8

Biotechnology
Quarter 1
Week 3 - Cell Division:
Mitosis and Meiosis
Biotechnology- Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1, Week 3– Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Carcar City Division

Schools Division Superintendent: Ronald G. Gutay

Development Team of the Module

Writer: RIZA B. ABAD
Editors:
Reviewers: Retchie Castro
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: RUBEN S. DUTERTE JR.
Subject Area Supervisor:
Management Team: Ronald G. Gutay, Allan B. Matin – aw, Mary Jane Powao
Aquilo A. Rentillosa, Cristina T. Remocaldo
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Department of Education – Region VII ,Central Visayas

Office Address: Department of Education – Carcar City Division ( Learning Resources

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 8

Biotechnology
Quarter 1
Week 3- Module 2
Cell Division: Mitosis
and Meiosis
Table of Contents

What This Module is About ............................................................................... i

What I Need to Know ........................................................................................ ii

How to Learn from this Module ........................................................................ ii

Icons of this Module ........................................................................................ iii

What I Know .................................................................................................. .iii

Lesson 1:

Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis ...................................................................

What I Need to Know ................................................................... 1

What’s New ............................................................................... 2

What Is It .................................................................................... 3

What’s More ............................................................................... 5

What’s New ................................................................................ 6

What Is It ................................................................................... 7

What’s More …. ........................................................................... 9

What I Have Learned.................................................................... 10

 What I Can Do ............................................................................. 11

Summary ................................................................................................ 12

Assessment: (Post-Test) ........................................................................... 13

Key to Answers ....................................................................................... 14

References …………………………………………………………………………………….
What This Module is About

You’ve learned from your previous lesson about the difference between animal
and plant cells, their respective functions and role in the human body and plants
growth.

This module will help you learn that cells divide. The lesson covers all
important questions on: Where do cells come from? Why do cells Divide? How many
cells are in your body? How do cells know when to divide? What are the two types of
cell division?

The topics we will cover in this chapter are as follows:

* importance cell division for survival of organisms and species.

*description of the cell cycle

* difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of:

A. Chromosome number of daughter cells

B. Importance to the species.

You will do some activities and simple experiments. So, don’t miss this rare
opportunity – read and have fun in learning the following lessons.
 What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Define cell division, and cell cycle.

2. Differentiate the two types of cell division (MITOSIS & MEIOSIS)

3. Compare and contrast MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS in terms of:

A. Chromosome number of daughter cells,

B. Importance to the specie.

4. Appreciate the importance of cell division MITOSIS and MEIOSIS for survival
of an organism and the species.

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:

• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.

• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises

diligently.

• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use your Science Notebook in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Know (Pretest)

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Gap 1, gap 2, and synthesis stages of the cell cycle make up what?

A. interphase B. telophase C. cytokinesis D. mitosis

2. What does the cell make during the synthesis stage of the cell cycle?

A. more organelles B. a copy of DNA

C. daughter cells D. greater surface area

3. Multicellular organisms use mitosis for growth, development and _____________.

A. apoptosis B. repair C. reproduction D. interphase

4. In a single- celled organism, mitosis is used for __________________.

A. development. B. reproduction. C. growth. D. repair

5. During Interphase a cell grows, duplicates organelles, and

A. Copies DNA. B. Divides the nucleus.

C. Divides the cytoplasm. D. Produces a new cell.
6.Organize these steps in the order in which they would occur during cell division.
A. Anaphase, interphase, metaphase, prometaphase, prophase, telophase
B. Interphase, prophase, prometaphase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
C. Interphase, prometaphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
D. Interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

7. Which part of the cell life cycle is not part of interphase?

A. G2 phase B. G1 phase C. S phase D. M phase

8. Cytokinesis begins during which phase of mitosis?

A. Metaphase B. Prometaphase C. Anaphase D. Prophase

9. Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of chromatids?

A. Metaphase B. Prometaphase C. Anaphase D. Prophase

10. A type of cell division that involves the production of two somatic daughter
cells.

A. Meiosis B. Mitosis D. Interphase D. Cell Cycle

Lesson

1
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION:
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to determine the different stages
involved in the cell cycle and the cell division: Mitosis and Meiosis.

