Question Answer

What day is it? Day 8.

What does the integumentary system consist of? The skin, hair, and nails.

What are the functions of the integumentary system? Protection, thermoregulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, and
excretion.

What is the importance of physical assessment? Early detection of abnormalities or pathology, monitoring changes over
time, assessing overall health and well-being.

What variations in color should be noted during skin inspection? Pallor, erythema, cyanosis, or jaundice.

What aspects of texture should be assessed during skin inspection? Smoothness, roughness, or lesions.

What should be evaluated regarding moisture during skin inspection? Dryness or excessive perspiration.

What is the purpose of a Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Tool? To assess the risk of developing pressure ulcers in patients.

What does a Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Tool help healthcare The likelihood of a patient developing pressure ulcers.
professionals determine?

Why is it important to use a Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Tool? To prevent and manage pressure ulcers in patients.

What is assessed when checking for warmth or coolness during Temperature.

palpation?

How is skin elasticity assessed during palpation? By gently pinching and releasing to check turgor.

What is interpreted when assessing turgor as 'Good' or 'Poor'? Skin elasticity.

What is checked for when assessing for edema during palpation? Swelling or pitting.

What is assessed when checking for integrity during palpation? Whether the skin is intact or non-intact.

What aspects should be assessed in lesion assessment? Size, shape, color, and distribution.

What are some characteristics of lesions to note? Macules, papules, plaques, nodules, vesicles, pustules, ulcers, etc.

What should be documented in lesion assessment? Any changes in existing lesions or the appearance of new ones.

What are macules? Macules are small, flat, discolored spots on the skin that are less than 1
centimeter in diameter.

What are papules? Small, solid, raised skin lesions that are less than 1 centimeter in
diameter.

What are plaques? Thickened, red patches of skin covered with silvery-white scales.

What is the characteristic appearance of plaques? Thickened, red patches covered with silvery-white scales.

What are nodules? Abnormal growths or lumps in the body, often found in the thyroid gland or
joints.

What are vesicles? Small membrane-bound sacs that transport and store substances within a
cell.

What is the function of vesicles in a cell? Transporting and storing substances.

What are pustules? Pus-filled lesions on the skin.

What is an ulcer? An open sore on an external or internal surface of the body.

What aspects are included in the inspection of hair during physical Color, distribution, texture, and scalp condition (presence of dandruff,
assessment? lesions, or infestations).

What is assessed during the palpation of hair? Texture (brittleness, thickness, or thinning) and scalp mobility (tenderness
or masses).

What changes should be noted in hair growth patterns or loss during Any changes in hair growth patterns or loss.
assessment?

What aspects are included in the inspection of nails? Shape, contour, consistency, and color.

What should be checked in the nail bed during a physical assessment? Capillary refill and signs of cyanosis.
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What is assessed during the palpation of nails? Texture and integrity.

What is evaluated when assessing for clubbing of the nails? The angle between the nail bed and nail plate.

What are some signs of nail pathology to be assessed for? Beau's lines, leukonychia, or onycholysis.

What factors should be considered when recognizing normal variations in Different ages, ethnicities, and genders.
skin, hair, and nails?

What is important in understanding common skin, hair, and nail Interdisciplinary collaboration for comprehensive assessment and
disorders? management.

What are the critical anatomical structures contained in the head and Brain, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, throat, lymph nodes, and thyroid gland.
neck?

Why is the assessment of the head and neck regions crucial? For identifying abnormalities, diagnosing diseases, and providing
appropriate interventions.

What is the purpose of assessing the head and neck regions? To identify abnormalities, diagnose diseases, and provide appropriate
interventions.

What should be noted during the inspection of external head and face Symmetry, size, and shape.
structures?

What aspects of the skin should be assessed during head and neck Color, texture, lesions, and any abnormalities.
inspection?

What should be observed in terms of facial expressions during head and Signs of pain, discomfort, or neurological deficits.
neck assessment?

What should be assessed for in the skull during palpation? Tenderness, deformities, or masses.

What should be checked for in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) during Tenderness, range of motion, and clicking.
palpation?

What should be palpated for in the lymph nodes? Size, tenderness, and mobility.

What is auscultation? Listening for sounds using a stethoscope.

How is auscultation performed on the carotid arteries? Listen for bruits using a stethoscope.

What should be assessed for in the thyroid gland during auscultation? The presence of bruits or murmurs.

