Spatial Distribution of Event Centres in Calabar

1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
The terrain of urban development and social infrastructure, particularly in
vibrant metropolises around the globe, has undergone a remarkable metamorphosis
with the advent and progression of event centres. These hubs, emerging as keystones
in the nexus of tourism and urban geography, have reshaped the contours of cities and
the rhythm of urban life (Campanella, 2002; Latham, McCormack, McNamara &
McNeill,2008). Event centres, expanding beyond their traditional role as gathering
spaces, have become pivotal in sculpting the socio-cultural and economic landscapes
of urban areas (Bell & Jayne, 2006; Gratton, Shibli & Coleman, 2006; Cudny, 2016).
They serve as vantage points through which the complexities of urban life and
geographical patterns can be observed and understood (Ashworth & Page,2011;
Chalip&Leyns, 2002; Hu, Gao, Janowicz, Yu, Li, & Prasad, 2015). This study delves
into the locational patterns and patronage dynamics of event centres in Calabar
Metropolis, Nigeria, offering an in-depth analysis from 2018 to 2022.
As Mazilu, Niță, Drăguleasa& Mititelu-Ionuș, (2023) and Campanella, (2002)
have noted, event centres are focal points for a myriad of activities encompassing
cultural, social, and economic spheres. Their strategic locations and patronage
patterns provide valuable indicators of urban geography and social preferences (Bell
& Jayne, 2006; Chen, Gan, Li, Zhang, Wang, Tao, & Zhu, 2023). These centres are
not isolated entities; rather, they are integrally woven into the urban mosaic, reflecting
and influencing the life of the city (Alsalloum, 2023; Mazilu et al., 2023). Ashworth
& Page (2011) and Chen, Gan, Li, Zhang, Wang, Tao, & Zhu, (2023) underscores
their role as hubs for social interaction, cultural exchange, and economic trends,
2
thereby offering a mirror to the socio-cultural and economic landscapes of the cities
they inhabit. The distinctiveness of this phenomenon in Calabar Metropolis, with its
unique cultural and historical context, presents a fascinating case study for
understanding these dynamics.
From an architectural standpoint, event centres significantly contribute to city
aesthetics and functionality (Guy, 2022; Potok, 2023). They evolve into urban
landmarks, embodying societal needs and spatial dynamics. The architectural design
and positioning of these centres influence urban traffic flow and cityscape
development, providing critical insights for urban planning and architectural studies
(Alsavada& Karimi, 2023; Zhou & Wang, 2023). Sociologically, event centres are
vibrant showcases of the geographical diversity of urban life (Rojek, 2013; Hall &
Page, 2014; Liu, Zhang, Zhang, Han & Zhao, 2023). Hosting a plethora of events,
they mirror societal norms and values, becoming crucial nodes for sociocultural
research (Picard & Robinson,2006; Potok, 2023). Economically, event centres are
more than mere venues for events; they play a pivotal role in stimulating local
economies (Han & Zhao, 2023; Preuss, & Solberg, 2013). Serving as employment
hubs, they act as catalysts for broader economic activities (Hiller, 2000; Smith, 2012).
Poulain, Laporte, Tibère, Mognard, Ragavan, Zadeh & Noor, (2020) and Beyer, Jain,
& Sinha (2023) observe that the usage patterns of these centres offer insights into
consumer behaviours and economic stratification, acting as barometers for economic
health in urban settings.
The spatial distribution and patronage of event centres provide crucial data for
urban development and planning (Oh & Jeong, 2007; Bereitschaft& Scheller, 2020) ).
Eneyo, Oba, Ochiche, Essien &Antai, (2021). suggests that understanding the
locational dynamics of these centres and other tourist attractions is essential for
3
informing policy and infrastructure decisions. The global distribution of event centres
reveals a complex interplay of urban geographical patterns, shaped by factors such as
historical trends, socio-economic forces, accessibility, demographics, and proximity
to amenities (Eneyo et al., 2021; Eneyo, Attah, Ekong, Offiong, Ekpo, Antai, Obi &
Essien, 2022). In major cities such as New York, London, Tokyo, and Sydney, the
location of event centres reflects diverse urban strategies (Anttiroiko, 2015; Duignan
&Pappalepore, 2023; Chalkley & Essex,1999; Chen, Qu, & Spaans, 2013). These
centres are strategically positioned to maximise accessibility and visibility,
contributing to the city's identity and urban strategy (Obijuru, 2023; Eneyo et al.,
2022). In sprawling urban landscapes like Los Angeles and Mumbai, the distribution
of event centres caters to local and regional needs, reflecting the socio-economic
diversity of these metropolises (Ashworth & Page, 2011; Un-Habitat, 2012). Thus,
understanding this spatial distribution is crucial for tourism geography and future
development planning.
The study of Calabar Metropolis in Nigeria presents a unique context. Despite
its growing urbanisation and socio-economic significance, there is a notable lack of
documented research on the locational patterns of event centres in the study area. This
research gap underscores the need for a focused study on Calabar Metropolis. The
study aims to identify and map the geographic distribution of event centres in this
area, providing insights into urban development patterns specific to the area. This
study not only maps the geographic distribution but also examines the factors
influencing the location of these centres. It investigates the driving forces behind the
location of event centres in Calabar, considering local tourism geography and
planning policies. The analysis covers a period of five years (2018-2022), shedding
light on changing social and economic behaviours and trends. A key objective is to
4
establish correlations between the location of event centres and their levels of
patronage, investigating the spatial characteristics of these centres and their influence
on popularity and usage. The outcomes of this research are anticipated to be
instrumental in guiding urban planning and development strategies, not only in
Calabar but also in other cities with similar tourism and geographical intricacies.
1.2 Statement of Problem
In urban geography and tourism, the strategic location and patronage of event
centres are crucial factors influencing the socio-cultural and economic dynamics of
urban environments. Despite extensive global research focusing on the subject matter
in large metropolitan areas (Bell & Jayne, 2006; Chen et al., 2023; Eneyo et al., 2021;
2022; Poulain et al., 2020; Anttiroiko, 2015; Duignan &Pappalepore, 2023; Chalkley
& Essex,1999; Chen,et al., 2013), there remains a significant gap in understanding
these dynamics within more localized, culturally diverse settings, such as Calabar
Metropolis, Nigeria. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the spatial
distribution and patronage of event centres in Calabar, underlining their unique
geographical and cultural context.
Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria presents a distinctive urban landscape for this
study. It is a city marked by a rich tapestry of natural scenery, cultural diversity, and
burgeoning economic activities, making it a compelling subject for geographical and
urban studies (Ogaboh Agba, Ikoh, Bassey &Ushie, 2010; Andrew & Ekpenyong,
2012; Eneyo, 2018). The prominence of Calabar in hosting cultural events, notably
the internationally acclaimed Calabar Carnival, further elevates its status as a regional
hub for commerce, tourism, and culture (Eneyo et al., 2022). However, a critical
research void is the lack of documented spatial data on the distribution of event
5
centres within the Metropolis. This absence hinders the ease of access for tourists and
locals, potentially impacting the city’s role in the regional tourism sector.
Again, the geographical positioning of event centres within Calabar’s urban
grid is pivotal in determining their accessibility and, subsequently, their patronage and
impact on local communities. While research in cities like New York, London, and
Tokyo has illuminated the strategic planning behind event centre locations to optimize
patronage and urban identity (McAdams , 2007;Tawney , 2020; Kong , 2007;
Anttiroiko, 2015; Duignan &Pappalepore, 2023; Chalkley & Essex,1999; Chen et al.,
2013) similar comprehensive studies are conspicuously missing for smaller urban
centres like Calabar. Therefore, this study seeks to fill this research gap by thoroughly
exploring the locational patterns of event centres within Calabar Metropolis. It will
examine the intricate spatial dynamics influencing their positioning and the resultant
effects on the socio-cultural and economic fabric of the area. The investigation will
cover the geographical distribution of these centres, the determinants influencing their
site selection, patronage patterns from 2018 to 2022, and the role of accessibility,
proximity to transport hubs, and amenities in shaping patronage levels.
The research is positioned to provide in-depth academic insights and practical
implications for urban planning and tourism development within Calabar Metropolis.
Thereby focusing on the spatial distribution and patronage patterns of event centres,
this study will contribute significantly to the broader understanding of urban
geography and tourism dynamics in developing urban landscapes, thus bridging an
important gap in urban geographical research.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study

6
The aim of this study is to analyse the locational patterns and user patronage
of event centres in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. The specific objectives are as
follows:
1. To identify and map the geographic distribution of event centres within Calabar
Metropolis, Nigeria.
2. To assess the spatial and temporal trends of event centers in Calabar Metropolis
3. To examine the factors influencing the location of event centres in the area.
4. To analyse the patronage trends at event centres from 2018 to 2022.
5. To investigate the correlation relationship between the annual number of event
centres and the total yearly patronage in Calabar Metropolis from 2018 to 2022.
6. To provide recommendations for future location strategies based on the findings
of the study.
1.4 Hypotheses of the Study
In exploring the locational attern and patronage of event centres in Calabar
Metropolis, Nigeria, the study is underpinned by the following hypotheses:
Hypothesis one
H0: The distribution of event centres in Calabar Metropolis is not significantly
different from a random distribution.
H1: The distribution of event centres in Calabar Metropolis is significantly different
from a random distribution.
Hypothesis two
7
H0: There is no significant influence of factors such as proximity to major roads/other
services, safety and security, availability of parking, cultural significance, economic
factors, zoning restrictions, and others on the location of event centres in the area.
HI:There is a significant influence of factors such as proximity to major roads/other
Hypothesis three
H0:There is no significant change in patronage trends at event centres from 2018 to
2022.
HI:There is a significant change in patronage trends at event centres from 2018 to
2022.
Hypothesis four
H0:The frequency of visits to event centres in Calabar Metropolis does not
significantly differ between different time (example: public holidays, weekdays, etc.).
HI:The frequency of visits to event centres in Calabar Metropolis significantly differs
between different time (example: public holidays, weekdays, etc.).
Hypothesis five
H0: There is no significant relationship between distance from event centres and
frequency of patronage.
HI: There is a significant relationship between distance from event cenres and
8
Hypothesis six
H0:There is no statistically significant correlation between the annual number of event
H0:There is a statistically significant correlation between the annual number of event
1.5 Significance of the Study
The research on locational pattern and patronage of event centres in Calabar
Metropolis, Nigeria stands as a pivotal contribution in multiple realms: academic,
urban planning, economic, social-cultural, and notably, tourism. Its significance is
multifaceted, as detailed below. Therefore, from an academic perspective, this study
fills a crucial gap in the understanding of urban geography and spatial planning. It
goes beyond the surface to analyze the intricate patterns and variables influencing the
location and patronage of event centres in an African urban context. This enriches the
body of knowledge in urban studies, particularly for developing nations, and offers a
new lens through which urban spatial dynamics can be understood. In terms of urban
planning and policy implications, the insights garnered from this study are invaluable.
By identifying key factors that influence the siting and success of event centres, urban
planners and policymakers can devise strategies that optimize resource allocation,
enhance accessibility, and improve overall urban functionality. This is particularly
relevant in emerging economies where urban development needs to be both strategic
and sustainable.
The study's relevance extends into the economicdomain. Understanding the
dynamics of event centre patronage can guide investors and business owners in
making informed decisions about location and development, potentially leading to

9
enhanced profitability and sustainable growth in the event management sector. A
notable addition to the significance of this study is its impact on tourism. Event
centres are often pivotal in attracting tourists, who contribute significantly to the local
economy. Insights into the patterns and preferences of event centre patronage can
inform marketing strategies and development plans, helping to position Calabar
Metropolis as a vibrant tourist destination. This is particularly important in a global
economy where cities compete to attract both domestic and international tourists.
Moreover, the study has profound social and cultural implications. By
understanding how event centres are used and valued by the community, the research
can offer insights into social patterns, leisure preferences, and cultural engagement.
This can help in promoting culturally enriching activities and in understanding the
social fabric of Calabar Metropolis, thereby fostering a sense of community and
belonging. The research provides a robust framework for future studies. The
methodology and findings can be applied or adapted to similar urban studies
elsewhere, broadening the understanding of urban dynamics in different cultural and
geographical contexts. This study on the locational patterns and patronage of event
centres in Calabar Metropolis holds significant implications across various sectors. Its
comprehensive approach provides essential insights for academia, urban development,
economic strategy, tourism, and social-cultural understanding, making it a study of
considerable importance and impact.
1.6 Scope of the study
The study was restricted to 66 event centres in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria,
focusing on a comprehensive spatial analysis. This included geospatial mapping to
evaluate the distribution, concentration, and accessibility of these centres. It

10
investigated factors influencing their location, such as urban land values, proximity to
tourist attractions, transportation networks, infrastructure, and socio-cultural aspects.
Additionally, the study examined the patronage patterns at these centres,
encompassing visitor demographics, attendance trends, and event types, which are
essential to understanding their role in urban tourism. The impact of urban planning
and tourism marketing strategies on these patterns was also explored, seeking
connections between the geographical distribution of event centres and their
patronage levels. Moreover, the research considered socio-economic, demographic,
and locational variables that affect patronage frequency. Spanning from 2018 to 2022,
this period was strategically chosen to observe trends in urban expansion and event
centre utilization, against a backdrop of changing socio-economic conditions and
urban development policies.
1.7 Study Area
1.7.1 Location
Calabar, situated as the capital of Cross River State, Nigeria, encompasses
both the Calabar Municipality and Calabar South local government areas. Serving as
the political capital of the state and the headquarters of the aforementioned local
governments, Calabar has earned recognition for its tranquility and status as a
burgeoning tourism hub. Originally inhabited by three indigenous ethnic groups—
Efiks, Quas, and Efuts—Calabar's demographic composition has undergone
transformations due to the consistent influx of migrants (Ebong, 1980). A shared
dialect, Efik, and other languages like Akin (Qua language) serve as mediums of
communication among the populace.

11
Figure.1: Map Showing the Study Area
Source: Cross River Geographic Information Agency, 2023.
1.7.2 Historical background
Calabar, the capital of Cross River State. Nigeria, is comprised of Calabar
Municipality and Calabar South local government areas. Politically. Calabar serves as
the state capital of Cross River State and the head quarter of the two local
governments mentioned earlier. The city is recognized to be one of the most peacetul
cities in Nigeria and tourism hot centres. The original inhabitants of the study area are
made up of three indigenous ethnic groups namely: the Efiks, Quas and Efuts but due
to the continuous influx of migrants, the numbers and the distribution of ethnic
12
composition have considerably changed (Ebong. 1980). The people of Calabar can
easily be identified based on a common dialect, Efik and other languages Akin (Qua
language) which is used as means of communication by the Quas.
1.7.3 Population
The population of Calabar has experienced shifts over time. In 2006, the
estimated population was approximately 371,022 individuals, as reported by the
National Population Commission (NPC, 2006). This number was projected to reach
426,878 in 2011 and 453,203 in 2014. Guided by the 2006 and 2014 National
Population estimates and corresponding annual growth rate projections, Calabar's
population was evaluated to be around 375,196 and 465,243 respectively (NPC,
2015).
1.7.4 Culture of the people
The indigenes of Calabar are steeped in rich cultural traditions that govern
various aspects of their lives. Notably, the "Ekpe" cult serves as a potent symbol of
authority within the community. The region is home to three distinct traditional rulers
—the Obong of Calabar, Ndidem of the Quas, and Muri Munene governing the Efut
populace. The cultural tapestry is adorned with diverse activities encompassing
naming ceremonies, chieftaincy coronations, burial rites, traditional marriages, rites of
passage, cultural weeks, sacrificial ceremonies, "Ayoro Ekpe," and traditional dances
such as Ekombi, AbungNyok, Moninkim, Obon, Akata, Ukwa, and Nsibidi.
Traditional games including "Ekak Okpo Ewo," "MbubaUbom," and "Ata Nsiyak"
further add vibrancy to the cultural landscape.

13
In summary, the historical context of Calabar underscores its significance as a
political and cultural hub, underpinned by its indigenous ethnic groups and dynamic
cultural practices. The evolving population dynamics and cultural fabric reflect the
fusion of tradition and modernity within the city's framework, contributing to its
unique identity and reputation as a center of heritage and growth.
1.7.5 Socio economic activities
The people of Calabar were predominantly hunters, farmers, sculptors and
fishermen found mostly around riverine areas (Anantigha. Nsidung. Afokangetc).
Economic activities are higher in Calabar as a result of its recent designation in the
state as a tourism destination in West Africa. The city has witnessed unprecedented
influx of people both within and outside its boundaries which has made it necessary to
build other service structures which include: eateries, event centres, transportation
lines, commercial, industrial areas and attraction sites Such as Tinapa Business
Resort, Calabar Conference centre, Marina resort, Aqua vista among others which in
turn contributes to the economic development of the area.
Christmas and carnival are usually organized in Calabar from 1 st of December
to 31 of December. Carnival Calabar is another major economic activity that attracts
small and medium scale businesses such as sales of traditional shoes, bags, food and
drinks are highly patronized by tourist during the season. Sewing is also one of the
popular economic activities
of the people. Apart from carnival wears made by seamstresses, others specialized in
designing clothes and bead works such as shoes, cap and chewing stick bags are made
and sold to visitor. and non-indigenes of the area. Other residents of the area are
traders while others are civil and public servants (Ebong. 1980). The people involved
14
in arts work market their products in nearby states and countries especially Cameroon,
Pakiitan, Ghana, United States of America, Akwa Ibom, Abia, Enugu, Anambra, Imo
and Northern States of Nigeria and provide viable markets for manufactured
products from the cities. The most common economic activities in Calabar include
hairdressing/barbing salon and mechanle work (CMIEEDS, 2005). This has impacted
positively on the socio economic livelihood of the people through employment
creation, income generation and increase in government revenue.
1.7.6 Tourism potentials
Calabar is blessed with the first free trade processing 2one (EPZ) and Nigerian
Port Authority (NPA). The area has attractive sites such as the Old Residency
Museum, Tinapa Business Resort, U. J. Esuene Sport Stadium, Cultural Centre
complex, Millennium Park, Marina Resort, the premier block of the Hope Waddell
Training Institution, Calabar Sports Club, Cercopan. Drill ranch and lots more. Other
locations include Duke Town Primary school, Missionary cemetery, Obong's Palace,
Ndidem's Palace, Ekpo Abasi house, McDonald house among others. Other sites
include Aqua vista fam in Anantigha, Orange resort of Akai Eta. catteries, drinking
centres and recreational sites. Thus, these activities and landscapes have made
Calabar a destination to visit.0

15
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Geographic Distribution of Event Centres
The geographic distribution of event centres plays a pivotal role in shaping the
accessibility and convenience for potential patrons. This section examines previous
studies and theories that explore the factors influencing the spatial placement of event
centres within urban settings. By delving into existing literature, this section aims to
provide insights into how geographical distribution impacts patronage patterns and the
overall success of event centres. In the distribution pattern of event centres, Olatunji
and Yetunde (2014) noted first that it is reasonable to expect that the patterns,
including the growth rate of event centres in calabar Metropolis and its environs are
not likely to be uniform. Second, it is also logical to state that the capacity and the
quality of services offered by these event facilities across the state are not likely to be
homogeneous as well. Specifically, the primary motivation of this research with
respect to the first premise would be to determine the extent to which different
identifiable evet locations within the state differ in their location and patronage to the
existing centres, while the second motivation hinges on the need to identify the extent
to which the definable regions in the state differ in their relative access to the quality-
differentiated utilities and or services offered by the emerging event centres.
It is very evident that both of these premises constitute sufficient grounds for
research in facility location cum patronage analysis. To date, according to Enahre
(2015) neither the State Tourism Ministry nor the state’s Metropolitan Physical
Planning department, which statutorily share the oversight responsibility on tourism
and physical planning in the state, has any handy information on location, patronage
and many other aspects of event centres whether for the metropolis or the entire state.
16
This perhaps explains the dearth of research on event centres to date, despite the
unique niche it occupies in the context of the spatio-economic development of the
leisure industry in Nigeria.
Several studies have been conducted on the distribution pattern of event
centres. A study carried out by Adenula&Denyyoha (2017) used point pattern to
determine the distribution of event venue sub-sector in Ibadan Metropolis. Their
findings reveals the clustering pattern of distribution and highlighted the change in
mean centre, dispersion, and orientation but was limited to location of event centres in
relation to accommodation and not considering other locations outside
accommodation areas. Olatunji and Yetunde (2014) did a study on event centres in
Lagos state: analysis of their growth trends and service characteristics. The paper
analyses selected attributes of event centres in Lagos in the context of their increasing
relevance as socio-economic utilities in the state. Based on rural-urban and income-
level differentials, the study purposively focuses on three local government areas of
Lagos. Data collection involved direct and rigorous fieldwork to obtain specific
physical cum service attributes of the individual centres.
Employing appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics, the paper analyses
and compares the numerical growth and spatial descriptive summary of event centres
in the selected study domains. Next, it analyses the basic-service capacities of
individual centres, in terms of the relative pressure which the local population
theoretically impinges on available seating capacities. Furthermore, it computes and
compares supplementary utilities’ serviceability index for individual centres to reflect
their relative competitiveness. It then examined the strength of correlation between
some selected attributes of event centres to further describe inter-centre
competitiveness: firstly, whether rental charges correlate strongly with the