Specifically, after going through this module, you will be able to:
1. Define mitosis and meiosis;
2. Differentiate the two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis;
3. Identify the different stages / phases of mitosis and meiosis cell division;
4. Appreciate the importance of cell division in the survival of an organism or
species.
 WHAT’S IN
Where Do Cells Come From?

https://bit.ly/36gfSYQ
3D image of a mouse cell in the final stages of cell division (telophase). (Image by
Lothar Schermelleh)

Sometimes you accidentally bite your lip or skin your knee, but in a matter of days
the wound heals. Is it magic? Or, is there another explanation?

Every day, every hour, every second, one of the most important events in life is going
on in your body—cells are dividing. When cells divide, they make new cells. A single
cell divides to make two cells and these two cells then divide to make four cells, and
so on. We call this process "cell division" and "cell reproduction," because new cells
are formed when old cells divide. The ability of cells to divide is unique for living
organisms.

Why do cells divide?

Cells divide for many reasons. For example, when you skin your knee, cells divide to
replace old, dead, or damaged cells. Cells also divide so living things can grow. When
organisms grow, it isn't because cells are getting larger. Organisms grow because
cells are dividing to produce more and more cells. In human bodies, nearly two
trillion cells divide every day.

How many cells are in your body?

You and I began as a single cell, or what you would call an egg. By the time you are
an adult, you will have trillions of cells. That number depends on the size of the
person, but biologists put that number around 37 trillion cells. Yes, that is trillion
with a "T."

How do cells know when to divide?

In cell division, the cell that is dividing is called the "parent" cell. The parent cell
divides into two "daughter" cells. The process then repeats in what is called the cell
cycle.
 https://bit.ly/3ifySZU
Cell division of cancerous lung cell (Image from NIH)

Cells regulate their division by communicating with each other using chemical
signals from special proteins called cyclins. These signals act like switches to tell
cells when to start dividing and later when to stop dividing. It is important for cells
to divide so you can grow and so your cuts heal. It is also important for cells to stop
dividing at the right time. If a cell cannot stop dividing when it is supposed to stop,
this can lead to a disease called cancer.

Some cells, like skin cells, are constantly dividing. We need to continuously make
new skin cells to replace the skin cells we lose. Did you know we lose 30,000 to
40,000 dead skin cells every minute? That means we lose around 50 million cells
every day. This is a lot of skin cells to replace, making cell division in skin cells is
so important. Other cells, like nerve and brain cells, divide much less often.

How cells divide?

Depending on the type of cell, there are two ways where cells divide—mitosis and
meiosis. Each of these methods of cell division has special characteristics. One of
the key differences in mitosis is a single cell divides into two cells that are replicas
of each other and have the same number of chromosomes. This type of cell division
is good for basic growth, repair, and maintenance. In meiosis a cell divides into four
cells that have half the number of chromosomes. Reducing the number of
chromosomes by half is important for sexual reproduction and provides for genetic
diversity.

The cell cycle:

Actively dividing eukaryote cells pass through a series of stages known collectively
as the cell cycle: two gap phases (G1 and G2); an S (for synthesis) phase, in which
the genetic material is duplicated; and an M phase, in which mitosis partitions the
genetic material and the cell divides.
 https://bit.ly/33cFpjQ

• G1 phase. Metabolic changes prepare the cell for division. At a certain point - the
restriction point - the cell is committed to division and moves into the S phase.

• S phase. DNA synthesis replicates the genetic material. Each chromosome now
consists of two sister chromatids.

• G2 phase. Metabolic changes assemble the cytoplasmic materials necessary for

mitosis and cytokinesis.

• M phase. A nuclear division (mitosis) followed by a cell division (cytokinesis).

The period between mitotic divisions - that is, G1, S and G2 - is known as
interphase.

What’s New

The Cell Cycle Coloring Worksheet Label the diagram below with the following
labels:

Anaphase Interphase Mitosis

Cell division (M Phase) Interphase Prophase Cytokinesis

Interphase S-DNA replication G1 – cell grows
Metaphase Telophase G2 – prepares for mitosis
 https://bit.ly/3mW47Nr

Then on the diagram, lightly color the G1 phase BLUE, the S phase YELLOW,
the G2 phase RED, and the stages of mitosis ORANGE. Color the arrows
indicating all of the interphases in GREEN. Color the part of the arrow indicating
mitosis PURPLE and the part of the arrow indicating cytokinesis YELLOW.
 What Is It

The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis

The cell cycle:

Actively dividing eukaryote cells pass through a series of stages known collectively
as the cell cycle: two gap phases (G1 and G2); an S (for synthesis) phase, in which
the genetic material is duplicated; and an M phase, in which mitosis partitions the
genetic material and the cell divides.

https://bit.ly/33cFpjQ

• G1 phase. Metabolic changes prepare the cell for division. At a certain point - the
restriction point - the cell is committed to division and moves into the S phase.

