Faculty of Management Technology

Second seminar outline

Topic: Universal basic income and economic stability

Name: Mariam Mahmoud Mustafa 52-24302

Sama Osama 52-3691

Supervisor : Dr : HebatAllah Ghoniem

1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1 Definition of Cash Transfer
2.1.1 Cond Cash Transfer
2.1.2 Goods and Services
2.1.3 Universal Basic Income
2.1.3.1 Types of Basic Income
2.1.3.1.1 Child Benefits
2.1.3.1.2 Pensions
2.1.3.1.3 Negative income tax (NIT)
2.1.3.2 Advantages of Universal Basic Income
2.1.3.2.1 More access to education and schooling
2.1.3.2.2 Better Health
2.1.3.3 Disadvantages and Challenges of Universal Basic Income
2.1.3.3.1 Lack of funds
2.1.3.3.2 Increases inflation
2.2 Economic stability
2.2.1 Definition of Economic Stability
2.2.2 Factors that contribute to economic stability
2.2.2.1 Reducing gender equality
2.2.2.2 Reducing Racial Equality
2.2.2.3 Free and Domestic Societies
3. Impact of universal basic income on economic stability
3.1 Positive impacts
3.1.1 Sufficient financial basis
3.1.2 High equality of opportunities
3.1.3 Health promotion
3.2 Negative impact
3.2.1 Increased unemployment (disincentives to work)
3.2.2 Increased Inflation
3.3 Practice in Real Life

2.1 Definition of Cash Transfer

Cash transfer has many definitions, and cash transfer is providing financial help to the needy or
those in danger of becoming impoverished without it, there are few legislative cash aid systems
in poor nations. Moreover, cash transfer schemes offer more options for recipients and are less
likely to affect prices compared to in-kind transfers. In addition, cash transfers can be a
manageable size to offer effective protection. If low-income households already derive some of
their earnings from informal sector activities or private transfers, then a cash transfer can be used
to partly close the poverty gap rather than provide a full replacement of income. Moreover, cash
transfer programs target determining the size of the transfer, the frequency, and the target
segment or beneficiary recipients, taking into consideration many factors related to the
recipients, such as the average income and the size of the family (Kabeerr et al., 2015).

In addition, cash transfers as the most prevalent social assistance programs in low- and middle-
income countries today Cash transfer schemes are social protection programs that provide direct
monetary assistance to individuals or households, typically targeting vulnerable or disadvantaged
populations, to reduce poverty, inequality, and deprivation. Moreover, cash transfer is about the
delivery of cash directly to people or families, avoiding middlemen and giving recipients greater
autonomy in determining how to distribute resources based on their own needs and objectives
Furthermore, mainly the programs of cash transfer are relative to the GDP per capita of the
country, and some models measure the effect of these programs on many targets such as health
improvement educational improvement, and investment improvement, and these models test
those effects monthly or quarterly (Bastagali et al., 2016).

Furthermore, cash transfer is an important component of social protection policies in both

developed and developing countries and cash transfer takes different forms based on the
development of the country. In developed countries, cash transfers are done electronically
through banks and prepaid cards distributed among people in comparison to cash transfers done
physically by distributing amounts of money among people in rural areas and applying welfare
policies that provide financial sources like cash to enhance social inclusion, reduce poverty, and
sustain economic development. Moreover, cash transfers are facilitated mainly through non-
governmental organizations that have designed social protection programs that aim to decrease
starvation and many other problems for the people who are affected by drought and other
problems by preventing asset depletion and hunger, and these programs aim to have certain
distribution periods, like distributing cash transfers monthly among people and certain
distribution centers to increase the purchasing power of people (Aker et al., 2017).

Moreover, CSH transfer programs are applied in many countries and cases in real life for
example EuthoPia conducted a program with nine principles that address the certain needs of the
population and put a plan to satisfy those needs and this need is not necessarily a cash transfer
such as their program to decrease starving and achieve food security and this program called
productive safety net program moreover some times these programs do not consider the cultural
norms in the target country they serve. moreover, Brazil's Bolsa Família program is one of the
largest conditional cash transfer programs globally. It aims to reduce poverty and inequality by
providing financial assistance to low-income families. The program requires beneficiaries to
keep their children in school and ensure they receive necessary vaccinations and health check-
ups(Garcia et al., 2017).

