Title: Mastering Systematic Literature Review Methods Made Easy

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on mastering systematic literature review methods!

Conducting a literature review is a fundamental aspect of academic research, particularly in
disciplines such as social sciences, medicine, and business. However, it's no secret that writing a
literature review can be an arduous task. The process involves thorough research, critical analysis,
and synthesis of existing literature relevant to a particular topic or research question.

The complexity of writing a literature review often stems from the vast amount of literature available,
the need for meticulous organization, and the requirement to demonstrate a deep understanding of
the topic. Moreover, adhering to the principles of a systematic literature review adds another layer of
challenge, as it requires a structured approach to searching, selecting, and synthesizing relevant
literature while minimizing bias.

Despite its challenges, mastering systematic literature review methods is essential for producing
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student embarking on your thesis or a seasoned researcher seeking to publish a scholarly article,
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These details should look familiar from the summary of results table. You will use these to create
search blocks that will then form the basis for the search strings used in the different databases.
Codes related to the separate product discovery and product creation principle. The protocol can be
registered, in PROSPERO for example, or in another open repository, such as Open Science
Framework or Figshare. Adding a number after N will determine how many words you want to
“allow” between your two terms. Most systematic searches specify several, if not many, criteria
regarding which studies to include or exclude. Systematic reviews of research in science education:
rigour or rigidity?, International Journal of Science Education, 27:4, 387-406. I will also run some
searches at this point to find relevant studies and look at their keywords to add to the list. Third,
identify patterns in approaches to your topic. Search filters are sets of search terms chosen to restrict
a search to a selection of references, such as articles based on method or study type. News
Production Workflows in Data- driven, Algorithmic Journalism: A Systema. Simply put, studies with
weaker research designs, such as this one, have less weight in the pooled analysis. Unfortunately,
there is no formula that can be applied to solve the problem; you must base your decisions on your
own judgment and the advice of your teachers or advisors. Using Smartwatches to Assist Students
with Intellectual and Developmental Dis. In the fourth stage, the ?nal sample passed a ?rst
categorization. This is usually referred to as a free-text search. Literature reviews, on the other hand,
do not follow such rigid or explicit methods. Consider whether or not your search terms include a
word with a different spelling. The process of performing a systematic literature review must be
transparent and. Ovid is a database platform used for many different databases. It’s often a good
idea to start with a test search where you use the subject headings and synonyms you’re already
familiar with. A systematic review assembles all the experimental evidences and reported studies that
fit the pre-set inclusion criteria to answer a specific research question. Writing an embedded literature
review will clarify your understanding of the material and demonstrate your thorough research skills.
Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. Here we’ll
review how you can do so in Web of Science and in SpiderCite, which builds on data from Lens.org.
This process is more ad hoc for literature reviews. Importantly, both inclusion criteria and exclusion
criteria must be clearly outlined when a systematic review is undertaken. Often you will need to use
a modified and simplified search strategy to search for grey material. Data abstraction will involve
pulling data elements from the individual studies. Codes related to the iterative and incremental
design and development principle.
A narrow-scope literature review may be included as part of a journal article presenting new research,
serving to situate the current study within the body of the relevant literature and to provide context
for the reader. In the second stage, publications were excluded based on their. Do the confidence
intervals from each study form a vertical column, even if the point estimates shift between them. The
different rows with search terms within each block are combined with OR, then the blocks are
combined with AND. The picture demonstrates how the different operators work. Integrative
methods create taxonomies from conceptual findings and provide the foundation for the
development of global descriptions of phenomena across studies. Fourth, analyze the patterns you
noted by considering similarities and differences between sources. Studies can be duplicated in more
subtle ways, for example an author might publish an abstract of data in a national journal, and then
present the data at international conference. The review protocol was developed in cooperation with
the ?rst. They serve as an objective, comprehensive review of a particular topic, which, due to a
standardized process, should be completely reproducible. Education, IEEE Transactions on, August
2014, Volume 57, issue 3 (pp. 175-181). Three common approaches are chronological, thematic, and
debate-focused. The review must be documented in sufficient detail for readers to be able to.
Differences in review methodology can lead to disparate conclusions and decisions, even for the
same research question. Research paper literature review writing is always necessary to select
relevant research papers as a reference for literature, so it will show the reviewer that you are aware
of your research area. SLRs differ from stand-alone literature reviews because they follow a rigorous
review protocol that is objective and comprehensive so other researchers may replicate the work.