• S phase. DNA synthesis replicates the genetic material. Each chromosome now
consists of two sister chromatids.

• G2 phase. Metabolic changes assemble the cytoplasmic materials necessary for

mitosis and cytokinesis.

• M phase. A nuclear division (mitosis) followed by a cell division (cytokinesis).

The period between mitotic divisions - that is, G1, S and G2 - is known as interphase.
MITOSIS

Mitosis is how somatic—or non-reproductive cells—divide. Somatic cells make up

most of your body's tissues and organs, including skin, muscles, lungs, gut, and hair
cells. Reproductive cells (like eggs) are not somatic cells.

In mitosis, the important thing to remember is that the daughter cells each have the
same chromosomes and DNA as the parent cell. The daughter cells from mitosis are
called diploid cells. Diploid cells have two complete sets of chromosomes. Since the
daughter cells have exact copies of their parent cell's DNA, no genetic diversity is
created through mitosis in normal healthy cells.

https://askabiologist.asu.edu/cell-division
Mitosis cell division creates two genetically identical daughter diploid cells. The
major steps of mitosis are shown here. (Image by Mysid from Science Primer and
National Center for Biotechnology Information)

The Mitosis Cell Cycle

Before a cell starts dividing, it is in the "Interphase." It seems that cells must be
constantly dividing (remember there are 2 trillion cell divisions in your body every
day), but each cell actually spends most of its time in the interphase. Interphase is
the period when a cell is getting ready to divide and start the cell cycle. During this
time, cells are gathering nutrients and energy. The parent cell is also making a copy
of its DNA to share equally between the two daughter cells.

The mitosis division process has several steps or phases of the cell cycle—interphase,
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis—to
successfully make the new diploid cells.
( see mitosis of a living cell:
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab3/images/mitosis.g
if)

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/biology1/chapter/the-cell-cycle/

The mitosis cell cycle includes several phases that result in two new diploid
daughter cells. Each phase is highlighted here and shown by light microscopy with
fluorescence. Click on the image to learn more about each phase. (Image from
OpenStax College with modified work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal, Roy van Heesheen,
and the Wadsworth Center.)
 https://bit.ly/2G6WlQ4

When a cell divides during mitosis, some organelles are divided between the two
daughter cells. For example, mitochondria are capable of growing and dividing during
the interphase, so the daughter cells each have enough mitochondria. The Golgi
apparatus, however, breaks down before mitosis and reassembles in each of the new
daughter cells. Many of the specifics about what happens to organelles before, during
and after cell division are currently being researched.

Prophase

Prophase occupies over half of mitosis. The nuclear membrane breaks down to form
a number of small vesicles and the nucleolus disintegrates. A structure known as
the centrosome duplicates itself to form two daughter centrosomes that migrate to
opposite ends of the cell. The centrosomes organise the production of microtubules
that form the spindle fibres that constitute the mitotic spindle. The chromosomes
condense into compact structures. Each replicated chromosome can now be seen to
consist of two identical chromatids (or sister chromatids) held together by a
structure known as the centromere.
Prometaphase

The chromosomes, led by their centromeres, migrate to the equatorial plane in the
mid-line of the cell - at right-angles to the axis formed by the centrosomes. This
region of the mitotic spindle is known as the metaphase plate. The spindle fibres
bind to a structure associated with the centromere of each chromosome called a
kinetochore. Individual spindle fibres bind to a kinetochore structure on each side
of the centromere. The chromosomes continue to condense.

Metaphase

The chromosomes align themselves along the metaphase plate of the spindle
apparatus.

