Mana La Excellence
Subject- Indian and Telangana
Society
1.The proposed legislation to raise the legal
marriage age for girls to 21 years can curb child
marriage, comment.
Introduction:
Write briefly about the bill.
Body:
Mention the reason for prevalence of child
marriages.
Recommend some measures to reduce the child
marriages.
Conclusion:
• Laws cannot be used as shortcuts to achieve
social reform and good intentions alone don’t
guarantee favourable results.
• A law to raise the legal age of marriage needs
wide societal support and should be
accompanied by measures to improve access
to healthcare.
Content:
• The Prohibition of Child Marriage
(Amendment) Bill, 2021, which seeks to raise
the legal age of marriage for women from 18
to 21, is built on the assumption that raising
the age of marriage will eradicate the practice
of child marriage.
• However, this does not have any prior
evidence to support it, because even when the
legal age was set at 18, child marriages
continued to take place without any fear of the
law.
Reason for prevalence of Child marriage:
• It is a consequence of deep-rooted socio-
cultural norms and gender inequalities, which
end up impacting girls.
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• In a patriarchal society, girls are often raised
with the ultimate goal of marriage.
• They are confined to the household and not
educated or expected to enter the workforce.
• Thus, until they are married, they are seen as a
financial burden by the families, and marrying
them off early is not only consistent with
tradition but also more economically feasible.
• This is evident from the recently released fifth
round of the National Family Health Survey,
according to which nearly one-fourth of
women aged between 20 and 24 were
reported to have been married before 18.
• While there was an impressive drop in child
marriages between 2005-’06 and 2015-’16,
this might be attribute to better educational
opportunities and other factors rather than
the law.
Concerns about legislation
The proposed legislation to raise the legal
marriage age for girls to 21 years can have several
harmful consequences:
• Possible misuse of the law:
➢ According to a survey, 65% of the cases under
the existing child marriage law were in
response to elopement and cases were filed
against the couple by parents or families who
were disapproving.
➢ These cases would be wrongfully filed to
harass the couple, their age or legality of the
marriage notwithstanding.
➢ Increasing the age to 21 will bring more such
cases. The new law could curtail the freedom
of choice of adults.
• Disempowerment of women:
➢ A 2008 Law Commission report on reforming
family law recommended a uniform age of
marriage for boys and girls at 18 years and not
at 21.
➢ The reason for it is, if all citizens can vote, enter
contracts, be guardians, tried as adults for
Mana La Excellence
crimes they commit at 18, then why should not
they be allowed to get married, regardless of
age.
• Possible increase in sex-selective practices:
➢ The current socio-economic system makes
people want to marry their daughters as soon
as they can or choose not to have a daughter
at all.
➢ Increasing the legal marriage age without
changing patriarchal social norms can result in
parents feeling even more “burdened” which
in turn could lead to an increase in sex-
selective practices.
Recommendations:
There are several strategies that have worked
globally in reducing the incidence of child
marriages. Some solutions that might work in the
Indian context are discussed below:
✓ We need more comprehensive social and
behaviour change communication initiatives
that are supported by local leadership
including elected representatives, community
and religious leaders to transform gender
stereotypes of submissiveness and
institutional discrimination that denies women
agency.
✓ Policies and programmes that reach the most
marginalised
✓ Marginalised communities are more
vulnerable to early marriages.
✓ We need more policies and programmes that
connect girls and young women, and their
families, especially from marginalised
communities, to financial institutions,
education, information, health (including
sexual, reproductive, and mental health), and
nutrition services.
✓ Ensuring registration of marriages
✓ Despite a Supreme Court ruling making
registration of marriages mandatory, state
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governments have done little to
implement the verdict.
✓ The governments must develop a mechanism
to ensure that all marriages (including civil,
religious, and customary unions), births, and
deaths are mandatorily registered through a
system, as a means to track marriages and the
age of marriage.
✓ Moreover, action should be taken against
those authorising and facilitating child
marriages in rural areas.
✓ We have to think beyond punitive measures
and legislations and transform the patriarchal
socio-economic system that fosters child
marriages.
2. “Caste system is assuming new identities and
associational forms. Hence, the caste system
cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment.
Introduction:
Discuss the structure of the caste system in India.
Body:
Mention few new identities and associational
forms evolved in Indian caste system
Conclusion:
Constitution and Government providing special
provisions and policies for the upliftment of lower
caste groups in order to eradicate caste system in
India
These policies offer solidarity and psychological
strength to various marginalized groups, even if
the caste-based discrimination is diffused in the
society.
Despite the new identities and government
initiatives, it has become very difficult to eradicate
caste system in India.
Mana La Excellence Group 1 Mains Practice Questions

Content: • Formation of caste-based associations like-

Jaat sabha, Goswami Sammelam.
The caste system divides Hindus into four main
• Casteism on internet like- jai bheem, jai
categories - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and
parsuram etc.
the Shudras. Many believe that the groups
• Casteism in economic sector like- formation of
originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of
Dalit Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
creation.
3. POCSO Law has not been able to produce
Caste system has been prevalent in one or the
expected deterrence. Proportion of child victim
other form in India from thousands of years.
in rape cases has increased. Discuss.
Various changes in social, economic and political
events has made it to tighten its grip over Indian Introduction:
society like never before. Still there are chances
Write briefly about POSCO Act 2012 and its
that it can be eradicated through constructive
importance.
measures.
Body:
New identities in Caste system:
Mention the challenges in implementing the Act
• In the past, each caste had its own fixed
position in the hierarchy and accordingly they Conclusion:
followed their own way of life. But now the low
• The UN Convention has said sexual
caste people by following the way of life of the
exploitation and sexual abuse to be addressed
high caste people are trying to change their
as heinous crimes.
position.
• Thus, POCSO is a much-needed law.
• Brahmins were considered as the supreme
• The adjudication process should be made
power and they were given utmost importance
more transparent.
in the society. But, now even in rural India, the
• Roles of police in such offences is important so
dominant caste is getting high respect and if a
improving the capacity building measures
dominant caste is from a lower caste group, it
among them.
has power to command over Brahmins.
• Additionally, to overcome and eradicate this
• No longer one can deduce a person’s caste by
issue from the grassroots, the collective
looking at his occupation. A person who is
consciousness among the masses should be
working in a salon may not be a barber.
needed.
