K4zgB#L:,+5AB3+5¥R68B)kR#<2!$+54AB:9)$K3#8+.!i1R#%!TFM9B!,-_46 #BNinhK4+.:W`9C3&7;K3#%&51XC4:C34;J#%!$:T)$4;
)$K3#_!,#<:TC4&()D:i9kJ)D2+.3#%;FM!,9B-·#8\ 1{#8!$+.-b#%V)$:i+.Y14!,9B1R#%!1{#8!D:,1R#<6™),+.g#BN O9J6Da +54A2'¢k4:,#%;&5AB9!$+()$K3-_:),#%4;X),9=!,#<;JC468#L)$K3#I;J#%A!$#8#
9Fp689468C3!$!,#%B)E#8\J#%6 C3),+.9¤92Fp)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:%c4:h)$K3#8¤6894:T),!$C46™):T#%!,+72&.+5£<2k3&.#@:,6DK4#%;JC3&.#%:%N < =),K4#092)$K3#8!K424;OcR9B1J),+.-/+.:T),+7601J'
13!$9BB6DK3#%:GH)T)$#8-/1J)),9]+.46 !$#%B:T#1R2!D2&.&5#%&5+7:T-Ú),9L+()D:-_H\J+.-0C3-=cVk3CJ)G)$K3#8/13!$C33#:T9B-b#92Fj),K4#),!D24:$6 ),+.94:+5I9B!$;3#8!p)$90:,2),+7:?FM
:,#8!$+.&5+.£%k3+.&5+5)?N¡Ç8~ O'¢„ oc3/),!D2R:,B6™),+.9=6 9BC3&7;=kR#]!$#%:T)$!T)$#%;>k cR9!Wh2+5)EFM9!392)$K3#8!E),!D24:$6 ),+.9"),K42)W+.&5&kR#0kR9B!T)$#%;
&7H)$#8!<NpPJC46DK=!,#<:?)D2!,)$:h24; z9!hWh2+5)$:6%2C4:,#i1R#%!TFM9B!,-_2R6 #i;J#8AB!$B;3H)$+59BON


3&5+.a#EL~ j'DŽ oc<+.L9B1J),+.-/+.:T),+7621314!,9V6DK3#<:OWK3#%L+.46 9B!,1{9!DH)$+54Ak3!$9BB;368B:?)o6 9B-b-/+5):,6DK3#%-/#%:ht < ©©G'ÇxE©hy™cH94&5]gH&5+7;3H),'

+.3Ai),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:l6%2/68C4:T#!$#%:T)$!T)o92Fs92)$K3#8!o)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:%NlP +.46 #E&5&4gz&5+7;32),+.3A),!D24:$6 ),+.94:p!,#hACR2!D2V),#%#%;0689-/-/+()$-/#8V)
2)@689-/13&.# )$+59BOc‚2&.&p!$#%:T)$2!,)$:A#%3#8!DH)$#%;kVX:TC46DKX91J)$+5-/+7:?)$+.6/14!,9),9J6 9B&.:2!$#LCR:T#8FMC3&| ?H€*N_ª4C3!T)$K3#8!<cj)$K3# < ©©q13!$92)$9 689&7:KRzg#
)$K3#];JgHB)D2AB#9Flk{#8+.3A/393'*k3&.9J6Da +53A/2R;rFM!$#8#FM!$9-¾;J#%B;J&59J6DaJ:  bg#%!,I;J#<:T+.!D2k3&.#FM#%H)$C3!$#+.=!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#@21413&5+7682),+.94:%N
o#%!TFM9B!,-_2R6 #:T),CR;JI!$#%:,C3&()D:`FM9!h)$K3#];J+5†{#%!,#%B)E6%H),#%A9B!,+.#%:`92Fo6 9B46 C3!$!$#8468I6 9V)$!,9B&{14!,9),9J6 9B&.:h2!$#i:TK39HW>+.>ªl+.A4N N.}Np[:
6%2Ik{#+.V),C3+5),+.g#%&5/# \J1{#%6 ),#%;Oc 2)£%#8!$906 9BB)$#8V),+.9‚cV&5&R),K3#),K3!$#8#)? 1R#<:G9FO13!,9),9J6 9B&.:G!,#<:TC4&()G+.r+7;J#%B)$+.6%2&{1R#%!TFM9B!,-_46 #BNlª4!,9B-