References go back to 1996. 80% of content is indexed with controlled vocabularies. 100% coverage
of Medline, including unique Medline journals. 28 million abstract records. 245 million references
added to all abstracts. Using the meta-synthesis method, she has been able to detect mixed
conceptions, homonyms, and the hierarchy of concepts that should construct these two phenomena.
Parallel tracks Parallel interwoven creation tracks. I generally obtain the full paper for every article as
I go along. In the picture below you can see how the different search strategies compare to one
another. The search should have high sensitivity, that is, it should be created in such a way that the
search will retrieve all relevant articles within a research area, or at least discover as many as
possible. For example, searching for probiotics and diarrhoeal disease may reveal areas of research
focusing on children as opposed to adults for example. The core methodology behind a living review
can be that of a full SLR or a rapid review. This reduces the chance of bias and improves the
reliability of the results. Because most historical writing uses the Chicago Manual of Style as a
reference system, most historiographies will also require you to use the Chicago Manual of Style.
When you include the subject heading in your search you will find articles about a subject even if the
authors of the article have chosen other, adjacent words to describe the article themselves. PubMed,
for instance, uses the controlled vocabulary list MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Some databases,
for instance Web of Science, do not have a list of subject headings at all; to conduct a search there,
you have to use free-text terms. When this interval crosses the line of no effect, the effect could be
null or could even run in the opposite direction.
Literature reviews, on the other hand, do not follow such rigid or explicit methods. It’s a good idea
to do the same for a literature review, even if not a strict requirement. Systematic Reviews for
Occupational Safety and Health Questions: Resources for Evidence Synthesis. You can use these
key articles to both construct your own search strategy and to test it: if your search does not retrieve
your key articles, then your strategy needs to be modified. You may also search for humans and
adults as a focus, and also the disease of interest. Heterogeneity in a forest plot refers to the diversity
in effect size estimates across studies. For example qualitative studies can suggest reasons. You will
also describe your search strategy, inclusion criteria, and overall methodology so that your review is
reputable and replicable. For example, searching for probiotics and diarrhoeal disease may reveal
areas of research focusing on children as opposed to adults for example. Web of Knowledge features
citation searching, email alerts, links to the full text of many items. Trip Medical database for
Evidence Based Practice material: journals, guidelines, sys. When the outcome is something bad, like
death, the intervention should be designed to reduce the risk, which is represented by a risk ratio less
than 1. The main idea of historical review in research is to familiarize with state-of-the-art
development and to find the direction for future research. Or, does is merely add more of the same
thing being said. You can then combine the different blocks with AND. For my review on MOOCs I
also used SCOPUS, IEEE and others. Using the Cochrane methodology, the course is perfect for
new and experienced review authors alike. The search terms within each block are combined with
OR, then the blocks are combined with AND. It uses the information to support the point like the
lawyer uses evidence to prove their cases. The authors found that there were two sets of expertise
required: that of gathering the information to ensure completeness, and creating a literature review
that could be repeated by a different person later to yield largely the same information. Try to
explain points of similarity or difference by considering the authors’ individual historical
perspectives, source usage, methodology, or structure. Scroll down to Institutional Access and click
Please Log in or Create an Account. In this blog, we’ll explore what accuracy means in writing
examples and how it can be improved, as well as explore differences between research objectives and
goals. Of these 141 people, 1 person experienced the adverse outcome that the forest plot
summarizes. You will also need to adapt field tags and other symbols. Little design up front Separate
product discovery and product creation. Ways to Organize Your Literature Review Chronology of
Events If your review follows the chronological method, you could write about the materials
according to when they were published. When you include the subject heading in your search you
will find articles about a subject even if the authors of the article have chosen other, adjacent words
to describe the article themselves. The relative risk is 0.39, which means that malaria
chemoprevention is associated with a 61% decrease in parasitemia. The potential for quasi-
experimental methods in information systems, especially as a foundation of a mixed method
approach is great. It helps in identifying problem statements and also to prevent duplication of
research work.