• There is improvement in the socio-economic
Content:
conditions of lower caste people. They are
protected by the different policies of the About POCSO Act, 2012:
government.
• It is a comprehensive law for the protection of
• now Indian society is more tolerant of inter-
children (under the age of 18) from the
caste marriage. The number of inter-caste
offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment
marriages is increasing day by day because of
and pornography.
urbanised and educated group of each caste.
• It incorporates child-friendly mechanisms at
New associational forms: every stage of the judicial process which
include reporting, recording of evidence,

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investigation and speedy trial of offences
through designated Special Courts.
• It also mandates that the investigation in the
cases is to be completed in two months and
trial in 6 months.
• For this purpose, Fast Track Special Courts
(FTSCs) are established.
• It also punishes criminals who are in positions
of trust of authority like public servants, staff
of educational institutions, police etc.
• In 2019 the Act was amended to make it
stricter by:
➢ increasing the minimum punishment
for certain assaults
➢ Widening the scope of aggravated
penetrative sexual assault
➢ Defining child pornography
Impact of POCSO:
• Proportion of child victim in rape cases has
increased.
• Higher numbers of bails are granted for crimes
committed under POCSO vis-à-vis other
crimes.
• Conviction rate in POCSO cases in 2016 (the
latest year for which data is available) was only
28.2%.
• 89% of the cases of child sexual abuse were
awaiting justice at the end of 2019.
Challenges in implementing POCSO Act:
• Proving the age of the child:
The POCSO Act do not mention about what
documents are to be considered for
determining the age of the child victim.
• Police system:
➢ Police fall under the jurisdiction of the
states.
➢ It suffers from various issues like
shortage of human resource (including
skilled human resource), politicization,
overburdened with work.
• Forensic samples:
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➢ Due to poor training they may not
collect forensic samples with care.
➢ Further, such samples often end up
getting contaminated due to improper
storage.
• Overburdened judiciary:
➢ At present, special courts set up under
the law deal with other kinds of
criminal and civil cases as well.
➢ Moreover, frequent adjournments
reduce the chances of the victim being
able to recollect the facts of the
incident accurately.
• Public Prosecutor:
Generally, defense lawyers in POCSO cases are
specialised, but the same did not hold true for
the public prosecutors leading to a
"mismatch".
• Lack of accountability in National and State
Commissions for the Protection of Child
Rights:
➢ They are required to monitor and
evaluate the implementation of the Act
in addition to generating public
awareness.
➢ However, their functioning and
evaluation procedure is not open to
public scrutiny.
4.Recently, the Ministry launched a 6- month
community based Inclusive Development (CBID)
Program on rehabilitation of Persons with
Disabilities (PwDs). Stressing on greater
awareness of rights of persons with disabilities,
discuss various challenges faced by Persons with
Disabilities (PwDs)? Even after several
Government initiatives for Persons with
Disabilities (PwDs), that has been limited impact
on them why?
Mana La Excellence
Introduction:
Mention the current statics related to the PwDs.
Body:
• Mention the various challenges faced by
Persons with Disabilities (PwDs).
• Mention the various reasons for limited impact
of Government initiatives.
Conclusion:
• Attitudinal barriers ingrained as part of India’s
historical response to disability must be
changed through education programs for both
teachers and the general populace.
• These programs require financial and
collaborative commitment from key national
and state education stakeholders, and
partnership with universities to support
research-based initiatives.
• In a country like India mainstreaming of these
people is challenging issue.
• For achieving this task it’s necessary to change
public attitudes, remove social stigma, provide
barrier free environment, needs reformation
in the area of policy and institutional level.
Content:
Disability in India:
• PwD means a person with long term physical,
mental, intellectual or sensory impairment
which, in interaction with barriers, hinders his
full and effective participation in society
equally with others.
• The rights of persons with disabilities Act, 2016
recognises 21 types of disabilities including low
vision, Leprosy cured persons, etc.
• Current status:
➢ One billion people, or 15% of the
world’s population, experience some
form of disability, and disability
prevalence is higher for developing
countries.
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➢ As per Census 2011, in India, out of the
121 Cr population, about 2.68 Cr
persons are ‘disabled’ which is 2.21% of
the total population of which 56% are
males and 44% are females.
➢ Majority (69%) of the disabled
population resided in rural areas.
➢ Only around 55% (1.46 Crores) are
literates.
➢ Only 36% of the total PWDs are
workers.
➢ More than 50% of the children with
multiple disabilities or with mental
illness never attended educational
institutions.
• The Constitution of India ensures equality,
freedom, justice and dignity of all individuals
and implicitly mandates an inclusive society for
all, including persons with disabilities.
• Although government has taken various legal
and welfare initiatives for the cause of
disables, there has been a limited impact to
further their rights.
Challenges faced by Persons with Disabilities
(PwDs):
• Social and attitudinal:
➢ Stereotyping like many people consider
PWDs unhealthy because of their
impairments.
➢ Thus, Pwds have to face stigma,
prejudice, and discrimination at
multiple levels.
• Accessibility of resources:
➢ Design and construction of indoor and
outdoor facilities can prevent them
from going to school and hospitals,
shopping, etc.
➢ As per estimates, only 5-15% of people
who require assistive devices and
technologies have access to them.
• Communication challenges:
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Challenges experienced by the people who
have disabilities that affect hearing, speaking,
reading, writing, and/or understanding.
• Policy barriers:
It included lack of awareness or enforcement
of existing laws which are meant to ease the
life of PWDs.
• Poverty and disability reinforce one another:
➢ Poor health and nutrition can lead to
disability.
➢ The adverse effects of disabilities on
education, employment, etc. resulting
in higher rates of poverty.
Government initiatives and efforts have had
limited impact:
• In India, the number of disabled population is
large.
• Social stigma attached to the disabled and
people’s attitudes towards them is the main
cause of a limited impact.
• There is a lack of data on prevalence of
disabled in the country.
• Further, there is also a lack of universal
definition of who constitute the disabled.
• As there is no direct mortality associated with
various types of disabilities, they remain at the
bottom of the government’s priority list.
• Thus the treatment and prevention of
disability does not demand much attention.
• Corruption and mismanagement of funds
allocated for schemes lead to poor
implementation.
• The budgetary allocation for the
implementation of the welfare schemes has
been less.
5. Problems in agriculture sector in India are
contributing to the Urban-Rural divide. Discuss.
Introduction:
Write briefly current state of agriculture in India.