ªl+.A4N JN5}i+5)68"k{#0:,#8#8>)$K4H)2)E&59HWÉ6 93¦4+.6 )$: < ©©®9C3),1{#8!,FM9!$-/:h1{#%:$:,+5-/+7:?)$+.6i13!$92)$9J6 9&7:%N„E9HW`#8g#%!%c 1{#%:$:T+.-/+.:T),+76@13!$92)$9J6 9&7:

1{#8!,FM9!$-×k{# )T)$#8!b:),K4#_&59V;St2R;)$K3#8!$# FM9B!,#b)$K3#I6 9BJ¦4+76™)$:Dyk{#%6 9B-/#_K3+5ABK3#8!<N < Y),K3#_9),K3#%!]K42R;jclP4©©m1{#8!,FM9!$-/:ik{# ),),#%!
V

689-/142!$#%;_),9/kR9),K < ©©¨2R;r1{#%:$:T+.-/+.:T),+7613!,9),9J6 9B&.:%c WK3#8"),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:GK4zgB#E)$+5ABKB)E;J#<;J&.+.3#%:h2R;_),K4#&.9BB;I+7:h-/9 ;3#8!DH),#BN

 2 »L°²° ´ 9p¹E¸8¯]³QÀ´¯]³$Á{Âø8° ´ Äůºl¯]Æ=¯@½l´E½
[Ã6 9B-/-b#%!$68+.&o!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#/;3H)D2k4B:T#L3#8#<;3:),9=zg9B+.;C4:T+.3A=2 V),K3+.3A"),K42)]682X+5V)$!,9J;JC468#/C3313!$#%;J+76™)D2k3&.#b&.2),#8R6 +.#%:%NLnhK C4:%c
=6 9B-/-b#%!$68+.&p!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#_;32)$2kR:,#b4#8#%;4:i),9¤zg9B+.;XC4:,+54A=;3+.:,a¡ < 91{#8!DH)$+59B4:%cO-/#%:$:,A#b14:$:T+.3A=9!@AV2!$k42AB#b689&.&5#<6™)$+59BON


 }

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Low Load High Load

Throughput
Pessimistic

Optimistic

SCC

ª +.AC4!,#/} o#%!TFM9B!,-_46 #92Flw+5†{#%!,#%B)©`2),#%A9!$+.#%:`92FG©9468C3!$!,#%46 "©9BB)$!,9B& !$92),9J689&7:

0 Contention



u#<2&5'v)$+5-/#b;3H)D2k4B:T#<:),K4#8!$# FM9!$#])$#84;),9"kR#/;J#%:,+.A3#<;:+53'*-/#8-/9B!,¤;32)$2kR:,#0:TJ:T),#%-/:%N¡ÇJ'*-/#%-b9B!,¤;32)$k4:,#%:;J9"zWhz
W+5),K>;J+.:,a/¡ < #%B)$+5!$#8&.cJ4;/),K4#8+.!h:,+.-b14&5+5¥4#%;";J#%:,+.Atv6 9-/14!,#<;/),9b6 9BVgB#8V),+.9R2&R;4H)$k4:,#%:Dyo-/+.3+5-/+.£8#<:-/#<:,:$2AB#E14:$:,+53ARN
P +.-/+5&72!)$9>49J'¢!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#b;J+.:,aV'*kR:,#%;;32)$k4:,#%:%cj+53'*-/#8-/9B!,¤;32)$2kR:,#%:13!,9Hg +7;J#/;3H)D2k4B:T#L+5V),#%A!$+()?=)$K3!$9C3ABK),K4#bCR:T#b92F


689 g#%B)$+59B42&R;J+.:,aJ:pFM9B!&.9ABA+.3A]24;/1{#8!$+.9 ;3+.66DK3#%6Da 1{9+.B)D:8Non9]-/#8# )),K3#K3+.AKIzgH2+.&72k3+.&5+5)?/;J#8-_2R;3:9F‚21313&.+768H)$+59B4:%cV:,9-/#

