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Hence, to maintain the speed supply voltage and frequency must be vary accordingly.There are
several ways to define Variable Frequency Drive (VFD). In contrast, the Myanmar public works
programme allowed only one member of each household to participate, resulting in a preponderance
of men. In Rwanda, one assessment found improvements in intra-household decision-making, more
equity in household relations and positive improvements in women’s participation at the community
level as a result of the programme. Nonetheless, we heard from DFID staff that underperforming
programmes are now identified earlier and closed if their performance does not improve. Similarly,
DFID’s emergency food relief programme in Zambia was recognised by citizens living in the worst
affected areas as providing a lifeline. For example, DFID has made some progress in improving the
contribution of commercial agriculture work to nutrition but there is a need to accelerate the
approach to strengthening food systems at country level, to help make sustainable and nutritious
diets accessible to all. DFID’s policy advocacy is well informed by evidence and analysis, but its
approach to technical assistance is inconsistent and its results are poorly evidenced. In this research
paper, drive schemes of single-phase induction motor, principle operations of components used in
constructed variable speed drive, and design calculation to construct this drive are included. We
found that DFID programmes are not clear enough about what kinds of impact they wish to achieve.
This paper introduces about the major problem occur in the security which is known as DDOS
attacks The study of this research is to find out the various techniques to prevent these attacks along
with their modification techniques and to find out any possible solution. There is a lack of national-
level evaluation studies that assess the contributions of different nutrition actors. Africa and Asia
bear the greatest burden of undernutrition, with more than half of all stunted children living in Asia,
and more than one third in Africa. From the 12 programmes where we reviewed their accuracy in
depth, ICAI found the results for one programme to be “very reliable”, seven “reliable” and four
“less than reliable”. DFID does not necessarily document the impacts of its support on thinking and
practice in partner countries. In order to decrease the switching losses, fast switching devices like
insulated gate bipolar transistors (MOSFETs) are used. For such a programme, a level of
experimentation may be required to determine what combination of inputs and outputs produces the
best results for the investment. This reflects evidence that achieving sustainable reductions in
malnutrition requires high-level political ownership of the problem and that key factors hindering
progress include weak service delivery systems and inadequate investments in nutrition. This
encouraged researchers to create methods for the automatic detection of software defects. It is these
practices —not the software (or engulfing mindsets) —that are most significant. The work draws on
several years of in-depth research in the area, using qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews
and focus group discussions with government ministry officials, civil society and faith-based
organisation representatives, donor agencies and community members. Managed by the social
protection team in policy division, the community of practice focuses on themes such as cash transfer
financing, capacity building, accountability, value for money, gender, disability, shock-responsive
social protection and nascent social protection systems in fragile contexts. It controls the speed of the
electric machine by converting the fixed voltage and frequency of the grid to adjustable values on
the machine side. As well as large academic research projects, it has commissioned operational
research to inform its programming. Attributes that we gathered from source code through software
metrics can be an input for software defect predictor. Download Free PDF View PDF See Full PDF
Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. It assesses the extent to
which the nutrition portfolio targets and reaches the most vulnerable and hard-to-reach households,
and the mechanisms used to understand their needs. Other programmes take care to ensure that
eligible women have access to the cash transfers. The developed hardware is tested on a three phase,
230V, 50Hz induction motor. As discussed above, weaknesses in annual review scoring make it
difficult to be confident that all instances of underperformance are identified. They are also within
the direct control of the implementer, enabling DFID to hold its implementing partners to account for
their performance.
While it has taken steps in recent years to introduce adaptive programming, it is still working through
the value for money implications. A community discussion in Mbala, Zambia highlighted how this
combined model of using centralised health facilities with community volunteers travelling direct to
households is an effective one. Given the risk of optimism bias in such assessments, this suggests
that value for money analysis is being used to justify existing choices rather than to inform active
management. Hence, to maintain the speed supply voltage and frequency must be vary
accordingly.There are several ways to define Variable Frequency Drive (VFD). It supports central
government accountability of institutions, to improve coordination across the anti-corruption and
accountability sector in identifying, investigating and prosecuting the corrupt, ensuring they are
administratively and criminally sanctioned and their assets confiscated, and to also increase citizen
participation in local governance and the accountability of 35 local governments for effective service
delivery. This perception is shared by a wide range of internal and external stakeholders. Oversight is
weak, monitoring systems are poorly developed and there have not yet been any independent
evaluations. It is essential for a healthy immune system and cognitive, motor and emotional
development. The Multilateral Development Review commits DFID to working more closely with its
multilateral partners “to ensure maximum value for money for the UK’s investment”. It has
undertaken reviews of how the multilateral system performs in two sectors (health and humanitarian
aid), and is moving towards joint funding arrangements for groups of related agencies. There are no
deliberate methods of sharing these scarce resources and in such circumstances, conflicts are bound
to arise. However, DFID has yet to develop methods for assessing value for money across different
target groups, to inform operational decision-making. DFID country programmes pursue a range of
cross-cutting objectives, such as promoting structural change, building resilience to climate change,
tackling gender inequality and supporting openness and transparency in the fight against corruption.