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Body:
Mention the problems in agricultural Sector that
are contributing to the Urban-Rural Divide
Conclusion:
• The non-farm rural sector is increasingly
playing an important role in the development
of rural areas of India.
• Specifically, as agriculture’s contribution to the
economy is declining, the non-farm sector will
need to become more and more a major
provider of employment and income to many
people in rural areas.
• However, it should be noted that the non-farm
rural sector is not a substitute for employment
in agriculture but rather as a supplementary
measure.
• Agricultural development is still important and
should be pursued as a necessary precondition
for inclusive development.
Content:
• The latest data from the National
Statistical Office reveals that the income of
an average agri-household in India was
only Rs 10,218 per month between 2018-
’19, which is much lower than the notified
minimum wage in rural India.
• State can provide meagre financial support
to farmers and also it fails to reallocate its
labour from agriculture to manufacturing.
• India does not have the resources or skills
to adopt large-scale mechanisation.
• India suffers from surplus labour in its farm
sector.
• India is marked by small-scale farms,
abundant labour in rural areas, persisting
gaps in productivity between the farm and
non-farm sectors, and widening disparities
between the rural and urban regions.
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• While farm size has been declining in the
country, the average holding size in India is
1.2 hectares (3 acres).
• Water efficiency in agriculture is of 30% in
India.
• According to Agriculture Science and
Technology Indicators, India’s spending on
agricultural research is 0.30% of farm GDP
which is very low.
• 54% of rural households are declared
agricultural of which 40% of their income
comes from wages.
• The data from the All India Debt and
Investment Survey, 2019 shows that:
o 35% of rural Indian households are
in debt with about 44% accessing
non-institutional (informal) sources
of credit that charge exorbitant
interest rates as high as 25%.
• These rural institutions and stagnancy in
agriculture have contributed to rising rural-
urban disparities.
• The widening of the gap between
agricultural and non-agricultural sector
incomes, particularly since the late 1990s,
and the inability of the industry to absorb
“surplus” labour from agriculture, have
worsened the disparity.
• Outside agriculture, the post-1990 growth
has mainly of service-led.
• Today, the link between the farm sector
and industry is very weak.
• The decline in profitability and productivity
within agriculture has contributed to such
raising disparities, the opportunities in the
non-farm services sector have made
farming even less attractive.
• Since the 1990s, India’s economic growth
has been marked by an urban bias.
• The rural-urban disparity, as measured by
the ratio of urban-to-rural expenditure,
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has gone up from 1.63 in 1993-94 to 2.42
in 2017-18.
• This means that today, an average urban-
dweller can consume almost 2.5 times
more than an average person in a village.
• The farm sector needs reform to raise
productivity, enhance farmers’ income,
build market infrastructure and address
declining soil fertility.
• If Indian policymakers do not address these
issues, the socio-economic problems in
rural India will reach a boiling point.
• Rural India has transformed over the last
few decades, bringing about new
challenges that go beyond agriculture and
include non-farm economic activities.
6. Secularism is indispensable to India, comment.
Introduction:
Write briefly secularism in India and its
importance
Body:
• Mention the reasons why secularism is
indispensable to India
• Mention the recent threat to secularism in
India.
Conclusion:
• In a pluralistic society, the best approach to
nurture secularism is to expand religious
freedom rather than strictly practicing state
neutrality.
• Ensure the value-based education that makes
the younger generation understands and
appreciates not only its own religious
traditions but also those of the other religions
in the country.
Mana La Excellence
Content:
• Secularism in our country is not only a word in
the constitution, but is a thought to
understand mind and brains.
• The country is not only multilingual, multi-
cultured, it is multi-religious also.
• Christian, Parsi, Jain, Sikh, Buddhist, Muslim
are altogether 25 crores in number.
• Every religion lives its personal and social life
differently.
• It is for everyone to understand this, and live a
peaceful life based on values of brotherhood-
friendship.
• It is therefore necessary to keep distance of
religion affairs from state affairs for cordial
social relations and peace.
• Therefore, the word secular is indispensable to
the constitution.
• Constitution has bestowed upon the citizens of
this country the basic rights equally,
irrespective of religion, cast, creed, sex, place,
or quality.
• State or administration cannot suspend it.
• Secularism is the basic core of the constitution,
the Parliament has no right to change it or
make laws for changing it, and this has been
upheld by various judgements of the Supreme
Court of India.
• Religion shouldn’t interfere in governance.
• It would have been politically immature to
decide the formation of India on the religious
basis.
• Hence, Gandhi-Nehru-Patel formed India on
the basis of secularism, and this shouldn’t be
forgotten.
• If ignored, the country might have to pay a
heavy price for it.
• It is easy to incite the society, but difficult to
unite for constructive agenda.
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• Nationalism is not pleasant without
secularism, it is more than that, and one
should always be aware of it.
• In a country like India, social fabric and security
of minorities are important factors. Only a
secular government can achieve this.
• The Indian constitution is facing the challenge
of religious fundamentalism. To face this,
secularism is a must.
Threats to Secularism:
• While, the Indian Constitution declares the
state being absolutely neutral to all religion.
• Mingling of Religion and Politics that is
mobilisation of votes on grounds of identities
such as religion, caste and ethnicity, have put
Indian secularism in danger.
• Communal politics operates through
communalization of social space, by spreading
myths and stereotypes against minorities,
through attack on rational values and by
practicing a divisive ideological propaganda
and politics.
• Politicisation of any one religious group leads
to the competitive politicisation of other
groups, thereby resulting in inter-religious
conflict.
• One of the manifestations of communalism
is communal riots. In recent past also,
communalism has proved to be a great threat
to the secular fabric of Indian polity.
• Rise of Hindu religionism in recent years have
resulted into mob lynching on mere suspicion
of slaughtering cows and consuming beef.
• In addition, forced closure of slaughterhouses,
campaigns against ‘love jihad’, reconversion or
ghar- wapsi (Muslims being forced to convert
to Hinduism), etc. reinforces communal
tendencies in society.
• Islamic fundamentalism or revivalism pushes
for establishing Islamic State based on sharia
law which directly comes into conflict with
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conceptions of the secular and democratic
state.
• In recent years there have been stray
incidences of Muslim youth being inspired and
radicalized by groups like ISIS which is very
unfortunate for both India and world.
7. India needs the policy for population
stabilization. Discuss.