+.J'¢-b#%-/9!$r;3H)D2k4B:T#<:`92†s#8!E;32)$b!,#%13&.+.6%H),+.9‚N
[#8\32-/13&.#p92F36 9B-b-/#%!$68+.&H!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#p;3H)D2k4B:T#o+7:‚6 < k =?#%6 )%Ø :j# ),!$#8-/#%wxQtKV)T),1 zWWW@N -/689k =?#<6™)<N 689-Iy™N# !$#8-/#<wk
K4B:G:,C46868#%:$:?FMC4&5&.Lk{#8#%IC4:,#%;_+.I21413&5+7682),+.94::TCR6DKI:p)$#8&.#%689-/-0C34+.6%H),+.9‚cFB6™),9B!,b2CJ)$9-_H)$+59BOcV13!,9J68#%:$:6 9BB)$!,9B&vcV6 9B4:TC4-b#%!

 

#%&5#<6™),!$94+.6L;J#8g +76 #%:%cj24;-b#<;J+7682&o#<UBC4+513-/#%B)D:8Ni# E),!$#8-/#<wxq13!$9Hg +.;3#%:1313&.+.6%H)$+59B4:W+5),KY;J+.!,#<6™)@6868#%:$:)$9>;32)$4NnhK42)+7:%c

)$K3#>;4H)$k4:,#r+7:b-_2131{#%;Z;J+5!$#%6 ),&.d+5V)$9)$K3#>1313&.+.6%H)$+59BOØ :b;4;J!,#<:,:b:,1468#c#%&5+.-/+542),+.3AY# \J1R#%4:,+5gB#rk3CJ†s#8!/-_2R2A#%-/#8V)$:%N


nhK3## ),!$#8-/#%wx¨!$C3V),+.-b#@689-/1R9B3#8V)`+.:h;J+.!,#<6™)$&5_&.+54a#%;I),9L),K3#@1313&.+.6%H),+.9‚cB#%&5+.-/+542),+.3AL),K3#i3#%#%;_FM9B!h!,#%-b9),#13!,9J68#%;JC3!$#
6%2&.&.:FM!$9- # \J#%68CJ),+.9142),KONrn9=13!$9HgV+7;J#/1{#8!,FM9!$-/46 #_4;14!,#<;J+.6 )$k3+5&.+5)?c‚# E)$!,#%-b#<wxÛC4:,#%:i+5)$:@9HW-/#8-/9B!,-_42AB#8!

FM9B!b&5&.9J68H)$+59B4:b24;^;3#%2&.&.9 6%H)$+59B4:0-_B;J#rk ),K4#>;32)$k4:,#r!$C3V),+.-/#Nd§E9)b!$#8&. +53AX9Q),K3#>91{#8!DH)$+53AY:TJ:T),#%->Ø :L-b#%-/9!$



-_2R2A#%-/#8V)]2&7:T9=#8R2k3&.#%:i# E),!$#8-/#<wxm),9¤!$#8-/9Hg#L),K3#_k{92),),&.#83#<6Da9F14A+.3A¤;3H)D"+.^2R;9BCJ)0;JC3!$+54A>¡ < 9B1R#%!$2),+.94:%N

ª49!i:TC3141R9B!T)$+53Ar),!D24:$6 ),+.9;J#<;J&.+.3#L-_42AB#8-/#8V)%c{# ),!$#8-/#%wx :,C3131{9!,)$:¥4g#b13!$+59B!,+5)?"&.#8gB#8&7:E)$K4H)@68k{#bB:,:,+5AB3#%;>)$9
 

)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:8N

   µ×À
[),!D2R:,B6™),+.9i+7:‚C43+()92FJ# \J#%68CJ),+.9@+.0;32)$k4:,#21314&5+7682),+.9Ocz24;i+7:‚6 9R6 #813):T+.-/+5&72!O),9h)D:,a+.]39BJ'Ç;3H)D2k4B:T#

21314&5+7682),+.9ON
 =?9B!G;J+5†{#%!,#%46 #<:Gk{# )?W`#8#%r@)D:,ab4;I]),!D24:$6 ),+.9_+.46 &.C4;J#K3+5ABKr;32)$]CR:,A#Ek b),!D24:$6 ),+.94:%Nª4C3!,),K3#%!%c +5)+7:GgB#8!$

