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“Parental Involvement and Students’ Academic Performance in One Catholic School”

Chapter 1:

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

Parental Involvement and Students’ Academic Performance. Despite with the common assumption that greater

parental participation usually produces better results, there might be a variety of ways in which parental

involvement negatively affects children academic performance. Negative parental involvement can have a

several negative outcomes, such as too much pressure, overprotected, high expectations. Too much pressure can

negatively impact a student’s academic performance, For example, Research has been found that too much

academic pressure on a child can lead to negative outcome "a rise in the frequency of mental and physical

issues such as anxiety, nervousness, depression, and disorders linked to stress," which can affect the

academic performance (Xiaodong Zhang 2022). Over parenting, Research indicate that excessive parenting is

linked to many children problems, with disturbed mental well-being as among the most frequently noted effects

(Chris Segrin 2023). To lessen the impacts of pressure towards the child is to promote open communication or

communicate with your child this helps the parents to understand their child’s pressure by communicating with

them and to add a parent should set a realistic expectations rather than high expectation towards the child.

To solve over parenting a parent should offer space and trust, which can help the child develop him and

prepare for the real world and to add limit criticizing your child because it can harm the student’s

confidence.

Parental involvement for students can have a huge positive impact in the student’s life for the reason is

it leads to a better outcome for the child indulging in more academic performances and more improved social

and emotional skills and higher self-esteem compared to those students parents that doesn’t involves

themselves in their child's academic performances (Magda D. Mendez (2022). Parental involvement can be

defined as interaction between parents and children at home or in the school to make sure that their children

academic performance is going well.

When it comes to parenting, there is a great deal of diversity among families the makeup of a family

and the way that children are raised are significantly influenced by their cultural backgrounds. A shared

pattern of social conventions, values, language, and conduct among people is referred to as a culture. As a
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result, parents are affected by their culture. Parenting styles differ among cultures when it comes to

encouraging self-regulation in terms of focus, compliance, delay of gratification, executive function, and

effortful control. Every parent has a particular method for directing and connecting with their children.

Morals, values, and actions among children are usually developed by this interaction. Parenting styles have

been categorized by different investigators into three, four, five, or more psychological categories. Each

category uses a different strategy for how parents bring up their kids. Generally, each parent will fall into

one of these categories and sometimes have some characteristics from another category. Parenting style can

also be situation-dependent. Here are some examples of parenting styles (1) Authoritarian Parenting - Parents

with this technique typically communicate in a one-sided manner, imposing severe rules that the child must

follow. There is little to no room for discussion from the child, and the restrictions are rarely expressed.

They expect their children to uphold these standards while making no errors in their behavior. Mistakes

generally result in punishment. Authoritarian parents are typically less nurturing and have high demands with

limited flexibility. (2) Authoritative Parenting - This type of parenting usually develops a close nurturing

relationship with their children. This type of parenting has a clear goal and guideline for their child and

explains their reasons associated with their discipline. Disciplinary methods are also used as a way of

support instead of punishment. In general this type of parenting leads to the healthiest outcome among the 4

parenting style but this type of parenting requires a lot of patience. (3) Permissive Parenting - This

parenting tends to be warm and, nurturing and usually have minimal expectations on their children. These

types of parents implement very limited strict rules on their children. Resulting in their children being

more open to them compared to those strict parents and they allow their child to figure things out on their

own. These low levels of expectations leads to rarely disciplining their children. (4) Uninvolved Parenting -

their children are given a lot of freedom compared to those other children for this type of parenting usually

stays out the way. They fulfill their child's basic needs while keeping distance on their child's life. An

Uninvolved parent doesn’t have a good communication with their child. They provide little care to their

children and have little or no expectations of them. Pupils with parents who actively participated in their

schooling performed better in terms of compared to their friends whose parents had a better academic

performance, test scores, and school attitudes according to studies that were written up. Students at having

engaged parents benefited children of all ages, but this correlation was strongest for younger pupils.
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This Study was conducted in Our Lady of Victories Academy. Particularly in the elementary

department. This research was during the second semester of the Academic Year 2023-2024.

Conceptual Framework

The researchers of this study are interested to know the impacts of the type of parenting they do

to their child that affect their academic performance on Our Lady of Victories Academy. Parents are the first

teachers and the home is the first school for an individual. Parental involvement is found to be a crucial

factor in academic performance, and it is not influenced by the education, societal standing, or ethnic

background of parents. A definition of parent involvement refers to when parents have constant meaningful,

two-way communication with their children about how they are doing academically and other related to school

activities. However, the concept of parental involvement in education is often discussed in the context of

education policy and law. For example, Republic Act (RA) 11908 or “the Parent Effectiveness Service (PES)

Program Act” and its IRR also seek to protect and promote children's rights, foster positive early childhood

development and advance their educational progress. Parental engagement can take many different forms, such

as supporting their children, assisting them with their homework, participating in extracurricular

activities, monitoring grades, attending parent-teacher meetings, and establishing ethical principles. Thus,

researchers were enlightened that this existing memorandum will cater to and tackle all the necessary

advancements in dealing with Parental involvement in students’ academic activities. Hence, to pursue this

study, researchers will use the Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model to show the interrelationship of the

different variables.