Anaphase

The shortest stage of mitosis. The centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of
each chromosome are pulled apart - or 'disjoin' - and move to the opposite ends of
the cell, pulled by spindle fibres attached to the kinetochore regions. The separated
sister chromatids are now referred to as daughter chromosomes. (It is the
alignment and separation in metaphase and anaphase that is important in ensuring
that each daughter cell receives a copy of every chromosome.)

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis, and a reversal of many of the processes observed during
prophase. The nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes grouped at
either pole of the cell, the chromosomes uncoil and become diffuse, and the spindle
fibres disappear.

Cytokinesis

The final cellular division to form two new cells. In plants a cell plate forms along the
line of the metaphase plate; in animals there is a constriction of the cytoplasm. The
cell then enters interphase - the interval between mitotic divisions.

MEIOSIS CELL DIVISION:

Meiosis is the other main way cells divide. Meiosis is cell division that creates sex
cells, like female egg cells or male sperm cells. What is important to remember about
meiosis? In meiosis, each new cell contains a unique set of genetic information. After
meiosis, the sperm and egg cells can join to create a new organism.

Meiosis is why we have genetic diversity in all sexually reproducing organisms.

During meiosis, a small portion of each chromosome breaks off and reattaches to
another chromosome. This process is called "crossing over" or "genetic
recombination." Genetic recombination is the reason full siblings made from egg and
sperm cells from the same two parents can look very different from one another.
 https://bit.ly/3n8cZQb
The meiosis cell cycle has two main stages of division -- Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
The end result of meiosis is four haploid daughter cells that each contain different
genetic information from each other and the parent cell. Click for more detail.
(Image from Science Primer from the National Center for Biotechnology
Information.)

The Meiosis Cell Cycle

Meiosis has two cycles of cell division, conveniently called Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
Meiosis I halves the number of chromosomes and is also when crossing over happens.
Meiosis II halves the amount of genetic information in each chromosome of each cell.
The end result is four daughter cells called haploid cells. Haploid cells only have one
set of chromosomes - half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Before meiosis I starts, the cell goes through interphase. Just like in mitosis, the
parent cell uses this time to prepare for cell division by gathering nutrients and
energy and making a copy of its DNA. During the next stages of meiosis, this DNA
will be switched around during genetic recombination and then divided between four
haploid cells.

So remember, Mitosis is what helps us grow and Meiosis is why we are all unique!
Meiosis I

Meiosis I separates the pairs of homologous chromosomes.

https://bit.ly/2G6WlQ4

In Meiosis I, a special cell division reduces the cell from diploid to haploid.
 Prophase I

The homologous chromosomes pair and exchange DNA to form recombinant

chromosomes. Prophase I is divided into five phases:

• Leptotene: chromosomes start to condense.

• Zygotene: homologous chromosomes become closely associated (synapsis) to form

pairs of chromosomes (bivalents) consisting of four chromatids (tetrads).

• Pachytene: crossing over between pairs of homologous chromosomes to form

chiasmata (sing. chiasma).

• Diplotene: homologous chromosomes start to separate but remain attached by

chiasmata.

• Diakinesis: homologous chromosomes continue to separate, and chiasmata move to

the ends of the chromosomes.

Prometaphase I

Spindle apparatus formed, and chromosomes attached to spindle fibres by

kinetochores.

Metaphase I

Homologous pairs of chromosomes (bivalents) arranged as a double row along the

metaphase plate. The arrangement of the paired chromosomes with respect to the
poles of the spindle apparatus is random along the metaphase plate. (This is a source
of genetic variation through random assortment, as the paternal and maternal
chromosomes in a homologous pair are similar but not identical. The number of
possible arrangements is 2n, where n is the number of chromosomes in a haploid set.
Human beings have 23 different chromosomes, so the number of possible
combinations is 223, which is over 8 million.)

Anaphase I

The homologous chromosomes in each bivalent are separated and move to the
opposite poles of the cell

Telophase I

The chromosomes become diffuse and the nuclear membrane reforms.

Cytokinesis

The final cellular division to form two new cells, followed by Meiosis II. Meiosis I is a
reduction division: the original diploid cell had two copies of each chromosome; the
newly formed haploid cells have one copy of each chromosome.
 Meiosis II

Meiosis II separates each chromosome into two chromatids.

https://bit.ly/2G6WlQ4

The events of Meiosis II are analogous to those of a mitotic division, although the
number of chromosomes involved has been halved.