Nonetheless, we heard from DFID staff that underperforming programmes are now identified earlier
and closed if their performance does not improve. It presents the findings of a unit cost analysis,
suggesting that, for every ?10 spent by the project, six citizens were safer, seven had better access to
public services, five expressed increased satisfaction with public services and least one had been
given an opportunity to hold decision-makers to account. In Ethiopia, it was reported that DFID
promoted strong coordination within sectors but could have done more to support cross-sector
coordination between donors and government ministries. Because of this, some programme partners,
including other donors and non-profit organisations, consider nutrition to be an area of the
department’s programming with a particularly strong pro-poor and gender focus. The core objective
of DFID’s cash transfer programmes is to alleviate income poverty and increase consumption for the
poorest and most vulnerable, for the duration of the transfer. However, two of these programmes,
covering social protection and WASH, also had no nutrition objectives or clear indicators at the
outcome and impact levels. To better navigate what's available, the UK's Department for
International Development has commissioned this Review of PFM Reform Literature. Maybe I am
misinterpreting, but that is how it reads to me. In order to decrease the switching losses, fast
switching devices like insulated gate bipolar transistors (MOSFETs) are used. Our objective here is to
identify areas where DFID can continue to strengthen its management processes to improve the
value for money of UK aid. This has been driven in part by concerns about fraud and corruption. The
business case must set out a value for money case for the programme and how value for money will
be monitored over its life. This is being done through country programmes that provide growth policy
advice based on demands from policy-makers in partner governments. These include ring-fencing (ie
protecting against budget cuts) unconditional transfers and introducing a system of budgeting across
regions based on need rather than pre-determined percentages. First, synthesis reports produced at
the start and end of the review period provided overall findings in relation to the effects of cash
transfers. Source: Cash transfers: what does the evidence say?, ODI, July 2016, pp. 117 and 257.
Since the review, other countries have used elements of the Department’s approach to assessing and
rating multilateral performance.
Nutrition is relevant to several SDGs, most directly Zero Hunger (SDG 2) and Good Health and
Well-being (SDG 3). Kalondolondo - an accountable grant to a consortium of Plan Malawi,
CONGOMA and ActionAid for a community-based monitoring programme 3. In addition to this
paper will discuss some basic application guidelines regarding harmonic distortion with respect to
industry standards. For example, DFID said that the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) office
now has a new statistics officer who is helping to improve monitoring systems, calculate reach more
accurately, and classify programme results by their correct intensity. Due to the numerous defects
found during the software development process, researchers have developed numerous ways for
defect prediction models. Notwithstanding this error, we conclude that there is reliable evidence that
DFID has achieved and exceeded its target of six million people, even though the total is somewhat
less than DFID reported. Various data mining and machine learning studies have been conducted to
deal with software engineering tasks such as defect prediction, effort estimation, etc. The
Government’s commitment to reach 50 million people with nutrition services between 2015 and 2020
was surpassed early. Furthermore, of the 20 programmes reviewed by ICAI, 13 programmes had a
strong and explicit focus on strengthening systems and the capacity to deliver equitable nutrition
services (and six programmes a more moderate emphasis). In secondary results areas, including
education, nutrition, health and the empowerment of women, performance has been mixed and on
occasion falls short of what the evidence suggests is achievable. Other contributions related to a
management information system and an electronic payment system. Despite operating in such
challenging contexts, these programmes have effectively reached vulnerable households, and the
primary target group of women of childbearing age and children, through working within existing
community structures and with community health workers and volunteers. Numerous DDoS attack
Detection, Prevention, and Trace-back procedures have been proposed as a result of the ongoing
development of new assaults and the expanding variety of vulnerable hosts on the internet. Evidence
from the Lancet Series and other good practice (highlighted in ICAI’s literature review) suggests
three necessary steps for targeting nutritionally vulnerable individuals. They often begin with limited
capacity to design, implement and maintain a national cash transfer system. Larger transfers may in
some circumstances reduce abuse of women (due to a reduction in poverty-related stress and a better
bargaining position for women), but in other circumstances increase their vulnerability to abuse (as a
reassertion of male power). It offers a good value for money case, based on consistent and well-
demonstrated results in its core objectives and its good fit with DFID’s strategic objectives.