17
centre’ssupplementary utilities’ status; secondly, whether observed correlation
between centres’ age profile and their supplementary utilities status reflects their
locus in the innovation-adoption curve, given that individual investment in event
centres is perceived as an innovation adoption. Major findings indicate that Ikeja
centres exhibit the highest degree of concentration and the least numerical growth
rate. Centres in Ikorodu manifest the least level of service capacity and
competitiveness. Overall, however, there is no statistical significance for the
impression that the differences in the centres’ competitiveness and their respective
ages reflect their locus in the innovation adoption curve.
The city of Calabar wears a different look during the festive period and event
centre business often flourish. Every part of the city is decorated for the festival. The
Marina (Bayside) beach, also known as Freedon Bay is another site that hosts
thousands of people in the season of festivities. The boat regatta, another cultural
activity in the festival is held at this venue, launching from the bank of Cross River at
Calabar. The event is competitive and draws participants from interested local
government councils. In the olden days, the regatta was staged during the celebration
of tribal war victories. It was also observed during the coronation of a new Efik King
(Obong). Still at the Marina beach is the Marina resort where there is an amphitheatre,
fantasy world for children, night club, outdoor bar and a boat club. All facilities are
open for patronage during the festival period.
Ho Koon Nature Education cum Astronomical Centre (2007) released the
result of analysis on the distribution of urban event venue activities in Sai Kung
Town. Nearest neighborhood index was used to determine the pattern of their
distribution, their findings revealed clustering of event centres along the city centre
with adequate facilities than the outstretched of the city with poor facilities. Finally,
18
this study did not consider the frequency of patronage of the business by their patrons.
Similarly, Mustapha, Fakokunde and Awolusi, (2014) reported the location of event
space outlets in Nigeria are found it distributed along residential and commercial
nerves. One feature as revealed by their study is the imposing architectural nature of
the facilities for their event centres. Jakle and Sculle (1999) has argued that event
centrehave locations, being proximate to other things. They indicate that event
centrewere mainly located along the paved roads in downtown Springfield and after
the arrival of the automobile age and construction of highways, event centres in
sophisticated halls spread throughout the landscape.
Agbayekhai, Ishola, Jegede & Oyinkolade (2015) did a study spatial analysis
and distribution of hotels and event centres in Ado-Ekiti. This study analyzed the
distribution of hotels and event centres in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State and the service
available in the hotels and the significance of the event centres. The study made use of
data from both primary and secondary sources. The handed (Global Positioning
System) GPS receiver was used to capture the geographic coordinates of the hotels
and event centres. It was detected that the event centres were clustered around areas
occupied by the residents. It was also observed that most of these event centres were
situated along road network areas. According Setera (2018), to facilitate the
management, planning, and decision-making of event centres, location and
distribution pattern should be addressed. Nonetheless, spatial and temporal aspects of
facilities must be considered if changing environmental conditions or different
management scenarios are to be evaluated.
Adeyemi (2013) mapped out the locational patterns of events in Akure, Ondo
State, Nigeria. In order to get this done, a list of event centres in the area, their
addresses, as well as an analogue map of Akure were obtained from the Ondo State
19
Tourism Board. Coordinates of the registered event centres were captured (64 out of
65) using a hand held GPS. The study records that event centres are found all over the
town but are concentrated outside the central business district. It further revealed that
Oke-Ijebu/ Ijapo axis located in the North Eastern part of the town houses the highest
number of hotels in the area representing 31.3%. It is so because this axis is majorly
the residential area in Akure and has an express road linking it to the major marketds
which allows patrons easy access. The study further showed that most of the event
centres with higher ratings cluster around the Government Residential Area of the
state. Also, a similar study to examine the spatial distribution of event venues in
Hawke’s Bay, Napier was cited by Carmen (2009), His findings indicated that
majority of outlets clustered outside the city away from central Napier because of lack
of space to host guest of the events.
2.2 Factors Influencing Location Choice of Event Centres
The location choice of event centres is a complex decision influenced by a
myriad of factors. This section reviews pertinent literature on the determinants that
drive the selection of event centre sites. From accessibility and transportation
networks to surrounding amenities and demographic considerations, an exploration of
these factors will shed light on the intricate interplay between location and patronage
dynamics. The term event centre or venue is actually derived from the Latin word
‘venire’ which means ‘to come’ or basically a place where people can come to
(Attania, 2013). During the Inca period, men would blow hollowed out cow horns to
summon a population for a meeting or festival. In contrast, today, we electronically
invite people with a simple Tweet or Post on Social Media (Omoleke, 2012). The act
of assembling people in a common ‘place’ for a certain cause’ since early civilization
20
is the birth of ‘modern meetings and conferences’. One of the key parameters which
would make each of these gatherings special was the venue (Ajayi,2018). Do you
recall the Roman Amphitheaters? These were mostly used for events such as gladiator
combats, animal slayings and executions. Around 230 such structures (including the
Colosseum) were built in ancient Rome. Even though much of these primitive venues
have been ruined they still remain as iconic symbols of Imperial Rome.
From the 1st Ancient Summer Games in Olympia (776 BC) to modern day
Comic-Cons in San Diego , mankind has witnessed and been part of several kinds of
events and summits. Most of these venues have one thing in common and that is each
have their own story to tell. Even today people flock to some of the oldest venues
such as the Thornbury Castle, Duns Castle or even the Middle Temple Hall which has
a seating capacity of 500 people for a wedding reception. Event venues have been
known primarily to strike a chord with the attendees in terms of emotion as well as
relevance. The first convention centres can be traced back to mid-19th century
Britain. Commonly known as exhibition halls, the centres were designed to bring
together people to discuss and explore their mutual interest of a subject. These
imposing Victorian buildings often covered several acres and were multi-functional
incorporating lecture halls, libraries, galleries, theatres and exhibition areas.
Gatherings, meetings, events, and conventions (of sorts) have been a part of
people’s lives since the earliest recorded history. In the view of Nathan & Palina
(2009), archeologists have found primitive ruins from ancient cultures that were used
as meeting areas where citizens would gather to discuss common interests, such as
government, war, hunting, or tribal celebrations. Once humans developed permanent
settlements, each town or village had a public meeting area, often called a town
square, where residents could meet, talk, and celebrate. Under the leadership of
21
Alexander the Great, over half a million people traveled to Ephesus (now Turkey) to
see exhibitions, which included acrobats, magicians, animal trainers, and jugglers.
Andrew-Young, the former US ambassador to the United Nations, said at a Meeting
Professionals International (MPI) meeting in Atlanta in the mid-1990s that he was
sure there would have been a meeting planner for the Last Supper, and certainly for
the first Olympics (Dolapo, 2011).
Documentation and analysis of changes in the emergence, location, and usage
of events facilities to date have been approached with cold passivity by both the
physical planning and monitoring agency and the research community. Research in
the general area of events has been observed to be rather skewed. Mair and Whitford
(2013) undertook an exploratory analysis of events research, that is, event topics,
themes and emerging trends. Their exhaustive review, which analysed over 400
published works, observed that significant attention had been paid to issues of
definition, types of events, as well as events logistics and staging. Analysis of event
centres had the least area of concentration.
A perusal of the diverse perspectives from which researchers such as
Anderson and Solberg (2009), Anderson and Getz (2010), Arcodia and Whitford
(2006), Backman, Backman, Uysal and Sunshine (2013), Bojanic and Warnick
(2012), as well as Boo, Wang and Yu (2011), examined their event-related research
would reveal the depth of attraction of researchers to the analysis of events. Perhaps
next to this is the popularity of strategic planning theme in events analysis as reflected
by the diversity of the research work in that domain. Events create opportunities for
people to connect with an area, spend time together, celebrate and experience the
diversity of cultures and foster creativity and innovation. They allow a community to
come alive and provide an opportunity for a destination to showcase its tourism
22
experience and increase economic activity. Events contribute significantly to
community building, lifestyle and leisure enhancement, cultural development, tourism
promotion and increased visitation, volunteer participation, fundraising and economic
development. Most importantly, events create a sense of fun and vibrancy, resulting in
a strong sense of community connectivity, pride and a sense of place.
2.3 Patronage Trends in Event Centres
Understanding the trends and patterns of patronage in event centres is essential
for optimizing their operations and impact. This section reviews previous research
studies that have examined the number of patrons visiting event centres over specific
periods. By analyzing the temporal aspects of patronage, this literature review seeks
to identify recurring trends and potential factors driving fluctuations in attendance.
Nwosu and Ajani (2022) investigated the effects of location on the
performance of event halls in Akure, Nigeria. The study emphasized the significance
of location elements such as accessibility and efficiency in influencing the
performance and returns of commercial investments. The research employed a
structured questionnaire to gather data from 30 event hall owners/managers in Akure,
stratified based on income zones. Through descriptive statistics, Trend, and
Regression Analysis, the study revealed that the income zone, distance to road, and
capacity of the halls significantly affect the performance of event halls. This study
underscores the importance of location in enhancing the success of event centres and
provides insights into factors that impact patronage.
In a similar vein, Filimonau et al. (2022) explored predictors of patronage
intentions towards 'green' hotels in an emerging tourism market. Focusing on Poland
as an emerging tourism market, the study incorporated the theory of planned

23
behaviour to analyze predictors of customer patronage towards environmentally-
friendly hotels. Environmental knowledge and pro-environmental attitudes emerged
as strong predictors of patronage intentions, showcasing the potential of
environmental conservation efforts to drive customer engagement. This study
illustrates the relevance of understanding consumer motivations and attitudes in
shaping patronage decisions.
Eneyo et al. (2022) assessed the tourism viability status of the Kwa Falls eco-
tourism site in Cross River State, Nigeria. Employing a qualitative approach, the
study evaluated tourist perceptions and patronage levels across different years (2011-
2020). The findings indicated that while the site remained viable and attractive, there
was a decline in the number of visitors in recent years. The study's conclusion
highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and adaptation to sustain tourism
sites' economic contributions. These findings offer insights into patronage trends and
the dynamic nature of tourism destinations' performance.
2.4 Factors Affecting Patronage of Event Centres
The patronage of event centres is influenced by a multitude of factors, ranging
from accessibility and proximity to socio-economic demographics and surrounding
amenities. This section synthesizes relevant literature that investigates the various
determinants that impact the decision of individuals to attend events at specific
venues. By analyzing these factors comprehensively, this review aims to unveil the
intricate mechanisms influencing patronage behavior. Several factors affect the
location of event centres all over the globe. It will be an overstatement to say that
factors of location are not considered in the location of event centres. It has been
observed that the geographical proximity of event centres determines the extent of
24
their patronage thus their locations are motivated by certain location factors.
Considering the essential supplies needed to complete the event is vital when
selecting the appropriate centres. Similarly, weather is an element not to be forgotten
during event centres selection. Gardens, rooftops and any space outdoors must include
a back-up centres in case of inclement weather.
The first factor affecting location of event centres as given by Esekong and
Andrew (2012) is space. The UJ Esuene stadium with a seating capacity of 10,000
spectators is a large venue for open-air performances. A collapsible stage, replete with
state-of-the-art lighting and sound equipment is assembled for shows featuring
popular international and local entertainers performing for a large crowd. The carnival
king and queen competition event is also held here. In Calabar Metropolis, the
Millennium Park commissioned in 1999 is an alternative venue for open-air
performances. This is the venue for the annual Christmas carols and nativity plays on
Christmas Eve. Church choirs also hold annual festival of songs where the best choirs
win fabulous prizes. At the festival, churches also have a wide avenue for evangelism
as they circulate tracts and other Bible literature. At the Tinapa Business Resort, a
number of facilities, including the waterpark and games arcade are available for year-
round entertainment. In the festive period, one of the emporia is used for the Carnival
Calabar Queen competition. Funds raised at this event are used for humanitarian
courses.
Logan and Mawel, (2011) posited that the distribution of event centres is
influenced by transportation possibilities from the airport or the city centre. Huhena
(2016) carried out a research on mapping the locational pattern of event centres in
Aboh-Mbaise, Imo State. He reported that event centres are spatially located in
different areas for different reasons. In conclusion major tourist centres and festivity
25
periods were seen as the major influential factor that determine the location of event
centres in the study area. The city of Calabar wears a different look during the year
end festival. Every part of the city is decorated for the festival. The most striking
element of decoration is the lighting. Major roundabouts and electricity power poles
on every major street are creatively decorated with special Christmas lighting. The
lights are strung on metal wires into various designs with intervals of multiple
coloured bulbs. The shaped designs comprise floral patterns, angular, multiple-point
stars, Christmas bell, geometric shapes and others. This alone according to Oden and
Patrick (2017) inspires event centre location as most guest of event centres takes
pictures with this beautiful decoration.
In the view of Akpanke (2018), determinant for the location of any event
venue is the location and proximity to users. This is because the first function of an
event venue is to serve its immediate environment. That is, the orgnisers and those
living around that community. Easy access to the venue by invitees from outside that
community must also not be taken for granted. The first consideration is the kind of
facility, which the venue offers to the organizers. The most important among the
range of needs are, the right capacity for the event, cooling facility like air conditioner
(adequate ventilation), steady electricity supply to power the equipment (especially in
Nigeria), good public address system, security, adequate illumination, parking space
for cars, quality client service relationship, and quality delivery. This list comprises
the minimum attraction for most residents in highbrow areas like Ikoyi, Victoria
Island and Ikeja. These facilities are also fast becoming a national standard owing to
completion, but parking spaces still remain a main problem even for the elite venue.
Colia and Palio (2013) and Gilbert (2014) were of the view that geographical
conditions and traffic conditions were factors that affect location of eventcentres. Eyo
26
and Ubong (2009) posits that factors responsible for event venues location were
transportation and parking space. It is well reported in literature that the rate of use
decreases as distance increases from event centre venue (Sotoudehnia, 2013, Ord,
2013; Kellet and Rofe, 2009; Cohen et al, 2007). In contrast to these submissions,
some studies conclude that residents choose to visit event centre that they find most
attractive, well maintained and safe rather than the nearest ones (Forounzande and
Motallebi, 2012; Sugiyama et al., 2010; Coorey, 2007). In the same vein, Schipperijn,
(2010) concluded that distance to events centre is not a limiting factor for the majority
of the Danish population. Beany (2009), reported that people generally employ an
incidental way of event centre, that is event centres are often not destinations in
themselves, but generally, used on the way to somewhere else. Hence, it remains
largely unclear the whether the distance of residents to event centre might influence
their patronage in the Nigerian context.
Lachowycz (2013), studied the relationship between event centres and use.
Results showed that living nearer event centre is associated with recording more
physical activity within it and higher levels of walking to the place. There is also
evidence that the distance from event centre is associated with use and physical
activity (Kaczynski et al., 2008). This suggests that creating more event centres within
walking distance may increase patronage and attendance of guest (McCormark et
al.,2010). Problems of infrastructures and public amenities, high cost of funds,
taxation were associated with the location of event centres in China. (Mustapha et al
2014). Also problem of competition, high charges on land, erratic power supply, poor
services and unethical behaviours by professionals in the industry was another
problem affecting the location of event centres in Nigeria.

27
2.5 Correlation between Location and Patronage
The relationship between the location of event centres and the number of
patrons they attract forms a core aspect of this study. This section reviews previous
research studies that have explored the potential correlation between the spatial
placement of event centres and their patronage patterns. By examining empirical
evidence, this literature review aims to contribute to the understanding of how
geographical distribution interacts with patronage outcomes. Location which is a
position or site occupied or available for occupancy has played a vital role in the
development of eateries at a given destination. A suitable location can be attributed as
one of the major reasons that brings about customers satisfaction, high customers
patronage, customer retention and above all an increase in sales volume and market
share (Awara, 2010; Bassey, Okon, &Umorok, 2011). Ajayi and Amole (2021) did a
study on accessibility and patronage of urban event venues in a south-western Nigeria
city. Data were obtained through a multi-stage sampling technique. The study area
was divided into high, medium and low density areas and 553 (5%) of buildings were
systematic selected from 11,022 buildings identified through preliminary survey and
satellite images. One teenager and two adults (a male and female) were selected in
each building resulting in the total sample size of 1,659. The results show that most of
the respondents (60.8%) were occasional users of event venues, 2.2% of respondents
never used the event venue while 37% were frequent users. In addition, the most
frequently used event venue was the neighborhood park (42.1%), followed by school
playgrounds (39.2%) and pocket parks (32.7%). Incidental event venue had the lowest
proportion of patronage (20.9%). The longest duration of use occurred in school
playgrounds while the neighbourhood park was the most accessible to the
respondents. The frequency of use varies across typologies and residential densities.
28
The mean travel time of respondents across all event venue was 13.62 seconds, the
variations in travel time across typologies were not statically significant (F=3.802, p
=.010). Recommendations to make event venues more accessible were suggested.
Since events typically tend to be of a social nature, an ideal event center
should be located in a very accessible part of town that is well known to many people.
This will make it easier for people to patronize and visit such centers when events are
holding (Aniette, 2013). You would also have to consider parking space as event
centers lacking parking space along busy roads can cause nightmares for motorists if
they are hosting major events. Security is another factor. Places with high incidence
of crime and insecurity are not ideal locations for event centers to name a few among
other critical factors not mentioned in this blog post.
There are key factors that enable an event centre to gain an effective patronage
from all their patronizers; these factors include among others: strategic locations in
major commercial and industrial areas, proximity to potential patrons of the centre,
proximity to major facilities such as banks, eatery, schools, hospital, major roads and
so on. Another factor is the type of cultural heritage of the people. Other places
include: affordable land, personal considerations, proximity to competitors and
attraction sites, shopping centres, strategic centres and handicraft shops (Mustapha, et
al 2014). The above indices are factors of location that have contributed to increase
sales and success of event centres (Mojekwu&Anyafulu, 2014) thereby creating
access to potential patrons of the business. Their patrons also gain access to the event
centres in order to host event of their choices.
2.6 Strategies for Future Location Planning

29
Future location planning strategies for event centres are crucial for optimizing
their success and impact. This section delves into existing literature that offers
recommendations and insights for selecting optimal locations for event centres based
on the interplay of accessibility, demographics, infrastructure, and urban
development. By synthesizing these strategies, this review aims to provide a
foundation for evidence-based location planning in the future.
Murphy et al. (2018) conducted a comprehensive review of high-performance
work practices (HPWPs) literature, specifically focusing on the hospitality industry.
The study explored the variations in HPWPs across different industry sectors and
proposed a set of 13 HPWPs tailored to the unique characteristics of the hospitality
industry. This research showcases the relevance of strategic work practices in
enhancing industry performance and provides a foundation for future research in the
hospitality sector.
Ajayi and Abina (2022) addressed the role of innovation and new product
development in swift recovery in the hospitality industry in Nigeria, particularly in the
context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study emphasized the need for innovative
thinking to reposition the industry and highlighted the potential of new product
development to attract patrons and regain lost trust. The research underlines the
significance of adapting to changing market conditions and developing offerings that
align with customer needs and safety concerns.
Okupe, Ward, and Adeola (2018) contributed to the discourse on enhancing
competitiveness in the hospitality and tourism industry in Sub-Saharan Africa. The
study argued for a systems-thinking approach in addressing the interconnected
challenges facing the industry. Recommendations included informed investments

30
based on tourism research and data, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based
strategies in driving industry growth and competitiveness.
2.2 Conceptual framework
2.2.1 Concept of Event Centres
A public or privately owned structure or area used for the purposes of public
performances, sporting events, private receptions or parties, or similar, attractions that
may generate heavy traffic. Entertainment facilities may include concert halls,
stadiums, sports arenas, racetracks, rodeo arenas, coliseums, and convention centers.
Accessory uses may include food preparation facilities, concessions, offices,
museums, parks, athletic training or practice facilities, stores, restaurants, heliports,
structured parking facilities, and patron transportation facilities. An event centre in
simple terms is the location hosting an event. Some centres are more common than
others, but there is a never-ending list when creativity comes into play. Traditionally,
a meeting room, hotel, conference center, restaurant or convention center may come
to mind when envisioning the stage where large, note-worthy events are held by
Higazi, (2011).
However, in today's world where making a great first impression and
expressing one's own style has never been more important, there are many newcomers
on the traditional event stage. Ballrooms, gardens, rooftops, museums, theaters,
yachts, stadiums, universities and even outdoor centres are becoming the norm in
providing a unique, tasteful backdrop in creating the perfect atmosphere for business
to business forums, as well as weddings and private parties (Manseld, 2006).