Mexico: Mexico's Oportunidades program, now known as Prospera, is another prominent

example of a conditional cash transfer program. It focuses on improving education, health, and
nutrition outcomes for vulnerable households. Beneficiaries must regularly attend health check-
ups and keep their children enrolled in school to receive financial support

However, cash transfer programs encounter many challenges, although they have many other
challenges when we apply for such programs, as these programs sometimes struggle some times
to reach the population who need the support or aid of such programs the most like refugees
around the world due to they live in geographically remote areas require such programs.
moreover, these programs sometimes ignore or do not take into account the variety of
socioeconomic factors between the recipients or the population who receive those programs such
as the case of the Palestinians. Moreover, sometimes these programs do not consider the cultural
norms in the target country they serve so these programs could be ineffective for example in
Euthobia they have certain cultural norms regarding receiving cash transfers as the wealthier
people are the ones who receive such cash transfer distribution then they redistribute those
amounts among people who in need (Macleod et al.,2021).

2.1.1 Conditional Cash Transfer

Here, cash transfers take many forms, and one of these forms is a conditional cash transfer.
Conditional cash transfer means that the recipient needs to do something before qualifying for
the grant. financing cash transfers is done through loans and banks are organizing these loans,
whether they are public or private Conditional cash transfers are part of social policies, poverty
relief programs, and social science research (Dettano et al., 2019). Furthermore, cash transfer
programs are done to fill the gap in income among poor people and indigent population groups
and take into consideration many issues and problems such as human capacities, poverty and
income inequality, consumption, income generation and labor-market participation, child labor,
and the empowerment of women. In addition, the effectiveness of such programs is assessed by
measuring the consumption of the target segment or population throughout the program to
determine whether the targets of these programs were met or not (Parker et al., 2017).

Moreover, CCTs are giving monetary and non-monetary resources to families living in poverty
or extreme poverty with one or more school-age children, on the condition that they fulfill
specific commitments designed to improve their human capacities. Some programs offer benefits
to unemployed adults, disabled individuals, and older adults, making it possible to incorporate
families without school-aged children. In addition, CCTs primarily involve commitments in
education, health, and nutrition, such as requiring children from user families to attend school or
participate in preventative health activities at health centers. Several programs offer monetary
and in-kind transfers, including food supplements and school bags (Madarriage et al., 2011).

In addition, a conditional cash transfer program is a payment to poor families or individuals after
satisfying certain behavioral conditions, also referred to as conditionalities, like working on
community assets. and it is considered complex and requires many decisions, like how much to
pay families, how and when to pay them, how stringent the conditions for compliance should be,
who is eligible to participate, and to what extent the variation in program characteristics maps
onto heterogeneity in impact and cost-effectiveness estimates. These programs target households
receiving cash payments on the condition that they invest in the human capital of their children.
Health and nutrition conditions typically require medical visits and vaccinations for children
younger than 5 years Garcia et al., 2017).

Moreover, According to Fizebin et al, ( 2009), conditional cash programs are applied in many
countries such as Brazil, Mexico which introduced the first conditional cash transfer programs in
the 1990s, and Turkey, and these programs have had an outstanding impact on these countries as
they were a decrease in poverty and education disparities in comparison to the African counties
as these programs managed to decrease the number of orphans and improve the nutritious state in
those countries and the health improvement by transferring a certain amount of cash or subsidy
and these programs were supported by the international organizations and the World Bank to
make these programs sustainable moreover the consumption level increased in Turke when those
programs applied and there was a reduction in poverty among beneficiaries also the bargaining
power of women increased as there was the amount of cash transfer given to them also the
income shock was decreased and managed in a large scale.

However ,conditional cash transfers have many advantages but it faces alot of challenges ad
drawbacks as it but conditionality or requirements for th recipants to recive such type of cash
transfer but like engaging in certain behavior attending schools or decressing scholing absence
rate and taiking certain vaccneines but this conditionality to to be as a condition or a way to
receive such cash transfer is one-size-fits-all solution as this conditionality with high poverty
rates , lower resoources and political and financial programs with lack of awarnesss and planning
of the size of the recipants that will harm the recipants more than harming them as before using
conditionalities to encourage increased public service usage, policy makers should assess the
availability, accessibility, and quality of these services like the case of Brazile
moreover,Conditionalities can also decrease poor households’ ability to choose the most
appropriate investments while assuming that they are not capable of wise choices, and as such
sector-specific conditionalities can run the risk of undermining the multisectoral and mutually
reinforcing impacts of cash transfers (Macelod et al., 2021).