Introduction:
Mention some current statics related to India’s
demography.
Body:
Discuss why India needs a policy for population
stabilization.
Conclusion:
• The population stabilization difference
between the southern and northern states is
becoming disproportionately skewed. It will
change uniform distribution of economic
growth across the regions and destroy the
gains from a young populace.
• Thus, the long-term policy requires a stable
population consistent with the requirements
of sustainable economic growth, social
development, and environmental protection.
Content:
• The National Population Policy 2000 affirmed
a commitment to achieve replacement levels
of fertility (total fertility rate of 2.1) by 2010.
• Ten states have achieved this goal, although
with much delayed.
• Kerala and Tamil Nadu had accomplished it
decades earlier.
• This fertility decline over half of India has cut
different sections of society such as the
privileged and the poor, those educated or
not, and the high and low caste.
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• The National Family Health Survey 4 has
shown, TFR has reduced even among illiterate
women from all religions in the southern
states even in Kerala and Telangana which
have a high proportion of Muslims.
• The Southern states achieved population
stabilisation so early, while Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar was not.
• Fertility reduction measures in five southern
states succeeded, irrespective of literacy and
education levels
• It changes the conventional thought of
literacy, education and development are
prerequisites for populations to stabilise.
• The fertility decline was achieved in southern
states because of governments proactively
urged families to have only two children,
followed by female sterilisation immediately
thereafter.
• There is disproportion progressive in South
and the Central- North.
• UP and Bihar are 23% of India’s population and
are projected to grow by over 12% and 20% in
the next 15 years respectively.
• The action is to prevent unwanted pregnancies
particularly in these two states is urgently
required.
• Women in rural UP are still giving birth to four
or more children.
• In some districts, the contraceptive prevalence
rate is less than 10%.
• In many districts nobody using modern family
planning methods.
• UP’s over-reliance on traditional methods of
contraception needs to be replaced with
reliable and easy alternatives.
• Bihar has the highest fertility rate in the
country and also the highest out-migration.
• Almost half the women in some districts have
a migrant husband and women’s unwillingness
to use contraception in the absence of the
husband, resulting in unprotected sex.
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• No other country in the world uses female
sterilisation as excessively as India instead
male vasectomy (male sterilisation).
• Even Kerala with all its progress still relies on
female sterilisation (above 88%) as the
predominant modern method of
contraception.
• Three things are needed:
➢ Incentivise later marriages and child
births
➢ Make contraception easy for women
and
➢ Promote women’s labour force
participation.
• The population momentum managed
properly, it will remain India’s biggest asset
until 2055.
• By 2040, India will be the king of human
capital.
8. Analyse the trend of Climate-Induced
Migration and Modern Slavery.
Introduction:
Define Modern slavery
Body:
Mention some statics how extreme weather
events in India made women and children more
vulnerable to modern slavery
Conclusion:
• Climate and development policy-makers
urgently need to recognise that millions of
people displaced by climate change are being,
and will be, exposed to slavery in the coming
decades.
• Policymakers should therefore develop
targeted actions, at national and international
levels, to address the issue.
• The global and regional discourse on
development and climate policy must consider
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trafficking and slavery risks due to climate
shocks.
• Several ongoing initiatives including the
Warsaw International Mechanism Task Force
on Displacement, the Sendai Framework, etc
should be coordinated to increase
understanding, and response, growing risks of
climate-induced migration or displacement
and exposure to modern slavery.
Content:
• Modern slavery including debt bondage,
bonded labour, early or forced marriage
and human trafficking converge with
climate change, particularly climate shocks
and climate-related forced displacement
and migration.
• Climate change is devastating the planet,
leading to intensifying global inequality as
well as disputes over land, water and
scarce resources.
• People are being driven to migrate within
and across borders in search of resources
and income.
• As many as 55 million people were
internally displaced within their countries
due to extreme weather events in 2020.
• The World Bank estimates that, by 2050,
the impact of the climate crisis, such as
poor crop yields, a lack of water and rising
sea levels, will force more than 216 million
people across six regions, including sub-
Saharan Africa, south Asia and Latin
America, from their homes.
• Climate change-induced extreme weather
events put women, children and minorities at
risk of modern slavery and human trafficking.
• The phenomenon is on the rise in India.
• In Sundarbans, the delta region is
characterised by intense, recurrent and
sudden onset disasters, as well as slow onset
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ecological degradation making large areas
uninhabitable.
• Rising sea levels, erratic rainfall, increased
frequency of cyclones, tidal surges and floods,
mean that millions of people across the
Sundarbans are unable to work for most of the
year.
• In 2020, during Cyclone Amphan,
embankment was breached and seawater
entered the flood plains resulting in
widespread displacement from homes and loss
of livelihoods for more than two million
people.
• Such events made locals vulnerable to
traffickers and drove them into forced labour.
• Severe cyclone and flooding in Sundarbans
delta had also reduced the land for agriculture,
which is the major source of livelihood.
• While restrictions were imposed by bordering
countries, smugglers and traffickers operating
in the affected region targeted widows and
men desperate to cross the border to India to
find employment.
• Women were trafficked and often forced into
hard labour and prostitution, with some
working in daily labour along the border.
• People displaced and migrating from rural to
urban areas with no resources, skills or social
networks at their destination, are targeted by
agents and traffickers in Dhaka or Kolkata.
• At the same time, climate change has made
children more vulnerable.
• By established the close relationship between
lack of resources, alternative livelihoods,
safety nets and the protection against loss and
damage as well as debt and exploitation. Scale
of displacement has been increased.
• As many as 55 million people were internally
displaced within their countries due to
extreme weather events in 2020.
• This is the highest in the last one decade.
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• This would be in addition to the existing 40.3
million people living under slavery in the
world.
• NICEF has repeatedly warned that climate
change increases the risk of girls being pushed
into unsafe migration and displacement, which
can expose them to the risk of modern slavery.
9. Describe in brief about the following social
evils present in Telangana and also mention their
current status.
Introduction:
Write about social evil and list some social evils
prevalent in Telangana.
Body:
Describe the four social evils Jogini system, vetti,
Devadasi system and Child marriages and also
mention the current status of each social evil in
Telangana.
Conclusion:
• Though government has provided rules to
reduce social evils, instead of coming to dead-
end , social evils in India seem to rise.
• Therefore, due action must be taken for the
betterment of the people of the country and
definitely for changing the mindset of the
existing society.