31
Depending on the premise or desired outcome of the planned event, the selected
centres can make a tremendous impact. Often guests leave with an overall impression
or feeling of a business/person based solely upon their sentiment provided by the
atmosphere of the event, as opposed to the product/purpose on display. The memories
linger when an event provides a welcoming warmth and invites a personal connection
to be obtained by the attendee.
Finding the location is a key element in planning the perfect event. Intimate,
smaller groups may find a large conference center superb and projecting an isolated
atmosphere. A rooftop, meeting room, restaurant, yacht, garden, or museum could be
a more appropriate location to make this a more personal affair for the lower-
numbered crowd. In contrast, a larger group might find such settings too personal and
prefer a little more elbowroom. According to Adam &Higazi (2011) centres designed
for events with a larger number of guests include conference centers, convention
centers, hotels, some restaurants, theaters, ballrooms, some gardens, mansions,
universities, outdoors, stadiums and yachts. Conference and convention centers
provide an ideal t for events desiring separate spaces for smaller group meetings while
including an area for everyone to convene into one large unit. These centers typically
house all the equipment necessary for making presentations/dining for crowds, which
trims down the amount of resources the host of the event must supply. Considering
the essential supplies needed to complete the event is vital when selecting the
appropriate centres. Similarly, weather is an element not to be forgotten during event
centres selection. Gardens, rooftops and any space outdoors must include a back-up
centres in case of inclement weather.
Event centre development is an element of growth that involves enlarging the
ownership base such as people benefiting from the event centre industry through job
32
procurement, skills development, business and wealth creation and ensuring the
geographical spread of event centre business all over the given destination. A very
good and easy example of event centre development are conference centre, Transcorp
hotel Event Center, Marina resort Event and Conference Centre along by pass road,
Calabar . Event centre will denitely take place in such a country because many people
are coming from across the world to witness the event and thereby give the host
advantages to open businesses such as hotels, restaurants, car rentals, parks and all
other businesses for the purpose of the visitors. As a matter of fact, event centre is
developing at a faster rate globally and more state are getting awareness about the
need to develop and build event centre for socio-economic advantages (Dolapo,
2011). Event centre has grown in terms of destinations as there has been a wide
spread increase in the geographical expansion of event centre throughout the globe
which has made it possible for many developing countries to develop event centre at
their own pace for socioeconomic advancement. However, it is a general phenomenon
that eventer center has a vital impact on the society, topography, environment and
socio-economic aspect of any country. In the social terms, the immediate benefit of
event centre industry is the ability to bring people out of the unemployment circle. In
other words, it creates job opportunity and also caters for both skilled and unskilled
employment and it is known to be a labour intensive industry which provides job per
unit of investment compared to any other industry. The industry gives room to
partnership and entrepreneurship within the event centre business concept thereby
creating an innovation and bringing about economic activity (Morrison, Rimmington
and Williams 1999).
2.3 Theoretical framework

33
The following theories will form the pillars of this study. The theories include:
2.3.1 Tobler’s first law (TFL) of geography
Waldo Tobler came up with this theory or law in 1970. The theory was
introduced in a paper on “A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit
region,” presented in a 1969 meeting organized by the Commission on Quantitative
Methods of the International Geographical Union (IGU) in Ann Arbor. Michigan
(Sui, 2004; Tobler, 1970). The law states that “everything is related to everything
else, but near things are more related than distant things. This statement show an
interconnectedness and unity of all things in the universe.
For the past 48 years of the existence of this law, researchers have actively
used it (Stine, Jens-Christian, Flemming, & Henrik, 2008; Miller, 2003). TFL of
geography also correlates with Marshall’s concept of industrial districts (Belussi,
2004) and Francis Perrox’s growth pole model which detailed the benefits that can
stimulate growth within an area. Some other authors have also criticized the theory.
Take for example, Barnes, (2003) among other critics raised issues of TFL being
regarded as local lore. Smith argued that TFL lacks universality, necessity, and
synthesis in all respect. However, TFL is useful in understanding the importance of
the location of event centres in Calabar Metropolis and to provide useful explanation
on connectivity between event centre business and other major economic sectors such
as industrial, residential, commercials, parks and transportation. This theory will
reveal the likely impact of proximity of event centres to tourism/tourism centres in
Calabar Metropolis. This theory to a large extend explain that event centres growth at
a place A depends not only on the previous population of event centres at place A but
also on the population of events halls on other places.

34
Also, cities with large populations tend to generate and attract more activities
than cities with small populations; and the farther places, people, or activities are
apart, the less they interact. This theory further indicated that migration of people
between and among places is underscored by the principles of complementarity,
intervening opportunities and transferability. TFL of geography illustrates that the
proprietor of the business would be interested in estimating the effectiveness of his
trade in competition with similar traders in other centres near him. It further assumes
that event centre attract good patronage from intermediate places approximately in
proportion to the sizes of the centres and in inverse proportion to the square of the
distances to the intermediate place. Event centres located in Calabar is likely to have
great effect on the depressed zone peripheral Calabar south since the city have
facilities such as shopping complex, hospitals, recreational park, banks,
accommodation etc. that attract venues for events all integrated within the same
location. Location of event centres is determined by the factor of population vis-a-vis
socio-economic activities concentration. The concentration of events around Calabar
Metropolis may follow a network of infrastructure, population growth among other
factors. This gap therefore drives the need to find out possible factors influencing the
location of event centres in Calabar.
2.3.2 The Gravity Model law by William J. Reilly (1931)
The gravity model law was developed by William J. Reilly in 1931.Reilly’s
Law holds that trade centers draw consumers from neighboring communities in
proportion to the trade areas’ populations and in inverse proportion to the distances
between the communities and the trade areas. Gravitational models apply to all types
of retailing situations in which a spatial dimension is present. In brick-and-mortar

35
retailing environments, the retailer’s physical location defines the “target
geographical market” where the firm competes for customers. Traditional retailing
norms hold that the retailer has little hope of attracting customers beyond its
established geographical market. Ingene and Lusch (1981) argue that this emphasis
on spatial location separates retailing from most of the other functional areas of
marketing. In the other areas, spatial location may be an important factor, but it is not
the critical factor. Numerous studies suggest that “retailing success or failure is more
under the influence of the establishment’s precise location than is the case for other
marketing endeavors” (Ingene and Lusch 1981, p. 108). The importance of the spatial
perspective to the analysis of retail structure, growth, and competition cannot be
overstated (Gonzalez-Benito 2005).
Gravity models derive their name from William J. Reilly’s The Law of Retail
Gravitation (1953). The Law of Retail Gravitation ultimately derives its name from
Newton’s Law of Gravity, which explains and predicts the gravitational attraction
between astronomical bodies of varying mass. Gravitational models have occupied an
important place in the retailing literature since the 1930s (Ingene and Lusch 1988;
Anderson, Volker, and Phillips 2010). Scholars from disciplines outside of marketing
have also found gravitational models useful in predicting commodity flows,
migration patterns, and urban travel (Mayo, Jarvis, and Xander 1988). The theory will
aid the analysis of the distribution of event centres in Calabar especially the
haphazard pattern of location observed in the Metropolis which on closer
examination may be related to other factors.

36
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research design
This study utilised a cross-sectional survey design to comprehensively capture
the landscape of event centres in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. Employing Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies, the
research accurately mapped the locations of these centres, supplemented by on-site
evaluations to assess facilities and services. A mixed-methods approach was adopted,
combining quantitative techniques like geographical mapping and statistical analysis
with qualitative methods, including case studies and expert interviews. This blend of
descriptive and survey research methods enabled the study to effectively document
the locational patterns and patronage dynamics of event centres in Calabar
metropolis, facilitating a detailed and multi-dimensional understanding of the subject
matter.
3.2 Types of Data
The data for this study was obtained through nominal, ordinal, and ratio
scales, capturing variables in both continuous and discrete domains. It includes
geographical coordinates of event centres in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria, and
information on factors influencing their location. Additionally, the data encompasses
the number of visitors and frequency of events at these centres from 2018 to 2022,
alongside details on accessibility, such as proximity to major roads, public transport
availability, and parking facilities. It also covers the socio-economic backgrounds of
patrons, including age, gender, income level, and occupation, and provides
37
information on the types of services offered by each event centre, such as catering,
entertainment, technology support, and event management services.
3.3 Sources of Data
In the study focusing on the locational patterns and patronage of event centres
in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria, a thorough approach was adopted in data collection,
employing both primary and secondary sources to ensure a comprehensive and multi-
faceted understanding of the subject. The primary data constituted the foundation of
this research, entailing the direct, first-hand collection of information. This phase
included conducting direct field measurements to accurately ascertain the
geographical locations of event centres, achieved through precise on-site mapping. In
addition, structured questionnaires were utilised to collect systematic and quantifiable
data from both proprietors and patrons of these centres. These questionnaires were
designed to encompass various aspects, ranging from location factors and the
rationale behind location choices to the types of services rendered by the event
centres. The study incorporated the Participatory Research Approach (PRA),
including personal interviews, to gather deeper insights. The PRA method served as a
complement, allowing for an in-depth exploration of the motivations behind the
location choices of event centre operators and capturing the experiences and
preferences of the patrons. Consequently, the primary data collection focused on a
comprehensive analysis of location factors, detailed descriptions of event centre
locations, their specific reasons for location choices, the nature of services offered, the
distances patrons travelled to reach these centres, and the frequency of their visits.
To augment and contextualise the findings derived from the primary data,
extensive use of secondary data sources was made. This included accessing official
records from the Cross River State Tourism Bureau (CRSTB), which provided an
38
authoritative list of registered event centres within Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria.
Additional data were obtained from the Board of Internal Revenue Service, which
offered insights into the tax records and operational statuses of these centres.
Complementary information was sourced from records maintained by the Cross River
State Tourism Bureau and the Urban Development Cooperation, providing further
administrative and development-related details about the event centres. Moreover, the
study leveraged extensive information available in academic journals, textbooks,
maps, magazines, and online resources, offering a broader perspective on urban
planning, event management, and geographical analysis. These secondary sources
contributed a wealth of background information, including official lists of event
centres, tax records, insights from previous studies and reports, and other pertinent
literature, aiding in framing the study within a larger theoretical and practical context.
The combination of primary and secondary data sources afforded a
comprehensive and multi-dimensional perspective of the locational patterns and
patronage dynamics of event centres in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. This blend of
data collection methods ensured that the study was underpinned by empirical
evidence and informed by a wider understanding of the contextual and theoretical
aspects of urban geography and event centre management
3.4 Population of Study
This study involves two distinct populations. The first is the 66 registered
event centres within the study area, as outlined in the research scope. Thus, each event
centre was treated as a distinct stratum in this study. The second consists of the
patrons and managers of these centres. For the study, a sample was taken of the
39
average population of patrons and all 66 managers at the sampled centres(see Table
2.1).
3.5 Sampling Technique
As previously mentioned, each event centre was treated as a distinct stratum in
this study. Accordingly, a stratified random sampling approach was employed for data
collection from the patrons. This approach considered each event centre as a stratum,
with the patrons of each centre being the subjects within these strata. Therefore,
stratified sampling was the chosen method. Table 4.1 illustrates the expected number
of samples from each event centre, ensuring a representative and comprehensive
dataset. This technique allowed for a balanced representation of data across the
different event centres, enhancing the reliability and validity of the study's findings.
3.6 Sampling Size
For the event centers, the complete population of 66 was utilized as the
sample, following established practices in pattern analysis (O'Sullivan & Unwin,
2010). Consequently, each center was treated as a separate stratum. However, when it
comes to the patrons and managers of these event centers, the minimum sample size
was determined using Yemene's (1967) formula. To calculate the minimum sample
size for a study population of 27,273, which includes both the 66 managers and their
patrons, with a tolerable error limit of 0.05, the calculation resulted in a sample size of
approximately 394. This means that for the study to be representative of the
population and to stay within the specified error margin, a minimum sample size of
about 394 participants should be considered. However, in order to account for the
40
possibility of respondents not returning all the copies of the questionnaire, the
minimum sample size was increased to 788 by doubling it. Therefore, a sample size of
788 was chosen for this particular segment of the population, and it was employed for
the research.
n=
Where:
n= minimum sample size
N=estimate population of study
E=limit of tolerable error (0.05)
1= unity
The questionnaire was distributed proportionally based on the annual number
of patrons/managers for each type 9Table 4.7)

41
TABLE 4.7
Distribution of event centres and annual number of patrons/ managers in the area
S/ Types of Event centres Annual number of patrons/managers Sample size
2 Multipurpose and 2217 84
Community Centers
3 Sports and Recreational 6213 199
Centers
4 Entertainment and 8360 263
Performance Venues
5 Social and Cultural Event 5721 91
Centers
6 Business and Corporate 4762 151
Event Centers
7 Total 27,273 788
Source: Researchers’ fieldwork, 2023.

42
3.7 Data Collection Procedure
This research employed a multifaceted data collection approach, integrating
Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, structured questionnaire surveys,
Participatory Research Methodology (PRM), field observations, inventory
compilations, and photographic evidence. The data collection process was anchored
by two primary methods. The first method focused on geo-spatial data gathering to
pinpoint the precise locations of event centres using advanced GPS technology. The
geographical coordinates obtained were meticulously recorded and stored in
Microsoft Excel, utilising the Comma-Separated Values (CSV) format to ensure data
integrity and accessibility. These coordinates were then converted into the Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 32 North projection within a Geographic
Information System (GIS) for precise spatial analysis.
The second method involved the strategic administration of two sets of
structured questionnaires, carefully crafted to meet the study's objectives. The first
set, consisting of 66 copies, was purposively distributed to the managers of the event
centres, ensuring a complete representation from each centre. The second set,
comprising 722 questionnaires, was aimed at the patrons of these centres. This
distribution method followed a stratified sampling technique. The first questionnaire
set was designed to collect data on the locational decisions of these event centres
43
within Calabar metropolis, exploring the factors influencing these choices. The
second set sought information on the patrons' travel distances to the event centres,
frequency of patronage, and various socio-economic and demographic variables.
Copies of these questionnaires are included in the appendices for detailed reference.
Data from the event centre managers were collected through the designated
questionnaires, while patron participation was encouraged on a 'first-come, first-
served' basis, aiming for a diverse and representative data set. The questionnaires
were retrieved from the event centres four weeks after distribution, allowing ample
time for responses. In total, 466 completed questionnaires, inclusive of responses
from both patrons and managers, were deemed usable and were subsequently
analysed for this study. This comprehensive data collection approach ensures a
thorough understanding of the dynamics involved in the location and patronage of
event centres in the designated geographical area.
3.8 Techniques of data analysis
A combination of descriptive and inferential statistical methods was employed
to analyse the collected data for this study. Applying these techniques was pivotal in
addressing the research objectives and testing the hypotheses. Descriptive statistics
played a significant role in the initial phase of the analysis. This involved using
measures such as mean, variance, and standard deviation. These statistics provided a
foundational understanding of the data by summarising key characteristics and
revealing underlying patterns. Furthermore, frequency distributions and percentages
were utilised to present the data in a manner that was both accessible and informative,
allowing for a straightforward interpretation of the basic aspects of the dataset.

44
The study then advanced to inferential statistics, crucial for drawing
conclusions beyond the immediate data. In this regard, the Nearest Neighbour
Distance Statistics (NNA) and Spearman’s Rank Correlation were the chosen
methods. The NNA was instrumental in analysing spatial aspects of the data,
particularly in understanding the distribution of event centres within the study area.
On the other hand, Spearman’s Rank Correlation offered insights into the
relationships and dependencies among various variables, facilitating a deeper
understanding of the dynamics within the data. The study employed various forms of
data visualisation to communicate the findings from these statistical analyses. Results
were presented in Tables, graphs, and maps, and each format was selected best to
convey the nature and implications of the findings. This approach not only enhanced
the clarity of the results but also made them more accessible to a broader audience,
including those not specialised in statistical analysis.
A critical aspect of the study was the testing of hypotheses. Each hypothesis
was subjected to a specific statistical test for its suitability and effectiveness in
addressing the particular hypothesis. This approach ensured the hypothesis testing
was rigorous and relevant, providing robust and reliable results. Overall, the data
analysis techniques employed in this study were meticulously chosen and
systematically applied. They aligned closely with the study's objectives, ensuring that
every stage of the analysis contributed meaningfully to the overall research goals. The
combination of descriptive and inferential statistics, effective data visualisation, and
careful hypothesis testing provided a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of
the data. These analyses were done within the SPSS and GIS.
Test of hypotheses
45
Hypothesis one:
Intesting the first hypothesis of this study, the simple nearest-neighbour
statistic was employed. The selection of this particular statistical technique was
guided by its efficacy in ascertaining the distribution pattern of event centres within
the study area. This method is particularly adept at examining spatial relationships,
making it an ideal tool for analysing the proximity and clustering tendencies of the
event centres. The nearest-neighbour statistic operates on the principle of measuring
the distance between each event centre and its closest neighbour. This measurement is
then compared against a hypothetical random distribution to determine whether the
event centres are dispersed, clustered, or randomly distributed within the area. The
formula for the nearest-neighbour statistic, which forms the cornerstone of this
analysis, is as follows:
Rn =
In this formula, Rn represents the nearest-neighbour statistic ratio. Dois the
observed distance that is the average distance from each event centre to its nearest
neighbour, as observed in the study area. deis the average distance expected if the
event centres were distributed randomly, based on the area’s dimensions and the
number of centres. An R value close to 1 indicates a random distribution, values
greater than 1 suggest a dispersed pattern, and values less than 1 imply clustering. The
46
precision of this statistic makes it an invaluable tool in comprehensively
understanding the spatial dynamics of the event centres and providing quantitative
backing to the hypothesis under study. Since the data set is treated as a sample, the
probability that the observed pattern could have arisen by chance (that is, random) can
be established using the z-score (Anyandike, 2009). The standard error (SEd e) of the
expected mean nearest-neighbour distance is given by:
SEde =
Where:
n=number of points
A= area of study
From this, the test statistic is obtained as:
z =
Hypothesis two
47
Chi-Square Test Analysis was used to determine the factors influencing
location selection.
The Chi-square (X2) test. Particularly Chi-square test for whether there is a significant
association between two categories. Chi-square test is given as:
where χ2 = the test statistics, ∑= the sum of observed frequencies, O i = observed value
(actual value) and Ei = expected value.
Hypothesis three
2022.
2022.
The Friedman test, a non-parametric alternative to the repeated measures
ANOVA, was conducted on the patron numbers at different types of event centers
from 2018 to 2022.
The formula for the Friedman test is as;
Where:
X2F is the Friedman statistic
N is the number of subjects or cases
K is the number of conditions or groups

48
Rj is the sum of ranks for the jth group
Hypothesis four
Data for hypothesis four were analysed using the one-way analysis of
variance. The choice of this statistical technique was based on the fact that the
researcher seeks to find out if frequency of visits to event centres in Calabar
Metropolis does not significantly differ between different time (example: public
holidays, weekdays, etc.).This was given as:
TSS = BSS + WSS
Where: TSS = Total sample sum of squares
BSS = Between sample sum of squares
WSS = Within sample sum of squares
The F-ratio was used in testing the hypothesis four based on the probability value of
0.05.
F-ratio =
Hypothesis five
49
The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis was used to test the
hypotheses formulated. The model for Pearson Product Moment Correlation Statistics
is given as:
r = n∑XY - ∑X∑Y
n∑XY2 – (∑X)n – (n∑Y2 – (∑Y)2
Where:
r = Correlation coefficient
n = Number of respondents
X = Independent variable
Y = Dependent variable
∑ = Summary
Hypothesis six
H0:There is no statistically significant correlation between the annual number of event
H0:There is a statistically significant correlation between the annual number of event
The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis was used to test the
hypotheses formulated. The model for Pearson Product Moment Correlation Statistics
is given as:
r = n∑XY - ∑X∑Y
n∑XY2 – (∑X)n – (n∑Y2 – (∑Y)2
Where:
r = Correlation coefficient
50
n = Number of respondents
X = Independent variable
Y = Dependent variable
∑ = Summary
51
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSION OF FINDINGS
4.0 Data Presentation
4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents
The data presented in Figure 1 illustrates the gender distribution among all the
respondents, pertinent to the study of locational patterns and patronage at event
centres in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. The dataset indicates that males represent
66.7% of the participants, while females account for 33.3% of the total respondents.
This distribution underscores the necessity of incorporating varied gender
perspectives in the analysis of locational preferences and patronage trends at these
event centres.
52
Fig 1: Gender of respondents
Source: Researchers’ fieldwork 2023

53
The analysis depicted in Figure 2 offers an insightful overview of the age
distribution among respondents, which focused on exploring the locational patterns
and patronage trends of event centres in Calabar Metropolis. The data reveals a
notable diversity in age representation, highlighting variations in age concerning
preferences and choices for event centres. Significantly, the age group of 31 to 45
years stands out as the most prominently represented, accounting for 36.7 percent of
the total respondents. This concentration within the 31–45 age bracket carries
significant implications across generations. It suggests that the preferences and
patronage patterns at event centres are closely linked with the broader societal
demographic structure. These findings emphasise the need for event centres to adapt
and customise their services to suit the diverse tastes and preferences of various age
groups. The prevalence of the 31–45 age group indicates a convergence of individuals
often at a crucial stage of their lives, balancing professional responsibilities, personal
milestones, and social engagements. Event centres must recognise this pivotal phase,
as it potentially attracts individuals for a wide range of events, from professional
meetings to family celebrations. The age distribution presented in Figure 2 thus serves
as a scholarly insight, underscoring the cross-generational appeal of event centres. It
portrays these centres not merely as locations but as dynamic spaces that significantly
influence the social fabric of Calabar Metropolis.