Meiosis generates genetic diversity through:

• the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Meiosis

I

• the random alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes in Meiosis I

• the random alignment of the sister chromatids at Meiosis II

https://bit.ly/2G6WlQ4
 https://bit.ly/2G6WlQ4

( see video on Mitosis and meiosis comparison:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrKdz93WlVk

Videos explaining the difference Here are two videos (the first one short and the
second is longer, more in-depth) that explain the process of mitosis and meiosis.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJCWVTnFf5o
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr0oiws9ZvM
 What’s More

Cell Division and the Cell Cycle Lesson

True or False: Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.

_____ 1. Cell division is basically the same in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
_____ 2. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.

_____ 3. Mitosis is the process in which the nucleus of the cell divides.

____ 4. DNA replication results in identical chromosomes.

_____ 5. A cell spends most of its life in growth phase 1 of the cell cycle.

_____ 6. The S checkpoint, just before entry into S phase, makes the key decision of

whether the cell should divide.

_____ 7. The correct order of the phases of cell cycle is G1 → S → G2 → M.

_____ 8. Interphase consists of mitosis and cytokinesis.

_____ 9. In prokaryotic cells, all organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus and
endoplasmic reticulum, divide prior to cell division.

_____ 10. Bacteria divide cells by binary fusion.

_____ 11. A mass of abnormal cells is called a tumor.

_____ 12. Organelles are made during growth phase

_____ 13. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle.

_____ 14. If the cell cycle is not regulated, cancer may develop.
_____ 15. Mitosis occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

What’s New

ACTIVITY – Mitosis and Meiosis Comparison Instructions:

1. Cut out the Cell Division Cards and organize them in the correct order for both
mitosis and meiosis. HINT: Both sets of cards (mitosis and meiosis) start with 4
chromosomes in prophase

2. When you think you have them in the correct order and phase, paste them on this
page in the appropriate areas below and on the back of this paper. Use your lecture
notes and textbook for help.

3. LABEL: the nucleus, chromosomes, chromatids, centrioles, and spindle fibers on

EVERY card where they can be seen (you will not see all of them on each card.)
 (see Attached sheets)

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

PHASE CARD PHASE CARD

Prophase Prophase I

Metaphase Metaphase I

Anaphase Anaphase I

Telophase Telophase I
Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II
Mitosis and Meiosis Comparison

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Does the cell have

interphase—
(does it copy all its
DNA)—before each
process occurs?

Summarize the overall

purpose or goal of each
process.

How many stages to

each process are there?
List/name
each stage.

Does each process

change the number of
chromosomes per cell?

How many daughter

cells do each process
make?

How similar are the

daughter cells each
process makes?
If a human cell with a
chromosome number
of 46 undergoes each
process, what number
of chromosomes will be
in each daughter cell?

CELL DIVISION CARDS

https://rb.gy/nlslyk
 What’s More

1. Label the following diagram with the phase of mitosis, (a) through (e), or the type
of cell structure, (f) through (h), seen during mitosis.

https://yhoo.it/36eqmYQ

2. During which stage of a cell’s cycle do the replicated chromosomes thicken and
become visible? ______________________

3. During which stage of a cell's cycle do the replicated chromosomes line up on the
equator of the cell? ______________________

4. During which stage of a cell's cycle do the chromosomes replicate? ____________

5. The drawing below has been made from a photograph showing a cell undergoing
mitosis. Based on the drawing, in what stage of mitosis must the cell have been

in? ______________________
 What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions.

1. The drawings A-E show stages of mitosis in a plant cell.

https://bit.ly/3lr4FJz

(a) Which of the drawings A -E shows?

(i) interphase ________ (DNA is replicated)

(ii) prophase ________ (chromosomes – 2 sister chromatids – shorten)

(iii) metaphase ________ (sister chromatids line up)

(iv) anaphase ________ (sister chromatids separate)

(v) telophase ________ (new nucleus forms at each end)

(vi) cytokinesis ________ (cell contents divided between 2 daughter cells)

(b) Give two processes which occur during interphase and which are necessary for
mitosis to take place.