;J+5ƒ_68C3&5)L)$913!$#%;J+76™)L),!D24:$6 ),+.9d!$#%:,1R9B4:,#_),+.-/#%:b;JC3#"),9+7:$:TC3#<:0:,C46DKQB:0¡ < :$6DK3#<;JC3&.+53ASt;J+7:,aB6868#%:$:$y clk4CJ†{#%!,+.3ARc
6 9B46 C3!$!$#8468r6 9BB)$!,9B&vc{6 9B-b-/+5)2R;=!,#<6 9Hg#%!,r13!,9),9J6 9B&.:EC4:T#<;jc4#8)$6NE[:I6 9B4:T#<UVC3#8468#c3!$#%&('*),+.-/#0;32)$2kR:,#%:C4:,#%;=+.


K42!D;"!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#i21313&.+768H)$+59B4:2!$#i!$!,#%&5I;3+.:,aV'*k4B:T#<;jN
:,#I92F^21314!,9B13!,+7H)$#I6 9B46 C3!$!$#846813!$92)$9 689&+7:L+5-/1{9!,)$2V)])$9-/#8#8)0),!D2R:,B6™),+.9d;J#<;J&.+.3#%:%NnhK3#>:?)D24;3!$;dL~ 

13!$92),9J689&VWK3#8bC4:,#%;L+5b!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#h;3H)D2k4B:T#<:‚!$#%:,C3&5)$:l+.L-_2 @13!$9k4&5#%-/: ‚&.94A4;]C3413!,#<;J+76™)$k3&.#h;3#8&7z :%cHC3 k{9C34;3#%;
13!$+59B!,+5)?_+5 gB#8!D:T+.94:%cJ24;>;J#<;J&.9J6Da :%N


ª39B!"!$#%&('*),+.-/#X21413&5+7682),+.94:%c®+5-/13!$9Hg#%-/#8V)"9Fb8~ #m+7:>L~ j'¢1e oc`k3CJ)=+()=kR#%K4zg#<:"B:rkR;J&.fWK3#8Ê C3-0k{#8!>92F


),!D24:$6 ),+.94:i4;Y!,#<:T9BC3!$68#b:,K4!,+.3A¤2!$#/&.!,AB#Nr8~ #j'DŽ Ê9Hg#%!$689-/#%::T9B-/#_92F`),K3#_13!$9k4&5#%-/:]92FE8~ O'*1e ocsk3C3)0-_z
!,#<:TC4&()+.>Wh:T)$A#92Fl&.!,AB#-b9BC3V)$:h9Fo689-/13&.# ),#<;rW`9!$asN
< 1J),+.-/+.:T),+766 9R6 C3!$!,#%46 /6 9BV),!$9&t < ©©hy14!,9),9J6 9B&.:`2&.&59HW¨C34!,#<:?)$!,+76™)$#%;r;4H)$0C4:$2A#kV/)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:%Nl„9HW#%g#8!<c2)$K3#8

:TC4k =?#%6 )@>6 9B-/-b+5)T)$+54A=),!D24:$6 ),+.9¤)$9=>gH2&.+7;3H)$+59B)$#%:T)@2)i),K3#b),+.-/#_92Fh6 9-/-/+5),-/#8V)%N_nhK3#<:T#b13!$92)$9 689&7:W9B!,a=)$K3#
kR#<:?)EC44;J#8!&.9HWÈ!$#%:,9C4!$68#6894:T),!D2+.V)$:h24;"&.9HWÈ&.9B;>:,+()$C4H)$+59B4:8N
}}

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur


¬ ¬ÊÀ 2 ¬
 

}BNPV)$2),#IWK4# ),K4#8!b9Cd6894:,+.;3#8!])$K3#_FM9B&5&.9HW+54A:?)DH)$#8-/#8V)$:]),9k{#  Ù9! 
0NCR:?)$+(FM9BC3!04:TW`#8!0+5^#<6DK