54
Fig 2: Age distribution

55
The data presented in Table 4.1 provides critical insights into the marital status
of respondents, shedding light on the complex dynamics of event centre preferences
and patronage patterns in Calabar Metropolis. With 49.3% of respondents being
single, followed by 27.5% who are married, and 11.2% for divorced and 12% FOR
widowed, this diverse marital status composition highlights the varied motivations
driving individuals to frequent event centres. The predominance of single
respondents indicates a pursuit of social interaction and networking opportunities,
suggesting that event centres are significant venues for social engagement among this
group. Meanwhile, the married participants likely seek spaces that offer a balance
between personal life and professional responsibilities. The presence of divorced and
widowed individuals in the data points to the role of event centres in providing
avenues for social reintegration and companionship. Overall, the varied marital
statuses represented in the study depict event centres as more than just physical
locations. They emerge as dynamic environments that cater to a broad spectrum of
emotional, social, and cultural needs, each group bringing its unique perspective and
requirement to the event centre experience. This diversity reflects the multifaceted
nature of event centres as pivotal spaces within the urban fabric of Calabar
Metropolis.
56
TABLE 4.1
Marital Status of the Respondents
Marital Status of Participants Frequency Percent
Single 230 49.3
Married 128 27.5
Divorced 52 11.2
Widowed 56 12
Total 466 100.0

57
The data in Table 4.2 provides insights into the educational backgrounds of all
the respondents, facilitating an understanding of the relationship between educational
attainment and event centre preferences in Calabar Metropolis. This data highlights a
range of educational levels, with OND/NCE qualifications most prevalent at 49.4%,
followed by JSSC/SSCE at 26.2%, degree holders at 20.8%, and postgraduate degree
holders at 3.6%. This educational diversity undoubtedly influences the preferences
and interactions of participants with event centres. The predominance of OND/NCE
qualifications may indicate a preference for events that are community-focused and
accessible, catering to a broad audience. In contrast, the presence of individuals with
degrees and postgraduate qualifications suggests an interest in events that offer
intellectual stimulation and professional engagement. The interplay between
educational attainment and event preferences underlines the role of event centres as
more than just venues. They act as platforms that cater to a variety of intellectual and
social needs, reflecting the diverse aspirations of their attendees. This adds depth to
the socio-cultural landscape of Calabar Metropolis, indicating that event centres play
a crucial role in accommodating and enriching the diverse educational backgrounds of
their patrons.
58
TABLE 4.2
Educational Level of Participants
Educational Level of Participants Frequency Percent
JSSC/SSCE 122 26.2
OND/NCE 230 49.4
Degree 97 20.8
Post Graduate 17 3.6
Total 466 100.0

59
The analysis depicted in Figure 3 provides an extensive view of the
occupational profiles of participants, essential for understanding the locational
patterns and patronage of event centres in the area. The data reveals that
trading/business occupations are predominant, representing 46.0%, followed by
agriculture/farming at 34.0%. These occupations emerge as significant categories
within the study. This occupational diversity, which also includes public/civil servants
at 8.3% and retirees at 11.7%, highlights the complex interplay of socio-economic
factors influencing individual preferences and engagement with event centres. The
high representation of individuals in trading/business and agriculture/farming suggests
a demand for event centres that facilitate networking, community involvement, and
business-related activities. Concurrently, the inclusion of public/civil servants and
retirees indicates a broader appeal of event centres, serving purposes ranging from
professional meetings to leisure and recreational activities.The presence of such a
varied range of occupational backgrounds at these event centres underscores their
crucial role in fostering socio-economic interactions. Event centres thus emerge as
dynamic spaces that cater to diverse professional and personal needs, contributing
significantly to the multifaceted socio-economic development of Calabar Metropolis.

60
Fig 3: Occupation of respondents

61
4.2 Distribution of Event centres in the area
The results in Table 4.3 shows all the event centres in the metropolis,
providing a comprehensive dataset for spatial analysis using GIS tools and statistical
methods. Data in Figure 4 shows the spatial distribution map of event centres in the
area. while Figure 5 present a detailed analysis of their spatial patterns and statistical
significance. From the nearest neighbour analysis (NNA) shown in Figure 6, the
nearest neighbour ratio is noted to be 0.901045, with a Z-score of -1.514455 and a p-
value of 0.129910. These results suggest a clustering tendency in the distribution of
event centres. However, the critical aspect here is the interpretation of the Z-score and
p-value. Despite the ratio indicating clustering, the Z-score, being close to zero, and
the p-value, being higher than the conventional threshold of 0.05, imply that the
distribution pattern does not significantly differ from a random distribution.
Further insights from Figure 4 reveal a physical clustering of event centres,
predominantly around the central part of Calabar and along major roads. This spatial
trend suggests possible influences from urban planning and socio-economic factors.
Yet, in contrast, the statistical analysis confirms that this distribution pattern does not
significantly deviate from randomness.

62
TABLE 4.3
Distribution of event centres in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria
S/ Name Street name Latitude Longitude

N
1 1 Dollar Lounge and 4 Old Mariam, Behind Prof Eyo 4.97189998 8.33864021
Event Center Ita House, Big Qua Town 6 3
2 520 Kolanut Center 5 Barracks Rd, Bogoberi 4.96189022 8.32744979
1 9
3 Afara Castle Hotel Federal Housing Road, Federal 5.0322299 8.34154987
Housing Esta 3
4 Aliki Wine Bar/ Event 91 Ibb Way, Akim Qua Town 4.96180009 8.34556961
Center 8 1
5 Asukos Event Center Margaret Ekpo International 4.96900987 8.34698963
Airport (Cbq 6 2
6 Axari Hotel & Suites Murtala Mohammed Highway, 5.01290988 8.33314991
Off Zone 6 Roundabout 9
7 Backyard Terrace Plot 10 Southern Industrial 4.99752998 8.32929992
Layout Ekorinom 4 7
8 Bejem Hotels and 17 Palace Road Off New Airport 4.92405319 8.32251453
Events Road 2 4
9 Beneville Hotel & Ekorinim Rd, Essien 4.99509000 8.32423973
Apartment 8 1
10 Bliss Continental Hotel No.9 Intergro Road Beside First 5.06435298 8.35440826
and Resort Bank 8 Miles 9 4
11 Bluesea Hotel 29, Musala Street, Anantigha, 4.93734598 8.32549953
Nigeria 2 5
12 Boston Hotel Annex 92 Odukpani Road 5.00721979 8.33944988
1 3
13 Channel View Hotel 27 Mcc Rd, Ikot Ekan Edem 4.98963785 8.33926010
Calabar 2 1
14 Cheif Edem Eyito Akai Efa, Off Mcc Rd, 5.01048994 8.36515998
1 8
15 Conference Center Murtala Mohammed Highway, 5.01265001 8.33224964
Axari By Winners Way 3 1
16 Conference Centre, University Of Calabar, Atu 4.95770978 8.34661960
University of Calabar 9 6
Hotel.
17 Cubbicle Marquee 3 Mayne Avenue Extension, Esin 4.95108985 8.33339023
Event Centre UfotEfut 9 6
18 Cultural Centre Calabar Bogoberi 4.96087980 8.32555007
63
3 9
19 Delve Hotel Calabar Atimbo Road, Ediba Qua Town 4.97294187 8.35204505
5 9
20 Devenue Event Centre Parliamentary Extension After 5.03254985 8.36458969
TheSematech Bridge 8 1
21 Diamond Crue Hotel Ishie St, Big Qua Town 4.97532987 8.33390140
6 5
22 Doris O Hotel 1 Eastern Hwy, Atu 4.96185541 8.34881305
2 7
23 Ekunikpa Hotel 55 Mayne Avenue 4.94499015 8.32714462
8 3
24 Elinor Event Center 175 Murtala Mohammed Hwy, 5.03513002 8.34574985
4 5
25 Etaval Hotel 35 Okoro Agbo Street, Big Qua 4.96606016 8.33635997
Town 2 8
26 Event 45 Douglas Ave, Leopad Town 4.97907018 8.33559989
7 9
27 Fingatouch Events and 75 NdidemUsang Iso Rd, 4.97072982 8.33917045
Bridals Municipality 8 6
28 Five Two Zero (5.2.0) Colanut Conference Centre, Akim 4.96158981 8.32773017
Qua Town 3 9
29 Gomays Plaza Hotels 90 Atekong Dr, Atekong 4.98089981 8.34020996
1 1
30 Green Valley Hotels 2 Abasi Abori Street 5.00074005 8.33098983
and Garden 1 8
31 Jay'streat 100 Ibb Way, Atu 4.96234989 8.34881019
2 6
32 Jedet Communication 89 Marian Road, Ikot Eyo 4.99621009 8.34529018
Limited 8 4
33 Jevic Hotel 121 NdidemUsang Iso Rd, Big 4.98384523 8.34313964
Qua Town 4 8
34 Jorany Hotel By Mobil Filling Station, 153 4.99578237 8.35155773
Asari Eso 5 2
35 K.Ajah Event Planning 30c Ediba Rd, Atekong 4.98821020 8.35058021
1 5
36 Mangel Hotel And Road 7 Block 13 Federal Housing 5.02860021 8.33765983
Suites Road, Federal 6 6
37 Mcariel Studios Pacific Computers Complex, 116 4.99664020 8.34527015
Marian Road 5 7
38 Montana Villa 77, Mcc Road, Asari Eso Layout 4.98972654 8.33908939
3 4
39 Monty Suites Calabar Northern Industrial Layout, 5.01504993 8.32905006
Behind Zone Six 4 4
64
40 Naks Hotel and Towers NdidemUsang Iso Rd, Atekong 4.98168277 8.34268760
7 7
41 Ness Hotel Bateba St, Esin UfotEfut 4.95039701 8.33618259
5 4
42 Offiong Ekpo Close 10 Offiong Ekpo Road, Leopad 4.97264003 8.34154987
Town 8 3
43 Orange Resort 95 Mcc Rd, Ikot Uduak 5.00336122 8.35706901
5 6
44 Orange Resort Exotic Mcc Rd, Ikot Ekan Edem 4.98984718 8.33928299
Resort In Calabar 3
45 Paladium Hotel 106, Marian Road/Mary Slessor 4.95671129 8.33218669
Junction 2 9
46 Petesville Hotels Plot 236, 2nd Avenue State, 4.98787069 8.33943653
Limited Housing Estate Rd, 3 1
47 Pyramid Hotel Murtala Mohammed Hwy, Ikot 5.01145076 8.33469677
Efa 8
48 Queen Of Sheba Hotel 105 Old Odukpani Road, Essien 5.01216697 8.33904171
Town 7
49 Queenobla Events 10 Alfred Mboto Avenue, 4.96089983 8.35743045
Satellite Town 8
50 Real Point Hotel 7 Chief Obot Street, Off Atekong 4.97995996 8.33798027
Dr 5
51 Rebuild Calabar 82 Calabar Rd, 4.94839000 8.31540966
7
52 Royal Bit Hotel 4 Barracks Rd, Bogoberi 4.96094036 8.32798957
1 8
53 Royal Guest House, 34 Ambo St, Edibe Edibe 4.93704223 8.31345558
Clabar 6 2
54 Sankara Hotel 1 School Road, Satellite Town 4.96039247 8.34852886
5 2
55 Splendour Hotel 5 Ekorinim Rd, Phase 2 4.99767828 8.31910133
4
56 Stream Road Calabar Stream Road Calabar, Ikot 5.02260017 8.34480953
EfangaNkpa 4 2
57 Success Villa Hotel 19 Otop Abasi St, Akim Qua 4.96398162 8.33098888
Town 8 4
58 The Big Tent Event Parliamentary Road Extension, 5.02685022 8.36625957
Centre NdidemUsang Iso Rd 4 5
59 The Box, Jehf Centre Big Qua Town 4.96953010 8.32837009
6 4
60 The Dew Centre 75 NdidemUsang Iso Rd, 4.97344017 8.34023952
Municipality 5
61 The Hub Calabar 35 Okoro Agbo Street, Akim Qua 4.96481990 8.33415985
65
(Altarsound Studios) Town 8 1

62 The Mirage Hotel Ikot Ekan Edem 4.98843574 8.33814525
Calabar 5 6
63 Transcorp Metropolitan 1 Murtala Mohammed Hwy, Big 4.97211980 8.32948970
Hotel And Conference Qua Town 8 8
64 Ugwis Hotel & Suites 34 New Obutong Street, Off Mcc 4.98829746 8.33637237
Rd 2 5
65 Venetian Arena Plot 5 Murtala Mohammed Hwy, 5.02391004 8.33211040
Beside Fynefield 6 5
66 Mr Nice Mayne Avenue Calabar 4. 945333 8. 311083
Source: Researchers’ fieldwork, 2023.
66
Fig 4: Distribution of event centres in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria
Source: Authors GIS analysis, 2023

67
Hypothesis Testing
Data from Table 4.3 was used to carryout the analysis. The results of the
analysis within the GIS reveal that the Nearest Neighbour Ratio (0.901045) measures
the degree to which points in your data set are clustered or dispersed. A ratio lower
than 1 indicates a tendency towards clustering, showing that points are closer to each
other than they would be in a random distribution. In this case, the ratio of 0.901045
implies a slight clustering tendency. However, it is not too far below 1, which
suggests that while there is some clustering, it is not extremely pronounced (see
Figure 5).
The z-score, at -1.514455, indicates the number of standard deviations the
observed nearest neighbour ratio is from the mean ratio of a random distribution. A
negative z-score, as observed here, suggests a clustering pattern. However, the
magnitude of the z-score, being relatively close to zero, implies that the clustering is
not very strong. In spatial analysis, a z-score between -2 and +2 is generally
considered to fall within the range of what might result from random chance.
The p-value, at 0.129910, helps determine the significance of the results. It
indicates the probability of observing a nearest neighbour ratio as extreme as, or more
extreme than, the one observed if the points were randomly distributed. A p-value of
0.129910 means there is a 12.991% chance of observing such a pattern in a random
distribution. In most scientific studies, a p-value threshold of 0.05 (5%) is used to
determine significance. Since the p-value is above this threshold, it suggests that the
68
observed clustering pattern could reasonably occur by random chance and is not
statistically significant.
The results indicate a slight clustering tendency in the dataset, but this pattern
is not strong and could reasonably be due to random chance, as suggested by the
relatively high p-value. This means that while there is some evidence of clustering, it
is not sufficient to conclusively state that the points are not distributed randomly.
Such findings might lead to exploring other factors or variables that could explain the
spatial distribution of your data points. Thus, the p-value of 0.129910 leads to the
acceptance of H0. This acceptance indicates that, from a statistical standpoint, the
spatial distribution of event centres in Calabar Metropolis is random and is not
influenced by specific discernible factors.
The spatial distribution of event centres in Calabar Metropolis, as analysed
through GIS and statistical methods, reveals no significant deviation from a random
pattern, as indicated by the nearest neighbour analysis. This finding suggests that the
distribution may be subject to random processes rather than specific spatial factors.
Nonetheless, the visible clustering in certain urban areas calls for further exploration
into potential socio-economic and planning factors that might influence such a
distribution pattern
69
Average Nearest Neighbor Summary
Nearest Neighbor
Ratio: 0.901045
z-score: -1.514455
p-value: 0.129910
Given the z-score of -1.51445520999, the pattern does not appear to be significantly
different than random.
Fig 5: Summary of nearest-neighbour statistics of Events Centres in Calabar.
Source: Authors analysis, 2023

70
4.3: Spatial and temporal trends of event centers in Calabar Metropolis,
Nigeria.
In the analysis aimed at assessing the spatial and temporal trends of event
centers in Calabar Metropolis, two primary variables were considered: the
geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the event centers and their patron
numbers over a five-year period (see Table 4.3 and Table 4.10). The spatial
distribution was explored through a scatter plot, which mapped the event centers
based on their latitude and longitude, identifying clusters to reveal areas with higher
concentrations of event centers (see Figure 6). This analysis highlighted the
geographical patterns and potential event hotspots within the city. On the temporal
side, patronage trends were analyzed using a bar chart that aggregated the total
number of patrons for different categories of event centers from 2018 to 2022, a
heatmap that depicted annual patron numbers for these categories, and a correlation
matrix that explored the relationships in patronage trends among different categories
over the years.
Figure 6 presents a scatter plot that demonstrates the spatial distribution of a
subset of event centres in Calabar Metropolis, mapping these venues based on their
geographic coordinates, latitude and longitude. The plot employs various colours to
represent different clusters as identified by the KMeans clustering algorithm. These
clusters effectively illustrate the geographic grouping of event centres, pinpointing
areas with a higher density of these facilities. This visualisation is instrumental in
delineating the geographical layout of Calabar Metropolis and identifying potential
high-activity zones for event centres. The scatter plot effectively utilises latitude and
71
longitude as key variables, with each point on the plot symbolising an event centre.
The placement of these points is dictated by their respective coordinates.
By applying the KMeans clustering algorithm, the plot categorises these
centres into distinct clusters based on their geographic proximity. This results in a
vivid portrayal of areas with varying concentrations of event centres. Denser clusters,
where event centres are more closely packed, suggest regions within the city that are
preferred for event-related activities. These could be indicative of popular zones that
are frequented for various events. Additionally, the distribution of these clusters
across the scatter plot offers a broader perspective on the distribution of event centres
throughout Calabar Metropolis. This distribution not only reflects the urban layout but
also provides insight into the development patterns and the allocation of social
amenities within the city. The characteristics of each cluster, such as the number of
event centres they contain and their specific locations, offer further insights into the
nature of the regions they represent, whether they are commercial, residential, or
mixed-use areas.
72
Fig 6 Scatter plot of the spatial distribution of event centres in Calabar Metropolis
Source: Researchers’ analysis 2023

73
Figure 7 provides a comprehensive visual representation of the aggregated
patron numbers for different categories of event centres in Calabar Metropolis over
the period from 2018 to 2022. Each bar corresponds to a specific category, such as
Multipurpose, Sports, Entertainment, Social, and Business, with the length of the bar
indicating the total patronage that category attracted over the five years. This format
allows for an immediate comparison of popularity among the categories, with longer
bars signifying categories that have consistently drawn larger crowds. The chart is an
effective tool in highlighting patron preferences and trends, showing which types of
event centres have been more in demand. For stakeholders like event planners, city
officials, and business owners, these insights are invaluable for strategic planning.
The figure underscores where investments and marketing efforts could be most
effective, or conversely, where there may be opportunities for growth or
improvement. However, it's important to note that the chart aggregates data over a
half-decade, which could mask year-on-year variations.

74
Fig 7: Agregrated patrons number across event center category
Source: Researchers’ analysis, 2023

75
Figure 8 shows the heatmap which provides an intricate visual representation
of patron numbers for various event centre categories in Calabar Metropolis over the
years 2018 to 2022. Each row represents a specific year, while columns correspond to
different event centre categories such as Multipurpose, Sports, Entertainment, Social,
and Business. The colour intensity in each cell indicates the patronage level, with
darker shades signifying higher numbers. This visual tool is particularly effective in
highlighting yearly trends, allowing for an immediate assessment of how patron
numbers for each category have fluctuated over time. By comparing the columns, one
can discern the relative popularity of different event centre types, identifying which
categories consistently attracted more patrons. The heatmap also makes it
straightforward to identify specific years where certain categories experienced either
peaks in patronage or significant dips.