• Strict laws should be made and strict
punishment should be given to the people who
indulge in these social evils.
Content:
Jogini System – ‘temple slaves’:
• Jogini is a cultural tradition imposed on
90% of dalit Madiga caste girls.
• Young girls are pushed into sex trade in the
name of joginis. These girls are dedicated
to goddess yellamma a local rural goddess.
Mana La Excellence Group 1 Mains Practice Questions

• The parents of the girls generally believe
that when the young girl is dedicated to
Goddess Yellamma temple she becomes
jogini and serves Village men which
eventually lead to disappearance of all the
evil spirits in the village.
• Mathas publicly dance during festival time
and that day she is meant to be sexually
available to people.
Current Status:
• Joginis have different names in different
parts of the state.
o In Mahabubnagar, Adilabad,
Medak, Warangal and Nizamabad -
Joginis;
o In Rangareddy district - be an offence.
Mathamma;
o In Karimnagar district - Amababai
Jogini.
Current Status:
• Several NGOs are working effectively
lobbying with government, joining them
into schools, giving them training, exposing
them to normal lives.
• Though the practice has not yet stopped,
the organisations manage to spread the
Devadasi system / Female servant of God /
awareness to the maximum levels.
Dancing girls in temples:
• But, there is a need to sensitise all the
sections of the society only then the
problem may be solved.
Vetti System:
• Vetti Chakiri is a system which is exclusive
slavery kind of feature of Telangana during
Nizam rule and it continued till 1980s.
• It was believed that the vetti was existed
only in some backward tribal regions and
poor marginalized untouchable
communities.
• Vetti is an unpaid work assigned to the
lower castes mostly untouchable families.
It can be household work, carrying report
or mails, firewood collection from forest.
• It is obligatory that schedule caste families
need to send one person from the family to
perform vetti.
• The worst form of vetti was exploitation of
girls and women, they were sent to
landlords houses to keep with them.
• Article 23 (1) of the constitution prohibits
begar and other similar forms of forced
labour and it provides that any
contravention of the said prohibition shall
• Bonded labour system has been abolished
from 25th October 1975 and every bonded
labour has been set free and has been
discharged from any obligation to render
any bonded labour from this date.
• Though the bonded labour is legally
banned, the system continues in remote
villages with different names specially in
some tribal pockets and in scheduled caste
areas.
• Devadasi means any unmarried woman
dedicated to Goddess or deity, idol, object
or worship in temple or other religious
institution.
• It supplies young girls and keep them as
concubines to the village elders, rich
landlords.
• They were basically trained in classical
music and dance. They live in the house is
provided by patron, rich man in the village.
• Their situation changed as the tradition
was made illegal across India in 1988, and
the temple has distanced from public.

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Mana La Excellence
Current Status:
• Even after stringent laws it didn't vanish
from the society as it is the complex system
interwined with poverty, social conditions,
gender and sexual exploitation of women
of untouchable communities.
• One-man commission headed by Justice
Raghunath Rao, a former judge, has found
that the age-old social menace is prevalent
in all districts in both the states.
• It submitted the report on Devadasis
recently stating that about 80,000 women
still follow the system.
• Devadasi system continues to flourish in
rural areas of Telangana and Andhra
Pradesh.
Child marriages:
• Child marriage is a marriage or similar
union, formal or informal, between a child
under a certain age – typically age 18 – and
an adult or another child.
• The vast majority of child marriages are
between a girl and a man, and are rooted
in gender inequality.
• Child marriage violates the rights of
children and has widespread with long-
term consequences for child brides and
child grooms.
• For girls, in addition to mental health issues
and a lack of access to education and
career opportunities, this includes adverse
health effects as a result of early pregnancy
(including teenage pregnancy) and
childbirth.
• Many young women, who are pushed into
the perils of early marriage, are sometimes
just a few months away from turning, or
just turned 18 years — the legal age of
marriage for women in India.
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Current Status:
• More than six per cent of the child
marriages reported across the country
from 2018 to 2020 were from Telangana,
according to the Ministry of Women and
Child Development (MoWCD).
• Of the 1,809 child marriages reported in
the country during the three-year period,
Arunachal Pradesh topped the list with 341
child marriage cases, followed by West
Bengal (236), Karnataka (217) and Tami
Nadu (190), while Telangana was fifth on
the list with 119.
• The Covid pandemic that broke out over a
year ago, has indirectly led to a drastic
increase in crimes against women and
children in the State, especially cases of
domestic violence and child marriages.
10. Describe in brief about the Fluorosis in
Telangana.
Introduction:
Write briefly about Fluorosis in Telangana.
Body:
Mention the impact, preventive measures,
government and non-government initiatives taken
regarding the Fluorosis in Telangana.
Conclusion:
Though Telangana government has declared itself
as Fluorosis-free state, certain measures should be
taken by the people to prevent Fluorosis. They are:
• Sensitizing the community with information on
fluorosis, importance of drinking safe water
and about healthy diet are important for
prevention and control of fluorosis.
• Water contaminated with fluoride more than
1ppm should not be consumed.
Mana La Excellence
• High fluoride containing products viz., Supari,
tobacco, black rock salt, red rock salt (Sindhi),
Drugs and cosmetics like toothpaste, mouth
rinses and any other products proven to have
high fluoride should be avoided.
• Intake of foods (rich in calcium, iron, vitamin c,
other antioxidants), such as milk, curd, green
leafy vegetables, fruits should be advocated.
Content:
• Fluorosis is a cosmetic condition that affects
the teeth. It’s caused by overexposure to
fluoride during the first eight years of life. This
is the time when most permanent teeth are
being formed. After the teeth come in, the
teeth of those affected by fluorosis may
appear mildly discolored.
• Nalgonda in Telangana was the worst-affected
district due to the disease that affects bones
and teeth.
Impact of Fluorosis in Telangana:
A study has revealed that about 31% in the pre-
monsoon and 80% of the post-monsoon
groundwater sampling showed 1.5 to 4 mg per
litre of fluoride content in the state.
• A considerable amount of fluoride enters the
human body through drinking water and
excess fluoride can be toxic for health.
• The World Health Organisation (WHO) has set
the minimum and maximum limits of fluoride
content for drinking water purposes at 0.5 and
1.5 mg/l, respectively.
• The intake of elevated fluoride has a significant
impact on the health of human beings.
Immediate problems are seen in children’s
teeth.
