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v1
x x f xi
v1 t f ti v1 t1
t
t0 t1
v
v1 t1 t0 v2 t2 t1
v
v21
v1 t1 v2 t2 t
t0 t1
v1 t1 t0 v2 t2 t1 t2
vi ti
i
t 0 ti
i
Appendix B: 積分 (Integral)
• 微積分基本定理
x dF ( x)
a
f (t )dt F ( x) F (a)
dx
f ( x)
pf:
F ( x x) F ( x) dF (x)
dF ( x)
lim 假設: f ( x)
dx x 0 x x x dx
x x
x x x x
dF (x) f ( x)dx dF (x) f ( x)dx
x
f ( x) x F ( x) F (a) f ( x)dx
lim f ( x) a
x 0 x
f ( x)
x
用處: 求 a
f (t )dt ? ,要反問甚麼函數微分是
Integral of Polynomial function
tb
How to calculate
ta
f (t ) dt ? for f (t ) t n
(1) 先猜 t n 1 是 f (t ) t n 的微分
(2) 然後作微分計算: t n 1 t n
d n 1
dt
t n 1
(3) 調整常數: t dt d
n
n 1
t n 1 t n 1
(3) 得到公式: t n dt d
n 1 n 1
C
Integral of Trigonometric function
b
Do the integral: a
(cos x)dx ?
d
Sol.: sin x cos x d sin x cos x dx
dx
b b
(cos x)dx d (sin x) sin x a
b
a a
b
Do the integral: a
(sin x)dx ?
d
Sol.: cos x sin x d cos x sin x dx
dx
b b
(sin x)dx d ( cos x) cos x a
b
a a
Integral Table
d x n 1
x n 1 b
x n b
x dx
n
dx n 1 a n 1 a
d
sin x cos x
b
(cos x)dx sin x
b
a
dx a
b
d
cos x sin x (sin x)dx cos x
b
a a
dx
1
ln x
b
b
d 1 dx ln x a
dx x a x
d x
b
x b
e ex e dx e
x
a a
dx
Indefinite Integral
n 1 b n 1
b x x
x dx x dx C
n n
a n 1 a n 1
b 1 1
dx ln x C
b
dx ln x a
a x x
e dx e C
b x x
x b
e dx e
x
a a
積分特殊技巧:變數變換 (change of variables)
dF dF du dF dF du
dF dx dx
dx du dx dx du dx
x2 u ( x2 )
F ( x2 ) F ( x2 ) f (u ( x))u(x)dx
x1 u ( x1 )
f (u )du
用法:
2 練習:
困難處
xdx
x 2
e (1) 令困難處為u 4
x 15
du
x2
1 (2) 寫下u 的公式 (1)
x 1 2
dx 2u1/2
du ux 2 2
e
u
3
2 du 2 xdx
x 1
(3) 將變數 x 換成變數u
u 4
du
u (4) 上下限要跟著換
e
u 1
2
Summary: Natural logarithmic function
Natural Exponential Function
(1) ln( x ) 是 以 e 為基底 的對數函數
d ln x 1 dt
ln( x )
x
且
dx x 1 t
x
(2) e 是 以 e 為基底 的指數函數
且
d x
dx
e ex e dx e C
x x
Displacement and velocity: v
v1
x x f xi
v1 t f ti v1 t1
t
t0 t1
v
v1 t1 t0 v2 t2 t1
v
v21
v1 t1 v2 t2 t
t0 t1
v1 t1 t0 v2 t2 t1 t2
vi ti
i
t 0 ti
i
Summary:
a(t) x(t)
? ?
a(t ) v(t ) x(t )
dv t
a v(t ) v0 a(t )dt
dt 0
dx t
v x(t ) x0 v(t )dt
dt 0
a(t ) 12t 2
(m / s )
x0 0; v0 0
Find the velocity at t = 3s
a) 18m/s
b) 24m/s
c) 36m/s
d) 54m/s
PRS 2-9
a(t ) 12t (m / s )2
x0 0; v0 0
Find the position (x) at t = 2s
a) 10m/s
b) 16m/s
c) 24m/s
d) 36m/s