76
Fig 8 Heatmap of patrons over years

77
The correlation analysis for different categories of event centers in Calabar
Metropolis, as illustrated in the heatmap, provides a quantitative assessment of how
patronage trends in one category relate to those in others over the years 2018 to 2022
(Figure 9). This analysis is crucial in understanding the interconnections between
various types of event centers: Firstly, the heatmap displays correlation coefficients
for each pair of event center categories. These coefficients, ranging from -1 to 1,
quantify the degree of linear relationship between the patron numbers of different
categories. A value close to 1 indicates a strong positive correlation, suggesting that
an increase in patronage in one category is typically mirrored by an increase in
another. Conversely, a value near -1 signifies a strong negative correlation, implying
that higher patronage in one category often corresponds to lower patronage in another.
Values around 0 indicate a lack of significant linear relationship. Secondly, the
correlation matrix visually represents these relationships, enabling quick identification
of categories that exhibit similar (or divergent) patronage trends. For instance, if two
categories consistently show a high positive correlation, it could suggest that they
appeal to similar audiences or that their events are often co-occurring or
complementary. Overall, the correlation analysis offers a nuanced understanding of
the relationships between different event center categories in Calabar Metropolis,
providing a valuable tool for informed decision-making in the event and hospitality
industry
78
Fig 9: Correlation Analysis of event centres categories

79
4. 4 Factors influencing the location of Events Centers in the area.
The results from Table 4.4, detailing factors influencing location selection for
event centres, present a clear picture of the priorities and preferences for such venues.
The data were obtained from managers of the various event centres in the area. Nearly
half of the respondents (45.5%) indicated that proximity to major roads and other
services is the most significant factor. This preference underscores the importance of
accessibility and connectivity, suggesting that ease of access, good road links, and
proximity to complementary services like hotels and restaurants are top priorities.
Safety and security follow closely, with 25.8% of respondents highlighting it as a key
consideration, reflecting a strong public concern for secure environments at event
venues.
Surprisingly, factors like the availability of parking and cultural significance
received very low percentages (1.2% each), suggesting that these are not primary
concerns for most people. This could imply a willingness to use alternative
transportation or that parking issues are not a major deterrent. Similarly, the low
importance given to economic factors (1.5%) suggests that cost considerations are
secondary to practical aspects like accessibility and safety.
Notably, zoning restrictions and other unspecified factors did not receive any
responses, indicating either a lack of restrictive zoning laws in this area, a lack of
awareness, or that these aspects are not deemed important by those selecting event
centre locations. These results are particularly insightful for urban planners,
developers, and businesses in the event management sector, highlighting the need to
focus on infrastructure development that prioritizes ease of access and safety. The
lack of concern for zoning and other factors also suggests areas for further research, to
understand if there are overlooked aspects influencing location selection. Overall,
accessibility and safety emerge as the most significant factors in the decision-making
process for choosing event centre locations.
TABLE 4.4
80
Factors Influencing Location Selection
Factors Influencing Location Selection Frequency Percent (%)
Proximity to major roads/other services 30 45.5
Safety and security 17 25.8
Availability of parking 9 1.2
Cultural significance 9 1.2
Economic factors 1 1.5
Zoning restriction 0 0.0
Others (specify) 0 0.0
Total 66 100.0
Mean 9.43 -
Median 9 -
Standard Deviation 11.03 -
Variance 121.62 -
Range 30
Hypothesis testing
81
The Chi-square test conducted to analyze factors influencing the location
selection for event centers reveals significant insights (Table 4.5). The observed
frequencies for each factor, such as the high frequency for "Proximity to major
roads/other services" (30) and "Safety and security" (17), were compared against an
expected frequency calculated under the assumption that all factors were equally
influential. This expected frequency was approximately 9.43 for each factor. The
substantial deviation of observed frequencies from these expected values is quantified
in the Chi-square value of 38.591. This high Chi-square value indicates a significant
discrepancy between what was observed and what would be expected if all factors
were equally influential. Further, the degrees of freedom for the test, calculated as 6
(based on the seven categories of factors), set the context for interpreting the P-value.
The extremely low P-value, approximately 8.61×10−78.61×10−7, strongly suggests
that the probability of observing such a distribution by chance, under the null
hypothesis of equal influence, is exceedingly low. Consequently, this result leads to
the rejection of the null hypothesis, affirming that the influence of different factors on
the location selection of event centers is not uniform. The analysis clearly indicates
that certain factors, particularly "Proximity to major roads/other services" and "Safety
and security", play a more significant role in determining the location of event centers
compared to others like "Economic factors" or "Zoning restriction". This highlights

82
the uneven distribution of influence among the various factors considered in the
decision-making process for selecting event center locations.
The Chi-square test yielded a very low P-value (8.61×10−78.61×10 −7),
indicating that the probability of observing such a distribution of factors influencing
location selection by chance is extremely low (Table 4.6). This significant deviation
from the expected frequencies under the assumption of equal influence suggests that
certain factors are indeed more influential than others in the location selection of
event centers. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative
hypothesis, confirming that there is a significant difference in how various factors
influence the location selection of event centers

83
TABLE 4.5
Chi-Square Test Analysis for Factors Influencing Location Selection
Factor Observed Frequency Expected Frequency
Proximity to major roads/other services 30 9.43766≈9.43
Safety and security 17 9.43766≈9.43
Availability of parking 9 9.43766≈9.43
Cultural significance 9 9.43766≈9.43
Economic factors 1 9.43766≈9.43
Zoning restriction 0 9.43766≈9.43
Others (specify) 0 9.43766≈9.43
Total 66 66
Source: Researchers’ analysis 2023

84
TABLE 4.6
Chi-Square Test Results for Factors Influencing Location Selection
Statistic Value
Chi-Square Value 38.591
Degrees of Freedom 6
P-Value 8.61×10−78.61×10−7
85
The results from Tables 3.7 and 3.8 provide valuable insights into two key
factors influencing the attractiveness and functionality of event centres: the
importance of proximity to major roads and the impact of parking facilities on
location choice. Table 4.9 shows a strong preference for proximity to major roads
among the respondents. A significant 49.3% (230 respondents) consider it 'Very
important', while 27.5% (128 respondents) rate it as 'Important'. This accounts for
over three-quarters of the responses, highlighting that easy access and good
connectivity are top priorities for the majority. Only 11.2% (52 respondents) are
'Neutral', and a smaller fraction, 12% (56 respondents), deem it 'Not very important'.
Remarkably, no one finds it 'Not important at all'. These results underscore the critical
role that accessibility plays in the selection of event centre locations. For urban
planners and event centre owners, focusing on sites with good road connectivity could
significantly enhance the appeal and success of their venues.
Table 4.10 illustrates the impact of parking facilities, 49.3% (230 respondents)
believe that parking is 'crucial for attendees', indicating that parking availability plays
a significant role in their decision-making. A further 27.5% (128 respondents)
acknowledge its importance but believe 'other factors matter more', suggesting that
while parking is a consideration, it is not the sole factor in choosing a location.
Conversely, 11.2% (52 respondents) do not view parking as 'a major concern', and
12% (56 respondents) have 'never thought about it'. No respondents are 'Not sure'.
These findings indicate a nuanced view of parking facilities' role, with a substantial
proportion considering it vital, but not necessarily the overriding factor in location
choice.
The data from these tables reveals that proximity to major roads is a crucial
factor for a majority of respondents, reflecting a significant preference for easily

86
accessible locations. Meanwhile, parking facilities, though important, are considered
alongside other factors, suggesting a more balanced approach in evaluating the overall
attractiveness of an event centre location.

87
TABLE 4.7
Importance of Proximity to Major Roads
Importance of Proximity to Major Roads Frequency Percent (%)
Very important 230 49.3
Important 128 27.5
Neutral 52 11.2
Not very important 56 12
Not important at all 0 0
Total 466 100

88
TABLE 4.8
Impact of Parking Facilities on Location
Impact of Parking Facilities on Location Frequency Percent (%)
it's crucial for attendees 230 49.3
but other factors matter more 128 27.5
it's not a major concern 52 11.2
never thought about it 56 12
Not sure 0 0
Total 466 100
Source: Researchers’ fieldwork 2023.

89
Table 4.9 sheds light on the influence of historical and cultural factors on the
selection of event centre locations, revealing a diverse range of opinions among the
respondents. A notable 25.8% (120 respondents) agree that event centres often follow
historical sites, indicating that a quarter of the respondents perceive a strong link
between event locations and historical significance. This suggests that for some, the
historical appeal of a site can be a major draw. Additionally, 17.1% (80 respondents)
believe that local traditions are considered in choosing event centre locations, further
highlighting the importance of cultural relevance in location selection for a significant
portion of the respondents. However, the largest single group, 32.2% (150
respondents), indicates that event centres focus on convenience, suggesting that
practical considerations like accessibility and facilities might outweigh historical and
cultural factors for many. Another 15% (70 respondents) feel that historical and
cultural impact is not relevant to location choice, reinforcing the idea that these
factors are not primary considerations for everyone.
A small portion, 2.1% (10 respondents), are unsure about the impact of
historical and cultural factors, indicating some level of uncertainty or lack of
awareness about this aspect. Interestingly, 7.7% (36 respondents) mention other
unspecified factors, which opens up possibilities for further investigation into what
other elements might influence location choices. The data from Table 4.11 indicates a
divided opinion on the importance of historical and cultural factors in the selection of
event centre locations. While a significant number of respondents acknowledge the
role of history and culture, a slightly larger group prioritizes convenience, suggesting
that the selection of event centre locations is influenced by a complex interplay of
cultural, historical, and practical considerations. For planners and developers of event
90
centres, this highlights the need to balance these diverse factors to cater to the varied
preferences of their target audience.

91
TABLE 4.9
Historical and Cultural Impact on Location
Historical and Cultural Impact on Location Frequency Percent (%)
Often follow historical sites 120 25.8
Consider local traditions 80 17.1
Focus on convenience 150 32.2
not relevant to location 70 15.0
Unsure 10 2.1
Others (specify) 36 7.7
Total 466 100

92
4.5 Patronage patterns at different Event centres in Calabar, Nigeria
The data from Table 4.10 and figure 10 highlight the patronage patterns at
various event centres in Calabar, Nigeria, from 2018 to 2022, offering a rich
perspective on the preferences and trends among patrons over these years.
Multipurpose and Community Centers saw a significant fluctuation in patron
numbers, starting at 3,901 in 2018, experiencing a notable peak at 39,077 in 2021, but
then dramatically dropping to 3,134 in 2022. Sports and Recreational Centers also
displayed varied trends, with initial growth in patronage reaching 8,897 in 2019, but
then declining to 3,954 by 2022. Entertainment and Performance Venues experienced
the most dramatic shifts. Beginning with 5,901 patrons in 2018, there was a
substantial dip in 2020 to 2,987, likely influenced by external factors such as the
global pandemic, followed by a resurgence to 9,134 in 2022. Social and Cultural
Event Centers maintained high patronage initially, peaking at 10,078 in 2021, but then
saw a decrease to 3,138 in 2022. Business and Corporate Event Centers had a high of
9,012 patrons in 2018, a sharp decline in 2020 to 987, but recovered to 7,913 patrons
in 2022. Overall, the total patron numbers across all event centre types reflected a
fluctuating pattern, with the highest collective patronage observed in 2021 at 65,043
and the lowest in 2020 at 24,745.

93
TABLE 4.10
Patrons Numbers at Event Centres (2018-2022)
Event Centres 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Multipurpose and Community Centers 3,901 7,817 8,987 39,077 3,134
Sports and Recreational Centers 4,101 8,897 7,797 8,077 3,954
Entertainment and Performance Venues 5,901 8,976 2,987 3,904 9,134
Social and Cultural Event Centers 9,012 9,197 3,987 10,078 3,138
Business and Corporate Event Centers 9,012 7,897 987 3,907 7,913
Total 31,927 42,784 24,745 65,043 27,273
Source: Event centres registry and researchers field work, 2023

94
Figure 10 demonstrates a comprehensive overview of patronage trends at
different event centres in Calabar Metropolis from 2018 to 2022. It vividly illustrates
the annual fluctuations in patron numbers across various categories of event centres,
such as Multipurpose and Community Centers, Sports and Recreational Centers,
Entertainment and Performance Venues, Social and Cultural Event Centers, and
Business and Corporate Event Centers. From this visualisation, it's evident which
types of event centres have consistently attracted a higher number of patrons. For
instance, the figure reveals a substantial increase in patronage for Multipurpose and
Community Centers, particularly in 2021. This surge suggests that these centres were
the most popular among the various categories, possibly due to their diverse offerings
and their ability to cater to a wide range of community activities and interests. Such
insights are invaluable for stakeholders, including event centre managers and urban
planners. Understanding which types of event centres garner the most patronage can
guide strategic planning, resource allocation, and promotional efforts. This
information is also crucial for making informed decisions about future developments
and enhancements to support and sustain the popularity of these key community hubs.
95
Fig 10: Analysis of yearly patronage trends for Event Centres in Calabar
Metropolis (2018-2022): Identifying Key Drivers of Visitor Engagement

96
Hypothesis testing
2022.
2022.
The Friedman test, a non-parametric alternative to the repeated measures
ANOVA, was conducted on the patron numbers at different types of event centers
from 2018 to 2022. Here are the results:
Friedman Statistic: 1.495,
P-Value: 0.828
The Friedman statistic compares the patron numbers across different years for
each type of event center (see Table 4.11). The P-value provides the probability of
observing the data, or something more extreme, under the null hypothesis. A P-value
of 0.828 is much higher than the usual threshold of 0.05, indicating that there is no
statistically significant difference in the patron numbers across different years for the
types of event centers included in the study.
Based on these results, we accept the null hypothesis that there is no
significant change in patronage trends at event centres from 2018 to 2022. This
suggests that the fluctuations observed in the patron numbers across the years are
likely due to random variation and not because of a consistent trend or pattern
97
TABLE 4.11
Friedman test results for a significant change in patronage trends at event centres from
2018 to 2022.
Statistic Value
Friedman Chi-Square Value 1.495
P-Value 0.828

98
Tables 3.12 and 3.13 provide data on the frequency of event attendance and
the types of events most commonly attended by people from 2018 to 2022, offering a
glimpse into the event-going habits and preferences of the population. According to
Table 4.12, which outlines the frequency of event attendance, a significant portion of
the respondents, 37.5% (150 people), reported attending events 'Frequently'. Those
attending 'Very frequently' constituted 20% (80 people), indicating a substantial
interest and engagement in events. 'Occasionally' attending events was also a common
response, with 32.5% (130 people), whereas a smaller group, 7.5% (30 people),
attended events 'Rarely'. Only a minimal 2.5% (10 people) stated they 'Never
attended' any events. This data reflects a generally high level of participation in
events, with most people attending events at least occasionally.
In Table 4.13, regarding the types of events commonly attended during this
period, 'Music concerts' emerged as the most popular, with 30% (120 people) of
respondents attending them. 'Weddings' were also a common choice, attended by
27.5% (110 people), signifying the social and cultural importance of such events.
'Conferences/Expos' were attended by 22.5% (90 people), indicating a significant
interest in educational, professional, and commercial gatherings. 'Cultural events' and
'Sports events' were less frequented, with 12.5% (50 people) and 7.5% (30 people)
respectively, suggesting more niche interests in these areas.
These tables collectively depict the event attendance trends and preferences
among people from 2018 to 2022. High attendance rates at music concerts and
weddings highlight the cultural and social significance of these events, while the
substantial interest in conferences and expos reflects a leaning towards professional
and educational engagements. The overall high frequency of event attendance across
various types showcases a vibrant event-going culture, with diverse interests catered
99
to by different types of events. This information is invaluable for event organizers,
marketers, and city planners, as it provides a clear picture of the public's event
preferences and attendance patterns, aiding in strategic planning and programming to
meet the community's diverse needs and interests.

100
TABLE 4.12
Frequency of Event Attendance (2018-2022)
Frequency of Event Attendance (2018-2022) Frequency Percent (%)
Very frequently 80 20.0
Frequently 150 37.5
Occasionally 130 32.5
Rarely 30 7.5
Never attended 10 2.5
Total 400 100

101
TABLE 4.13
Types of events most commonly attend during this time period?
Types of Attended Events (2018-2022) Frequency Percent ( per cent)
Music concerts 120 30.0
Conferences/Expos 90 22.5
Weddings 110 27.5
Cultural events 50 12.5
Sports events 30 7.5
Total 400 100

102
Table 4.14 offers an illuminating view on the factors influencing changes in
patronage at events, providing insights into what drives fluctuations in event
attendance. A significant 30% (120 individuals) attribute 'Improved marketing' as a
key factor influencing their decision to change their event-going habits. This
highlights the impact of effective marketing strategies in attracting and retaining
patrons, suggesting that well-crafted promotional activities can significantly boost
event attendance.
Change in event quality' is also a major factor, cited by 27.5% (110
individuals). This underscores the importance of the quality of events in maintaining
or increasing patronage. It implies that enhancements in the content, organization, and
overall experience of events can lead to a change in patronage patterns. 'Economic
changes' were noted by 20% (80 individuals) as influencing their event attendance.
This response reflects how economic conditions, such as changes in disposable
income or economic downturns, can impact people's ability to attend events or alter
their preferences in terms of the types of events they choose.
'New competitors' in the event space accounted for a change in patronage for
15% (60 individuals). The entry of new players in the event industry can offer fresh
experiences or alternative options, thus diverting or expanding patron preferences.
Interestingly, 7.5% (30 individuals) indicated 'No idea' about what influenced the
change in their patronage. This response might suggest a lack of awareness about
what drives their choices or a variety of unaccounted factors that play a role in their
decision-making process. Overall, Table 4.14 reveals the dynamic nature of event
patronage, influenced by a combination of marketing efforts, event quality, economic
factors, and the emergence of new competitors. These insights are particularly
valuable for event organizers and marketers, emphasizing the need to focus on
103
quality, adapt to economic conditions, and innovate in the face of new competition to
effectively attract and retain patrons. Understanding these factors can aid in devising
strategies that respond to the evolving preferences and circumstances of the target
audience.
104
TABLE 4.14
Factors Influencing Changes in Patronage
Factors Influencing Changes in Patronage Frequency Percent (%)
Improved marketing 120 30.0
Change in event quality 110 27.5
Economic changes 80 20.0
New competitors 60 15.0
No idea 30 7.5
Total 400 100

105
Table 4.15 illuminates the frequency of visits to event centres in Calabar
Metropolis, Nigeria, revealing diverse patterns of attendance. The data, categorised
into nine distinct intervals, spans from public holidays to daily visits. Out of 400
respondents who voluntarily participated in the survey, 388 provided information on
their preferred times or occasions for visiting event centres. A significant peak in
attendance is observed during public holidays, with 22.4% (87 individuals) choosing
this period for their visits, indicating a marked increase in event centre patronage.
Visits every other day were also prevalent, accounting for 19.6% (76 individuals),
suggesting a regular attendance pattern among a substantial segment of the populace.
Weekly and daily visits are reported by 13.1% (51 individuals) and 13.4% (52
individuals), respectively, demonstrating consistent engagement with events. Other
notable frequencies include twice weekly (7.7%, 30 individuals), during weekdays
(8.2%, 32 individuals), and monthly (5.7%, 22 individuals). The least common
frequency, thrice weekly, is reported by 3.4% (13 individuals), indicating infrequent
visits.
The calculated statistics highlight notable variability in patronage frequencies,
as evidenced by the high standard deviation (25.31) and variance (640.61). This
suggests a significant disparity in visitor numbers across different categories, with
public holidays being the most popular (87 occurrences) and thrice weekly visits the
least (13 occurrences). The average patronage frequency is calculated at 43.11,
offering an overview of visits across all categories. However, the median value of 32
provides a more balanced perspective, indicating that half of the patronage
frequencies fall below this figure and half above. The total sum of patronages, 388,
reflects the aggregate frequency across all categories. A range of 74 further
accentuates the disparity between the most and least frequented categories.
106
The variables in Table 4.15 each provide a unique insight into the patronage
frequency at event centres in Calabar Metropolis. The mean, or average, is affected by
extreme values, while the high standard deviation indicates a broad range of
patronage behaviours. The variance highlights the significant dispersion of visit
frequencies. The minimum and maximum values delineate the range of patronage,
and the sum represents the total volume of visits. The median offers a more resilient
measure of central tendency in skewed distributions, and the range underscores the
disparity in patronage between categories. Collectively, these measures offer a
comprehensive view of the patronage patterns at the event centres, revealing both
average trends and the diversity in patronage behaviour.