• Excess fluoride leads to mottling of teeth,
calcification of ligaments, and crippling of
bones, says a WHO report.
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• As per the findings of the study published in
the journal of Human and Ecological Risk
Assessment, the people from Telangana state
are vulnerable to dental and skeletal fluorosis,
due to the intake of high fluoride content in
drinking water.
• The elevated level of fluoride in groundwater
after the monsoon season was because of the
increase of mineral dissolution in the rainy
season.
Prevention of Fluorosis:
Fluorosis can be prevented by avoiding excessive
intake of fluoride by individuals / community.
Excessive fluoride intake and its adverse effects
can be minimized or prevented by adapting
following measures:
• By using alternative water sources,
• By removing excessive fluoride from
drinking water,
• By improving the nutritional status of
population/individuals at risk.
Government and non-Government initiatives
regarding Fluorosis:
1. Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir:
• The reservoir provides Krishna water to
the Nalgonda district which has
permissible limits of fluoride.
• This helped deal with the vital public
health problem to a large extent.
2. District Fluoride Monitoring Centre (DFMC):
A multi-department coordinated District
Fluoride Monitoring Centre (DFMC) was set up
in 2012. The UNICEF came forward to support
this and formed a multi-partite partnership
with the district administration, the National
Institute of Nutrition (NIN) and the Fluoride
Knowledge and Action Network (FKAN).
3. Mission Bhageeratha:
Mana La Excellence
• It aims to provide pide safe potable
drinking water to every household.
• Special focus was laid down to provide
safe drinking water to villages where
the flouride content in water is high.
4. Community defluoridation plant / Nalgonda
Technique:
• The first community defluoridation
plant for removal of fluoride from
drinking water was constructed in the
district of Nalgonda.
• The technology was developed by
National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur in
1961.
5. Condition of surface water supply has
improved
6. Provisions regarding food and nutrition:
• The Indian Natural Resource
Economics and Management (INREM)
Foundation which conducted a survey
in the fluoride affected villages of
Nalgonda declared that there had been
no new cases of fluorosis reported in
the district in the last six years.
• INREM too suggested that the intensity
of the disease came down due to the
supply of safe drinking water under the
Mission Bhagiratha.
11. Mention the historical background of OBCs
reservation with emphasis on Mandal
Commission recommendations.
Introduction:
Mention the current status of OBCs in India and
current related issues such as creamy layer and
giving the constitutional status to National
Commission for the Backward Classes under
Article 338B
Body:
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Mention the historically background of OBCs
reservation.
Conclusion:
• Implementation of Mandal commission
recommendations empowered communities.
• But the current architecture of reservations
needs a review, with the aim of creating a just,
inclusive and equal society, without inclination
towards populist movements.
Content:
• The National Commission for the Backward
Classes of India is a Constitutional Body (as
per 102nd Constitution Amendment Act of
2018) under Article 338B of the Indian
Constitution.
• It was formerly managed by the Ministry of
Social Justice and Empowerment as a statutory
body under the National Commission for
Backward Classes Act, 1993.
Historical Background of OBC Reservation:
• Establishing First Backward Class
Commission:
➢ In January 1953, the Nehru government had
set up the First Backward Class
Commission under the chairmanship of social
reformer Kaka Kalelkar.
➢ The commission submitted its report in March
1955, listing 2,399 backward castes or
communities, with 837 of them classified as
‘most backwards’.
➢ However, the report was never implemented.
• Establishing Second Backward Class
Commission:
➢ On January 1979, the Morarji Desai
government chose Mandal, a former chief
minister of Bihar, to head the Second
Backward Class Commission.
➢ Mandal submitted his report two years later,
on December 1980.
➢ However, by then, the Morarji Desai
government had fallen and Indira Gandhi came
Mana La Excellence
to power and the issue remained in the deep
freeze for about a decade.
• Implementation of Mandal Commission:
➢ In 1990, the then Prime Minister V P Singh
announced in the Parliament that the
recommendations of the Mandal Commission
would be implemented.
➢ The announcement witnessed violent protests
all over India, especially in northern and
western India, and many students immolated
themselves in protest and a few of them died
as well.
• Indira Sawhney Case:
➢ Following the severe opposition, the issue of
OBC reservation reached the Supreme Court in
1992. This case is known as ‘Indira Sawhney
Judgment’ or Mandal Case.
➢ The Supreme Court upheld the 27%
reservation for OBCs but also stated that the
only caste was not an indicator of social and
educational backwardness.
➢ Also, to ensure that benefits of the
recommendations of the Mandal Commission
percolated down to the most backward
communities, the creamy layer criteria was
invoked.
Aftermath of Mandal Commission:
• Opposition to Mandal Commission:
➢ It faced mainly opposition on two
grounds, that reservation would
compromise the merit and can the
reservation be given on economic lines.
➢ However, it revolves around vote-bank
politics which defeats the original
purpose of reservation policy.
• Defeating the Intended Goal of Reservation
Policy:
➢ In order to fulfil populist’s demands,
political parties continued to expand
reservation to the extent that
communities who are well-off, avail
reservation quotas.
➢ This has undermined the entire
purpose of reservation, envisaged as a
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tool to address historic injustice, and
made it an exercise in power
distribution and employment
generation.
• Unequal Benefits and Creation of Political
Divide:
➢ According to the Rohini Commission,
out of almost 6,000 castes and
communities in the OBCs, only 40 such
communities had gotten 50% of
reservation benefits for admission in
central educational institutions and
recruitment to the civil services.
➢ This has led to a political divide and
demands for sub-categorisation, a
process currently underway.
• Cause of Social Disharmony:
The policy of reservation has caused the
resentment of those communities which did
not have a share in the reservation.
Mandal commission recommendations:
• In exercise of the powers conferred
by Article 340, the President appointed a
backward class commission in December
1978 under the chairmanship of B. P.
Mandal.
• The commission was formed to determine
the criteria for defining India’s “socially
and educationally backward classes” and
to recommend steps to be taken for the
advancement of those classes.
• The Mandal Commission submitted its
report in 1980 and generated an all-India
other backward classes (OBC) list of 3,743
castes and a more underprivileged
“depressed backward classes” list of 2,108
castes.
• The Commission concluded that India’s
population consisted of approximately
52% OBCs, therefore 27% government
jobs should be reserved for them.