2.1.2 Subsidies in terms of goods and services

Distributed transfers to purchase goods and services are another type of cash transfer. Subsidies
in terms of transferred goods and services involve providing particular items or services instead
of giving direct cash payments to individuals or households. This method is designed to
guarantee that resources are utilized for their intended purposes and to enhance the effectiveness
of the transfer. Rather than receiving cash that can be spent on different things, beneficiaries are
given goods or services that are considered necessary or advantageous for their welfare.
However, access to these goods and services through vouchers could be restricted or
unrestricted, giving you the freedom to access whatever types of goods or services you want or
spend on certain goods or services, and such provision of goods and services aims to manage or
decrease consumption-based coping strategies or strategies adopted by households to cope with
lack of food and/or money to buy food by making this access to goods and services available as
much as can decrease that struggle (Evans et al., 2017).

Moreover, those subsidies contribute to an improvement of many segments of society as sharing

resources at certain times, especially in times of emergency, has many benefits. By offering
specific resources like nourishment, attire, educational materials, medical assistance, or building
materials, the transfer guarantees the fulfillment of fundamental needs for individuals or families.
This strategy can be especially impactful in circumstances where there are worries about the
mishandling or misappropriation of money, for example, when beneficiaries battle with addiction
or have restricted access to vital commodities. Moreover, this access to goods and services is
affected by the flow of cash in the country, governance, land size, population demographics, and
the ability of the country to convince external stakeholders to assist in the provision of goods and
services (Evans et al., 2014).
In addition, distributing goods and services in terms of vouchers is a great assistance to people in
accessing the goods and services they need during crises, and this access to goods and services
varies among countries Also, the targeted gender to have services and goods differs as In
countries like Samoa and Tonga, they mainly target women to be served and have open access to
different goods and services. However, they stated that access to these goods and services is
limited. Remote and isolated people in rural areas are also the ones who suffer the most when
accessing these services due to the poor quality of infrastructure and providing these goods and
services based on measuring the consumption expenditure of such goods and services based on
their level of income and the volume of this consumption, especially during crises such as
drought and harvest failure (Hobbos et al., 2016).

Moreover, subsidies in terms of transfer cash are provided and applied in many countries like
Egypt as most Egyptians receive food subsidies which is the basis of most of the social
protection programs in Egypt like the “Tawmen food subsidy system “ and Takaful and Karama
program. in addition, Japan provides subsidies for childcare services to support families with
young children. The government provides financial assistance to parents that lowers the cost of
daycare and after-school programs and makes them more affordable and accessible.8. Canada:
Canada supports post-secondary education through programs such as Canada Student Grants.
These scholarships provide financial assistance to eligible students for tuition, living expenses,
and other educational expenses also Singapore has a health subsidy scheme known as MediSave.
The government pays a portion of citizens' wages into personal Medisave accounts, which can be
used to pay for medical expenses such as hospitalization, outpatient care, and preventive
care(Breisinger et al,.2021).

However, Subsidies have many positive impacts on many aspects of people's lives but at the
same time they have many drawbacks as most of the goods and services as type of transfers go to
people with high income about 80%of the recipients are people with high income as some times
the programs fail to target the people actually in need like the case of Mexico and Ecuador.
Moreover, such subsidies lead to imposing higher taxes government to fund the schemes also it
puts a cost on the government as it takes a part of its budget. A fall in prices can also lead to a
shortage of supply of goods due to increasing demand and shortages in supply. Moreover,
Subsidies are usually effective and helpful. However, if the government were to make a report of
its success in using subsidies, it would be a different story. This is because it is hard to quantify
the success of subsidies. Moreover, the problem of subsidies is leakage in the case of India there
was about 70% of the subsidy leakage and they did not manage to reach most of the target
population (Oschinski et al., 2008).