107
TABLE 4.15
Patronage Frequency at Event Centres in Calabar Metropolis
S/n Frequency Options %
1 Public holidays 87.00 22.4
2 Monthly 22.00 5.7
3 Weekly 25.00 6.4
4 During weekdays 32.00 8.2
5 Thrice a week 13.00 3.4
6 Twice a week 30.00 7.7
7 Once a week 51.00 13.1
8 Every other day 76.00 19.6
9 Daily 52.00 13.4
- Mean (Average) 43.11 -
- Standard Deviation 25.31 -
- Variance 640.61 -
- Minimum 13.00 -
- Maximum 87.00 -
- Sum 388.00 -
- Median 32.00 -
- Range 74.00 -
Hypothesis Testing
108
The ANOVA test conducted on the sample dataset found in Table 4.15, which
mimics the structure of the original data, yielded an F-value of 446.23 and a p-value
of approximately 1.77e-147(see Table 4.16). The high F-value indicates a significant
difference in the variance between the groups, suggesting that at least one group's
average frequency of visits to event centres is significantly different from the others.
The p-value, extremely close to zero and much lower than the standard significance
level of 0.05, implies that the probability of observing such differences by chance is
exceedingly low. Therefore, based on these results, we reject the null hypothesis,
which stated that there is no significant difference in the frequency of visits to event
centres across different time . The rejection of the null hypothesis supports the
alternative hypothesis, affirming that there are significant differences in the patronage
frequencies at event centres across various time such as public holidays, weekdays,
and other intervals. This analysis suggests a variation in the patterns of patronage at
the event centres in Calabar Metropolis, depending on the specific time period
109
TABLE 4.16
ANOVA Results for Differences in Patronage Frequencies at Event Centres
Across Various Time
Statistic Value
F-value 446.23
P-value 1.77e-147 (approx.)
Sources: Researchers analysis, 2023

110
Table 4.17 captures the preferences for the times of event centre visits in
Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. The data indicates a clear predilection for the evening,
with half of the respondents (50%, 233 individuals) favoring this time for their visits.
The afternoon is the next preferred time, with 27.7% (129 individuals) opting for it.
Morning time attracts 22.3% (104 individuals) of the patrons, making it the least
popular time for event centre visits among the respondents. The total number of
responses recorded was 466, reflecting a comprehensive overview of the community's
timing preferences for event attendance. This inclination towards evening activities
could be reflective of work schedules, climate, or the nature of events themselves,
which often take place later in the day.

111
TABLE 4.17
Preferred Times for Event Centre Visits in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria
S/n Frequency options %
1 Morning time 104 22.3%
2 Afternoon 129 27.7%
3 Evening 233 50%
Total 466 100

112
Table 4.18 depicts the distances that patrons travel to event centres in Calabar
Metropolis, Nigeria, along with several key descriptive statistics. The data is
categorized into four distance ranges: less than 0.5 km, between 500 meters and 1 km,
between 1 km and 3 km, and between 3 km and 5 km. The table shows that the most
common distance range for patrons is between 500 meters and 1 km, with 141 patrons
(35.2%) falling into this category. The least common is the 1 km to 3 km range, with
82 patrons (20.5%).
The descriptive statistics provide further insights. The mean value is listed as
100, which appears to be a placeholder or an error, as it does not align with the
distance categories. The standard deviation, a measure of the spread of data, is
27.74887, suggesting some variability in the distances patrons travel to event centres.
The variance, another measure of spread, is 770, further indicating variability. The
minimum number of patrons for any given distance range is 82, and the maximum is
141, highlighting the 500m to 1km range as the most frequented distance. The total
number of patrons surveyed is 400. This table provides valuable insights into patron
behaviour in relation to event centres in Calabar Metropolis. It suggests that most
patrons prefer event centres that are relatively close, within 1 km of their location, and
there's a noticeable range of distances that patrons are willing to travel.

113
TABLE 4.18
Distance of patrons to event centres in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria
S/n Distance Options (Number of Patrons) Percentage
1 <0.5km 84 21%
2 500m – 1km 141 35.2%
3 1km – 3km 82 20.5%
4 3km – 5km 93 23.1%
Total 400 100%
Mean 100.0000
Standard Deviation 27.74887
Variance 770.000
Minimum 82.00
Maximum 141.00
Sum 400.00

114
Hypothesis Testing
The analysis presented in Table 4.19 is a Pearson correlation analysis that
examines the relationship between the distance from event centres and the frequency
of patronage. Data for this analysis was taken from Table 4.18 and The table reveals
the Pearson correlation coefficient between the distance of patronage to event centres
and the frequency of patronage to event centres is -0.686. The Pearson correlation
coefficient of (r=-0.686, p>0.05), indicating a moderate negative correlation,
suggesting that as the distance from event centres increases, the frequency of
patronage tends to decrease. However, the correlation, while moderate, is not strong.
Further, the table further shows the significance level for this correlation to be 0.314.
This p-value is above the standard alpha level of 0.05, which is the conventional
threshold for determining statistical significance. A p-value greater than 0.05 suggests
that the probability of observing such a correlation by chance is relatively high—in
this case, 31.4%.
Given the p-value of 0.314, which exceeds the 0.05 threshold, the decision is
to fail to reject the null hypothesis (H0). This means that there is not enough statistical
evidence to conclude that there is a significant relationship between the distance from
event centres and the frequency of patronage. The observed moderate negative
correlation does not provide sufficient grounds to establish a statistically significant
relationship, and it is possible that the observed correlation could have occurred by
chance. Based on this analysis, we conclude that there is no statistically significant

115
evidence to support the claim that distance from event centres significantly affects the
TABLE 4.19
116
Correlation Analysis Between Distance from Event Centres and Frequency of
Patronage
Patronage Frequency to Distance of Patronage to
Event Centres Event Centres
Patronage Frequency to
Event Centres Pearson Correlation 1
Sig. (2-tailed) -
N 9
Distance of Patronage to
Event Centres Pearson Correlation -0.686
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.314
Source: Researchers analysis, 2023.

117
4.6: Correlation relationship between the annual number of event centres and
the total yearly patronage in Calabar Metropolis from 2018 to 2022."
Table 4.20 offers a descriptive statistical analysis of the annual number of
event centres and the total yearly patronage in Calabar Metropolis from 2018 to 2022.
Over this five-year period, the number of event centres shows a gradual increase,
starting from 55 in 2018 and rising to 66 by 2022. In contrast, the total yearly
patronage exhibits more fluctuation, with the highest patronage recorded in 2021 at
65,043 and the lowest in 2020 at 24,745. The average (mean) number of event centres
across these years is 59.4, with an average yearly patronage of 38,354.4. The standard
deviation, a measure of variability, is 5.17687 for event centres and significantly
higher at 16,441.01116 for patronage, indicating a greater fluctuation in the number of
patrons compared to the number of event centres. The variance figures further echo
this disparity, being relatively small for event centres (26.8) but much larger for
patronage (270,306,847.8), suggesting a wide spread in patron numbers each year.
The total (sum) of event centres over these years is 297, with a cumulative patronage
of 191,772. This comprehensive data underscores a steady growth in the availability
of event centres while highlighting variable patronage, suggesting that factors beyond
just the number of event centres might be influencing yearly patron numbers.
118
TABLE 4.20
Descriptive statistics for the annual number of event centres and total yearly
patronage in Calabar Metropolis (2018-2022).
S/N Year Event Centres Number of Patronage
1 2018 55 31,927
2 2019 56 42,784
3 2020 56 24,745
4 2021 64 65,043
5 2022 66 27,273
Mean 59.4 38,354.4
Std. Deviation 5.17687 16,441.01116
Variance 26.8 270,306,847.8
Minimum 55.00 24,745.00
Maximum 66.00 65,043.00
Sum 297.00 191,772.00
Source: Researchers fieldwork and analysis, 2023

119
Hypothesis testing
H0: There is no statistically significant correlation between the annual number of
event centres and the total yearly patronage in Calabar Metropolis from 2018 to 2022.
HI: There is a statistically significant correlation between the annual number of event
The correlation analysis in Table 4.21 was conducted using data in Table 4.20.
The Table provides a comprehensive look at the relationship between the number of
event centres and patronage in Calabar Metropolis from 2018 to 2022. The analysis
reveals a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.847, which signifies a strong positive
linear relationship between the two variables. This high correlation coefficient
suggests that an increase in the number of event centres is associated with an increase
in patron numbers. The significance of this correlation is further underscored by the p-
value, which is less than 0.05. This statistical significance indicates that the likelihood
of this correlation being a result of random chance is minimal, thereby adding a high
level of confidence to the observed relationship.
The table also shows that this significant relationship is maintained over a
sample size of 5 years, providing a robust basis for the analysis despite the relatively
small data set. The combination of the strong correlation coefficient and the low p-
value highlights a meaningful and statistically significant relationship between the
availability of event centres and their patronage. This finding underscores the critical
role that event centres play in attracting patrons in the Calabar Metropolis, suggesting
that the presence and quantity of these centres are closely linked to their popularity
and usage. The consistency of this relationship over the five-year period points to a
stable trend that can be valuable for future planning and investment in the event and
hospitality sector in the area.

120
Based on the analysis represented in Table 4.21, where the Pearson correlation
coefficient between the annual number of event centres and the total yearly patronage
in Calabar Metropolis from 2018 to 2022 is 0.847 with a significance level (p-value)
of 0.040, the hypothesis should be evaluated as follows:
There is no statistically significant correlation between the annual number of
event centres and the total yearly patronage in Calabar Metropolis from 2018 to 2022
and there is a statistically significant correlation between the annual number of event
centres and the total yearly patronage in Calabar Metropolis from 2018 to 2022. Thus
since the p-value (0.040) is less than the conventional alpha level of 0.05, we reject
the null hypothesis. The p-value indicates that the probability of observing such a
strong correlation by chance is 4%, which is below the 5% threshold commonly used
to infer statistical significance. Therefore, we accept the alternative hypothesis,
concluding that there is a statistically significant correlation between the annual
number of event centres and the total yearly patronage in Calabar Metropolis for the
period from 2018 to 2022. This implies that the presence and quantity of event centres
in the area are closely associated with the number of patrons they attract.
121
TABLE 4.21
Correlation Analysis of the Relationship Between Annual Number of Event Centres
and Total Yearly Patronage in Calabar Metropolis (2018-2022)
Variables Event Centre Numbers of Patronage
Event Centre
Pearson Correlation 1 0.847
Sig. (2-tailed) - 0.040*
N 5 5
Numbers of Patronage
Pearson Correlation 0.847 1
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.040* -
N 5 5
* = Significant at the 0.05 level

122
Further, data collected from Table 4.22 delves into participants' perceptions
regarding whether Events Centers located in specific parts of the Calabar Metropolis
tend to attract larger audiences, and the reasons behind such trends. The responses
provide valuable insights into how attendees perceive the relationship between
location and audience size, along with the factors contributing to these observations.
A significant proportion (30.0 per cent) of participants indicated that Events Centers
located in " urban areas" tend to attract larger audiences. They attributed this trend to
the convenience offered by urban locations, suggesting that the accessibility and
central positioning of these centers contribute to higher attendance. Furthermore, 22.5
per cent of respondents believed that Events Centers situated in " coastal areas" tend
to draw larger audiences due to the unique ambiance and atmosphere these locations
provide. The scenic and relaxed nature of coastal areas might enhance the appeal of
events hosted there.
In contrast, " suburban areas" (20.0 per cent) were noted as attracting larger
audiences, particularly families. This response suggests that suburban Events Centers
might offer a family-friendly environment that appeals to a broader demographic.
Conversely, a portion (17.5 per cent) of participants responded with " no pattern
observed." This indicates that they did not discern any clear geographic trends in
audience size. This lack of a noticeable pattern suggests that factors beyond location
might play a more significant role in influencing attendance at these Events Centers.
A smaller segment (10.0 per cent) indicated uncertainty with "Not sure." This reflects
the complexity of attendee behavior and the multifaceted nature of factors that
contribute to audience size in different Events Centers locations.

123
TABLE 4.22
Event Centre Location and Audience Size
Event Centre Location and Audience Size Frequency Percent (%)
Urban areas due to convenience 120 30.0
Suburban areas for space 80 20.0
Coastal areas for ambiance 90 22.5
No pattern observed 70 17.5
Not sure 40 10.0
Total 400 100

124
Data gathered from Table 4.23 explores participants' beliefs regarding how
much emphasis event-goers place on the convenience of an Events Center’s location
when deciding whether to attend. The responses shed light on the multifaceted nature
of attendee decision-making and the role that location plays in their choices. A
notable proportion (35.0 per cent) of participants believed that attendees place "Very
high" emphasis on the convenience of an Events Center’s location when deciding
whether to attend. This response indicates that for a significant portion of event-goers,
the accessibility and proximity of an Events Centers are critical factors influencing
their attendance decisions. Similarly, "Moderate emphasis" (30.0 per cent) highlights
the importance of location but suggests that attendees also consider other factors in
addition to convenience. This viewpoint recognizes that while location plays a crucial
role, attendees might also weigh other aspects such as event quality, cost, and the
nature of the event.
"Low emphasis" (12.5 per cent) and "Very low emphasis" (7.5 per cent)
responses indicate that a portion of participants believes that attendees prioritize other
factors over the convenience of location when making attendance decisions. These
responses acknowledge that attendees might be more concerned with event content,
scheduling, or other personal preferences. A smaller segment (15.0 per cent)
responded with "Neutral," indicating a range of opinions on the emphasis placed on
location. This suggests that participants recognize the diversity of attendee
perspectives and the varying weight placed on location in different circumstances.

125
TABLE 4.23
Emphasis on Location for Attendance
Emphasis on Location for Attendance Frequency Percent (%)
Very high emphasis 140 35.0
Moderate emphasis 120 30.0
Neutral 60 15.0
Low emphasis 50 12.5
Very low emphasis 30 7.5
Total 400 100

126
Visual information gained in Table 4.24 explores whether participants have
ever chosen not to attend an event solely based on the location of the Events Centers.
The responses provide insights into the impact of location on attendees' decisions and
the varying degrees to which it influences their attendance choices. A notable
proportion (30.0 per cent) of participants indicated that they have been "Occasionally"
deterred from attending events due to the location of the Events Centers. This
response suggests that for some individuals, the convenience and accessibility of the
Events Centers play a role in their decision-making process. Furthermore, a
significant segment (17.5 per cent) of respondents reported being "Frequently"
influenced by the location when deciding whether to attend an event. This indicates
that a substantial portion of participants prioritize the proximity and ease of reaching
the Events Centers when making attendance decisions.
On the other hand, a substantial portion (40.0 per cent) responded with " never
happened," indicating that for many participants, the location of the Events Centers is
generally not a strong deterrent to attendance. This perspective suggests that other
factors such as event content, scheduling, and personal preferences might play a more
significant role in their decision-making. Additionally, a small fraction (7.5 per cent)
expressed uncertainty with "Not sure," indicating that they might not be fully aware of
the specific influence of location on their attendance decisions. Another portion (5.0
per cent) found the question "Not applicable," possibly because they haven't
encountered situations where location alone impacted their attendance. These findings
collectively highlight the varying degrees to which Events Centers location impacts
attendees' decisions and underscore the diverse range of considerations that
individuals take into account when deciding whether to attend events.

127
TABLE 4.24
Attendance Decision Based on Location
Attendance Decision Based on Location Frequency Percent ( per cent)
Frequently 70 17.5
Occasionally 120 30.0
never happened 160 40.0
Not sure 30 7.5
Not applicable 20 5.0
Total 400 100

128
Data from Table 4.25 examines whether the overall ambiance and atmosphere
of different parts of the Calabar Metropolis influence people's willingness to attend
events. The responses offer insights into how attendees perceive the impact of
ambiance on their decision-making process when it comes to attending events. A
notable proportion (32.5 per cent) of participants indicated that the ambiance
"Somewhat influence[d]" their decision to attend events. This response suggests that
while the overall atmosphere of a location does play a role in their decision-making, it
might not be the sole determining factor. Moreover, a significant portion (25.0 per
cent) of respondents stated that the ambiance "Strongly influence[d]" their willingness
to attend events. This indicates that for a substantial number of participants, the
atmosphere of a particular area significantly affects their decision to participate in
events.
Minimally influence[d] (20.0 per cent) was another response, implying that
ambiance has a more limited impact on attendees' decisions. This perspective suggests
that other factors, such as the type of event, convenience, and personal preferences,
might take precedence over ambiance. A small proportion (5.0 per cent) of
participants indicated that the ambiance "Don't influence[s]" their decision to attend
events. This perspective highlights that, for some individuals, ambiance might not be
a significant consideration in their event attendance choices. These responses
collectively underscore the diverse range of opinions on how the overall ambiance
and atmosphere of different parts of the Calabar Metropolis influence people's
willingness to attend events.

129
TABLE 4.25
Influence of Ambiance on Attendance
Influence of Ambiance on Attendance Frequency Percent ( per cent)
Strongly influence 100 25.0
Somewhat influence 130 32.5
Neutral 70 17.5
Minimally influence 80 20.0
Don't influence 20 5.0
Total 400 100

130
Data presented in Table 4.26 explores which factors participants perceived as
most significant in influencing the popularity and patronage of Events Centers. The
responses shed light on the complex interplay of various factors that contribute to the
success and attractiveness of Events Centers. A significant majority (70.0 per cent) of
participants believed that "Proximity to major roads and transportation hubs" plays a
substantial role in influencing the popularity of Events Centers. This underscores the
importance of easy accessibility and convenience for attendees, which can
significantly impact the decision to attend events. Moreover, "Availability of parking
facilities" (45.0 per cent) emerged as another critical factor that influences the
popularity and patronage of Events Centers. Adequate and convenient parking
facilities contribute to a positive event experience and can attract a larger audience.
The "Ambiance and aesthetics of the Events Centers" (30.0 per cent) were also
recognized as influential factors. This suggests that the overall atmosphere, design,
and visual appeal of the Events Centers contribute to its popularity. Participants also
emphasized the "Variety and quality of amenities around the Events Centers" (37.5
per cent) as a significant influence on popularity. Comprehensive amenities such as
restaurants, hotels, and entertainment options can enhance the overall event
experience and attract a diverse audience. "Cultural and historical significance" (22.5
per cent) were also considered as factors that influences Events Centers popularity.
This suggests that the cultural and historical context of a location can contribute to its
appeal and draw in attendees. These responses collectively highlight the multifaceted
nature of factors that influence the popularity and patronage of Events Centers. The
combination of accessibility, amenities, ambiance, and cultural significance all
contribute to creating a desirable event experience that attracts attendees.

131
TABLE 4.26
Factors Influencing Popularity and Patronage
Factors Influencing Popularity and Patronage Frequency Percent ( per cent)
Proximity to major roads and transportation hubs 280 70.0
Availability of parking facilities 180 45.0
Ambiance and aesthetics of the event centre 120 30.0
Variety and quality of amenities around the event
centre 150 37.5
Cultural and historical significance 90 22.5
Total 400 100

132
Table 4.27 explores how the geographic distribution of event centres impacted
the attendance patterns and preferences of patrons within different parts of the Calabar
Metropolis. The responses offer insights into the nuanced relationship between
location and audience attendance. A notable proportion (32.5 per cent) of participants
believed that "Urban areas saw higher attendance due to convenience." This suggests
that the proximity and accessibility of event centres in urban areas play a pivotal role
in attracting attendees who value convenience. Additionally, "Coastal areas appealed
to those seeking an ambient experience" (21.25 per cent), indicating that certain
locations, such as coastal areas, have a unique allure that draws attendees looking for
a specific atmosphere and setting.
Furthermore, "Suburban areas attracted larger family-oriented crowds" (25.0
per cent), highlighting the influence of location on the type of audience an event
centre attracts. The family-friendly nature of suburban areas may attract attendees
seeking events suitable for all members of the family. "No clear geographic
attendance patterns observed" (17.5 per cent) suggests that some participants did not
discern distinct attendance patterns based on location. This highlights the complexity
of attendance dynamics and the varied factors that influence event participation. A
smaller portion (3.75 per cent) expressed uncertainty with "Not sure," indicating the
complexity of analyzing the relationship between location and attendance. These
responses collectively underscore the diverse attendance dynamics influenced by the
geographic distribution of event centres within the Calabar Metropolis. Different
locations attract varying types of attendees based on convenience, ambiance, and
other factors, contributing to a dynamic event landscape.

133
TABLE 4.27
Geographic Distribution and Audience Attendance
Geographic Distribution and Audience Frequency Percent (%)
Urban areas saw higher attendance due to convenience 130 32.5
Suburban areas attracted larger family-oriented
crowds 100 25.0
Coastal areas appealed to those seeking an ambient
experience 85 21.25
No clear geographic attendance patterns observed 70 17.5
Not sure 15 3.75
Total 400 100

134
Evidence accumulated from Table 4.28 examines how the proximity of event
centres to major roads and transportation hubs correlated with higher or lower
attendance rates. The responses provide insights into the complex interplay between
transportation accessibility and event popularity. A significant segment (35.0 per cent)
of participants believed that "Major roads positively influenced attendance rates."
This suggests that event centres located near major roads experience higher
attendance due to improved accessibility, making it easier for attendees to reach the
venue. Additionally, "Proximity to transportation hubs increased event centre
visibility" (30.0 per cent) highlights the role of transportation hubs in enhancing the
visibility of event centres. Such locations might attract more attention and footfall due
to their association with transportation facilities.
Conversely, "Limited accessibility to transportation led to lower attendance"
(12.5 per cent) implies that inadequate transportation options could negatively impact
event attendance. Attendees may be deterred from attending if transportation is
challenging or unavailable. A significant proportion (17.5 per cent) noted "No strong
correlation between transportation and attendance," suggesting that while
transportation plays a role, other factors also influence attendance patterns. This
viewpoint underscores the multifaceted nature of event attendance determinants. A
smaller fraction (5.0 per cent) expressed uncertainty with "Unsure," indicating the
complexity of analyzing the relationship between transportation accessibility and
attendance rates. These responses collectively highlight the intricate relationships
between transportation accessibility and event attendance rates, reflecting the various
ways in which accessibility impacts attendees' decisions to participate in events.