However, in the Economic Empowerment for the Poorest Programme, the low percentage of the
budget spent on transfers is partly indicative of programme inefficiencies, including a convoluted
management structure, a large number of partners and an expensive innovation element (which is not
matched with a functional system to capture and use the learning). The combination of simpler,
faster control circuits and higher carrier frequencies allows higher performance drives with high
starting torque and especially good performance at low speeds. It focuses on women’s and minority
rights, their political participation and decision-making, tolerance and prevention of violence, and
increasing the accountability and responsiveness of the state to citizens’ demands for improved
service delivery. The features of VFD are smooth start of motor and energy conservation in different
industrial applications. On this occasion, as with ICAI’s 2015 review DFID’s approach to delivering
impact, we have decided not to score DFID’s performance. Within this context, some nutrition
programmes found that they were overambitious with their impact targets (such as to reduce stunting
by 20%). Pastoralist communities in the region raise livestock such as camels, goats, cattle and sheep
and are constantly moving in search of pasture. Climate-related shocks and conflict are important
drivers of this increase, with problems concentrated in the poorest countries and increasingly the
poorest regions within countries. Since the review, other countries have used elements of the
Department’s approach to assessing and rating multilateral performance. In our sample, the targets
were frequently revised after the first year. As well as large academic research projects, it has
commissioned operational research to inform its programming. Examples of relevant intermediate
outcomes and impacts are also included within DFID’s recently finalised value for money guidance.
Only three programmes had targets to reach people with disabilities.
The country faces a combination of high levels of development need and regular humanitarian crises.
In the case of WASH, Ethiopia’s programme was excluded noting that its impact on nutrition has not
been measured and that the evidence for a direct impact of WASH on nutrition outcomes is mixed.
We also assessed the influencing role played by DFID within key international forums and
partnerships to support the assessment of the department’s wider and longer-term impacts.
Sometimes the finer points of targeting assume a lower priority in the face of more pressing issues
such as expanding national coverage. This publication is copyright but the text may be used free of
charge for t he purposes of advocacy, campaignin g, education, and research, provided that the
source is acknowledged in full. Specifically, ICAI found that DFID and its partners were not always
aiming for, or able to achieve, the recommended 90% population coverage. This suggests that the
Portfolio Quality Index reflects country offices’ level of ambition in target setting as much as the
performance of their programmes or portfolios. Furthermore, of the 20 programmes reviewed by
ICAI, 13 programmes had a strong and explicit focus on strengthening systems and the capacity to
deliver equitable nutrition services (and six programmes a more moderate emphasis). DFID often sets
ambitious targets for programmes at design, only to revise them in light of experience. Of course the
most relevant, brilliant and accessible research might be ignored if it gives an inconvenient political
answer. The programme reviews involved desk reviews of programme documentation (business
cases, monitoring data, annual reviews and independent evaluations), followed by in-depth
interviews with DFID programme managers. The programme was designed in part to promote
innovation solutions. Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest. Solaiman Mia In the
modern world of software development, ensuring reliability and performance is of paramount
importance. Security of a network does not concern only the computers at each end of the whole
chain of communication. To avoid denigration most of the commercial sites do not expose that they
were attacked that is the biggest challenges of the researchers. DFID Nigeria is clear that, given the
high levels of corruption, measures to limit fiduciary risk are central to its value for money approach.
During our country visits to Bangladesh and Rwanda, we met various beneficiary groups who
stressed the importance of cash transfers in reducing the stigma of poverty and creating a more
positive outlook on life, as illustrated in the following quotes. Computer failure prediction is a key
aspect to improve the efficiency of software applications. By “approach”, we mean both the
conceptual framework that DFID uses to analyse value for money and the steps taken to embed
value for money thinking across DFID’s portfolio and programme management processes. Seema
Hafeez presentation on Strengthening capacities of LDCs for public serv. Errors and inconsistencies
have arisen in some instances. Larger transfers may in some circumstances reduce abuse of women
(due to a reduction in poverty-related stress and a better bargaining position for women), but in
other circumstances increase their vulnerability to abuse (as a reassertion of male power). Households
are taught to grow, preserve and consume a diverse range of more nutritious foods. DFID has also
got better at identifying programmes that are failing to reach their output targets and taking remedial
action. For simpler interventions where the results are more predictable (such as vaccination
programmes), this may provide sufficient assurance that overall value for money is being achieved. It
is therefore a major determinant of overall value for money. Managed by the social protection team
in policy division, the community of practice focuses on themes such as cash transfer financing,
capacity building, accountability, value for money, gender, disability, shock-responsive social
protection and nascent social protection systems in fragile contexts. This means tolerating
weaknesses in the design and delivery of programmes over the short term in order to try to
strengthen them over time. This was based upon data showing that programme targets to reach these
groups had been met, as well as evaluation and other evidence.