____________________ of the cell and ____________________ of the DNA

7. These drawings shows various stages of mitosis in a fast-growing onion root tip.

https://bit.ly/3lr4FJz

Identify the cells (by number) which are in the following stages of mitosis:

interphase _____________

prophase _____________

metaphase _____________

anaphase _____________

telophase _____________

8. Using colored pens or pencils, show how 2 chromosomes are passed from parent
cell to two.
 What I Can Do

Thoroughly answer the questions below. Use appropriate academic vocabulary and
clear and complete sentences.

1. What is the cell cycle?

2.What are the phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. In which phase does a cell spend most of its life? What happens during this
phase?

__________________________________________________________________________________

4.What is cancer? What may cause cancer to occur?

__________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the S phase? What happens during this phase?

__________________________________________________________________________________

6.Describe the eukaryotic cell cycle, listing and discussing the main events of each
phase.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Summary

The cell cycle is the orderly sequence of events that occurs from the time a cell
divides to form two daughter cells to the time those daughter cells divide again. The
cell cycle refers to a series of events that describe the metabolic processes of growth
and replication of cells. The bulk of the cell cycle is spent in the “living phase”, known
as interphase. Interphase is further broken down into 3 distinct phases: G1 (Gap 1),
S (Synthesis) and G2 (Gap 2). G1 is the phase of growth when the cell is accumulating
resources to live and grow.

Cell division: process of formation of two or more daughter cells from a single mother.
Types of cell division:

* Mitosis - occurs in somatic cells results in the formation of two daughter cells which
are identical to parent cell
* Meiosis - occurs in reproductive cells, results in the formation of 4 daughter cells,
where each daughter cell is genetically different from parent cell.

There are two kinds of cell division in eukaryotes. Mitosis is division involved in
development of an adult organism from a single fertilized egg, in growth and repair
of tissues, in regeneration of body parts, and in asexual reproduction. In mitosis, the
parent cell produces two "daughter cells" that are genetically identical. (The term
"daughter cell" is conventional, but does not indicate the sex of the offspring cell.)
Mitosis can occur in both diploid (2n) and haploid (n) cells; a diploid cell is shown
below.

In meiosis, diploid parent cells divide and produce the gametes or spores that give
rise to new individuals. The parent cell produces four haploid daughter cells.
Prior to both mitosis and meiosis, the chromosomes in the nucleus are replicated.
The nucleus then divides. Nuclear division is usually followed by division of
the cytoplasm. In mitosis, there is one such division. Meiosis consists of two
divisions; since the chromosomes have replicated only once, the four daughter cells
have half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

During the process known as karyokinesis, the nucleus divides. Nuclear division
includes several subphases, which we will study in detail later. Karyokinesis is
usually followed by cytokinesis.

12
In the process called cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides and two identical daughter
cells are formed.

https://bit.ly/36HT1Wj
 Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Select the phase of the cell cycle depicted in the image below.

a. prophase b. metaphase c. telophase d. interphase e. anaphase

2. Select the phase of the cell cycle depicted in the image below.

a. prophase b. metaphase c. telophase d. interphase e. anaphase

3. Select the phase of the cell cycle depicted in the image below.

a. prophase b. metaphase c. telophase d. interphase e. anaphase

4. Select the phase of the cell cycle depicted in the image below.

a. prophase b. metaphase c. telophase d. interphase e. anaphase

5.Meiosis results in how many MORE daughter cells than mitosis

a.1 b.2 c. 4 d. 8

6.Somatic cells reproduce by ______________, while sex cells reproduce by

______________.
a) meiosis; mitosis
b) mitosis; mitosis

c) mitosis; meiosis
d) meiosis; meiosis
7.Which of the following statements is true about mitosis in humans?

a) All cells of the body go through mitosis more or less constantly from
conception until death.
b) Each cell undergoing mitosis divides into two completely new cells that are
usually identical to the cell from which they originated.

c) It takes roughly two weeks for a cell to go through all six phases of mitosis.
8. Human gametes normally have _____ chromosomes.

a) 23

b) 46
c) a diploid number of

8. Which of the following statements is true in humans?

a) Mitosis produces cells that have a haploid number of chromosomes.

b) Meiosis produces cells that have a diploid number of chromosomes.

c) Meiosis produces cells that have a haploid number of chromosomes.