68B:T#BN
  ^a *  7a

tVyrª49!p)$#8-/1R9B!$&4;32)$C4:,#%;/+./i!$#%&('*),+.-/#21313&.+768H)$+59BOcB@:,# )9Fs;4H)$)$K4H)+7:Gk4:,9&.CJ),#%&506894:,+7:?)$#8V)%cB+.:pABC42!D2V)$#8#%;
)$9_kR#@!$#8&7H)$+5gB#8&.I6 9R:T+7:?)$#8V)%N
tMkRy>nhK3#1R#%!TFM9B!,-_46 #9F{)$K3#L~ O'*1e 13!$92)$9J6 9&4+.:GkR#8)T),#%!G)$K42I),K3#EkR:,+.6L~ =13!$92)$9J6 9&RWK3#8/)$K3#;4H)$06 9V)$#8V),+.9
-b9B3AI)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:E+7:&59HW@csk3C3))$K3#L1{#8!,FM9!$-_2468#0k{#%689-/#%:W`9!D:T#@)$K42),K3#bk4B:T+76LL~ ^14!,9),9J6 9B&C3R;J#8!K3+.AK
;32)$/6 9BV),#8V)$+59B>-b9B3Ab),!D24:$6 ),+.94:%N
t6%y=L~ j'¢1e Z13!,9),9J6 9B&jC4:,#%;"+5¤6 9B46 C4!,!$#8468I6 9BB)$!,9B&s+5=!$#%2&5'*),+.-b#@;32)$k4:,#%:`+7:hFM!,#%#FM!,9B- ;J#%B;J&.9 6DaJ:%N
t;4y=L~ j'DŽ Q13!$92),9J689&4CR:T#<;I+."6 9B46 C4!,!$#8468_6 9V)$!,9B&4+."!$#%&('*),+.-/#;32)$2kR:,#%:%c+7:GFM!$#8#FM!$9-13!$+59B!,+5)?b+5 g#%!$:,+.9I2R;I+7:
&.:,9bFM!,#%#FM!$9-Ù;J#%B;J&59J6DaJ:%N
tM#<y 4;J#8!),K4# < ©©G'ÇxE©14!,9),9J6 9B&C4:,#%;@+.L689468C3!$!,#%46 6 9V)$!,9B&+.0!$#%2&5'*),+.-b#;3H)D2k4B:T#<:8c<9468#E),!D24:$6 ),+.9@!$#%6DK4#%:
)$K3#@gH2&.+.;32),+.9>13K4B:T#BcJ+()E+7:ACR2!D2V),#%#%;r689-/-/+()$-/#8V)%N
tŸF$y>¡Çri!$#%&('*),+.-/#;32)$2kR:,#-/42AB#8-/#8V)G:,J:?)$#8-=cV_91J)$+5-/+7:?)$+.66 9B46 C3!$!$#846806 9BB)$!,9B&‚t < ©©hy13!$92),9J689&4:,K39C4&.;/k{#
C4:,#%;=+5Fl),K3#06DK49+76 #@+7:k4:,#%;>13C4!,#%&5"9=1R#%!TFM9B!,-_46 #_tM1{#8!D6 #%V)$2AB#@92Fl)$B:TaJ:h-/#8#8),+.3A_),K4#8+.!;J#%B;J&.+53#<:$yh6894:,+7;J#8!,'
2),+.94:%N
tMA y < ©©G'ÇxE©X13!,9),9J6 9B&!$#%UVC3+.!,#<:6 9B-b-/+5)T)$+53A),!D2R:,B6™),+.9i)$96DK4#%6DaFM9!o1R9V:,:,+.k3&5#`6 9BJ¦4+76™)$:W+5),KL&5!$#%B;J@6 9B-b-/+5)T)$#%;
)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:`kR#8FM9!$#+5)6%2=6 9-/-/+5)%N
tMKRy>nhK3#I:,#8!$+72&.+5£<H),+.9X9!D;J#8!@C44;J#8!]=1{#%:$:,+5-/+7:?)$+.6_689468C3!,!$#8R6 6 9BV),!$9&p13!$92)$9 689&o+7:i),K3#I:$2-/#_:@),K3#I689-/-/+(),),+.3A
9B!$;J#%!h92Fl),K3#i)$!$4:,B6™)$+59B4:8N
t+7y>u#<2&5'v)$+5-/#];32)$k4:,#%:)? 13+7682&.&.IC4:,#iu[E¡?wÚ;3+.:,aJ:`FM9!E;32)$/:?)$9!D2AB#;JC4!,+.3A_:TJ:T),#%- 91{#8!DH)$+59BON
t =,y < 1J)$+5-/+7:?)$+.6@©9R6 C3!$!,#%46 I©9V)$!,9B&lt < ©©hy13!$92)$9J6 9&7:CR:T#<;/FM9!6 9B46 C4!,!$#8468b689V),!$9&R+5"!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#;3H)D2k4B:T#<:G2!$#
FM!$#8#iFM!$9- ;3#%;3&59J6DaJ:8N
taJy>[&5& < ©©13!,9),9J6 9B&.:l#<:,:,#8V),+72&.&.@1R#%!TFM9B!,- FM9B!,Wh2!D;@gH2&.+7;3H)$+59B4: =?C4:?)k{# FM9B!,#`)$K3#8+.!6 9B-b-/+5),-/#8V)<c+*N #BNl),!D24:$6 ),+.9
gH2&.+7;3H)$#%:h+5)$:,#8&5FlW+5),K¤2&.!$#%;3r6 9B-b14&5#8),#%;r),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R:8N
~3NEÖp\J13&72+.rK39HWÉ/!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#i;3H)D2k4B:T#@;J+5†s#8!D:`FM!,9B- _6 9BVgB#8V),+.9R2&s;3H)D2k4B:T#BN
4NEÖp\J13&72+."bFM#%WÊ13!D6 ),+768&s1313&.+.6%H)$+59B4:h!,#<UVC3+5!$+.3A0)$K3#@C4:,#i92FpL!$#%&('*),+.-/#@;3H)D2k4B:T#BN
?RNefK4H)`;J9]9BC_C34;J#%!$:T)$4;/k  =J> 6CFE8P HIE=JE ¤„9HWf2!$#h),#8-/1{9!D2&{;3H)D@;J+(†s#8!$#8V)FM!,9B-Ú)$!$B;J+()$+59B42&R;3H)D +.g#:,9-/#
# \32-/13&.#%:`9F)$#8-/1R9B!$&O;3H)D3N
k k e