For the Multi-Year Humanitarian Programme, the consortium also drew on community workers and
mother-to-mother support groups to help identify the most vulnerable households (and provide
training in child feeding). While DFID monitors changes in value for money, it does not verify
during the life of the programme whether the original value for money case was valid. By
incorporating equity into its value for money assessments, DFID has also acknowledged that
reaching marginalised groups may entail additional effort and cost. Second, the spread of national
cash transfer systems across Africa would create a positive “neighbourhood effect” where national
governments are under increasing pressure to emulate the actions of their neighbours. DFID’s Smart
Rules state that sustainability must be addressed in the design of every programme. There is strong
evidence that these results are being delivered consistently across the portfolio. In particular, there is
a need for a stronger focus on strengthening nutritious food systems, including through agriculture
programmes and technical assistance to governments. Kenya commands great international status in
the region pertaining to its level of economic growth and infrastructure development. Instead, the
business case set out the three options and discussed their costs, benefits and potential weaknesses in
narrative form. In 2013, the UK held the first Nutrition for Growth Summit, culminating in the
signing of the Global Nutrition for Growth Compact by 94 stakeholders, including development
partners, businesses, scientific organisations and civil society groups. We do not carry out our own
independent impact assessments. DFID has also invested in systematic and other reviews of the
existing evidence, including on schooling, nutrition, local economies, gender effects and the role of
design parameters in generating results. In interviews with us, the bank acknowledged that DFID’s
insistence on bringing equity into the programme design had led it to adapt its own approach to
assessing value for money from a narrow approach to economy (procurement costs) and efficiency
(minimising delays in implementation) to include job creation and inclusive growth. Across our
programme sample, the calculations and underlying assumptions were not always set out in sufficient
detail in the business case for them to be checked, while in others, such checking would require data
that was not being collected. As a result, there are risks that DFID’s technical assistance is providing
conflicting messages, or at least working without a clear consensus on the end goals and how to
achieve them (for example one partner advocating for targeting on the basis of proxy means testing
and another partner for community-based targeting). Making greater progress in this area requires
intervening in the political economy of food systems, including building policy dialogues and action
plans for improved diets, and stronger engagement between donors, business and governments.
Coming from an STS background, i?d be so bold to add: some of the most interesting as well. For
example, in some programmes in Bangladesh and Zambia, the payment is equivalent to the cost of a
daily bag of rice or maize, while in Nigeria it is based on a calculation of the amount needed to
enable very poor households to pay for a nutritious diet. There is strong evidence that they are
effective in their core objectives and offer a good value for money case. This is based upon DFID’s
use of evidence, the contributions of its technical assistance and advocacy work, and programme
impact. The term encompasses a range of instruments (e.g. social pensions, child grants or public
works programmes) and a spectrum of design, implementation and financing options. It allows for
subjective analysis to be discussed and represented, through diagrams and visuals, which can in turn
support more dynamic exchange between policy actors, grantees and donors. Of the 24 programmes
in our sample, 20 included a quantified cost-benefit analysis, while the others set out their value for
money case in narrative form. Infants, young children and women of childbearing age are most
vulnerable to undernutrition as their bodies have a greater need for nutrients, such as vitamins and
minerals, and are more susceptible to the harmful consequences of deficiencies. There are no
deliberate methods of sharing these scarce resources and in such circumstances, conflicts are bound
to arise. The multispeed operation and multipurpose operation are provided by controlling the speed
of these motors. Among the programme’s reported results were delayed sexual debut and marriage,
decreased likelihood of early pregnancy in large households and a positive impact on safe sex
practices among sexually active youth (ie condom use at first sex). This conditional transfer is
combined with behavioural change communication on the importance of schooling. The Working to
Improve Nutrition in Northern Nigeria programme aims to create stronger links with WASH
programming in future, to increase access to water and sanitation facilities in target communities.
Delivery plans should specify points in the programme cycle when the economic case should be fully
reassessed.