What aspects should be noted during the inspection of eyebrows, Symmetry, position, and any abnormalities.
eyelids, and lashes?

What should be assessed for in the conjunctiva and sclera? Color, vascularity, and presence of lesions.

What should be checked for in the pupils during a physical eye Size, shape, symmetry, and reaction to light (PERRLA).
assessment?

What does the acronym PERRLA stand for? Pupils are equal, round and reactive to light and accommodation.

What is the normal pupil size in bright light? 2 to 4 mm in diameter.

What is the normal pupil size in the dark? 4 to 8 mm in diameter.

How can extraocular muscle function be assessed? Using the H pattern or cardinal gaze directions.

What should be evaluated for during ocular movements assessment? Nystagmus or strabismus.

What aspects should be noted during the inspection of the external ear? Size, shape, symmetry, and presence of lesions or deformities.

What should be assessed in the ear canal and tympanic membrane? Redness, discharge, or foreign bodies.

What should be checked for tenderness or swelling during palpation of Tragus and mastoid process.
the ear?

What should be evaluated for around the ear and neck during palpation? Lymphadenopathy.

What are the basic hearing tests that can be performed during Whisper or finger rub tests.
audiometric testing?
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When should formal audiometry be referred for during audiometric If hearing loss is suspected.
testing?

What aspects of the lips should be assessed during a physical Color, moisture, symmetry, and any lesions.
assessment of the mouth?

What should be checked in the gums (gingiva) during a mouth Color, contour, texture, and signs of inflammation or bleeding.
assessment?

What aspects of the teeth should be noted during a mouth assessment? Alignment, color, integrity, and presence of caries or dental restorations.

What should be inspected in the tongue during a physical assessment of Size, shape, color, coating, and any abnormalities such as ulcers or
the mouth? lesions.

What should be evaluated in the palate and mucosa during a mouth Color, texture, lesions, and signs of infection or trauma.
assessment?

What should be palpated for in the gums and mucosa? Tenderness, swelling, or masses.

What should be assessed for in the submandibular and sublingual Enlargement or tenderness.
glands?

What is evaluated in the functional assessment of the tongue? Tongue movement, ability to protrude, retract, and move side to side.

What is observed in the functional assessment of swallowing? Swallowing process for signs of dysphagia or difficulty.

What are the external structures assessed for during the inspection of Symmetry, skin color, and presence of swelling or masses.
the throat?

What components of the oral cavity are evaluated during the inspection Soft palate, uvula, tonsils, and posterior pharyngeal wall.
of the throat?

How is the oropharynx visualized during the inspection of the throat? Using a tongue depressor and flashlight.

What aspects of the oropharynx are assessed during the inspection of Color, texture, and any lesions.
the throat?

What should be palpated in the neck during a physical assessment? Neck lymph nodes and thyroid gland.

What aspects should be assessed when palpating neck lymph nodes? Tenderness, size, and mobility.

What should be assessed when palpating the thyroid gland? Enlargement or nodules.

What is the first step in functional assessment related to swallowing? Observing the patient's ability to swallow saliva and liquids.

What should be assessed in terms of voice quality during functional Hoarseness, dysphonia, or changes in pitch.
assessment?

What should be noted during the inspection of the external nose? Symmetry, shape, and presence of lesions.

What aspects of the nasal mucosa should be assessed? Color, moisture, and presence of discharge or polyps.

How should the sinuses be assessed? Palpate for tenderness over the frontal and maxillary sinuses.

How is nasal patency evaluated? By evaluating airflow through each nostril and assessing for signs of
nasal obstruction or deviation.

What is the first step in evaluating nasal patency? Asking the patient to occlude one nostril at a time.

What are some common head and neck disorders? Migraines, sinusitis, otitis media, and thyroid disorders.

Why is thorough documentation important in patient care? For comprehensive patient care and interdisciplinary collaboration.

What is the significance of physical assessment in healthcare? To evaluate the overall health and detect any abnormalities or changes.

What are the two types of breathing patterns? Labored breathing and non-labored breathing.

What is the characteristic of shallow breathing? It is not deep and may be indicative of respiratory issues.

What is the difference between a productive cough and a non-productive A productive cough brings up mucus or phlegm, while a non-productive
cough? cough does not.
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What is the significance of symmetrical and asymmetrical breathing? Symmetrical breathing is normal, while asymmetrical breathing may
indicate respiratory issues.

What does the term 'retraction' refer to in respiratory assessment? It refers to the inward movement of the tissues between the ribs during
inspiration, indicating respiratory distress.