• In pursuit of social justice, the Mandal
Commission recommendations were
implemented. However, only half of the
Mana La Excellence
recommendations of the commission were
implemented.
• The commission held that reservations
along all financial assistance will remain
mere unless the problem of backwardness
is tackled at its root.
Thus, it recommended land redistribution and
change in relations of production:
• Making Agriculture Economically Viable:
➢ As the small landholders, tenants,
agricultural labour, impoverished
village artisans, unskilled workers,
forms the bulk of the OBCs
community.
➢ Therefore, it is imperative to make
agriculture (the backbone of the
rural economy) economically
viable.
• Reviving Private Investment to Lessen
Demand for Reservation:
➢ There is a need to revive private
sector manufacturing.
➢ This will attract youth towards
lucrative employment avenues in
the private sector and hence, there
will be less demand for jobs in the
public sector and reservation.
• Review of Reservation Policy:
➢ Reservation has remained a
powerful tool of affirmative action.
➢ However, after 75 years of
independence, India’s socio-
economic polity has transformed.
➢ Therefore, strong political will is
required to review the reservation
policy and establish an egalitarian
society.
12. Briefly discuss the poverty alleviation
programmes of Telangana Government.
Introduction:
• Define poverty
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• Mention the current status of poverty in India
and Telangana
Body:
Mention the Telangana Government initiatives in
eradicating the poverty in state.
Conclusion:
• The Government’s sustained commitment
to the welfare of the citizens is evidenced
by the schemes and programmes it has
continued to run in 2021- 22 such as, Dalit
Bandhu and SC and ST Special
Development Funds.
• The initiatives of the Government (both
state and central) are important building
blocks in alleviating poverty and
developing a futuristic developmental
state that combines economic growth with
equitable distribution of its benefits and
thus provides social protection.
Content:
• Addressing poverty and its determinants
has been one of the main focus areas of the
Government.
• Since formation of the State, the
Government has revamped the existing
poverty alleviation programmes, especially
the Public Distribution System (PDS) and
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme
(MGNREGS) and the 100% subsidised 2-
BHK Housing Scheme.
• Further, State level societies such as
Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty
(SERP) and Mission for Elimination of
Poverty in Municipal Areas (MEPMA) are
helping to build and nurture women led
Self Help Groups (SHGs) and implementing
poverty alleviation programmes in rural
and urban areas.
• Importantly, the Government broadened
the focus of poverty alleviation by working
to eradicate multidimensional poverty.
Mana La Excellence
• As per NITI Aayog’s Multidimensional
Poverty Index (MPI) baseline report 2021,
which has three equally weighted
dimensions—Health, Education, and Living
Standards
➢ one in four individuals in India is
multidimensionally poor, but in
Telangana this is not true it has one
out of seven individuals poor.
➢ Comparing to national average in
poor, state has reduced the
number of poor.
• Since the formation of the State, the
Government has made targeted
interventions in:
➢ Health such as KCR Kits, Aarogya
Lakshmi, Giri Poshana, improving
the Public Health Infrastructure etc.
➢ Education such as revamping
school infrastructure through
Mana Ooru Mana Badi and
➢ Living Standards such as housing,
skill development, asset creation,
free electricity, etc. covering
specific marginalised groups in the
State.
Aasara Pension:
• As part of its welfare and social safety net
strategy, the Government has introduced
the “Aasara’’ pension scheme in November
2014 in order to support the most
vulnerable sections of the society.
• The scheme is meant to protect different
sections of society in particular the old and
infirm, disabled persons, Widows, people
with HIV-AIDS, Filaria effected persons,
weavers, toddy tappers, Beedi workers and
Single Women.
• Around 37 lakh pensioners benefited form
the scheme.
Public Distribution System (PDS):
• The Government is distributing essential
commodities and food grains to priority
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households at subsidised prices as per their
eligibility.
• The Government has been proactively
implementing the Public Distribution
System (PDS), through a network of Fair
Price Shops (FPSs).
• The Government of Telangana has
extended the PDS coverage to an
additional 96 lakh people over and above
the prescribed coverage of around 1.91
crore (persons/units) by Government of
India under the National Food Security Act
(NFSA), thus effectively covering 2.87 crore
beneficiaries in the state.
• Along with additional beneficiary coverage
the Government has also enhanced the
scale of distribution of rice from 5 Kgs per
person at Rs.3 per Kg as prescribed by
Government of India, to 6 Kgs per person
at Rs.1 per Kg to all the members in a
family.
• Along with Food Security, the State has
facilitated Gas Connections to poor and
marginalised households under the
DEEPAM Scheme.
• The total outlay on this program has been
doubled from 2014 to 2021.
• At present, the Public Distribution System
has served around 3.36 crore beneficiaries
in the State.
13. Explain the reasons that are contributing to
resilient health ecosystem of Telangana State.
Introduction: Discuss the importance of Health for
any society.
Body:
Mention the Telangana Government initiatives
towards providing the resilient health ecosystem
in the state.
Conclusion:
• The Government would continue to strive to
provide high-quality healthcare services to all
Mana La Excellence Group 1 Mains Practice Questions

as envisioned in the Sustainable Development • Telangana ranked 3rd on below both aspects,
Goals it was the only state to have:
• It would work towards eradicating diseases ➢ demonstrated a strong overall
and strengthening the health system in the performance and
state, with a special focus on personnel ➢ a marked incremental performance on
development and addressing new emerging NITI Aayog’s Annual Health Index 2019-
health challenges. 20
• Its efforts towards strengthening the health
Content:
systems in the state, it was declared as the only
larger state where all Primary Health Centers
• The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines
(PHCs) and Urban PHCs(UPHCs) are now
‘health’ as a state of complete physical,
functioning as Health and Wellness Centres
mental, and social well-being, and not merely
(HWCs).
the absence of disease or infirmity.
• As per the IPHS (2012) norms for staffing in
• In line with the WHO’s definition, the
2019-20, Telangana had:
Telangana government focuses on the
➢ No shortfall in the number of Auxiliary
preventive as well as curative aspects of
Nurse Midwives (ANMs) at Health Sub
health, with the aim of:
Centers (HSCs)
➢ prolonging the life and
➢ No shortfall in the number of Medical
➢ promoting the well-being of its citizens.
Officers (MOs) at PHCs and UPHCs, and
• Since the state’s formation, the Government
➢ One of the lowest shortfalls in the
has invested significantly in strengthening its
number of specialist doctors at District
public health system.