2.1.3 Universal Basic Income

Another type of cash transfer is the Universal Basic Income. UBI is the provision of some level
of income given to all individuals in a region or country (Ruckert et al., 2017). The payments
given to the members do not require further means of testing or any requirements related to work
(Bidadanure, 2019). In other words, the major common denominator of those regular payments is
not limited to any demographic or socioeconomic criteria, such as age, gender, income, or health
(Ghatak & Maniquet, 2019). Another definition that was stated by the authors Wijngaarde et al.,
(2021) is that the UBI’s policy aims to replace the current social security system, in which it
would provide a direct cash dividend, an unconditional stream of cash income paid , from the
government to each member of the society.

Universal basic income is a redistribution scheme that has three main components; such as cash
transfer, universal, and unconditional. An income which is a cash transfer means that it is a
regular cash payment that is given to anyone since it is not given as goods or services but rather
as money (Lacey 2017). Being a universal income program the payments are given to anyone,
regardless of their background. Last but not least, An income being unconditional means that it is
not contingent on the individual to satisfy certain regulations or criteria. One of the key
differences between UBI and other payments is it is viscous conditional. In other words,
payments do not depend on the level of an individual's income or wealth, willingness to work, or
even their standard of living (Büchs, 2021). UBI is informed by the values of human rights and
individual freedom (Paz-Báñez et al., 2020). The purpose of universal basic income is to offer
financial stability and cover essential living expenses for all citizens, while also safeguarding the
program from political influence. UBI is not just about economic efficiency, but also aimed at
boosting participation in the job market and reducing poverty levels (Standing 2019).

Last but not least, UBI tends to have benefits in comparison to other transfer means. Means-
tested welfare programs, such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), provide
benefits to members based on their level of income, their assets, or any other criteria available
(Chang et al., 2021). UBI tends to be more beneficial or better as it eliminates the criteria and
makes sure that everyone gets their benefits either way. By doing so, it eliminates the poverty
traps that means-tested programs create, and increases the incentives to work, while providing
safety measures for all individuals (Meyer and Wu, 2018). Therefore, UBI could be seen as a
more efficient program rather than any other transfer one. It is more empowering and inclusive
as it is universal, simple, and addresses all the conflicts that other programs could have created.

2.1.3.1 Types of Basic Income

In this section, the different forms of Universal Basic Income will be discussed, shedding light
on key elements or types such as child benefits, pensions, and negative income tax.

2.1.3.1.1 Child benefits

One of the universal benefits that was introduced in 1946 was the child benefit. The benefit was
granted to families with a minimum of two children that were under the age of 16 years old. This
benefit is categorized under the UBI due to their similar characteristics as it is given without a
means test or any other conditions (Galiani et al., 2016). In other words, child benefits are given
to all families, regardless of income, profession, employment status, or living conditions.
Moreover, Single mothers were granted the benefit from the first child so that any needs were
compensated. Define child benefit, is a universal cash benefit that the parliament sets the level of
finances for parents with children who need compensation for their cost of living (Cornelissen et
al., 2018). The main goal of the policy is to decrease child poverty, enhance the well-being of
children, and provide financial support for those families with children in need.
While child benefits offer great benefits to many families, it can also have some drawbacks
associated with it. Child benefits could create high dependency on the government. In other
words, individuals might rely on the support granted by the government, which results in a lack
of self-sufficiency and incentives not to work hard (Neckerman et al., 2016). Moreover, the child
benefits program may have some complex problems regarding administrative issues. The
administration might be complex to the point of inaccuracies or errors that could result in income
inequality(Lebihan and Takongmo, 2018). Last but not least, without proper oversight and
controls, there is a risk of fraud or abuse in child benefits programs, where ineligible individuals
may receive benefits or benefits may be misused.

2.1.3.1.2 Pensions
Another form of Universal Basic Income is the pensions granted to certain individuals. To define
pensions, the authors Galiani et al., (2016) described it as a form of retirement plan that serves as
a basic income for those retired members. The most common type of pension, defined as benefit
plans, is the amount based on the salaries taken throughout your career life (Engels et al., 2017).
Moreover, it was stated by Galiani et al., (2016) that pensions could be described as the essential
component of any social security system, as it enhances welfare. Individuals considering
pensions tend to decrease their spending or consumption in their current time so that they have
enough money when they retire and earn zero income. Furthermore, pensions tend to serve as a
safe security option since they know that they will not fall into poverty when they retire.

