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Conversely, in well-connected markets, price effects seem to be very small, and the increase in
economic activity can drive large, positive spillovers for non-recipients. This is a factor only when
the system cannot correctly scan the dollar. Indistinguishable from Magic: How the Cybersecurity
Market Reached a Trillion. The choice of food, cash or voucher transfer should be made on the basis
of an assessment of population needs, cost efficiency, the market availability of basic goods, the
functioning of markets and secondary market impacts, the flexibility of the transfer and risks of
insecurity and corruption (DG ECHO 2013, DFID 2013, Sphere 2011, ACF 2007). Cash transfers
are direct, regular and predictable non-contributory cash payments that help poor and vulnerable
households to raise and smooth incomes. Less is known about some instruments (public works) and
outcomes in certain regions (sub-Saharan Africa). This requires a good understanding of the enabling
environment of a programme. Chloe Angood is a Knowledge Management for Nutrition Consultant
for UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa. This information was used to develop a detailed
Annotated Bibliography. However, business - to - business cash payments are not common.
However, the primary function of most cash transfer programmes is the direct and immediate
alleviation of poverty and reduction of vulnerability (in both development and humanitarian relief
situations). Cash Flow Statement as an Evidence for Financial Distress. PDS. The existing system of
PDS to continue in some needy parts for. While poverty is multi- dimensional, low and variable
income is central to the problem. This is an area where evidence is limited and more research is
needed. We identified the SDH during the phase of the full-article reading. Tone at the top: the
effects of gender board diversity on gender wage inequal. Over time, transfer income can help
households to build human capital (by investing in their children’s nutrition, health and education),
save up to buy productive assets, and obtain access to credit on better terms. Cash transfers can thus
both protect living standards (alleviating destitution) and promote wealth creation (supporting
transition to more sustainable livelihoods). Appropriate design will depend critically on context,
including political economy constraints. On the other hand, Brazil has a large school feeding
program in public schools that could complement the potential CCT effects on health and nutrition.
In remote rural areas of South Africa, cash transfers have stabilised the demand for food, reduced
market risk for producers and traders, and supported local agricultural production41. The effects of
transfer-induced gains in nutrition, health and education on future labour productivity can be
estimated through models. By directly providing income or consumption goods and services to the
poor, cash transfers can raise living standards, reduce the severity of poverty and shift the
distribution of income, so closing the gap between rich and poor. The conditional cash transfer
(CCT) program of the government called Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) strives to
address five of the MDGs: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary
education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, and improve
maternal health. The most common stated pathway for improving anthropometric outcomes of
children in households receiving cash transfer is increased access to both the quantity and quality of
food. This cash transfer programme reduced the poverty gap by 30% among beneficiaries after two
years of operation; raised the height-for-age of beneficiary children by 1 cm after two years
compared with a control group; and is expected to raise the years of schooling among beneficiary
children completing the education cycle by close to one additional year. Experience highlights the
importance of institutional capacities for planning, coordination and delivery. The relevant test is not
whether effects last forever, but whether they’re large enough and durable enough to be worthwhile.
Evaluation results demonstrating measureable impact from Mexico’s Progresa (see Box 6) helped to
sustain the programme domestically and ensured that it has had significant influence internationally.
By 2015, the number of poor people affected by climate-related disasters is predicted to increase by
50%, with impact on around 500 million people.
Perhaps the clearest evidence for an effect (in a middle-income context) is derived from a natural
experiment created by an administrative error in Mexico’s Oportunidades, which did identify an
effect, albeit very narrowly confined to one particular year of the schooling system54. Further, the
level of manual processing and related. Front Cover photo: Massi, aged 4, with a toy mobile phone,
in Korogocho, Nairobi. As part of their response to the crisis, middle-income countries have
expanded or introduced cash transfer arrangements. Modest but regular income from cash transfers
helps households to smooth consumption and sustain spending on food, schooling and healthcare in
lean periods without the need to sell assets or take on debt. RAND's publications do not necessarily
reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Following the success of the 2011 DFID
literature review, this research reviews a more comprehensive and updated literature, focusing on a
wide range of impact areas and offering the first systematic analysis of the mediating role of Cash
Transfer design and implementation factors. One review reports increased weight for beneficiary
children in Brazil, Nicaragua, and Mexico, but no impact in Peru or Malawi. Sustained financing for
national cash transfer programmes is a serious challenge for LICs, but not impossible. Public works
can respond quickly to shocks and the need to generate employment to tackle transitory poverty in
fragile or post-crisis situations. There is extensive and potentially generalisable evidence that cash
transfers have reduced the depth or severity of poverty (i.e. the poverty gap) in carefully evaluated
MIC programmes. DFID Research and Evidence Division review; January 2010. 21. Chapter 1. In
addition, studies were also identified through consulting selected articles’ references lists. Cash
transfers are currently one of the most researched and evaluated forms of development intervention.