Hospitals.
• It has further sharpened its focus towards
• In 2021, the Telangana Government
quality healthcare provisioning in light of
announced plans to establish four Telangana
pandemic.
Institute of Medical Sciences & Research
• The state has constituted a committee to
(TIMS) hospitals with infrastructure at par with
review the conditions of government hospitals
corporate hospitals.
as well as to study the best practices in other
• To strengthen the medical education in the
well-performing states and countries.
state, the Government sanctioned 8 new
• In order to improve health outcomes in the
Government Medical Colleges with a
state, specifically for persons belonging to
cumulative intake of MBBS students.
marginalized communities, the Government
• To bring healthcare services close to the urban
has launched several schemes that focus on
poor, the Government has established Basti
improving the availability, accessibility, and
Dawakhanas in urban slums that offer 53
affordability of quality healthcare.
different health services free of cost including:
• Further, in alignment with the Government’s
➢ outpatient consultation
objective of “Aarogya Telangana”, and to instill
➢ medicines
new confidence in the government healthcare
➢ basic lab diagnosis
system, the Government made a budgetary
➢ antenatal/postnatal care and
allocation towards the National Health Mission
➢ screening for non-communicable
for improving healthcare service delivery.
diseases.
• The past year has seen a substantive increase
• Basti Dawakhanas also provide specialist
in the investments towards the expansion and
consultation through Telemedicine.
improvement of health infrastructure in the
state.
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Mana La Excellence
• After the success of the Basti Dawakhanas, the
model is being replicated in rural areas to
deliver comprehensive primary healthcare
service by upgrading the sub-centres to “Palle
Dawakhanas”.
• Few sub-centres have been upgraded to Palle
Dawakhanas.
• To increase the reach and benefits of health
insurance scheme, Aarogyasri, the Telangana
Government has converged the scheme with
the Government of India’s Ayushman Bharat
scheme.
• Over the last two years, the Government has
taken several measures to minimize the
impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The health ecosystem has remained resilient in
the face of the pandemic and has ensured
maximum care and minimum loss of life.
• Recognizing the importance of emotional,
psychological, and social well-being of its
citizens, especially in the wake of the
pandemic, the Telangana Government has
rolled out the National Mental Health Program
in all districts.
• Above 18+ age group, Telangana has
successfully achieved:
➢ 100% coverage of the first dose of
COVID-19 vaccination and
➢ 89% coverage of the second dose of
vaccination.
• As of now, 76% coverage has been achieved in
the case of the first dose of vaccination in the
age group 15- 18 years.
• 3.60 lakh precautionary doses have been given
to frontline workers and persons aged 60+
years.
14. What is Telangana’s ‘GO 111’ orders? The
Telangana Government wanted to end the
GO111 orders, Discuss its impact on
Environment.
Introduction:
Mention the what is GO111 of Telangana
Government.
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Body:
Mention the consequences of ending of GO111
orders of Telangana Government.
Conclusion:
• The government needs to have a special
master plan that will ensure lakes are
protected and there is no pollution.
• The government executes the master plan
ensures lake protection, low-density houses,
institutions that do not lead to pollution then
there would be no real estate lobby control.
Content:
• Telangana Government has announced
scrapping of a 26-year-old Government
Order (GO 111).
• The government order 111 issued in 1996
has become redundant now.
• It could send two Nizam-era reservoirs
into:
➢ a death trap and
➢ put lakhs of acres of land at a
massive risk of concrete
urbanisation.
GO 111:
• The Government issued GO111 order in order
to restrict major construction and industrial
activity in and around 10-km of the two
reservoirs Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar.
• Both reservoirs have been a key source of:
➢ drinking water for the city for decades
and
➢ an essential part of flood control,
among other environmental factors.
• With an intention to protect the reservoirs, the
GO111 created a buffer zone to avoid any kind
of polluting activity in the catchment areas
from industrial, commercial to heavy
residential constructions in the lake area.
Historical Background of orders:
Mana La Excellence
• Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar were built in
1920 and 1927 respectively under the last
Nizam-era ruler Mir Osman Ali Khan, after the
devastating 1908 floods in Hyderabad.
• M. Visvesvaraya wanted to make the city
flood-proof.
• Under his recommendation to control excess
water during floods, these two massive
storage reservoirs were built.
• The reservoirs eventually became a crucial
source of drinking water as water from river
Musi and Esa.
• GO 111 is applicable to 1.32 lakh acres of land
in 84 villages.
• The 84 villages fall under the 10-km catchment
area of Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar.
• Development of residential zones are
permitted but with following restrictions on
land use:
➢ About 90% area for recreation and
conservation.
➢ About 60% of the total area shall be
kept as open space and roads in the
catchment area.
Consequences of ending the GO111 of Telangana
Government:
• According to Telangana Government, the city
no longer depended on these reservoirs for its
water needs as the government is now able to
draw water from massive Krishna and
Godavari rivers.
• However, the local body had tapped water
resources of Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar
as recently as 2019, after other reservoirs
dried up.
• It would not be easy to revoke the government
order, due to a “precautionary principle”
issued by the Supreme Court in 2000 when an
industrial unit approached the top court for
operate within 10 km of the catchment area.
• The court had upheld GO 111, restricting any
construction activities which could pollute the
lake.
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Group 1 Mains Practice Questions
• Any move to scrap the government order
would be a violation of Supreme Court
judgement.
• By scrapping this government order, a move
that could largely benefit the real estate
sector.
• Both Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar were
mainly built for flood control after 1908
massive floods.
• Hyderabad got flooded twice in the last three
years and that resulted in loss of life and
inundation of several areas.
• If reservoirs like Osman Sagar and Himayat
Sagar are not kept intact, the water impact
flowing into the city will be much higher and
that will create havoc for the city.
• The reservoir gates were opened during 2020
and 2021 floods and they are still a source of
drinking water.
• These are gravity reservoirs and the water
from here naturally flows into the filter beds in
the city.
Environmental factors:
• The reservoirs located in the southwest
direction of the city, also provide quality wind
during the southwest monsoon.
• Any kind of pollution in those areas would
affect the wind quality.
• The Mrugavani National Park between the
twin reservoirs and the entire area acts as a
heat absorption unit for the city and if that is
allowed, the city would become a furnace.
• The state’s most fertile land is in these areas
and mostly locals depend on agriculture for
their source of income.