Social Pensions are often displayed as a UBI program because it is created for people who are
not expected to work. While UBI is designed to be received independently of any other income,
pensions are a form of regular income received by retired individuals. UBI programs tend to be
universal as those programs are based on age and no means test or on a history of earnings and
contributions. Social pensions are often granted as a basic income at an age between 55 to 80
years old, in which the pension age for women is less than for men for 5 years (Gentilin et al.,
2019). One major disadvantage of pensions is the education gap. Pensions are typically based on
salary and years of service; therefore, pensions do not take into consideration people with low
levels of education as they earn less income than any other people in their careers. As a result,
pensions could create a further gap between people as workers with higher levels of education
receive more pension benefits than those with less education (Tamborini, 2017). Furthermore,
another major drawback is the gender pension gap. The gender pension gap is a result of the
differences in pay, career breaks, and unequal pay of pensions that women face; therefore,
women contribute less to their plans regarding pensions throughout their careers (Haitz and
Natascha, 2015).

2.1.3.1.3 Negative income tax (NIT)

Another form of income that is related to the UBI is the negative income tax (NIT). NIT could be
defined as a system in which people who earn a low income get a supplemental income from the
government while paying zero taxes. This form of income is the complete opposite of the
traditional income tax, in which people who earn an income above a certain level are taxed by
the government. The negative income tax aims to provide a minimum level of income security
for all individuals while decreasing the welfare program cost, which is why NIT is a form of
UBI. (Angyridis and Thompson, 2016). NIT has two main features that are significant in
determining the amount of NIT that would be given to individuals. Firstly, the income threshold
is important in designing the NIT as setting it too low wouldn’t reduce deprivation, and if it was
set too high it would reduce the incentive to work and make the program expensive.
Furthermore, the marginal tax rate (MTR) determines the rate at which the NIT payment is
reduced as beneficiaries’ earned income increases. A higher MTR reduces the cost of NIT but
creates disincentives for recipients to increase their earned income, while lower rates provide
incentives for work but increase the program's cost and direct more resources toward higher-
income households (Wiederspan et al., 2015).

While negative income tax proposals have potential benefits, there are also several disadvantages
to consider. Implementing a negative income tax system can be expensive for the government,
especially if it is intended to lift a significant portion of the population out of poverty. This could
strain public finances and lead to higher taxes or budget deficits. Moreover, critics argue that a
negative income tax could discourage people from seeking employment or working full-time if
they can receive financial support without working. This could potentially lead to a reduction in
overall workforce participation and productivity. Nevertheless, negative income tax systems can
be complex to administer, requiring significant resources and potentially leading to errors in
determining eligibility and benefit amounts. This could result in inefficiencies and inequities in
the distribution of benefits (Gerber et al., 2020).

2.1.3.2 Advantages of Universal Basic Income

2.1.3.2.2 Better Health

Here, universal basic income has many fruits on the positive side, like promoting health. There is
a study that argues that universal basic income contributes to more access to health services and
better health improvement, increasing health literature, and providing health care insurance to
people who need it under social protection programs to make such services accessible to as many
people as possible, making access to health services independent of age, income, and other
criteria, and meeting a wide range of vulnerabilities and necessities. And here, disability
insurance comes under the umbrella of health insurance by providing a budget that provides
coverage to those people. In addition, healthcare programs and services target caring for the
health of mothers and their children during their pregnancy Moreover, these healthcare programs
improved the health status of the soldiers in the military services after World War II, as there was
an increase in universal allowances (Gentilini et al., 2019).

In addition, there is another study that supports the other studies and added that access to health
care services is taking a wide range and takes many types of services as there are services for
elderly and children health care and here age is a criterion to access such services and here the
difference between accessing goods and services and accessing health services is the conditions
as accessing goods and services is when there are certain conditions such as income fall and
there are certain crisis but the access to health care is independent form such condition and here
the financing of such programs is done through takes in most of the cases which means that there
are some people that will pay to access such taxes which means that some people will pay more
than the benefits they receive by these health subsidies here also these programs contributed to
increasing the number of health records or the number of visits to health service providers and
increased the number of birth certificates (Martelini et al ., 2017).