What are crackles in the context of respiratory assessment? They are abnormal lung sounds characterized by discontinuous clicking
or rattling noises.

What is the significance of wheezing in respiratory assessment? It indicates narrowing or obstruction in the airways, often associated with
asthma or COPD.

What does the term 'stridor' indicate in respiratory assessment? It is a high-pitched sound caused by airflow through a narrowed or
partially obstructed airway.

What aspects of the patient's general appearance should be assessed Posture, breathing pattern, and overall comfort level.
during a physical assessment of the thorax and lungs?

What signs of distress should be noted during the assessment of the Use of accessory muscles, nasal flaring, or pursed-lip breathing.
thorax and lungs?

What should be looked for during the inspection of the thorax? Asymmetry, deformities, or abnormalities in the chest wall.

What should be observed during the inspection of the thorax? Respiratory rate and depth.

What should be noted during the inspection of the thorax? Presence of any scars, lesions, or rashes.

What are some examples of chest wall deformities that may be Sample Chest Wall Deformities.
observed?

What should be checked for during palpation of the chest wall? Tenderness and masses.

What should be checked during deep breathing in relation to chest Any areas of decreased or increased chest expansion.
expansion?

What is the purpose of performing percussion over each lung field? To compare resonance bilaterally.

What should be noted during percussion of the lung fields? Any areas of dullness which could indicate consolidation, effusion, or
tumor.

What is auscultation? Using a stethoscope to listen to lung sounds systematically, moving from
apex to base and comparing bilaterally.

What should be listened for during auscultation of lung sounds? Breath sounds (vesicular, bronchial, or bronchovesicular) and any
adventitious sounds (crackles, wheezes, stridor, or rhonchi).

What characteristics should be paid attention to during auscultation? The presence of any added sounds, their location, timing, and
characteristics.

What are some examples of adventitious lung sounds? Crackles, wheezes, stridor, and rhonchi.

What are the characteristics of crackles? Bubbling, popping.

What are the characteristics of wheezes? High-pitched whistling.

What are the characteristics of stridor? Turbulent sound.

What are the characteristics of rhonchi? Continuous low-pitched sound during exhale.

What type of sound is described as clear, smooth, and soft? Vesicular breath sounds.

What should be included in the documentation of physical assessment Any abnormalities observed during the assessment.
findings?

What should a report to the healthcare team highlight? Any significant findings that may require further evaluation or intervention.

How should the findings be documented? Accurately.

What is important in providing a report to the healthcare team? Clarity and conciseness.

What should the healthcare provider do to start a comprehensive Introduce themselves to the patient and explain the purpose of the
physical assessment of the Breast and Lymphatic System? examination.
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Why is it important to ensure privacy and provide draping for the patient's To respect the patient's privacy and provide comfort.
comfort during the examination?

What aspects of the patient's breast should be observed during general Size, shape, symmetry, and skin integrity.
inspection?

What should be noted during breast inspection for potential signs of Asymmetry, dimpling, and changes in contour.
concern?

What skin changes should be looked for during breast inspection? Redness and rash.

What should be inspected during nipple assessment? Symmetry, position, and any discharge.

What abnormalities should be noted during nipple assessment? Retraction, inversion, or ulceration.

What position should the patient be in for breast palpation? Supine position with one arm behind the head.

How should the fingers be used for breast palpation? Use the pads of your fingers in a systematic pattern (e.g., circular or
vertical strip).

What should be assessed for during breast palpation? Lumps, masses, or areas of tenderness.

What details should be noted about any palpable abnormalities? Location, size, shape, consistency, mobility, and tenderness.

What should be paid attention to during breast palpation? Nodules or areas of induration.

When is the best time to do a monthly breast self-exam? About 3 to 5 days after your period starts.

Why is it recommended to do the breast self-exam at the same time To ensure consistency and accuracy.
every month?

Why are breasts less tender or lumpy 3 to 5 days after the period starts? Due to the monthly cycle.

How should the axillary lymph nodes be palpated? With gentle pressure using the pads of the fingers.

What should be assessed when palpating the axillary lymph nodes? Enlargement, tenderness, or irregularity.

What details should be noted about any palpable lymph nodes? Location, size, and mobility.

How do you assess the supraclavicular and infraclavicular lymph nodes? By palpating them bilaterally.

What should be noted during the assessment of these lymph nodes? Enlargement, tenderness, or firmness.