Apart from suitable databases in which to conduct your search, you will also want access to a
program that can help you manage your references, such as EndNote. The beauty of this within a
project or piece of research is that you are generating legitimate research data that can be displayed
in a number of established figures and formats as illustrated below in Figure 5. The core
methodology behind a living review can be that of a full SLR or a rapid review. Be sure to meet
with a reference librarian if you are unsure how to create an effective search strategy. You can
therefore use a new Excel sheet for each step in the analysis to maintain a good record of your
process. Literature reviews don’t have to follow such rigid methods or make the methods explicit.
Codes related to the parallel interwoven creation tracks principle. They wanted to develop a process
which became complete and replicable - providing the methodology was consistent (Lavallee et al.,
2014). They developed a process which they have named iterative systematic review (iSR), and have
chunked down the approach to the literature review into eight tasks (Lavallee et al., 2014, p. 175-6).
Due to this variety of formats, make sure you are clear on what kind of literature review your
professor is expecting. In clinical research, it is common to use the PICO-structure: P opulation, I
ntervention, C ontrol and O utcome. By conducting a comprehensive search of all relevant previous
studies, developing a rigorous and reproducible system, this procedure will funnel the inclusion and
quality of the existing literature. The methods described here should help clinicians to review and
appraise published reviews systematically, and aid evidence-based clinical decision-making. As a
student you should rather do a structured literature review, including only certain aspects of the
methodology described on this page. ClinicalTrials.gov Database of clinical trials sponsored by the
National Institutes of Health, other Federal agencies and the pharmaceutical industry. Performing
systematic literature reviews with novices: An iterative approach. Method: We conduct a systematic
review of the literature on UCASD. This comprehensive range of resources includes over 3,000
records across seven publication types: Evidence Based Recommended Practices, Evidence
Summaries, Best Practice Information Sheets, Systematic Reviews, Consumer Information Sheets,
Systematic Review Protocols, and Technical Reports. Heterogeneity in a forest plot refers to the
diversity in effect size estimates across studies. Embedded historiographies are shorter and may only
need to be two or three paragraphs. Of these 141 people, 1 person experienced the adverse outcome
that the forest plot summarizes. You will need to decide your inclusion and exclusion criteria at the
start when you are writing your research proposal, or planning your essay. These differences can be
formally assessed to determine why they may have emerged, and where the most likely conclusions
lie. Systematic reviews of research in science education: rigour or rigidity?, International Journal of
Science Education, 27:4, 387-406. The literature review must contain an overview of the research
area regarding current knowledge, and help in finding different theories related to your research area,
methods and research gap. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality The Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality (AHRQ) publishes evidence-based information on health care outcomes;
quality; and cost, use, and access. Web of Knowledge features citation searching, email alerts, links
to the full text of many items. Trip Medical database for Evidence Based Practice material: journals,
guidelines, sys. When you search for literature using quotation marks, the search becomes more
precise; you will only find articles where that exact phrase is used and miss articles that contain
variations on that phrase or a similar combination of search terms. Criteria may include factors
relating to the population, the intervention, the type of study and the outcome. As a result, this type
of review is required for most HTA submissions and for most formal documentation and
publications. This is usually referred to as a free-text search.
ClinicalTrials.gov Database of clinical trials sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, other
Federal agencies and the pharmaceutical industry. Codes related to the iterative and incremental
design and development principle. Here we’ll review how you can do so in Web of Science and in
SpiderCite, which builds on data from Lens.org. This registration informs other researchers that a
group is working on a certain area of study, which can discourage duplicate research efforts that may,
therefore, fail to be published. A logging system is needed to make sure all relevant studies.
Aggregative methods produce effect sizes or percentages across studies (such as meta-summary).
You can search protocols of SRs on the following databases. Writing an embedded literature review
will clarify your understanding of the material and demonstrate your thorough research skills.
Andrew has received numerous awards and scholarships including: the Ontario Graduate
Scholarship, the William Henry Yates Travel Scholarship and the Institute of Infectious Disease
Research Undergraduate Research Award. Delete Replies Reply Sam Young 17 May 2018 at 05:45
Thanks David. It includes full-text indexing of drug, disease and medical device data, supported by
the Embase thesaurus Emtree, which facilitates precise searching so users may find the answers they
need to their research questions. With the tools to objectively collect and interpret information,
investigators can cater research programs, and expand on the current body of knowledge. Bias is a
topic we will come to in a later chapter, but for now you can think of bias as anything that
systematically takes us away from the “truth”. Integrative Review Considered a form of research that
reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that
new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. Once reference lists have been
finalised the full articles of potentially useful studies. At the beginning of the literature review, you
can mention the type of literature review you have used and why you chose it for your research.