3NP C3131{9B:,#co)$#8-/1{9!D2&;4H)$X2!$#r;J#%392)$#%;dC4:,+.3A¤),!$+.13&5#8)$:L92F)$K3#rFM9B!,- %gH&5C3#Bczg +vcl),+.-/#%:T)$-b1 >2R;),K42)0)$K3#";J+5†s#8!,'

#8V)_6 9-/1{93#%V)$:L92F)$K3#"),#8-/1{9!D2&;32)$XK4zg#r),K3#%+5!/C4:,C42&h-/#%3+.3AB:%Nd[:$:TC3-/#>),KRH)b),K3#=!$#8&7H),+.g#>6 9B4:T+7:T),#8R6 d:T#8)
=  

u %14!,#<:,:,C3!$#c ),#8-/1{#8!DH)$C3!,# i4; ~ HNhPJC3131{9B:,#]),K4#@),#%-b1{#8!DH)$C3!$#024;=14!,#<:,:,C3!$#]:,-b14&5#<:)$a#%H):,9-/#

),+.-/#G+.4:?)D2V)l!,#GA+.g#80kV H~~2 8©c H-_:T#<62c.}}z~H-_:T#<6 2R; %©c.} -_:T#<62c.}} ?B-_:T#<6 p!,#<:T1{#%6 ),+.g#%&5BN‚[`))$K3#)$+5-/#`+5R:?)D2V)
A;   ?I@% >; :O iLK"j

}<~ /-/:,#%6c{;3# ),#%!,-/+.3#0WK4# ),K4#8!E)$K3#])$#8-/1{#8!DH),C4!,#04;¤13!$#%:$:,C3!,#]:$2-/13&.#%:2!$#]+ŸyE2kR:T9B&5CJ)$#8&.>6894:,+7:?)$#8V)%cR+5+Ÿy!$#8&7H)$+5gB#8&.