These are immediate and static effects which take no account of second-round effects, for example
through behavioural changes (e.g. households changing the amount of labour they supply). Much of
the evidence presented from DFID-supported programmes (e.g. in Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and
Bangladesh) includes programmes that employ a wider framework, using a mix of cash and other
asset transfers. Although educational effects have been subject to most consistently and explicitly
researched in CCTs, UCTs have also resulted in significant positive impacts on school attendance
and household investment in education. We defined eligible health outcomes to be: (i) biochemical or
biometric health outcomes with recognized relationships to illnesses or health conditions, such as
height, weight, BMI, hemoglobin A1C, etc. (ii) measures of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity
and mortality; (iii) reported general health status, and (iv) utilization of health services. The field of
cash transfers encompasses a diversity of transfer types (e.g. conditional and unconditional cash
transfers); development objectives; design and implementation choices; and financing options.
Discrepancies were resolved by discussion by these two researchers, until agreement on inclusion or
exclusion of the study was reached. To ensure a continual reduction in poverty, we argue for the
need to fundamentally go beyond short-term gains through co-ordinated, purposeful social and
complementary services that will create opportunity for empowerment among the poor and
vulnerable households. Fatima Adamu is the Communication Officer for Action Against Hunger.
Better able to build up (and retain) productive assets; to access financial services; to finance
jobsearch (e.g. through migration); and to take risks with investments in new enterprises. Financial
incentives in health: New evidence from India's Janani Suraksha Yojana. Unlike investments, there’s
no omnibus measure of returns with development programs, so aggregating impacts over time to
judge how worthwhile a program is is methodologically and morally difficult. Some studies also
document the extent to which cash transfer programmes operating at scale can help reduce income
inequality. The emergence of cash transfers and other social protection measures on the international
agenda in developing countries since the late 1990s reflects a move away from a previously more
narrowly-defined safety net approach (associated with structural adjustment programmes) towards a
broader and more systematic approach to the management of risk and vulnerability15. The same
applies to the studies that were not published as full reports. But they can also be costly to enforce
and can exclude the most vulnerable members of a community. Value for money, affordability, and
cost-effectiveness.
Ashraful Alam The Investment Case For Financial Inclusion The Investment Case For Financial
Inclusion Elena Thomas 11.mollifying poverty through microfinance indian perspective 11.mollifying
poverty through microfinance indian perspective Alexander Decker Financial Inclusions: A Pavement
towards the Future Growth Financial Inclusions: A Pavement towards the Future Growth
professionalpanorama Perceptions of People from Economically Backward Section towards Financial
In. However, this conceals significant variation in absolute levels of spending. There is consistent
evidence that a number of cash transfer programmes have leveraged significant improvements in
nutrition and increased utilisation of health and education services. Nevertheless, the effects of CCTs
were mixed for the child mortality indicators and biochemical or biometric health outcomes.
Relevant studies were searched using the combination of key words (either based on MeSH terms or
free text terms) related to conditional cash transfer, child health and equality of opportunity. Social
assistance comprises non-contributory social transfers or safety nets, which are terms often used
interchangeably. Other design factors that influence impact include; the value, duration and
frequency of transfers, coverage, and links with other types of transfers (of vouchers, productive
assets or food). In practice, however, PWPs in many LICs have not performed well. More
household-beneficiaries had two children each covered by the program. Social protection measures
include social assistance, social insurance and minimum labour standards (OECD, 2009). This
reflects the extremely low share of national income going to poor households, the small size of
transfers and the still low-levels of coverage in most LICs. The limited evidence available for such
effects reflects in part a lack of focus on this outcome in programme design and evaluations. See
Full PDF Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Related Papers World Journal of Research
and Review Perception of the Recipients on the 4Ps Poverty Alleviation Program in the Philippines
Romyr Gabon Download Free PDF View PDF Why does the conditional cash transfer program
matter in the Philippines. Pages” to all cardholders, so they know where they are supposed to make
purchases. Variability in findings on the effects of transfers on educational outcomes can be
explained by the fact that recipients of cash transfers, by virtue of being poor, face barriers that make
it harder for them to reap the full benefits from educational enrolment. Endnote may required a
specific filter file to be used. Cash transfers are currently one of the most researched and evaluated
forms of development intervention. The impact of cash transfers on hunger has been most
pronounced in LICs where poverty is generally more severe. At least in our study area, we found a
29% decrease in the number of beneficiaries earning below the lower poverty line while 61% have
been able to meet part of their basic needs. However, transfers have had less success in improving
final outcomes in health or education. Incomes for benefiting households grew by between 40
percent and 56 percent from 2002 and 200530. We would like to thank the following people who
kindly peer-reviewed all or parts of this paper. FCND Discussion Paper 184, Washington DC,
International Food Policy Research Institute, 2004. 40. Chapter 2. Some support for conditionality
comes from a natural experiment in Mexico; however, this found the effect of conditionality on
