Blood BLOOD

Describe Structure and function of.

a) Red Blood cells. (Erythrocytes).
Struchire!
Red blood cells are minute,
biconcare dises, Consist of spongy cytoplasm in an elastic membrane. They have no nuclei. In their
cytoplasm,
a red pigment haemoglobin is present. They are made in the red bone-marrão of the short bones such
as sternum, ribs and
Vertebrae.
Function: ) Haemoglobin contains iren in its molecule.
and readily It has an affinity for oxygen Combines to form cxy-haemoglobin. This property makes it most
efficient in transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues 2) Break down of red blood cells occurs
after four months. It causes formation of bile in the liver. Bile is used in fat digestion.
b) White Blood cells. (Leucocytes)
round,
6) Granulocytes white blood cellshare, irregular in shape. They have lobed nucleus. They are made in
the bone marrow, the lymph nodes or in the spleen Granules are present in the cytoplason,
They can move by a flowing
flowing action of their cytoplasm and can pass out of blood? capillaries by squeening between the cells
of the capillary wall. They ingest and destroy bacteria and deadedly other pathogens by the flowing
action of cytoplesom.
Lymphocytes are round in structure, with smooth cell membranx
Nucleus round but granules absent in the Cytoplasm Function, They seerche antibody, which acts on
antigen thus it provides by flowing round, engulfing and digesting them. 3) Lymphocytes: ???
Platelets.
immunity.
Platelets are cell fragments budded
off from special, very large cells in the red
bone marrow
They play
an
important part in the
clotting action of the blood.
Plasma
G
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The liquid part of the blood is called solution in water of the plasma, which is many compounds. Some of
the most importent cof these compounds are sodium chloride, Sodium hydrogen carbonate, glucose,
amino acids and is proteins including albumin, fibrinogen and the globulin antibodies, hormones, urea
and Other nitrogenous compounds.
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In the plasma digested food carbon it dioxide, and excretory products are carried round the body.
Aries
ces
LYMPHOCYES MEMORY CELLS
[Lymphocytes are relatively small white
blood cells, with
a nucleus which readily,
takes up the stains used to make blood
small amount of cytoplasia] films and with only
formed from cells in the bone marrow
They are
Called stem cells.
[Lymphocytes are classified into two types according to the way they develop. These are B Lymphocytes
and T Lymphocytes I
Blymphocytes secrete antibodies into body fluids T Lymphocytes helps her to destroy antigens inside
body cells, and so their role in the immune response is known cell-mediated response ]
as
the
which
XB Lymphocyte produced antibody. to be detectable in the blood. During this line the microorganism
carrying the antigen set off this response able to form a large
person
ill. Eventually enough population to make a however, the antibodies may get the upper hand, destroying
the micro-organisms and allowing the symptoms of illness to subside
0LB Lymphocyte meet an antigen for the first time. called the primary response- of the same antigen
invades body on a second Occasion, a much faster response occurs which
produces a much larger quantities of the appropriate antibody, and this is called a Secondary response.
It happens because when the B lymphocytes divided during the primary response, some of them
stopped dividing and secreting antibody and became memory cells. One Quite large numbers
are
of
these cells each capable of secreting the antibody specific for that partienter anligen remain in the body
for a long time after the first infection. They capable of responding very quickly if the Same antigen
appears again. The response is often so fast and so effective that the a person is quite unaware as the
micro- - organism entered in the body']
Blood
Describe how the circulatory system helps to
Stop bacteria entering
a cut in the skin.
a cut in the skin and Ans. When there is
an envyme known as blood vessels are damaged, thrombe kinase is released. Thrombokinase Converts
the protein prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of calcium. Thrombin then catalyses the conversion
of the soluble protein fibrinogen to a meshwork of insoluble threads of fibrin. These fibrin threads
entangle the blood corpuscles and the whole mass clot. The clotting of blood seals the cul- forms
preventing bacteria from entering the blood stream. Q Explain, with named examples, how essential
substances Carried in the blood capillaries reach the cytoplasm of the body cells
Contain
2
Ans. The minute spaces between tissue cells
a colourless liquid, the tissue fluid. This tissue fluid carries substances in solution between the body cells
and the blood capillaries,
Oxygen is carried in the red blood cells as Oxyhemoglobin. When blood passes through oxygen- pook
tissues, cxygen is liberated. It then diffuses out of the blood capillary wall. Dissolved food substances
also diffuse out of the thin walls of the blood capillaries into the tissue fluid. From there, these
substances diffuse into the cytoplasm of the cells.
IS
Q. Describe and explain the flow of blood through the heart from the time that it arrives at vena cava to
the time that it leaves at aorta.
Ans:
Deoxygenated blood from the head, neck and arms is returned to the right atrium by the superior vena
cava. When the right atrium Contracts, blood flows in to the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve which
separates the atrium from the ventride and prevents the back flow of blood from the ventride to the
atrium. Blood leaves the right ventricle when it contracts by the pulmonary arch which subsequently
divides into Huot two pulmonary arteries, one to each lung. Backflow of blood into the right ventricle is
prevented by semi-lunar valves in the pulmonary
arch.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs are returned to the left atrium by the pulmonary veins when the left
atrium contracts, blood is forced into the left ventricle via the bicuspid valve which prevents the back flow
of blood into the atrium. When the left ventricle contracts, the blood flows into the aorta and is then
distributed to all parts of the body except the lungs. The aorta also contains semi-lunare Valves to
prevent the back flow of blood into the left ventricle.
Q. a
Bleed.
Describe how o molecule of digested food from the gut enters the blood stream.
Ans. A molecule of digested feed e.g. glucose which is broken down from carbohydrates in the mouth
and stomach pass along the gut by peristalsis until they reach the small intestine. The walls of the
intestine are made up of numerous finger-like projections called villi which project into the intestinal
cavity. The villi are rich supplied with blood and lymphatic vessels to carry away the food substances.
The glucose molecule is absorbed by the villi and the glucose passes across the walls of the blood
vessels and into the blood stream.
Q. Describe the pathway by which the glucose molecule eventually reaches calls in the hand. Ans. The
blood leaving the small intestine with glucose molecule enters the hepatic portal vein. This pauses
through the liver and via the hepatic vein and ! posterior vena cava, the deoxygenated blood reaches the
heart. The heart pumps this blood to the lungs which then, after that, flows back to the heart.
Now the blood with, the glucose is then pumped out of the heart via the north. The aort branches into the
sub-clarian artery and the dorsal aorta. The arm,
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being
fore-limb is supplied with blood from m heart via the sub-clavian artery. As the blood passes" the tissues
in the hand, the molecule of food i.e. glucase passes out from the blood capillaries and to the calls of the
hand.
Q. What is meant by a double circulation? Ans. In double circulation, blood passes through the heart
twice: from the main circulation of the body to the heart, then to the lungs and back to the heart again
before the blood is pumped into the
main circulation.
6. How do the tive parts afada circulation differ from
One another?
Ans. The pulmonary circulation links the lungs to the heart. Pulmonary arteries carry the blood to the
lungs; oxygenated blood is returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins.
Systemic circulation is the main circulation. Oxygenated blood is distributed to all parts of the body, and
veins carry the blood from all parts of the body back to the heart.
Vena cara
Semilunan valve Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right-ventricle
Con
Pulmonary artery
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-Aohla
Wall
-Pulmonary vein
B. Left ventricle -Left atrium -Bicuspid valve
·Tendon
Left ventricle
•Cardige muscle.
Section of Heart-
Lumen.
Elastic muscle fibre
Section of artery
Non elastic muscle fibre.
Wall
section of vein Sectional Blood capillary
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