INPUT Process Output

1. What is the profile of the 1. AssessingFeedback

the profile of the
in terms of? in terms of?
1.1 Age 1.1 Age
1.2 Sex 1.2 Sex Assessed Parental
1.3 Grade Level Figure 1. Research Paradigm
1.3 Grade Level of the Study
Involvement and Students
Academic Performance in
2. What is the
Figure academic
1. The 2. the
paradigm of the study shows Assessing the academic
interrelationship of the variables. Our Lady of Victories
performance of the performance of the Academy.
respondent’s child? respondent’s child?
The input will be the profile of the respondents in terms of parents and students of Our Lady of
Proposed that will
3. Assessing the significance
Victories Academy involvement in their academic performance such as assisting them and the maximize Parental
types of parenting
relationship between the Involvement which will
academic performance of the increase Students’
styles that they are using.
child and the extent of Academic Performance.
parenting involvement of the
respondents.
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The process will be assessing the profile of the respondents in terms of parents and students of

Our Lady of Victories Academy. Assessing a parental involvement influences the students’ academic development

through responsive parenting practices, and assessing prenatal involvement improves the relationship of

student and teacher.

The output will be the assessed parental involvement and students’ academic performance in our lady

of victories academy.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this research was to see how Our Lady of Victories Academy parents used their

preferred Parenting Styles to affect child academic performance.

1. What is the profile of the in terms of?

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Grade Level

2. What is the academic performance of the respondents’ children?

3. To what extent is the parenting involvement of the respondents?

4. Is there a significance relationship between the academic performance of the child and the extent of

parenting involvement of the respondents?

5. What measures can be proposed to improve Parental Involvement and Students Academic Performance in Our

Lady of Victories Academy?

Hypothesis

This study will be guided by a lone hypothesis that:

There is no significance relationship between the academic performance of the child and the extent of

parenting involvement of the respondents.

Significance of the Study

The results of the study will be helpful to the following:

Students. This study will help the Primary Students’ to improve their academic performance since

this will provide information regarding the Parental Involvement and Students’ Academic Performance.
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Parents. This study will help the Parents of the Primary Students ‘to identify the necessary

movements for the different parenting practices in order to lessen the probability of misguided children in

school.

Teacher. This study will help the Teachers to identify the necessary procedures for the outcomes of

students’ academic performance.

School Administration. The study of school administration is significant in making ensuring that

schools give students a comprehensive education that takes into account their intellectual, emotional,

social, and physical needs.

Future Researchers. The result of this research will serve as reference for the upcoming future

researchers who would plan to make any related studies about parenting practices, for this study will provide

a clear and comprehensive conclusion.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study is focused on and limited only on the primary students and parents of Our Lady of

Victories Academy. The study is going to focus on many forms of parental participation, including

participation in school activities, involvement in at-home learning activities for children, and decision-

making by parents. And to add it focuses on the type of parenting does to their children academic

achievement, as well as the role that parental involvement plays in academic achievement. Total of 30

respondents will be administered and 5 from each grade level, and they were selected using a purposive

sampling technique it is taken from one school. The Parental Involvement and Students’ Academic Performance

in One Catholic School. The questionnaires used will be adopted from the study of Laura Smokoska (2020). This

study will use descriptive-correlational design.

Definition of Terms

These keywords can assist readers in comprehending this study by providing important words and

their definitions. This list as follows:

Parental Involvement It refers to the degree which parents are involved is referred to as parental

involvement. Are engaged in their child's education both at home as well as through the interactions they

have with the school. Maintaining an eye on students' grades, staying at home, supporting and assisting

students with their homework, and interacting with teachers are just a few examples.
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Teacher It refers to the person who educates students in principles, knowledge, and abilities. They

typically provide guidance and assistance of the learning process using a variety of instructional methods in

educational settings like schools, colleges, and universities. Teachers often have a significant impact on

the mental, emotional, and social development of their pupils, helping them in gaining both academic

knowledge and useful life skills.

Students’ Academic Performance It refers to the students’ academic performance evaluating their

grades, test results, and overall academic achievements. It serves as an indicator of their achievement and

successes in their studies.

Republic Act (RA) 11908 it refers or aims to assist Filipino parents and parent-substitutes in

strengthening their knowledge and skills in responding to their parental duties and responsibilities, protect

and promote children's rights, foster positive early childhood development and advance their educational

progress.