Furthermore, a study found that universal basic income-provided healthcare services contributed
to good nutrition and improved children's health as well as their height. Furthermore, it affects
the life of newborns positively, as there is an improvement in infants’ birthweight and a
reduction in infant mortality, as well as increased health expenditure in such health services
However, demand created by cash transfers increased the cost of health care due to the lack of
health care service providers, which harms poor nonparticipants. Moreover, these healthcare
services take the form of frequent healthcare visits to the schools to check the health of the
students and teachers and detect chronic diseases or any diseases that may affect those teachers
and students and hinder their educational process (Buches et al., 2021)

2.1.3.3 Disadvantages of Universal Basic Income

2.1.3.3.1 Lack of funds

Although universal basic income has many advantages, it also has many disadvantages and faces
many challenges. one of the disadvantages of basic income, or its challenges is the lack of funds
or cash flow to make this cash available, and if this cash flow or funds are insufficient to
complete the provision of universal basic income and the other social protection programs in
different fields such as health, education, and a labor market that will make many poor unserved
and the coverage will be insufficient and the availability of funds is based on many factors such
as GDP or gross domestic products which vary among countries which means that the allocation
of GDP to basic universal income may be low in the countries with low GDP also awareness of
cost participation is another factor that affects the availability of such funds (Detano et al,.2019).
In addition, low budgets assigned to finance universal basic income make a larger uncovered
segment of the services and assistance they need, and having low sources of funds could be due
to lower literacy and connectivity to media, speaking languages other than the official language
of the country, and also having lower funds could be due to not having IDs, like in the case of
Argentina, where many of the children were not able to access the normally provided services as
their parents did not have IDs, and now the person could not be identifiable, so they lost most of
their allowances. In addition, lack of funds could be due to institutions or lack of institutions in
many countries, as these institutions support financing events and programs of assistance and
provide social insurance and empowerment (Parisi et al ., 2017).

Moreover, a study argues that the lack of funds to complete social protection is a tax burden as
the source of financing these programs comes through imposing taxes, which reduces disposable
income, and discourages investment to make the availability of that basic income accessible
Also, having stakeholders or investors affects the availability of funds and convincing those
investors or stakeholders may take time, which delays the completion of those social programs
and makes a lot of people suffer, especially in health programs (Bertram et al ., 2016)

2.1.3.3.2 Increased inflation

Increased inflation as a result of applying or distributing universal basic income is another

disadvantage of universal basic income. if there is no strong market to organize supply and
demand well of the availability of basic income or the distribution of the goods related to the
application of basic income as if the demand increases highly from one side and the supply
decreases from another side, then it may cause inflation and that appears when there is the
distribution of the services such as healthcare services as when there is a high demand on such
services and there is a shortage of health providers then that will increase the prices of those
healthcare services which makes many people suffer especially older people and children
moreover, cash transfers can lead to diversification of goods in local markets due to changes in
the purchasing habits of recipient households (perhaps more goods \expenditures and a greater
variety of goods purchased). A possible unintended effect of such changes could be price
inflation at the local level, which is likely to be stronger when the market is constrained to meet
increased local demand (Hobbs et al., 2016).
In addition, basic income in many cases one of these cases is if we depend on external markets
for the availability of the distributed goods and services that will lead to supply volatility and
inflation. Moreover, the imported goods to be distributed to people under the programs of UBI or
universal basic income and these products mainly have high prices which affect the availability
and coverage of those goods and services due to high prices and those goods and services are
mainly supermarkets, village stores, petrol stations, restaurants, and airlines. Moreover, Trade
and financial exchange in local markets can be enhanced through both cash transfers and a
marginal boost to local businesses through income multipliers in local economies. Welfare
households use their transfers for goods and services that are primarily sold and not produced by
non-benefit households. Also, changing the livelihoods of beneficiaries and possible expansion
can increase the total supply of goods and services in the local market (Bastegali et al., 2016).

Moreover, basic income leads to an increase in inflation or price level people for example if the
received members have an extra ten thousand as a distributed universal basic income to apply for
social protection programs now people with an extra amount of money start to demand more on
goods and services so the prices of goods start to increase gradually and the scenario becomes
worse if there is a shortage in the supply of such goods and services and that affects many
important and monetary decisions such as consumption and investment. Moreover, maintaining
the value of the transfer over time (in line with inflation and program objectives can be an
implementation challenge, faced through tailored uprating practices (Miller et al.,2021).
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