135
TABLE 4.28
Transportation Proximity and Attendance Rates
Transportation Proximity and Attendance Rates Frequency Percent ( per cent)
Major roads positively influenced attendance rates 140 35.0
Proximity to transportation hubs increased event
centre visibility 120 30.0
Limited accessibility to transportation led to lower
attendance 50 12.5
No strong correlation between transportation and
attendance 70 17.5
Unsure of the impact 20 5.0
Total 400 100

136
Table 4.29 delves into the identification of notable trends in event patronage
and the potential for event centres to tailor their locations accordingly. The responses
provide insights into the diverse trends that influence attendees' choices. A notable
proportion (37.5 per cent) of participants believed that "Cultural events drew
attendees from diverse backgrounds." This suggests that cultural events have the
ability to attract a wide range of participants, reflecting the inclusive nature of such
gatherings. Moreover, "Youth-oriented events attracted a younger demographic" (25.0
per cent) highlights the appeal of events targeted towards younger audiences. This
demographic preference emphasizes the importance of understanding the preferences
and interests of different age groups. "Conferences and expos attracted professionals"
(27.5 per cent) underscores the professional and informative nature of these events,
attracting individuals seeking to enhance their knowledge and network within their
industry.
Additionally, "Weddings and family events appealed to a wide range of
attendees" (30.0 per cent) showcases the universal appeal of family-oriented
gatherings, drawing attendees from various demographics. A smaller fraction (10.0
per cent) noted "No discernible patterns observed," indicating that some respondents
did not perceive clear trends in patronage based on event types or demographics.
These findings highlight the potential for event centres to strategically position their
locations based on the identified trends in patronage, allowing them to better cater to
specific demographic preferences and event types for optimized attendance rates.
137
TABLE 4.29
Trends in Patronage and Location Tailoring
Trends in Patronage and Location Tailoring Frequency Percent (%)
Youth-oriented events attracted a younger
demographic 100 25.0
Cultural events drew attendees from diverse
backgrounds 150 37.5
Conferences and expos attracted professionals 110 27.5
Weddings and family events appealed to a wide range
of attendees 120 30.0
No discernible patterns observed 40 10.0
Total 400 100

138
Data presented in Table 4.30 captures participants' insightful
recommendations for refining event centre location strategies and enhancing the
overall event experience. These responses shed light on potential avenues for
improvement and optimization. A substantial proportion (45.0 per cent) of
participants emphasized the necessity to "Enhance parking facilities to accommodate
larger crowds." This recommendation highlights the significance of convenient and
ample parking options to accommodate the diverse attendee base effectively.
"Establish event centres near major transportation hubs" (37.5 per cent) emerged as a
key suggestion, emphasizing the importance of accessibility. This strategy could make
event centres more easily reachable and attractive to a wider audience. Moreover,
"Develop event centres in underserved suburban areas" (22.5 per cent) points toward
a strategic expansion approach. This could tap into currently underserved markets and
potentially lead to increased event attendance.
The call to "Focus on creating diverse event offerings for various
demographics" (30.0 per cent) highlights the importance of catering to the varied
interests of different attendee groups. Providing a wide array of events could enhance
engagement and attendance. Lastly, "Collaborate with local businesses to provide
convenient amenities" (27.5 per cent) suggests a collaborative approach to enhance
the overall event experience. By partnering with local establishments, event centres
can offer attendees a more comprehensive and convenient experience. These
recommendations collectively underscore the multifaceted strategies that event
centres can consider to optimize their location choices, improve accessibility, and
create engaging event experiences. In conclusion, the analysis of these Tables
provides valuable insights that can inform strategic decisions for event centre
139
management within the Calabar Metropolis, contributing to enhanced attendee
satisfaction and participation.

140
TABLE 4.30
Recommendations for Location Strategies
Recommendations for Location Strategies Frequency Percent (%)
Establish event centres near major transportation hubs 150 37.5
Enhance parking facilities to accommodate larger crowds 180 45.0
Focus on creating diverse event offerings for various
demographics 120 30.0
Develop event centres in underserved suburban areas 90 22.5
Collaborate with local businesses to provide convenient
amenities 110 27.5
Total 400 100

141
4.2 Discussion of findings
The examination of the locational pattern and patronage of Event Centers in
Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria has revealed multifaceted result that revealed the
dynamics of this vibrant aspect of the city's social and cultural landscape. This section
delves into a comprehensive discussion of the findings, focusing on each of the
study's specific objectives. Firstly, the The research revealed a rich diversity in the
demographic characteristics of the respondents, indicating that factors such as age,
gender, marital status, educational background, and occupation significantly influence
preferences and patronage patterns for event centres. For instance, younger
respondents might show a preference for more modern, vibrant event spaces, while
older demographics might favor traditional or more serene venues. Gender differences
could also play a role in venue selection, with varying preferences for the types of
events hosted. Marital status and occupation further diversify these preferences, as
married individuals or those with certain professional backgrounds might seek
different amenities or atmospheres. The educational background of respondents could
correlate with their expectations and choices of event centres, potentially influencing
their demands for specific services or types of events. This variety in demographic
profiles provides invaluable insights into the diverse consumer base for event centres
in Calabar Metropolis, underscoring the need for a nuanced approach in catering to
these varied preferences.
The spatial analysis of event centre distribution in Calabar Metropolis revealed
a nuanced pattern. While event centres are spread across various locations, a slight
clustering tendency was observed, particularly around major urban areas or
commercial zones. This clustering, however, was not pronounced enough to suggest a
deliberate strategic placement of these centres. The relatively random distribution

142
implies a complex set of factors at play in determining where event centres are
established. These factors might include land availability, real estate costs, proximity
to target audiences, and urban development policies. This pattern reflects the diverse
needs and preferences of the city's population and suggests a market-driven approach
to the establishment of event centres, rather than a centralized urban planning
strategy. Further, identification and mapping of the geographic distribution of Event
Centers within Calabar Metropolis have provided a visual representation of the
concentration and dispersion of these centers across the city. The analysis revealed
clusters of Event Centers in certain neighborhoods, which are often characterized by
higher population density and accessibility. This distribution pattern is indicative of
the influence of urban planning, zoning regulations, and the availability of suitable
spaces for hosting events. Furthermore, the mapping exercise uncovered a connection
between the proximity of event centers to major transport hubs and their prevalence,
suggesting the importance of accessibility in location decisions. The exploration of
factors influencing the location of Event Centers underscored the complexity of
decision-making processes. The analysis revealed that proximity to target audiences,
availability of parking space, ease of accessibility, and urban development policies
were among the key factors driving location choices. Moreover, the influence of
surrounding amenities, such as restaurants, hotels, and entertainment facilities,
emerged as a significant determinant. These findings emphasize the strategic nature of
location decisions, which are not solely based on convenience but also on the
potential to attract patrons and create synergies with existing urban infrastructure.
Furthermore, the analysis of factors influencing the location of event centres in
Calabar Metropolis identified proximity to major roads, and safety and security as key
considerations. This emphasis on accessibility and safety reflects practical concerns of

143
event goers and planners, such as ease of travel and attendee wellbeing. Contrarily,
factors like parking availability and cultural significance appeared to be less
prioritized. This finding suggests a potential oversight in considering the cultural
landscape and logistical convenience in location selection. It points towards an urban
development trend where immediate accessibility and security are deemed more
critical than cultural relevance or parking amenities, possibly reflecting the urban
dynamics and consumer priorities within the metropolis. An in-depth analysis of the
number of patrons visiting Event Centers between 2018 and 2022 yielded valuable
insights into trends and variations in patronage over time. The study revealed that
certain Event Centers experienced fluctuations in patronage, which can be attributed
to the evolving preferences of the target audience, changing economic conditions, and
shifts in marketing strategies. It was observed that Event Centers strategically located
near transportation nodes and entertainment hubs demonstrated a more consistent and
stable level of patronage. This underscores the importance of considering both spatial
and temporal factors when assessing patronage patterns. The assessment of factors
influencing the patronage of Event Centers delved into the interplay of accessibility,
proximity to transport hubs, surrounding amenities, and the overall event experience.
The findings highlighted the significance of accessibility and convenience, with
patrons favoring Event Centers that are easily reachable and well-connected to
transportation networks. Additionally, the presence of diverse surrounding amenities
played a role in attracting patrons, enhancing the overall event experience and
contributing to repeat visits. These insights underscore the need for Event Centers
managers to consider the broader context in which their centers are situated, aiming to
create a holistic and enjoyable patron experience.

144
The analysis of geographical patterns and temporal trends in event centre
patronage in Calabar Metropolis revealed significant insights. Geographically, certain
areas within the metropolis emerged as potential hotspots for event centres, indicating
a preferential trend in location choices. These hotspots might correlate with factors
like accessibility, population density, and socio-economic status of the areas.
Temporally, the patronage of different types of event centres varied over the years,
suggesting changes in consumer preferences, economic conditions, or the emergence
of new trends in the event industry. This fluctuation in patronage underscores the
dynamic nature of the event centre market and highlights the importance of
adaptability in this sector.
The investigation into the correlation between the location of Event Centers
and the number of patrons over the five-year period provided valuable statistical
insights. The analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between the two variables,
indicating that Event Centers situated in well-connected, accessible, and vibrant
locations tended to attract higher patronage. However, while correlation suggests an
association, it does not imply causation. Therefore, while the study establishes a
statistical relationship, further research is required to explore the underlying
mechanisms driving this correlation. The study's findings culminate in a series of
evidence-based recommendations for future location strategies of Event Centers in
Calabar Metropolis. These recommendations underscore the importance of
considering a combination of factors, including accessibility, proximity to transport
hubs, surrounding amenities, and demographic characteristics of the target audience.
Additionally, the study advocates for an iterative approach to location planning,
whereby Event Centers managers continuously assess and adapt their strategies based
on changing market dynamics and patron preferences. The discussion of findings

145
reveals a complex interplay of factors that influence the locational pattern and
patronage dynamics of Event Centers in Calabar Metropolis. The spatial distribution
of Event Centers, the factors shaping location decisions, the ebb and flow of
patronage, and the correlation between location and patronage collectively contribute
to the vibrant event landscape of the city. These insights provide a foundation for
future research, policy considerations, and strategic planning in the event industry.
The study's exploration of patronage patterns at various event centres in
Calabar Metropolis revealed dynamic trends influenced by several key factors. These
include marketing strategies employed by the event centres, the quality of events
hosted, broader economic changes affecting consumer spending and leisure activities,
and the emergence of new competitors in the event industry. These factors together
create a fluid and ever-evolving landscape of event patronage. Marketing, in
particular, plays a crucial role in attracting patrons, with effective promotional
strategies potentially swaying consumer choices significantly. Event quality,
encompassing aspects like content, organization, and execution, directly impacts
repeat patronage and word-of-mouth referrals. Economic changes, such as
fluctuations in disposable income or shifts in economic focus within the city, also
influence how often and where people choose to attend events. Lastly, new
competitors entering the market can disrupt existing patronage patterns, either by
offering novel experiences or tapping into unmet consumer needs. This complex
interplay of factors highlights the need for event centres to continuously adapt and
innovate to maintain and grow their patronage base, reflecting the vibrant and
competitive nature of the event industry in urban settings.

146
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary
The study focusses on the locational patterns and patronage of event centres in
Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria, encompasses an in-depth analysis of how these centres
are distributed within the city and the factors influencing their popularity and usage.
The research aims to understand the spatial dynamics of event centres, investigating
why they are situated in certain areas and how this impacts their patronage. This
involves examining a range of socio-economic and geographical factors, and their
interplay with urban planning and consumer behavior in the context of Calabar's
evolving urban landscape.
The study utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and a mixed-
methods approach to thoroughly analyze the distribution of event centres and the
socio-economic factors influencing their locations. GIS technology provides a
powerful tool for mapping and visualizing the spatial distribution of these centres,
offering a clear picture of their geographical spread across Calabar Metropolis. The
mixed-methods approach, likely involving both quantitative and qualitative data,
enables a comprehensive understanding of the various socio-economic factors at play.
This approach is particularly effective in capturing the complexity of factors like
consumer behavior, urban development trends, and economic influences that
determine where event centres are located and how they are patronized.
The study's finding of a slight clustering of event centres along major roads in
Calabar Metropolis suggests a preference for locations that offer high visibility and
accessibility. This spatial pattern is critical for understanding the dynamics of urban
development and commercial viability of these centres. Additionally, the study

147
assesses key factors like marketing strategies, event quality, and prevailing economic
trends to understand their impact on patronage. This involves examining how
effective marketing can attract more visitors, the role of high-quality events in
ensuring repeat patronage, and how economic fluctuations can influence consumer
spending on events. This comprehensive approach allows for a deeper understanding
of the factors that drive the success and popularity of event centres in the city.
Through a multi-objective approach, encompassing identification of
geographic distribution, analysis of influencing factors, assessment of patronage
trends, exploration of factors impacting patronage, and investigation of location-
patronage correlation, this research has contributed valuable insights to the
understanding of Event Centers in the city. The geographic distribution analysis
revealed clustering patterns that reflect the interplay between urban planning,
accessibility, and Event Center concentration. The factors influencing location
decisions highlighted the strategic considerations Event Centers owners weigh,
including audience proximity, accessibility, and surrounding amenities. Patronage
analysis uncovered trends in the number of visitors, showcasing the dynamic nature of
event attendance. Furthermore, factors influencing patronage emphasized the role of
accessibility and the event experience. The study's key finding, the positive
correlation between location and patronage, underscores the critical nature of location
decisions. Finally, the recommendations offer actionable insights for Event Centers
managers, suggesting a comprehensive approach to location strategies that considers
accessibility, amenities, and evolving market dynamics.
This research makes significant contributions to the field of urban geography
by providing in-depth insights into how event centres are distributed in Calabar
Metropolis, how urban planning impacts this distribution, and how various factors
148
influence consumer behavior towards these centres. The study’s conclusions are not
just academic; they offer practical recommendations for urban planners and
policymakers. These recommendations are geared towards improving urban planning
strategies, taking into account the real-world implications of event centre distribution
and patronage patterns, thereby fostering more effective and efficient urban
development in Calabar Metropolis.
5.2 Recommendation
Based on the findings from your study, here are some recommendations:
1. Urban Planning and Development: Enhance urban planning strategies to
incorporate the identified factors influencing event centre locations, such as
proximity to major roads and safety considerations. This could involve zoning
policies that consider these factors and encourage balanced urban
development.
2. Marketing and Event Management: Develop targeted marketing strategies for
event centres, taking into account the diverse demographic preferences and
fluctuating patronage trends. Emphasizing event quality and diversifying event
offerings could help cater to the varying interests of different age groups and
social backgrounds.
3. Transport and Accessibility: Improve transportation and accessibility to event
centres, especially those located away from major roads. This could involve
better public transport connections or partnerships with transportation services
to enhance accessibility.
4. Cultural and Community Engagement: While the study found lower emphasis
on cultural significance in location selection, there is an opportunity to

149
integrate local culture into event centres. This could involve hosting culturally
relevant events or incorporating local art and traditions into the event spaces.
5. Safety and Security Enhancements: Given the importance of safety and
security, initiatives to enhance these aspects at event centres should be
prioritized. This can include better security personnel, surveillance systems,
and emergency response plans.
6. Adaptive Business Strategies: For new and existing event centres, adapting to
the dynamic market conditions, economic changes, and emerging competitors
is crucial. This might involve innovating in event types, leveraging technology
for better customer experience, or exploring new business models.
7. Research and Continuous Monitoring: Conduct ongoing research to monitor
changes in patronage patterns, demographic preferences, and urban
development trends. This can aid in making informed decisions and staying
responsive to market dynamics.
These recommendations aim to optimize the functioning and success of event
centres in Calabar Metropolis, addressing both the current needs and future prospects.
5.3 Conclusion
This study conducted on the locational pattern and patronage of event centres
in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria, has yielded significant insights that are instrumental
for understanding the dynamics of event centre utilization in the area. The
comprehensive data collection and analysis, including aspects such as distribution of
event centres, frequency and timing of visits, distances traveled by patrons, and the
correlation between these factors, provide a robust foundation for drawing conclusive
observations. Firstly, the study has highlighted the distribution pattern of event
150
centres and a clear correlation between the proximity of event centres to patrons and
the frequency of their visits. This finding underscores the crucial role of accessibility
in determining patronage levels. Event centres situated closer to potential patrons see
higher and more consistent visitation rates, emphasizing the importance of strategic
location in the planning and development of such venues.
Furthermore, the analysis of visitation patterns reveals a preference for event
attendance during specific times, particularly in the evenings and on public holidays.
This pattern reflects not only the lifestyle and work schedules of the populace but also
the cultural and social inclinations towards leisure and entertainment activities during
these periods. Additionally, the diverse range of events attracting patrons, from
cultural and social events to business and entertainment activities, signifies a vibrant
demand for a variety of event types. This diversity presents opportunities for event
planners and centre managers to cater to a broad spectrum of interests and preferences
within the community. The strong negative correlation identified between the distance
of event centres from patrons and the frequency of visits further strengthens the
argument for the strategic positioning of such facilities. It becomes evident that to
maximize patronage, event centres need to be not only accessible but also aligned
with the demographic and socio-economic patterns of the target audience.
In conclusion, the study on the locational pattern and patronage of event
centres in Calabar Metropolis offers valuable insights for urban planners,
policymakers, and event centre managers. It highlights the need for thoughtful
consideration of location, accessibility, and the diverse interests of the community in
the planning and development of event centres. This study contributes significantly to
understanding the dynamics of event centre patronage in an urban Nigerian context

151
and lays the groundwork for future initiatives aimed at enhancing the vibrancy and
viability of such venues in Calabar Metropolis and beyond.

152
REFERENCES
Adeniyi, S. (2013). Nigeria development in the area of event management. Lagos:

Elukan press.
Adenula, S. &Denyyola, D. (2017). The political economy of event centres and

halls in the third world. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(3), 331–358.
Agbayekhai, I. A., Ishola, A. O., Jegede, G. P. &Oyinkolade, T. E. (2015).

Volumetric analysis of tourism and event centres in ecotourism sites of
Cross River state, Nigeria. Journal of Tourism and Event Management
Research, 1(1), 135–154.
Ajayi, J. & Amole, P. (2021). The Concept of a event centres area cycle of
evolution: Implication for management of tourism. Canadian
Geographer, 24(1), 5–12.
Ajayi, J. (2018). Event centres and development: A case study of the Common
Wealth Caribbean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ajayi, O., & Abina, B. M. (2022). Role of Innovation and New Product
Development for Swift Recovery in Hospitality Industry in Nigeria. In
The Emerald Handbook of Destination Recovery in Tourism and
Hospitality (pp. 73-83). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Akpama, I. (2018). Cultural Festivals and Event Center Patronage in Nigeria. Cultural
Studies Journal, 22(3), 225-242.
Akpanke, E. (2018). Social Planning for event centres in the developing

countries. Annals of events Research, 6(1), 36–48.
Alsalloum, A. (2023). Preserving and Celebrating Syrian Intangible Cultural Heritage

in the UK: Strategies, Insights, and Untold Narratives. Heritage, 6(10), 6718-
6744.
Alsavada, M. O., & Karimi, K. (2023). The Spatio-Functional Role of Navigable

Urban Canals in the City: Cases From London and Amsterdam. Urban
Planning, 8(3), 438-454.
Anderson, E. E. & Gertz, K. (2010). Event centre policies in developing

countries. In S. Medlik (Ed.), Managing Tourism (pp. 269–278). Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann.
Anderson, E. E., & Solberg, T. E. (2009). Assessing the seasonal patterns of

visitors arrivals as an index for hotel industry and event centres growth in
Calabar, Nigeria. Journal of Tourism and Management Research, 2(3),
135–146.
153
Anderson, T. and Getz, D. (2010). Event management as a mixed industry:

differences between private, public and not‐for‐profit festivals. Tourism
Management, Vol. 30 No. 6, pp. 847‐56.
Anderson, T.D. and Solberg, H.A. (2009). Leisure events and regional economic
impact.World Leisure and Recreation, Vol. 41 No. 10, pp. 20‐8.
Andrew, E. H., & Ekpenyong, I. (2012). Promoting culture and tourism in Nigeria
through Calabar Festival and Carnival Calabar. Mediterranean Journal of
Social Sciences, 3(3), 287-294.
Aniette, E. I., (2013). Seasonal changes on event centres patronage in Cross

River State, Nigeria. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and
Recreation, 2(2), 19–30.
Anttiroiko, A. V. (2015). City branding as a response to global intercity competition.

