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Quarter 2 – Module 4
The Aristotelian and Galilean
Conceptions of Vertical,
Horizontal, and Projectile
Motions
Physical Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 4: The Aristotelian and Galilean Conceptions of Vertical Motion,
Horizontal Motion, and Projectile Motion
First Edition 2020
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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of motion: vertical motion,
horizontal motion, and projectile motion. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
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What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Who was the Italian physicist who played a major role in the scientific
revolution, studied natural forces and conducted theoretical and
experimental work on motions of bodies?
a. Galileo Galilei
b. Isaac Newton
c. Johannes Kepler
d. Tycho Brahe
2. Who claimed that heavy and light objects drop in the same way?
a. Aristotle
b. Copernicus
c. Galileo
d. Ptolemy
3. What are the two classes of motion according to Aristotle?
a. Natural motion and dynamic motion
b. Natural motion and sliding motion
c. Natural motion and violent motion
d. Natural motion and weak motion
4. Which of the following is an example of natural motion according to
Aristotle?
a. A smoke rises.
b. A kicked soccer ball.
c. A pulled bag.
d. A pushed trolley.
5. Which of the following is an example of a violent motion?
a. An air moving upward.
b. A laptop pushed along the table
c. A vase dropped from the window
d. A water falling
6. Sacks of rice are donated during this pandemic. A sack of rice is pulled by a
volunteer to be given to Ezekiel’s family. According to Aristotle, which of the
following is true about this scenario?
a. The sack of rice experiences momentum.
b. The sack of rice experiences a violent motion.
c. The sack of rice experiences projectile motion.
d. The sack of rice experiences a natural motion.
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7. Which of the following agrees with Galileo’s view of motion?
a. The air rises because the sky is its natural state.
b. The cotton ball will be as fast as the metal ball if dropped in a
vacuum.
c. The natural tendency of a mobile phone dropped from a certain height
is to go back to Earth, its natural state.
d. The 5.0kg boulder will stop midway when dropped to the sea.
8. What is true about Aristotle’s theory of motion?
a. Objects fall faster in air than water.
b. The fall of heavy object toward the center of the earth is a violent
motion.
c. The increase in the rate of motion is inversely proportional to the
weight of the object.
d. The object will continue to move even without an external force
applied.
9. What is the belief of Galileo on an object in uniform motion?
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13. Which of the following objects A, B, or C with masses 3 kg, 6 kg, and 9 kg
respectively will reach the ground first neglecting air resistance?
a. Object A will reach the ground first.
b. Object B will reach the ground first.
c. Object C will reach the ground first.
d. The three objects will reach the ground at the same time.
14. Which of the following is true about the projectile of an arrow when shot?
a. It rises because its particles are mostly air.
b. It has continued applied force from the person who shot the arrow.
c. It has both uniform motion and uniformly accelerating motion.
d. It creates a vacuum that sucks air in, and the air pushes the arrow.
15. Jamir and Jake are flying their kites. While running fast, Jamir accidentally
released his kite. He watched it as it slowly rises in the air. According to
Aristotle, which of the following statements is true about the situation?
a. The kite experienced a free fall motion.
b. The kite experienced a violent motion.
c. The kite experienced a projectile motion.
d. The kite experienced a natural motion
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What’s In
To get started, you have to choose the terms or names of persons related
to motion from the WORD POOL below. List down these words/names on the
table and write what you know about it.
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What’s New
Activity 1.1
The timeline below shows the different personalities involved in the Ancient Greek
Astronomy and during the time of Galileo and Isaac Newton.
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One such philosophical concept held is the philosophy behind motion in two
particular points, namely, the existence of one unifying explanation for the
horizontal and vertical motions and how projectile motions can be derived from the
two and the quantification of the “rate of fall” or “acceleration”.
Aristotle held that the Universe was divided into two regions, the terrestrial
region and the celestial region. He also divided motion into two main classes which
are natural motion and violent motion. On the other hand, Galileo Galilei believed
that a projectile motion is a combination of uniform motion in the horizontal
direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction.
What is It
1. Vertical Motion
Vertical motion is referred to as natural motion. In a natural motion, the
object will move and will return to its natural state based on the object's material
or composition - earth, water, air, and fire.
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2. Horizontal Motion
An object moving in a violent motion requires push or pull to maintain
horizontal motion. Motion continues only so long as there is an applied force to an
object. When the force is removed, motion stops.
3. Projectile Motion
Aristotle believed that the projectile motion of an object is parallel to the
ground until it is the object's time to fall back into the ground. An impetus will be
kept by the object until such time that the initial force is forgotten, and the object
returns to its natural state to stop moving and fall to the ground.
He viewed projectile motion as natural and violent motion. He said that
heavy objects fall faster than light ones.
A notorious problem for the Aristotelian view was why arrows shot from
a bow continued to fly through the air after they had left the bow
and the string was no longer applying force to them.
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Aristotle's Explanation:
• Initial motive force transfers to the medium initially surrounding the object
a "power" to act as a motive force.
Air flow
• Medium then forces object into new region, which is then imparted with
the "power" to act.
Power transfer
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2. Horizontal Motion
An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion, and an
external force is not necessary to maintain the motion. If the Earth’s surface is very
flat and extended infinitely, objects that are pushed will not be impeded. Thus, the
objects will continue to move. This kind of motion, however, is not evident in
nature.
For example, if a ball is pushed on an infinitely flat plane, the ball will continue to
roll if unimpeded.
3. Projectile Motion
Galileo performed experiments on uniformly accelerated motion using an
inclined plane, and used the same apparatus to study projectile motion.
Galileo was credited for quantifying the “rate of fall” by measurement of
distance and time and plotting it graphically. He was able to slow down the “fall”
using ramps rather than viscous materials as Aristotle did resulting to significantly
different conclusions related to the “rate of fall”.
He correctly measured motion in two independent directions (horizontal
and vertical) and deduced that the “rate of fall” is better measured in terms of
downward acceleration.
He used geometry to provide better description (kinematics) of projectile
motion whereby horizontal motion has zero acceleration (constant speed
horizontally) and content vertical acceleration.
By varying the ball's horizontal velocity and vertical drop, Galileo was
able to determine that the path of a projectile is parabolic.
He believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the
horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction. If it
is not impeded, it will continue to move even without an applied force.
For example, when you shoot a ball in a basketball ring, the ball does not
need a force to keep it moving.
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What’s More
Vertical Motion
Projectile Motion
Vertical Motion
Projectile Motion
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What I Can Do
Assessment
Modified True or False. Read each statement carefully. Write True if the
statement is correct and if FALSE, change the italicized word or group of words to
make the statement correct. Use a separate paper for your answer.
_______________1. Aristotle claimed that violent motion is an imposed motion.
______________2. In natural motion, an object will move and will eventually return
to its natural state depending on the composition that the object is made of.
_______________3. According to Galileo, heavy objects will fall faster than light ones.
_______________4. Aristotle said that to keep the object moving in horizontal motion,
a constant amount of force is needed.
_______________5. Objects dropped simultaneously will reach the ground at the
same time regardless of their masses and air resistance.
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_______________8. Aristotle believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform
motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical
direction.
_______________9. A kicked ball is an example of a natural motion.
_______________15. The fall of heavy object toward the center of the earth is a violent
motion.
Additional Activities
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