What should be documented during breast examination? Breast size, shape, symmetry, and any abnormalities observed.

What should be included in the report to the healthcare team? Clear and concise report highlighting any significant findings that may
require further evaluation or intervention.

What should the patient be educated about? Breast self-examination techniques and the importance of regular
screening.

What should the patient be encouraged to do? Report any changes or concerns promptly.

What should the healthcare provider do to start a physical assessment of Introduce themselves to the patient and explain the purpose of the
the heart and neck vessels? examination.

Why is it important to ensure privacy and provide draping for the patient's To maintain the patient's comfort and dignity.
comfort during the assessment?

What does CRT stand for in the context of the cardiovascular system? Capillary Refill Time.

How is CRT measured? In seconds.

What does edema refer to in the cardiovascular system? Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues.

Where can edema occur in the body? Location: varies, can occur in different parts of the body.

What should be observed during the general inspection of a patient? General appearance, skin color, and overall condition.

What signs of distress should be noted during the general inspection? Pallor, diaphoresis, or cyanosis.
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What is the normal range for a regular pulse? 60 to 100 BPM.

How would you describe an irregular pulse? Beats too quickly, too slowly.

What is indicated by a weak pulse? Poor heart beat.

How would you describe a bounding pulse? Feels as though your heart is like racing beat.

What is indicated by a strong pulse? Rapid heart beat.

What does CRT stand for in a physical assessment context? Capillary Refill Time.

What is the normal range for CRT (Capillary Refill Time)? 1 to 2 seconds.

What is indicated by edema in the body? Too much fluid trapped in the body tissues.

What should be inspected during the assessment of neck vessels? Jugular venous pulsations (JVP) for waveform, height, and any
abnormalities.

What should be noted during the assessment of neck vessels? Distention, visible pulsations, or asymmetry.

How should the carotid arteries be palpated? One at a time, gently, to assess pulse amplitude, symmetry, and contour.

What should be assessed for during palpation of the carotid arteries? Thrills or bruits, which may indicate arterial stenosis or turbulence.

How should the carotid arteries be auscultated? Using the bell of the stethoscope.

What abnormal sounds should be noted during carotid artery Murmurs or bruits.
auscultation?

What may abnormal sounds during carotid artery auscultation suggest? Vascular pathology.

What are the traditional cardiac auscultation areas? Aortic, pulmonic, erb's point, tricuspid, and mitral.

What are the heart sounds to listen for during auscultation? S1 (lub), S2 (dub), S3, and S4.

What aspects of each heart sound should be noted during assessment? Timing, intensity, and quality.

What should be noted during auscultation for murmurs? Timing in the cardiac cycle, location, radiation, and characteristics.

How should murmurs be graded based on intensity? On a scale of 1/6 to 6/6.

What are some characteristics used to describe murmurs? Harsh, blowing, musical, etc.

What should be assessed for peripheral edema? Particularly in the lower extremities.

What can peripheral edema indicate? Fluid retention or heart failure.

What characteristics of edema should be noted? Location, extent, and pitting characteristics.

What should be documented accurately during a physical assessment? Findings including heart sounds, murmurs, vascular assessment findings,
and any abnormalities observed.

What should a report to the healthcare team highlight? Any significant findings that may require further evaluation or intervention.

What is the importance of providing a clear and concise report to the Highlighting any significant findings that may require further evaluation or
healthcare team? intervention.

What should the healthcare provider do to start a comprehensive Introduce themselves to the patient and explain the purpose of the
physical assessment of the peripheral vascular system? examination.

Why is it important to ensure privacy and provide draping for the patient's To maintain the patient's comfort and dignity.
comfort during the physical assessment?

What aspects of the patient's skin should be observed during general Color, temperature, and overall condition of the extremities.
inspection?

What signs should be noted during skin observation? Pallor, cyanosis, erythema, or ulcerations.

How do you evaluate arterial circulation? By assessing peripheral pulses in the upper and lower extremities.
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Which pulses should be palpated bilaterally to evaluate arterial Radial, brachial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior
circulation? tibial pulses.

What aspects of the pulses should be noted during assessment? Pulse amplitude, symmetry, and regularity.

What abnormalities should be documented during arterial circulation Weak or absent pulses.
assessment?

How do you assess capillary refill time? By pressing firmly on the patient's nail bed and noting the time it takes for
color to return.

What is considered normal capillary refill time? Less than 2 seconds.

