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Overview
The input–process–output (IPO) model, or input-process-output pattern, is a widely used approach in
Systems at work systems analysis and software engineering for describing the structure of an information processing program or
Types of systems other process. Many introductory programming and systems analysis texts introduce this as the most basic
The input–process–output model
structure for describing a process.[1][2][3][4]
Natural systems
The views differ, in regards to systems thinking.[4] One of such definitions would outline the Input-process-output system, as a structure, would be:
"Systems thinking is the art and science of making reliable inferences about behaviour by developing an increasingly deep understanding of the
understanding of the underlying structure"[7]
Alternatively, it was also suggested that systems are not 'holistic' in the sense of bonding with remote objects (for example: trying to connect a crab,
ozone layer and capital life cycle together).[8]
There are five major categories that are the most cited in information systems literature:[9][10]
A system which has not been created as a result of human interference. Examples of such would be the solar system as well as the human body,
evolving into its current form[9]
A system which has been created as a result of human interference, and is physically identifiable. Examples of such would be various computing
machines, created by human mind for some specific purpose.[9]
A system which has been created as a result of human interference, and is not physically identifiable. Examples of such would be mathematical and
philosophical systems, which have been created by human minds, for some specific purpose.[9]
There are also some social systems, which allow humans to collectively achieve a specific
A system created by humans, and derived from intangible purposes. For example: a family, that is a hierarchy of human relationships, which in essence
create the boundary between natural and human systems.[9]
An organisation with hierarchy, created by humans for a specific purpose. For example: a company, which organises humans together to collaborate and
achieve a specific purpose. The result of this system is physically identifiable.[9] There are, however, some significant links between with previous types.
It is clear that the idea of human activity system (HAS), would consist of a variety of smaller social system, with its unique development and organisation.
Moreover, arguably HASes can include designed systems - computers and machinery. Majority of previous systems would overlap.[10]
There are several key characteristics, when it comes to the fundamental behaviour of any system.
A manufacturing processes that take raw materials as inputs, applies a manufacturing process, and produces manufactured goods as output. The
usage of such systems could help to create stronger human organisations, in terms of company operations in each and every department of the firm,
no matter the size, which . IPOs can also restructure existing static and non-self-regulating systems, which in real world would be used in form of
outsourcing the product fulfilment, due to inefficiency of current fulfilment.[1][13]
Programming [ edit ]
The majority of existing programs for coding, such as Java, Python, C++, would be based upon a deterministic IPO model, with clear inputs coming
from the coder, converting into outputs, such as applications.
A batch transaction processing system, which accepts large volumes of homogeneous transactions, processes it (possibly updating a database), and
produces output such as reports or computations.[4]
An interactive computer program, which accepts simple requests from a user and responds to them after some processing and/or database
accesses.[3]
Scientific [ edit ]
A calculator, which uses inputs, provided by the operator, and processes them into outputs to be used by the operator.
A thermostat, which senses the temperature (input), decides on an action (heat on/off), and executes the action (output).[4][14][13]
Read–eval–print loop
Extract, transform, load
CIPO-model
References [ edit ]
1. ^ a b c Grady, J. O., "System Engineering Planning and Enterprise Identity", 7. ^ B. Richmond: Introduction to Systems Thinking, STELLA®© 1992-1997
Taylor & Francis, 1995 . 8. ^ M. Balle: Managing With Systems Thinking: Making Dynamics Work for
2. ^ Goel, A., "Computer Fundamentals", Pearson Education India, 2010. You in Business Decision Making 1996
3. ^ a b Zelle, J., "Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science, 9. ^ a b c d e f P. B. Checkland: Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. 1981 .
2nd edition", Franklin, Beedle, & Associates, 2010. 10. ^ a b B. Wilson Systems: Concepts, methodologies and applications ( 1984)
4. ^ a b c d e f g h Curry, A. and Flett, P. and Hollingsworth, I., "Managing 11. ^ Patching D. (1990) Practical Soft Systems Analysis
Information and Systems: The Business Perspective", Routledge, 2006. 12. ^ Flynn D.J. (1992) Information Systems Requirements: Determination and
5. ^ Waring A. Practical Systems Thinking, International Thomson Business Analysis
Press: London. (1996) 13. ^ a b Martin C. and Powell P. (1992) Informational Systems. A Management
6. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09- Perspective
11. Retrieved 2015-11-03. 14. ^ "How to Use an IPO Model | Small Business - Chron.com" .
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