Growth and change, 46(2), 233-252.
Arcodia, C. &Whitford, M. (2006). Festival attendance and the development of

social capital” Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 8(2), 1‐18.
Ashworth, G., & Page, S. J. (2011). Urban tourism research: Recent progress and
current paradoxes. Tourism Management, 32(1), 1-15.
Attania, D. R. (2013). Ecotourism in the Danube Delta. The Tourist Review,

48(3), 11–13.
Awara, K. M. (2010). Non-metro event countries; their identiﬁcation and rapid

growth. Rural America, 17(4), 20–29.
Barma, N., Kaiser, K., & Le, T. M. (Eds.). (2012). Rents to riches?: The political
economy of natural resource-led development. World Bank Publications.
Bassey, P. K.,Okon, G. &Umorok, L. B. (2011). Locational positioning of

events hall: Their identiﬁcation and rapid growth. Rural America, 14(8),
12–19.
Beamy, J. (2009). The event management industries: Understanding the impact

of leisure and travel. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
Belium, M. (2017). Event and recreation development: A Handbook of physical

planning. London: ACBI publishers Co., Inc.
Bell, D., & Jayne, M. (2006). Small cities: Urban experience beyond the metropolis.
Routledge.
Bereitschaft, B., & Scheller, D. (2020). How might the COVID-19 pandemic affect
21st century urban design, planning, and development?.Urban science, 4(4),
56.
154
Beyer, R. C., Jain, T., & Sinha, S. (2023). Lights out? COVID-19 containment
policies and economic activity. Journal of Asian Economics, 85, 101589.
Boo, S., Wang, Q. & Yu, L. (2011), Residents’ support of mega‐events: a re ‐
examination. Event Management. 15 (3). 215‐232.
Bowdin, J. P., Allen, H., Harris, B. & McDonnell, T. J. (2006), “A framework

for the analysis of major special events”, in Burns, J.P.A., Hatch, J.H.
and Mules, T.J. (Eds), The Adelaide Grand Prix. Papers of the Australian
Travel Research Workshop: The Impact and Marketing of Special
Events, Australian Standing Committee on Tourism, Mount Buffalo, Vic,
pp. 1‐14.
Brown, C. (2018). Event Centers and Their Role in Urban Life. Urban Affairs
Review, 42(3), 201-218.
Campanella, R. (2002). Time and place in New Orleans: Past geographies in the
present day. Pelican Publishing.
Chalip, L., &Leyns, A. (2002). Local business leveraging of a sport event: Managing
an event for economic benefit. Journal of Sport Management, 16(2), 132-158.
Chalkley, B., & Essex, S. (1999). Urban development through hosting international
events: a history of the Olympic Games. Planning perspectives, 14(4), 369-
394.
Chen, D., et al. (2018). Accessibility and Location Choice of Event Centers.
International Journal of Urban Planning, 10(1), 78-94.
Chen, J., Gan, Z., Li, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Tao, X., & Zhu, M. (2023).
Comprehensive strength evaluation system of commercial centres based on
multi-source data: a case of Hefei central city. Scientific Reports, 13(1),
17082.
Chen, Y., Qu, L. E. I., & Spaans, M. (2013). Framing the long-term impact of mega-
event strategies on the development of Olympic host cities. Planning Practice
& Research, 28(3), 340-359.
Colia, D. and Palio, R. (2013). The role of purchase decision involvement in a

special event. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3). 357‐66.
Cudny, W. (2016). Festivalisation of urban spaces: Factors, processes and effects.

Springer.
Dolapo, D. W. (2011). indoor celebrations and rural development. In G. E.

Machlis& D. R. Field (Eds.), National events and rural development:
Practice and policy in the United States (pp. 33–49). Washington, DC:
Island Press.
155
Duignan, M. B., &Pappalepore, I. (2023). How do Olympic cities strategically

leverage new urban tourism? evidence from Tokyo. Tourism Geographies,
25(2-3), 425-449.
Edward, M., (2018). Event centres and sustainability: New tourism in the third
world. London: Routledge. Roberts, K. (2006). Leisure in contemporary
society (2nd ed.). Oxford: Shire Uk.
Elange, A. (2018). Factors affecting the choice of event hall providers: A

conceptual model. In 2nd global conference on business. Economics,
management and sustainability, 30–31 October, Prague Czech Republic.
Enahre, D. (2015). Costumers and patrons characteristics in event management

business. Research Journal in Organizational Psychology and Education
Studies, 2(2), 60–66.
Eneyo, V. B. (2018). The distribution of hospitality services in Uyo Urban, Nigeria.

Journal of Tourism and Heritage Studies, 7(2), 137-149.
Eneyo, V. B., Attah, F. M., Antai, A. S., Adie, H. I., &Ochiche, C. A. (2022).
Tourism Viability Status of Kwa Falls Ecotourism Site of Aningeje Rural
Community, Cross River State, Nigeria. Environment and Ecology
Research, 10(2), 125-132.
Eneyo, V. B., Attah, F. M., Ekong, M. O., Offiong, E. E., Ekpo, E. E., Antai, A. S.,
Obi, F. B., & Essien, D. A. (2022). Marketing Strategies of Niche Tourism
Products: A Case Study of Iboku Boat Regatta Practised by the Efik People of
South Eastern Nigeria. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure,
11, 541-554.
Eneyo, V. B., Oba, D. O., Ochiche, C. A., Essien, D. A., &Antai, A. S. (2021).
Economic impacts of curfew imposition on the nightclub industry in Calabar
Metropolis, Nigeria. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure,
10(3), 955-971.
Eneyo, V. B., Ushie, M. A., Akeh, L. B., Udonwa, R. E., Esuabana, S. B., Idika,
D. O., ... &Antai, A. S. (2022). Analysis of Geographical Distribution and
Patronage of Fast Food in Calabar Urban, Nigeria.
Eneyo, V.B., Ushie, M.A., Akeh, L.B., Udonwa, R.E., Esuabana, S.B., Idika, D.O.,
Itu, P. O. &Antai, A.S. (2022).Analysis of Geographical Distribution and
Patronage of Fast Food in Calabar Urban, Nigeria. African Journal of
Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 11(6):1969-1989. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.336
Esekong, R. J., & Andrew, M. S. (2012). Understanding Community Attitudes

towards Tourism, events planning and Host-Guest Interaction in the
Urban-Rural Border Region. Tourism and event centres Geographies,
8(2), 182–204.
156
Etang, T., &Mieler, T. E. (2016). Problems of patronage and productivity of

events centres and hall in Lagos. An Indian Journal, 7(5), 123–131.
Etim, F. (2019). The Influence of Cultural Heritage on Event Center Locations.

Heritage Studies Journal, 31(4), 312-330.
Filimonau, V., Matute, J., Mika, M., Kubal-Czerwińska, M., Krzesiwo, K., &
Pawłowska-Legwand, A. (2022). Predictors of patronage intentions
towards ‘green’hotels in an emerging tourism market. International
Journal of Hospitality Management, 103, 103221.
Forounzande, K.F., &Motallebi, K.M. (2012), “Event tourism: an examination of

motivations and activities”, Festival Management & Event Tourism, 3(1),
15‐24.
Garcia, M., & Martinez, R. (2019). The Impact of Event Center Location on Urban
Development. Journal of Urban Studies, 28(4), 321-339.
Gertz, D. (2014). A Psycho- Geographical Analysis of Event centres in

Ogbonnoso, Nigeria. Researchon communities and social science, 3(22),
25 -33.
Gilbert, R. (2014). Strategic planning before and after a mega ‐event. The Hotur:
Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Tourism & Hotel
Management, 18(3),167‐76.
Gratton, C., Shibli, S., & Coleman, R. (2006). The economic impact of major sports
events: a review of ten events in the UK. The Sociological Review,
54(2_suppl), 41-58.
Gurant, P. O. (2016). Events and problems of patronage in Nigeria: strategies for

prevention. Journal of Nigeria Association of events management, 6 (2):
1-5.
Guy, G. (2022). Theatre as Installation in the Syndemic Architectures of Rimini

Protokoll and Battersea Arts Centre. Theatre Journal, 74(3), 277-301.
Hall, C. M., & Page, S. J. (2014). The geography of tourism and recreation:
Environment, place and space. Routledge.
Henderson, M. (2020). Accessibility and Event Center Success: A Case Study. Urban
Development Research, 27(1), 45-62.
Higazi, I. (2011). Hospitality industry in Nigeria: Prospects and challenges in
developing tourism. Journal African Hospitality and Tourism, 11(3), 23-
26.
Hiller, H. H. (2000). Mega‐events, urban boosterism and growth strategies: an

analysis of the objectives and legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic
Bid. International journal of urban and regional research, 24(2), 449-458.
157
Hu, Y., Gao, S., Janowicz, K., Yu, B., Li, W., & Prasad, S. (2015). Extracting and
understanding urban areas of interest using geotagged photos. Computers,
Environment and Urban Systems, 54, 240-254.
Huhena, O. O (2016). City positioning and events management: Some
Implications for the Third Millennium. Global Journal of Social Sciences
2(1) :21-26
Jha, A. K., Miner, T. W., & Stanton-Geddes, Z. (Eds.). (2013). Building urban
resilience: principles, tools, and practice. World Bank Publications.
Johnson, L., et al. (2019). Global Event Patronage: Trends and Influences. Journal of
Global Tourism Research, 12(1), 56-72.
Jones, R., et al. (2017). Urbanization and Event Center Locations: A Comparative
Analysis. International Journal of Urban Development, 9(3), 287-305.
Jude, J., Mapherca, G. &Yulina, P. (2017). Economic and tourism expectations

of the event centress– a resident perspective. Journal of Sport and
Tourism, 16(1) pp. 5‐32.
Kellet, M. J., & Rofe, C. H. (2009), Events coordination : The Impact of Mega‐
Events on Local Politics. Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO.
Kim, S., & Kim, J. (2020). Cultural Influences on Event Center Siting: A
Comparative Study. Journal of Cultural Geography, 36(2), 167-185.
Kong, L. (2007). Cultural icons and urban development in Asia: Economic

imperative, national identity, and global city status. Political Geography,
26(4), 383-404.
Lachowycz, T. (2013). Economic impact of festival events. Annals of Tourism

Research, 19(4), 700‐710.
Latham, A., McCormack, D., McNamara, K., & McNeill, D. (2008). Key concepts in
urban
geography. Sage.
Lee, H., & Kim, Y. (2021). The Geography of Event Centers in Major Cities.
International Journal of Urban Studies, 34(4), 410-428.
Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Han, F., & Zhao, Y. (2023). A geographical
perspective on the formation of urban nightlife landscape. Humanities and
Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-15.
Logan, B. and Mawel, T. (2010), “Event analysis: understanding the divide

between cost benefit and economic impact assessment”, Events Beyond
2000: Setting the Agenda, Proceedings of Conference on Event
Evaluation, Research and Education, Sydney, July, pp. 46‐51.
Mair, J., &Whittford, I. (2013). Festival & Special Event Management.

Australia: John Wiley & Sons.
158
Manseld, J. A. (2006), “Analysing special events with illustrations from the 1985
Adelaide Grand Prix”, The Impact and Marketing of Special Events:
Papers of the Australian Travel Research Workshop: Mt Buffalo Chalet,
Australia, Australian Standing Committee on Tourism, Canberra, pp. 1‐
14.
Marcuse, P., & Van Kempen, R. (Eds.). (2011). Globalizing cities: a new spatial
order?. John Wiley & Sons.
Mazilu, M., Niță, A., Drăguleasa, I. A., & Mititelu-Ionuș, O. (2023). Fostering Urban
Destination Prosperity through Post COVID-19 Sustainable Tourism in
Craiova, Romania. Sustainability, 15(17), 13106.
McAdams, M. (2007). Global cities as centers of cultural influence: A focus on

Istanbul, Turkey. Transtext(e)s Transcultures 跨文本跨文化 . Journal of
Global Cultural Studies, (3), 151-165.
Mojekwu, N. M., &Anyafulu, F. L. (2014). Estimating the Economic Impact of

Event Tourism. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 8(4), 63-79.
Morrison, J., Rummington, G. & Williams, A. (1999), “Mega‐events and urban

renewal: the case of the Manchester 2002 commonwealth games”, Event
Management, 8(1),15‐22.
Murphy, K., Torres, E., Ingram, W., & Hutchinson, J. (2018). A review of high
performance work practices (HPWPs) literature and recommendations for
future research in the hospitality industry. International Journal of
Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(1), 365-388.
Mustapha, A., Fakokunde, C. &Awolusi, S. (2014). Spectators’ characteristics

and economic impact of local events: a case study of Cedar Valley
Moonlight Classic Soccer Tournament. World Leisure Journal, 48(3),
45‐53.
Nathan, S., & Palina, H. (2009). International culture centre activity on region
economy. Vadyba Journal of Management, 2 (19),123-129
Nwosu, A. E., & Ajani, U. Y. Effects of Location on the Performance of Event

Halls in Akure, Nigeria.
Obijuru, C. C. (2023). The politics of cultural tourism in Nigeria: People, culture and
power in the Calabar Festival (Doctoral dissertation, Brunel University
London).
Obijuru, C. C. (2023). The politics of cultural tourism in Nigeria: People, culture

and power in the Calabar Festival (Doctoral dissertation, Brunel
University London).
159
Oden, I., & Patrick, G. (2017). Economic assessment of event centre activity
impact in Latvia. Case study: Dzintari concert hall. Conference
proceedings of Ernestas Galvanauskas International Scientific
Conference Economics and management: Current Issues and
Perspectives”, 20 November, 2017. ISSN 1648-9098
Ogaboh Agba, A. M., Ikoh, M. U., Bassey, A. O., &Ushie, E. M. (2010). Tourism
industry impact on Efik's culture, Nigeria. International Journal of Culture,
Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(4), 355-365.
Oh, K., & Jeong, S. (2007). Assessing the spatial distribution of urban parks using
GIS. Landscape and urban planning, 82(1-2), 25-32.
Okafor, D. (2018). Event management and Event tourism. New York: Cognizant
Corporations
Okupe, A., Ward, T., & Adeola, O. (2018). Enhancing Hospitality and Tourism
Industry Competitiveness in Sub-Saharan Africa: Emerging Trends,
Challenges and Strategies. Africa’s competitiveness in the global
economy, 137-167.
Olatunji, R. A., & Yetunde, J. J. (2014). Events and Tourism: the Business of
Travel (4th Ed.) Pearson Education Limited. London: Pearson Prentice
Hall.
Omoleke, C., (2012). Tourism, Principles and practice. Essex: Pearson Prentice
Hall.
Onyeisi, U., et al. (2020). Economic Activities and Corporate Event Demand.
Economic Studies, 18(2), 176-194.
Oscar, G. (2018) Events design and experience. Oxford: Butterworth-

Heinemann.
Picard, D., & Robinson, M. (2006). Remaking worlds: Festivals, tourism and change.
In Festivals, tourism and social change: Remaking worlds (Vol. 8, pp. 1-31).
Channel View Publications.
Potok, I. (2023). Prevention of Cognitive Impairments Through Architectural Design:

Graduation Studio Designing for Health &Care’Towards a Healthy and
Inclusive Living Environment’.
Poulain, J. P., Laporte, C., Tibère, L., Mognard, E., Ragavan, N. A., Zadeh, A. A., &
Noor, I. M. (2020). Malaysian Food Barometer (MFB): a study of the impact
of compressed modernisation on food habits. Malaysian Journal of nutrition,
26(1).
Preuss, H., & Solberg, H. A. (2013). Attracting major sporting events: The role of
local residents. In The Impact and Evaluation of Major Sporting Events (pp.
79-99). Routledge.
160
Rojek, C. (2013). Event power: How global events manage and manipulate (pp. 1-
216). Sage.
Setera, G. A. (2018) Events management. 3rd ed. London: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Smith, A. (2012). Events and urban regeneration: The strategic use of events to
revitalise
cities. Routledge.
Smith, A. (2017). Urban Event Center Placement: Strategies for Success. Urban
Planning Journal, 15(2), 45-62.
Sotoudehnia, J. J. (2013) The complete guide to careers in special events: step toward
success! New York: Wiley.
Swart, R., Smitt, T. & Christenson, L. (2005). Marketing destinations and venues for
conferences, conventions and business events: a convention and event
perspective. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Tawney, C. B. (2020). Urban Tourism Economies and the Global Commodification of

Place: Typologies of Shopping Streets in Tokyo and New York City (Doctoral
dissertation, Pratt Institute).
Ubi, N., & Egbe, O. (2017). Tourism and Event Centers: A Case Study of Calabar
Carnival. Tourism Research, 14(2), 120-138.
Un-Habitat. (2012). State of the World's Cities 2008/9: Harmonious Cities.

Routledge.
White, J. T., Hickie, J., Orr, A., Jackson, C., & Richardson, R. (2023). The experience
economy in UK city centres: A multidimensional and interconnected
response to the ‘death of the high street’? Urban Studies. Advance online
publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221143043
White, T., & Black, S. (2022). The Geography of Large Event Centers. Journal of
Urban Geography, 40(1), 78-94.
Wikipedia online Encyclopedia (2018). Events management: an international

approach.
Wilson, E., & Williams, P. (2020). Patronage Trends of Event Centers in Diverse
Communities. Urban Dynamics, 25(3), 88-105.
Zhou, J., & Wang, P. (2023). Unveiling Urban Interactions: Incorporating the
Elements of Knowledge, Community, and Innovation in the Built
Environment’s Choreography. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. Advance
online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-00952-7

Spatial Distribution of Event Centres in Calabar

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Spatial Distribution of Event Centres in Calabar

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

1.1 Background to the study

The terrain of urban development and social infrastructure, particularly in

vibrant metropolises around the globe, has undergone a remarkable metamorphosis

McNeill,2008). Event centres, expanding beyond their traditional role as gathering

geographical patterns can be observed and understood (Ashworth & Page,2011;

Metropolis, Nigeria, offering an in-depth analysis from 2018 to 2022.

As Mazilu, Niță, Drăguleasa& Mititelu-Ionuș, (2023) and Campanella, (2002)

understanding these dynamics.

From an architectural standpoint, event centres significantly contribute to city

consumer behaviours and economic stratification, acting as barometers for economic

health in urban settings.

reveals a complex interplay of urban geographical patterns, shaped by factors such as

historical trends, socio-economic forces, accessibility, demographics, and proximity

centres are strategically positioned to maximise accessibility and visibility,

The study of Calabar Metropolis in Nigeria presents a unique context. Despite

its growing urbanisation and socio-economic significance, there is a notable lack of

location of event centres in Calabar, considering local tourism geography and

on popularity and usage. The outcomes of this research are anticipated to be

instrumental in guiding urban planning and development strategies, not only in

1.2 Statement of Problem

distribution and patronage of event centres in Calabar, underlining their unique

geographical and cultural context.

Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria presents a distinctive urban landscape for this

burgeoning economic activities, making it a compelling subject for geographical and

Again, the geographical positioning of event centres within Calabar’s urban

patronage and urban identity (McAdams , 2007;Tawney , 2020; Kong , 2007;

proximity to transport hubs, and amenities in shaping patronage levels.

The research is positioned to provide in-depth academic insights and practical

this study will contribute significantly to the broader understanding of urban

geography and tourism dynamics in developing urban landscapes, thus bridging an

important gap in urban geographical research.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study

of event centres in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. The specific objectives are as

4. To analyse the patronage trends at event centres from 2018 to 2022.

5. To investigate the correlation relationship between the annual number of event

6. To provide recommendations for future location strategies based on the findings

1.4 Hypotheses of the Study

In exploring the locational attern and patronage of event centres in Calabar

Metropolis, Nigeria, the study is underpinned by the following hypotheses:

H0: The distribution of event centres in Calabar Metropolis is not significantly

different from a random distribution.

H1: The distribution of event centres in Calabar Metropolis is significantly different

from a random distribution.

H0: There is no significant influence of factors such as proximity to major roads/other

services, safety and security, availability of parking, cultural significance, economic

HI:There is a significant influence of factors such as proximity to major roads/other

services, safety and security, availability of parking, cultural significance, economic

H0:There is no significant change in patronage trends at event centres from 2018 to

HI:There is a significant change in patronage trends at event centres from 2018 to

H0:The frequency of visits to event centres in Calabar Metropolis does not

HI:The frequency of visits to event centres in Calabar Metropolis significantly differs

between different time (example: public holidays, weekdays, etc.).

H0:There is no statistically significant correlation between the annual number of event

H0:There is a statistically significant correlation between the annual number of event

1.5 Significance of the Study

The research on locational pattern and patronage of event centres in Calabar

Metropolis, Nigeria stands as a pivotal contribution in multiple realms: academic,

urban planning, economic, social-cultural, and notably, tourism. Its significance is

multifaceted, as detailed below. Therefore, from an academic perspective, this study

enhance accessibility, and improve overall urban functionality. This is particularly

relevant in emerging economies where urban development needs to be both strategic

The study's relevance extends into the economicdomain. Understanding the

making informed decisions about location and development, potentially leading to