What signs of venous insufficiency should be inspected in the Varicose veins, edema, or venous stasis ulcers.
extremities?

What should be palpated to assess venous circulation? Superficial veins.

What should be assessed when palpating superficial veins for venous Tenderness, warmth, or swelling.
circulation?

What areas should be palpated for lymph nodes during assessment of Neck, axilla, and inguinal regions.
lymphatic circulation?

What characteristics should be noted during palpation of lymph nodes? Size, tenderness, and mobility.

What should be noted if observed during palpation of lymph nodes? Enlargement, firmness, or asymmetry.

What should be inspected on the skin of the extremities during a skin Lesions, ulcers, or discolorations.
integrity assessment?

What should be noted regarding the skin during a skin integrity Presence of scars, bruises, or signs of trauma.
assessment?

How do you assess for pitting edema? By applying pressure to the skin over bony prominences and observing
for the indentation to persist.

What characteristics should be noted when assessing edema? Location, extent, and pitting characteristics.

What should be documented accurately during a physical assessment? Pulse quality, capillary refill time, presence of venous insufficiency, lymph
node assessment, and any abnormalities observed.

What should be included in a clear and concise report to the healthcare Any significant findings that may require further evaluation or intervention.
team?

What is the first step in a comprehensive physical assessment of the Introducing yourself to the patient and explaining the purpose of the
abdomen? examination.

Why is it important to ensure privacy and provide draping for the patient's To maintain the patient's comfort and dignity.
comfort during the abdominal examination?

What should be observed during the general inspection of a patient? The patient's overall demeanor and posture.

What should be inspected in the abdomen during a general inspection? Visible distension, asymmetry, or scars.

What should be noted during the general inspection for any visible Presence of pulsations, masses, or abnormal movements.
abnormalities?

What aspects of the skin should be inspected on the abdomen? Color, texture, lesions, and rashes.

What signs should be noted during skin inspection for potential issues? Bruising, jaundice, and striae (stretch marks).

What is auscultation? Using a stethoscope to listen to internal body sounds.

What should be noted during auscultation of bowel sounds? Frequency, intensity, and quality of bowel sounds.

What are some abnormal bowel sounds to listen for? Hypoactive or hyperactive bowel sounds, or the presence of bruits.

How are hypoactive bowel sounds defined? Less than 5 gurgle/minute.

How are normoactive bowel sounds defined? 5 – 30 gurgles/minute.

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How are hyperactive bowel sounds defined? More than 30 gurgle/minute.

What are borborygmi bowel sounds characterized by? More than 30 gurgle/minute, high pitched, tinkling, bell-like.

How should you begin palpation of the abdomen? Begin with light, gentle, circular motions.

What should be assessed during palpation of the abdomen? Tenderness, guarding, or rigidity.

What should be noted during palpation of the abdomen? Areas of localized tenderness or rebound tenderness.

What should be done to assess for organ enlargement, masses, or fluid Progress to deep palpation.
accumulation?

Which organs should be palpated for during abdominal assessment? Liver edge, spleen, and kidneys.

How do you palpate for the liver edge using the hooking technique? Start in the right lower quadrant and move upward.

How do you palpate for the spleen? Reach under the left costal margin and gently press downward, asking
the patient to take a deep breath.

What is the liver span measurement technique? Percuss the liver dullness and note the upper and lower borders.

How do you palpate for the kidneys? Place one hand under the patient's back and the other hand on the
abdomen, below the costal margin.

What should the patient do while palpating for the kidneys? Take a deep breath and palpate for the kidneys as they descend with
inspiration.

How can you assess for abdominal hernias? By palpating along the inguinal canal, femoral canal, and umbilicus.

What should be noted during the assessment of hernias? Any bulges or areas of weakness.

What is the normal sound when percussing the anterior gas-filled Tympanitic sound.
abdomen?

What does dullness indicate when percussing the anterior abdomen? Solid viscera, fluid, or stool predominance.

How does the flanks sound when percussed and why? Duller, as posterior solid structures predominate.

Where is somewhat duller when percussing over the flanks? The right upper quadrant over the liver.

What is the significance of the Dead Sea shoreline? It is the lowest point on the Earth's surface, averaging 396 m below sea
level.

What should be documented accurately during a physical assessment? Abdominal contour, skin condition, bowel sounds, palpation findings, and
any abnormalities observed.

What should be included in a clear and concise report to the healthcare Significant findings that may require further evaluation or intervention.
team?