9. What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?

1-Metaphase 2-Telophase 3-Anaphase 4-Prophase
A. 4,1,2,3

B. 2,3,1,4

C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,3,2,4

E. 4,1,3,2
 Key to Answers

What I Know (Pretest)

Multiple Choice:
1. A 2. B. 3. B 4.B 5. C 6. D 7.
D
8. D 9. C 10. B

WHAT’S NEW (COLOR THE DIAGRAM ACCORDING TO INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN)

WHAT’S MORE (P.5)

TRUE OR FALSE
1. TRUE 2. TRUE 3. FALSE 4. TRUE N 5. TRUE 6. FALSE 7. TRUE
9. FALSE 10. TRUE 11. TRUE 12. TRUE 13. TRUE 14. TRUE 15.
TRUE

WHAT’S NEW (DO THE ACTIVITY AND FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS, ANSWER THE
COMPARISON CHART)

WHAT HAVE I LEARNED

i. C ii. B iii. E iv. A v. D vi. D 6. B. Gap 1 and Synthesis7

7.interphase 4& 5 ,
prophase 14&2 ,

metaphase 1 ,11 & 17,

anaphase 7&9 ,
telophase 3& 12

8. (DIY) base on your readings

WHAT I CAN DO

1. The cell cycle is the orderly sequence of events that occurs from the time a cell
divides to form two daughter cells to the time those daughter cells divide again. The
cell cycle refers to a series of events that describe the metabolic processes of growth
and replication of cells.
2. INTERPHASE, PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE

3. INTERPHASE: THE CELL OBTAINS NUTRIENTS AND METABOLIZES, GROWS,

READS DNA AND CONDUCTS THE NORMAL CELL FUNCTIONS.
4. CANCER: ABNORMAL GROWTH OF THE CELL, IT OCCURS WHEN CELLS
NORMAL GROWTH CYCLE BECOMES DISRUPTED AND CAUSSES THEM TO
GROW ABNORMALLY.
5. S phase. DNA synthesis replicates the genetic material. Each chromosome now
consists of two sister chromatids.

6. Eukaryotic cell functions: Prophase occupies over half of mitosis. The nuclear
membrane breaks down to form a number of small vesicles and the nucleolus
disintegrates. Prometaphase: The chromosomes, led by their centromeres, migrate
to the equatorial plane in the mid-line of the cell - at right-angles to the axis formed
by the centrosomes.

Metaphase: The chromosomes align themselves along the metaphase plate of the
spindle apparatus. Anaphase: The shortest stage of mitosis. The centromeres
divide, and the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart - or 'disjoin'
- and move to the opposite ends of the cell, pulled by spindle fibres attached to the
kinetochore regions.Telophase: The final stage of mitosis, and a reversal of many of
the processes observed during prophase.Cytokinesis:The final cellular division to
form two new cells. In plants a cell plate forms along the line of the metaphase
plate; in animals there is a constriction of the cytoplasm.

Assessment: (Post-Test) (p.13)

Multiple choice:

1. Metaphase 2. telophase 3. anaphase 4.prophase

5. B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.c 10. E

14
References

Bianconi E, Piovesan A, Facchin F, Beraudi A, Casadei R, Frabetti F, Vitale L,

Pelleri MC, Tassani S, Piva F, Perez-Amodio S, Strippoli P, Canaider S. Ann. An
estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Retrieved March 14, 2014
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23829164(link is external).

Original animal cell and E. Coli cell video from National Institute of Genetics via
Wikimedia. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Movie_4._Cell_division.ogv

Retrieved from:

https://www.cusd80.com/cms/lib/AZ01001175/Centricity/Domain/4939/Chapte
r%205%20%20CK-12%20Biology%20Chapter%205%20Worksheets.pdf

https://www.wlwv.k12.or.us/cms/lib/OR01001812/Centricity/Domain/1341/AC
TIVITY%20-%20Mitosis%20and%20Meiosis%20Comparison.pdf
http://www.chsd.us/~mbendele/cells/1-Mitosishomework_12_20.pdf

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab3/images/mitosis.g
if
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/practice/bioquiz2.htm

https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/practice/bioquiz2.htm

http://www.tusculum.edu/faculty/home/ivanlare/html/quiz/13q-cellcycle.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrKdz93WlVk

https://askabiologist.asu.edu/cell-division

https://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/vgec/highereducation/topics/cellcycle-mitosis-
meiosis
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