enrolment was confined to one particular stage of schooling, with no discernible impact at other
levels. Cash transfers may contribute to conflict prevention and peace-building by helping to
promote social cohesion and build the social contract between state and citizens. As part of their
poverty reduction and crisis response agendas, MICs such as Mexico, Brazil, China, South Africa
and Indonesia have dramatically expanded the coverage and value of cash transfer provision for
poor and vulnerable segments of their population (Table 2). World Economic and Social Survey
2012: In Serach of New Development Finance World Economic and Social Survey 2012: In Serach
of New Development Finance Energy and the MDGs Energy and the MDGs Relief logistics sunil
raut Relief logistics sunil raut Supply Chan Hubs in Global Humanitarian Organisation Supply Chan
Hubs in Global Humanitarian Organisation Sustainable, Democratic. Another approval should be
required whenever a new supplier is set up for electronic. Appropriate design will depend critically
on context, including political economy constraints. These programs, which provide cash directly to
households in specific populations, most often come as either conditional cash transfers (CCTs) or
unconditional cash transfers (UCTs).
However, levels of robustness in monitoring and evaluating DFID-supported programmes are still a
long way short of, for example, programmes in Latin America. With this information in hand, the
following controls should be. Although educational effects have been subject to most consistently
and explicitly researched in CCTs, UCTs have also resulted in significant positive impacts on school
attendance and household investment in education. At present, evidence of the actual impact is
difficult to interpret, and appears to be conflicting and context specific. There is a good case for
designing and monitoring transfer schemes with greater attention to their effects as part of a package
promoting early childhood development, which can have significant positive effects later in life. This
is not unique to cash transfers (it is also a major challenge for these countries to fund health,
education or infrastructure, with official development assistance (ODA) accounting for a significant
proportion of total recurrent finance in these sectors). Much of the evidence presented from DFID-
supported programmes (e.g. in Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh) includes programmes that
employ a wider framework, using a mix of cash and other asset transfers. This is incredible given
that the World Bank alone invests nearly a billion dollars a year in skills training programs of some
form. ( source ). The existing evidence of the impact of CT on nutritional outcomes originates mostly
from conditional cash transfers implemented in development contexts in Latin America, with mixed
results (DFID 2011, Manley et al. 2012, IEG 2011, Gaarder et al. 2010, Fiszbein et al. 2009, Bailey
and Hedlund 2012). It is less relevant for groups such as older people or those with disabilities
(although there may be some effect if the transfer enables a labour-constrained individual to employ
labour and make use of their productive assets, such as agricultural land). A meta-analysis involving
programs in Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, and Uruguay shows no significant impact of cash
transfers on fertility. She is currently a consultant for the Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN) and
is Principle Investigator on the Research in Food Assistance for Nutrition Impact (REFANI) Pakistan
study involving seasonal cash transfers (cash and vouchers) and the impact on childhood nutritional
status in humanitarian settings. The conditional cash transfer (CCT) program of the government
called Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) strives to address five of the MDGs: eradicate
extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and
empower women, reduce child mortality, and improve maternal health. DFID will continue to
encourage attention to and financing for cash transfers in international fora (e.g. the G20) and
multilateral policy and programming. This paper assesses the current evidence base for the impact of
cash transfers on reducing poverty and increasing the resilience of poor households, and the extent to
which that evidence is generalisable. The Ministry of Women and Children Affairs, Government of
Bangladesh, provided information and editorial support for this article. A result of this control is
that all electronic payments be initiated solely by. However, the transfer will not take place if there
are not. A cost-effectiveness component will evaluate the tested interventions. Figure 1: Causal
pathways by which cash transfers can improve household welfare. Over time, transfer income can
help households to build human capital (by investing in their children’s nutrition, health and
education), save up to buy productive assets, and obtain access to credit on better terms. Cash
transfers can thus both protect living standards (alleviating destitution) and promote wealth creation
(supporting transition to more sustainable livelihoods). The choice of food, cash or voucher transfer
should be made on the basis of an assessment of population needs, cost efficiency, the market
availability of basic goods, the functioning of markets and secondary market impacts, the flexibility
of the transfer and risks of insecurity and corruption (DG ECHO 2013, DFID 2013, Sphere 2011,
ACF 2007). It is important to understand the incentives of policy-makers and the preferences of key
constituencies. Programmes often achieve optimal results by combining targeting mechanisms. In
summary, there is very limited evidence to separate out whether or not the conditionality, as opposed
to a well-designed and implemented transfer in its own right, contributes to the positive educational
results observed in CCT programmes. 42. Chapter 2. There is also widespread agreement that cash
transfer programmes are no more expensive than other types of development interventions, but that
in most low-income countries it is unlikely that large-scale programmes can be funded purely from
domestic resources. After all, a dollar spent is a dollar earned by someone else. It is estimated that
there are at least 64 million more people in poverty than would have been the case without the crisis.
Regardless of the form of transfer, households receiving transfers average significantly higher
spending on and consumption of food. Box 7: Gradation of evidence for outcomes of cash transfers.
Purpose and context of the present study The main goal of the present study is to identify studies
capable of showing if CCTs create equality of opportunity in health for children under 5 years in low
and middle-income countries. On the other hand, Brazil has a large school feeding program in public
schools that could complement the potential CCT effects on health and nutrition. Engaging youth
report a how-to guide for creating opportunities for young p. Biochemical or biometric health
outcomes had also shown opposite results. Box 7: Gradation of evidence for outcomes of cash
transfers. In Ethiopia, evidence from the Meket Livelihoods Programme demonstrates that shifting
from food to cash- based transfer programmes had negative implications for the availability and price
of food in local markets, especially in remote, food-deficit areas, undermining prospects for both
graduation and growth43. It was designed to aid poor households with short-term consumption
needs while promoting investment in the education and health of their children to help break the
inter-generational transmission of poverty in the country. A wealth of new research and evidence has
accumulated over the past ten years, in line with the expansion of cash transfer policies and
programmes in developing countries4. A particular challenge in presenting the available evidence is
that cash transfers feature a wide diversity of design options, multiple objectives and range of
potential impacts. We have included only peer-reviewed work, so no gray literature was considered.
Table 2 Examples of large-scale cash transfer programmes in operation. One review reports that
Mexico’s Oportunidades cash transfer program increased immunization rates for TB and measles in
the first six months (with long-term impacts from reduced risk of these diseases), but showed no
impact after one year. Its strength lies in its flexible methodology, and in its novel focus on impacts
and how they are mediated by programme design and implementation. She is currently a consultant
for the Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN) and is Principle Investigator on the Research in Food
Assistance for Nutrition Impact (REFANI) Pakistan study involving seasonal cash transfers (cash
and vouchers) and the impact on childhood nutritional status in humanitarian settings. The same
review finds that transfers tend to increase women’s decision-making power and reduce physical
abuse, but notes some evidence of increased emotional abuse of controlling behavior by male
partners. The ENN is looking to appoint a Research Facilitator (RF) to work within a research team.
As a result of the global economic shocks of the past two years, levels of unemployment, poverty
and hunger have increased in the developing world. Nevertheless, the effects of CCTs were mixed
for the child mortality indicators and biochemical or biometric health outcomes. The effects of CCTs
on children’s health outcomes under the cited SDH were mostly positive. Without a non-treatment
comparator group it is not possible to say how much can be attributed directly to the programme
rather than other influences (although the size of income growth over three years does suggest
programme impact). 39. Chapter 2. Firstly, there is growing recognition that while global economic
integration brings poor households opportunities, it also brings increased exposure to stresses (e.g.
volatile food and fuel prices) and shocks which can push many into poverty. Cross-country studies
consistently demonstrate the positive impacts of cash transfers for increasing per capita consumption
and reducing the poverty gap (see Figure 3). If there are issues with the letter of credit that require.
In terms of nutritional outcomes, no significant difference was found between the cash only strategy,
compared with the food only strategy (Langendorf et al. 2014). Bailey and Hedlund (2012)
conclude that cash is unlikely to impact through a health pathway, unless access to quality health
services is guaranteed. At least in our study area, we found a 29% decrease in the number of
beneficiaries earning below the lower poverty line while 61% have been able to meet part of their
basic needs. Such analysis is harder to obtain and interpret in LICs, where most programmes are
small scale, short term, and externally financed (Lesotho and Nepal are notable exceptions); and
where even basic data on programme costs is surprisingly scarce. In terms of robustness of the
evidence, the analytical methodologies supporting the evidence base vary substantially across regions
of the world. The impact of cash programs on local economies may vary according to how well
connected those markets are. Given the limited evidence with which to judge whether conditions
add value, decisions on whether or not to use them need to reflect the influence of other contextual
factors such as; politics, costs, and the feasibility and desirability of setting conditions in low income
countries with lower institutional capacity. It has been suggested that for CTs to have a nutritional
outcome, they require more explicit nutrition objectives and actions and need to ensure access to
quality health services (Leroy et al. 2009, Alderman 2014).