When you begin to write your literature review section, you'll be glad you dug deeper into how the
research was designed and constructed because it establishes a means for developing more
substantial analysis and interpretation of the research problem. Systematic reviews sometimes
contain so-called meta-analyses, wherein the collected data is combined using statistical methods.
Literature reviews can usually be conducted by a single person rather than a team. Many of the
reviews in these databases can be accessed by searching within PubMed using the Clinical Queries
feature. If that’s your result, then you’ve retrieved all your key articles. Always choose recent
publications as reference for your literature work. Select fields for each comparison below and click
on Find Duplicates under References and remove all duplicates. These of course can be further
limited perhaps by searching just for clinical trials. Use the Please Log In or Create an Account
button to create a Cochrane account or connect an exising accountto the University's subscription.
Simply put, studies with weaker research designs, such as this one, have less weight in the pooled
analysis. By scanning titles, abstracts and subject headings, you may find additional, useful search
terms. Communications of the Association of Information Systems, 37 (43), 879-910. The beauty of
this within a project or piece of research is that you are generating legitimate research data that can be
displayed in a number of established figures and formats as illustrated below in Figure 5. Fig. 6.
Codes and number of articles related to the continuous stakeholder involvement principle.
Codes related to the iterative and incremental design and development principle. The risk of
antenatal parasitemia is 286 events per every 1,000 people. It can take between 6 months and 2 years
to conduct a systematic review. Unlike the narrative literature review, the systematic review enables
the definition of a methodological approach that will allow the answer to specific research questions.
Figure 3.3: Malaria chemoprevention for pregnant women living in endemic areas. Due to this variety
of formats, make sure you are clear on what kind of literature review your professor is expecting.
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templates learn problem solving in computer science. A systematic literature review aims to classify,
critically appraise, and summarise the current evidence concerning an identified issue, similar to
conventional literature reviews. Some qualitative researchers have argued that reviewing the
literature curtails inductive analysis—using induction to determine the direction of the
research—and should be avoided at the early stages of the research process. When the outcome is
something bad, like death, the intervention should be designed to reduce the risk, which is
represented by a risk ratio less than 1. Can a search term be added that might include this key article.
Heterogeneity complicates the interpretation of a meta-analysis; it signals that we might be
comparing apples and oranges. Always choose recent publications as reference for your literature
work. The rows represent each study included in the review, and the columns indicate the review
authors’ determination about potential bias in each study. Codes related to the parallel interwoven
creation tracks principle. Web of Science Citation Indexes Web of Science, published by Thomson
Reuters, is a multi-disciplinary database that provides integrated access to over 8,000 key research
journals indexed in: Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Science Citation Index, and Arts and
Humanities Citation Index. Consult your library subject guide to review databases appropriate for
your topic. Our evidence generation team at Mtech Access understand the different pressures on
HEOR and market access teams, and can help you select the right evidence strategy, build a robust
evidence base and get this crucial step right to ensure the best treatments reach patients. Because of
differences in how we extract data from sources and what information is relevant, the analysis
within and structure of our literature reviews will vary. The name lagged behind, appearing first in
1996, apparently referring to the tree-line optics typical of most forest plots. However, in a
systematic literature search, it is recommended that you specify the search field manually instead.
Sometimes confused as a blanket term for other types of reviews. Scholars who conduct systematic
reviews register their research protocols in advance to clearly state the literature search strategy, rules
for including and excluding studies, and a plan for the analysis. Fourth, analyze the patterns you
noted by considering similarities and differences between sources. It states about theories what
theories previously exist, their relationships between them, to what extent they are investigated and
how to create a new theory based on that or test the new theory. In systematic literature searching, a
precision of two-three percent is common. Criteria may include factors relating to the population, the
intervention, the type of study and the outcome. You may want to add these new headings to your
Matrix to remind you to critically appraise the sources according to this new criteria. At the library,
we often get questions about what exactly characterizes a systematic review, what differentiates it
from other kinds of literature reviews, and how one might best go about searching the literature
systematically. All point estimates fall to the left of the line of no effect ( 1 would mean the risk was
higher among the intervention group, thus favoring the control group (with no treatment).