 =  :  

6 9B4:T+7:T),#8V)<N


NefK4H)o+7:‚)$K3#`!,9B&5#92FR 4N687A4@OC;CF>@7A4@B 4&687= CF6P CN6=J6 4&6P<+.b;3H)D2k4B:T# IefK @+7::,#8&.#%6 ),+.909FR2L21313!$914!,+7H)$#6 9B46 C4!,!$#8468
6 9BB)$!,9B&H13!$92),9J689&2+.-/1R9B!T)D2V)j),9E-/#%# )‚)$K3#p)$+5-/#8&.+.3#%:$:O!$#%UVC3+.!,#%-/#8V)$:sFM9B!j),!D2R:,B6™),+.9R: rÖp\J13&72+.)$K3#G;J+5†s#8!$#8V)682),#%A9!$+.#%:


"k

92Fi6 9R6 C3!$!,#%46 d689V),!$9&h13!$92)$9 689&7:L),K42)_6%2SkR#¤CR:T#<;Q+.Z!$#%&('*),+.-/#¤;3H)D2k4B:T#<:8NS[E&7:T9RcG# \J13&72+.SWK3+.6DK¨682),#%A9!$92F

Bk

13!$92),9J689&s+.:hk{#%:T):,C3+()$#%;>C34;3#8!EWK42)E6 +.!$68C3-_:?)D2468#%:%N
JNefK r+7:Eb),!D;J+5),+.9R2&‚~b13K4B:T#@&.9J6Da +53At*8~ #yk4:,#%;=689468C3!,!$#8R6 r689V),!$9&j13!$92)$9J6 9&j-_z"392)Ek{#0:,C3+()D2k3&.#iFM9!C4:T#@+.
!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#@;32)$2kR:,#%: ¤Öp\J13&72+."K49HW®),K4#@),!D;J+5),+.9R2&‚8~ #Y13!,9),9J6 9B&O68"k{#]# \ )$#84;J#<;"),9_-_2aB#+5):,C3+5)$2k4&5#FM9!C4:T#@+.


!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#i;3H)D2k4B:T#@1313&.+.6%H),+.9R:8N
k

 NEª39B!_!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#=21313&.+768H)$+59B4:%cG!D23aZL~ GcGP4©©cG2R; < ©©13!,9),9J6 9B&.:b+.S),#8!$-_:/92F),K3#¤1{#8!D6 #%V)$2AB#"9F)$!$4:$6™)$+59B4:

-/#8# )$+54A)$K3#8+.!_;J#%B;J&5+.3#<:8NZ©9B4:T+7;J#%!L&.9HW 24;QK3+.AKZ;3#8A!$#8#<:09F6 9BJ¦4+76™)D:b-/93A),!D24:$6 ),+.94:%c24;^),+.AKV)_24;Q&.2\
),!D24:$6 ),+.9>;J#%B;J&5+.3#<:8N +.g#]bk3!$+5#8F!$#%:,94+53Abk{#8K3+.4;=9BC3!24:,W`#8!<N
e

}<~

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

À´E¿´ 9p´¼=¹´E½
|5} €]wH),#L©N RN
E=JELK&E9 > :G7 > = M N < Ø u#8+.&.c4~ 3N

 =

| ~z€]uE-/a !,+7:TK442>uE2ABKVC‚N
E=JELK&E9 >E7 E> > 7"="B9;=?> 9DNp6 !$zWh'DŽE+.&.&vc4~ B~3N

Le 

| H€][Ek4!$K42-ÙPJ+5&.kR#%!$:,K42),£c i9B!T)$KOc32R;=PJC4;32!D:,K42ON
E=JELK&E9@> "B9;=J> 687A4&> =D9DN6 !DzWh'¢„+5&.&*cJ~ JN

e 8=

| ?2€0P 9B3A 0N{24; ‚+5C¤e N PsNE+5V)D2+.3+54A/),#8-/1{9!D2&l6 9R:T+7:?)$#8468 #o#%:$:,+5-/+7:?)$+.6igJ:%N391J)$+5-/+7:?)$+.6L6 9B46 C3!$!$#8468r6 9BB)$!,9B&vN
 CFE79 EI4 = : 679 67 7 6 PQ>&H> E7AH E=JE  7L:G7A>&>@C;:G7c 3t y   c < 6™),9BkR#%!@} JN

[ =  

=

}%

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur