I.

UNIT / CHAPTER TITLE

MODULE 2: The Structures of Globalization

II. LESSON TITLE

I. The Structures of Globalization

A. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
A.1 The Actors
A.2 Economic Globalization Today
B. MARKET INTEGRATION
B.1 History
B.2 International Financial Institutions
B.3 Global Corporations
C. THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
C.1 Actors that Govern International Relations
C.2 How Interstate Started
C.3 Political Globalization
D. THE CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
D.1 International Actors of Global Governance
D.2 The United Nations

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This module exposes the learners to economic and political arenas as structures of
globalization. In the economic globalization or global economy, the discussion
focuses on the process of making the world economy an integral element of a whole.
Also, it elaborates the important players of economic globalization. Furthermore, in
the market integration, the discussion covers the position of international financial
institutions in global market integration. In the global interstate system, the discussion
tackles the consequences of globalization on governments and institutions that govern
nation-state relations. Finally, in the contemporary global governance, it presents the
United Nations’ role, function, and the challenges of global governance.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of the topics, the students will be able to:

1. Define economic globalization
2. Identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization
3. Define the modern world system
4. Articulate a stance on global economic integration
V. LESSON CONTENT

I. THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world,
particularly through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. The
term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge
(technology) across international borders

A. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

It is a historical process.
It is the increasing integration of economies around the world through movements of
goods, services, and capitals across borders. (Transportation and Communications
Revolution)

“ The process of making the world economy an “organic system” by extending

transnational economic processes and relations to more and more countries and by
deepening the economic interdependency among them. (Szentes (2003))

Attributes
1. The globalization of trade of goods and services.
2. The globalization of financial and capital markets.
3. The globalization of technology and communication.
4. The globalization of production.

A.1 The Actors

1. Nation-States
The state is a political and geopolitical entity; the nation is a cultural and/or
ethnic entity. The term "nation state" implies that the two geographically coincide.
Nation state formation took place at different times in different parts of the earth
but has become the dominant form of state organization.

For hyper globalists, nation-states ceased a primary economic organization.

People consume highly standardized global products and services produced by
global corporations in a borderless world. There is no national product and
national companies.

2. Global Corporations
 A corporation is an artificial being created by operation of law, having the right of
succession and the powers, attributes and properties expressly authorized by law
or incident to its existence (Batas Pambansa Blg. 68 The Corporation Code of The
Philippines, Section 2 – Corporation defined).

A global corporation is generally referred to as a multinational corporation

(MNC), transnational corporation (TNC), international company. An enterprise
that engages in activities which add value (manufacturing, extraction, services,
marketing, etc) in more than one country (United Nations Centre On
Transnational Corporations, 1991).

A. Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

A corporation enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more
than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation.
They play an important role in globalization. National and local governments
often compete against one another to attract MNC facilities, with the
expectation of increased tax revenue, employment, and economic activity.

MNCs have investment in other countries, but do not have coordinated

product offerings in each country. They are more focused on adapting their
products and services to each individual local market.

B. Transnational Corporations (TNCs)

It differs from a traditional MNC because it does not identify itself with one
national home. Whilst traditional MNCs are national companies with foreign
subsidiaries, TNCs spread out their operations in many countries sustaining
high levels of local responsiveness. An example of a TNC is Nestlé who
employ senior executives from many countries and try to make decisions from
a global perspective rather than from one centralised headquarters.

Like any other businesses, TNCs are concerned more to with the profits than
with the assisting social programs of the government holding them. Host
countries, in turn, lossen tax laws which prevent wages from rising while
sacrificing social and environmental programs that protect underprivileged
members of their societies.

They are more complex organizations which have invested in foreign

operations, have a central corporate facility but give decision making, research
and development, and marketing powers to each individual foreign market.

3. International Monetary Systems (IMS)

According to Krasner (1983:2), regimes can be thought of as all the ‘implicit and
explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision making procedures around which
actors’ expectations converge’. Consequently, an international monetary system
or regime (IMS) ‘refers to the rules, customs, instruments, facilities, and
organizations for effecting international payments’ (Salvatore, 2007: 764). In the
liberal tradition, the main task of an IMS is to facilitate cross-border transactions,
especially trade and investment. An international monetary system is, however,
more than just money or currencies; it also reflects economic power and interests,
as ‘money is inherently political, an integral part of “high politics” of diplomacy’
(Cohen, 2000: 91).

The Gold Standard

In the 19th century, UK, France, USA, Italy, Germany and other European nations
adopted the Gold Standard as a fixed exchange rate regime until the 1930s.

Bretton Wood Standards

It adopted the gold-dollar exchange standard. Various currencies were fixed to the
US dollar until 1971.
- International Banks for Reconstruction and Development
- International Monetary Fund

European Monetary Integration

In the post-World War II era, the United States originally wanted to implement
the Morgenthau Plan, which intended to downsize the German economy into a
pastoral and agricultural one. As a response to the USSR’s push for communism
in Eastern Europe and the rise of socialist and communist parties in the West, the
plan, however, became quickly abandoned, and the United States started to
advocate an economically and militarily strong Germany and Western Europe.
The United States activated its post-war reconstruction programme, the Marshall
Plan, in

1948, which was administered by the Organization for European Economic

Cooperation, the predecessor of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD). The miraculous growth performance of Western Europe
prompted a closer cooperation on a regional level, resulting finally in the
European Coal and Steel Community in 1951.9 This was followed by the signing
of the Rome Treaty in 1957, which established the European Economic
Community (EEC), and was the first major step towards an ‘ever closer union’.

Original Founding Members: Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium and

Luxembourg)
Aim: Creation of a common market, where goods, services, capital and labour
moved freely.
A.2 Economic Globalization Today
Exports, not just the local selling of goods and services, make national economies
grow at present. In the past, those that benefited the most from free trade were the
advance nations that were selling industrial and agricultural goods. The US, Japan,
and the member-countries of the European Union (EU) were responsible of the 65%
global exports, while the developing countries only accounted for 29%.
When more countries opened up their economies to take advantage of increased free
trade, the shares of percentage began to change.
By 2011, developing countries like the Philippines, India, China, Argentina, and
Brazil accounted nations-building. The WTO-led reduction of trade barriers known as
trade liberalization has profoundly altered the dynamics of the global economy.
In the recent decades, partly as a result of these increases exports, economic
globalization has ushered in an unprecedented spike in global rates. According to the
IMF, the global capita GDP rose over five-fold in the second half of the 20 th century.
It was this growth that created the large Asian economies like Japan, China, Korea,
Hong Kong, and Singapore.
Yet, economic globalization remains an uneven process with some countries,
corporations, and individuals benefitting a lot more than others. The term “race to the
bottom” refers to countries lowering their labor standards including the protection of
their workers’ interesys to lure in foreign investors seeking margins at the lowest cost
possible. Governments weaken environmental laws to attract foreign investors,
creating fatal consequences and depleting them to their finite resources like oil, coal,
and minerals.

B. MARKET INTEGRATION
According to the Cambridge Business English Dictionary, market integration is a
situation in which separate markets for the same product become one single market.
For example, when an import tax in one of the markets is removed.

Integration is taken to denote a state of affairs or a process involving attempts to

combine separate national economies into larger economic regions (Robson, 1998,
p.1)
The social institution that has one of the biggest impacts on society is the economy.
You might think of the economy in terms of the number—number of unemployed,
gross domestic product (GDP), or whatever the stock market is doing today. While
we often talk about it in numerical terms, the economy is composed of people. It is
the social institution that organizes all production, consumption, and trade of goods in
the society. There are many ways in which products can be made, exchanged, and
used. Think about capitalism or socialism. These economic systems and the economic
revolutions that created them shape the way people live their lives.

Economic systems vary from one society to another. But in any given economy,
production typically splits into three sectors. The primary sector extracts raw
materials from natural environments. Workers like farmers or miners fit well in the
primary sector. The secondary sector gains the raw materials and transforms them
into manufactured goods. This means, for example, that someone from the primary
sector extracts oil from the earth then someone from the secondary sector refines the
petroleum to gasoline. Whereas, the tertiary sector involves services rather than
goods. It offers services by doing things rather than making things. Thus, economic
System is more complicated or at least, more sophisticated than the way things used
to be for much of human history.

B.1 History
The nineteenth century saw substantial advances in international market integration,
and the creation of a truly world economy. Technological advance was critical in
this.
The resulting international information network was crucial in communicating details
of prices and price movements, reducing the cost of making deals and transactions.
An infrastructural change of major significance came in 1869 with the opening of
the Suez Canal, which linked the Mediterranean Sea by way of Egypt to the Red Sea.
Further, technological change in the shape of steel hulls and steel masts made sailing
ships larger and more efficient, and they continued to be active until the more
efficient triple-expansion engine finally drove the sailing ships from the oceans
during the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

Physical changes in lowering freight and transaction costs were not the only forces
stimulating market integration. It was normal for countries to impose import duties on
foreign goods, seeking to gain an inflow of gold in their foreign trade accounts by
selling more to each of their trading partners than they bought from them. But in 1846
the merchants of Manchester, England, the center of the world's cotton textile
industry, struck their famous victory for free trade by forcing the British government
to abandon tariffs on all imported goods apart from a few luxury items. The tariffs on
wheat were the first to go, opening up the Great Plains of the United States for wheat
production to supply Britain. With free trade, no longer did trade relations with a
foreign country have to balance or be in surplus; rather, a deficit in trade with one
country could be offset by a surplus in trade with another country, liberalizing world
trade in a way never previously seen. This policy of open markets became a
dominating principle extended through much of the British Empire. The United States
retained import duties, and after short periods of trade liberalization most European
countries also returned to protectionism so that their new manufacturing industries
could establish themselves safe from the competition of cheaper goods from Britain.

The open-market polices of the British Empire played a crucial role in sustaining a
complicated interrelated mesh of world payments, and newly industrializing countries
took advantage of these open markets whilst maintaining their own protective walls.
Each country could specialize in producing those goods they were best endowed by
nature to produce, and could exchange them for the other products they needed.

NOTE: Free trade increases prosperity for Americans—and the citizens of all
participating nations—by allowing consumers to buy more, better-quality products at
lower costs. It drives economic growth, enhanced efficiency, increased innovation,
and the greater fairness that accompanies a rules-based system.

B.2 International Financial Institutions

International non-profit agencies are one of the major sources of financing like
regional development banks or banks globally. The finance productive
development projects or to promote economic development

A. World Bank
A multinational financial institution established at the end of World War II (1944)
to help provide long-term capital for the reconstruction and development of
member countries. It provides much of the planning and financing for economic
development projects involving billions of dollars

B. International Monetary Fund

IMF is a cooperative institution that 182 countries have voluntarily joined because
they see the advantage of consulting with one another on this forum to maintain a
stable system of buying and selling their currencies. Its policies and activities are
guided by its Charter known as the Articles of Agreement. IMF lends money to
members having trouble meeting financial obligations to other members, but only
on the condition that they undertake economic reforms to eliminate these
difficulties for their own good and that of the entire membership. Contrary to
widespread perception, the IMF has no effective authority over the domestic
economic policies of its members

Main goal: To help countries which were in trouble at that time and who could
not obtain money by any means. Perhaps, their economy collapsed or their
currency was threatened.

C. Asian Development Bank

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development
bank established on 19 December 1966, which is headquartered in the Ortigas
Center located in the city of Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines.
 The ADB was modelled closely on the World Bank, and has a similar weighted
voting system where votes are distributed in proportion with members' capital
subscriptions. ADB releases an annual report that summarizes its operations,
budget and other materials for review by the public. The ADB-Japan Scholarship
Program (ADB-JSP) enrolls about 300 students annually in academic institutions
located in 10 countries within the Region. Upon completion of their study
programs, scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social
development of their home countries.[8] ADB is an official United
Nations Observer

B.3 Global Corporations

Global Corporations are INSEPARABLE from the phenomenon of globalization. As
discussed in the Economic Globalization, Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are
corporations that have investment in other countries, but do not have coordinated
product offerings in each country. They are more focused on adapting their products
and services to each individual local market. On the other hand, Transnational
Corporations (TNCs) are corporations that are more complex organizations which
have invested in foreign operations, have a central corporate facility but give decision
making, research and development, and marketing powers to each individual foreign
market.
Attributes of Global Corporations
1. They are agents or actors of economic development
2. They are gain their economic prominence.
3. They set the balance resulting from greater global wealth inequality, income
inequality, lack of effective workers protection, environmental degradation,
and in some cases, threatened national sovereignty.
4. They are so powerful that they can create a financial crisis if they want to.

Global corporations has brought:

1. Global inequality
2. The systematic stability and viability of the global financial systems
3. Positive and negative contributions to the contemporary world

C. THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

The modern world-system is structured politically as an interstate system – a system of
competing and allying states. Political Scientists commonly call this the international
system, and it is the main focus of the field of International Relations.
C.1 Actors that Govern International Relations
The participants in international relations, often called actors, have a great influence on
the relationships between nations and on world affairs.
a. Nations

- The nations themselves are the most important actors in international

relations. A nation is a territory with a defined border and a government that
answers to no higher authority than its own. All or part of the population
shares a group identity, often based on a combination of common ancestry,
language, or culture.
- Nations vary in size and power (Size and power are two important variables in
determining a nation’s relationships with other countries and its influence in
international affairs). The handful of the most powerful nations that control
most of the world’s military and economic strength are called great powers.

- United Kingdom
- China
- France These powers are the most
- Germany important actors in
- Japan international relations.
- Russia
- United States

b. Leaders of Nations

- The most important individual actor within a nation is the top leader of that
country. The top leader is the person who has the primary political power or
authority in country.

- To illustrate:

- UK – PM is the top leader being the head of the government, the king
and queen are heads of the government whose roles are ceremonial.
- USA – President is the top leader

c. Substate Actors

- Besides the top leader of a nation, there are other groups and individuals
within that nation that influence its international relationships. These are the
domestic actors or substate actors. These groups can influence a nation’s
foreign policy in several ways, such as by lobbying political leaders, donating
money to political candidates or parties, or swaying public opinion on certain
issues. (e.g. particular industries with distinct interests in foreign policy (such
as the automobile or tobacco industry) and ethnic constituencies with ties to
foreign countries, as well as labor unions, cities, and regions)
 d. Transnational Actors

- Organizations operating in more than one country are known as transnational

actors. They often have specific interests in international issues that differ
from those of any nation. Examples of transnational actors are

MNCs
TNCs
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) - legally constituted organization
that operates independently from any form of government. The term is usually
applied only to organizations that pursue wider social aims that have political
aspects, but are not openly political organizations such as political parties.

C.2 How Interstate Started

1. Westphalia vs. Napoleon

- Westphalia system provided stability for the nations of Europe
- First major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte
- Bonaparte believed in spreading the principles of the French revolution
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
- Napoleonic wars

Treaty of Westphalia is a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the thirty years’ war
between the major continental powers of Europe. It was designed to avert wars in the
future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete control over their domestic
affairs and swear not to meddle in each other’s affairs and provide stability for the
nations of Europe.

2. Napoleonic Code
- forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, and promoted meritocracy in
government service.

Meritocracy – a government holding of power by people selected on the basis of their

ability
- A ruling or influential class of educated or skilled people
- This system shocked the monarchies and the hereditary elites of Europe and they
mustered their armies to push back against the French emperor.

3. Anglo and Prussian Armies

- Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated Napoleon in the Battle of waterloo in 1815.
- They created a new system that in effect, restored the Westphalian system.
4. Concert of Europe
- Concert of Europe was an alliance of “great powers” sought to restore the world
monarchial hereditary, and religious privilege of the tie before the French Revolution and
Napoleonic Wars.
5. Metternich System
- It was an alliance that sought to restore the sovereignty of states
- The Metternich system as named after the Austrian Diplomat Klemens von Metternich
who was the system’s main architect
- The concert power and authority lasted from 1815-1914
- The dawn of World War I

Attributes of Global System

1. Countries or states are independent and govern themselves
2. These countries interact with each other through diplomacy
3. International organizations facilitate these interaction
4. International organizations also take on lives of their own

Effects of Globalization on Governments

1. Seen as an imposing a forced choice upon states either they conform to the neo-
liberal ideas free-market principles of deregulation, privatization and free trade or
run the risk of being left behind.
2. Establishment of economic and political integrations
3. The growth of international law and universal principles
4. The rise of transnational activism
5. Creation a new communication network

C.3 Political Globalization

Refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and complexity. One
of the key aspects of political globalization is the declining importance of the nation-state
and the rise of other actors on the political scene. The creation and existence of the
United Nations is called one of the classic examples of political globalization.
GLOBALISM
Globalism means “networks of connections spanning multi-continental distances,
drawing them close together economically, socially, culturally and
informationally” (Das 2011:18). Globalization in turn is generally conceived as
the process promoting and intensifying multi-continental interconnectedness, and
thereby increasing the degree of globalism.
TO CLARIFY THE CONFUSION BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION AND
GLOBALISM
 TO CLARIFY THE CONFUSION BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION AND
INTERTIONALISM

Internationalism is a movement which advocates a greater economic and political

cooperation among nations for the theoretical benefit of all. Sometimes, it is
contrasted with nationalism or devotion to the interests of a particular nation. On
the other hand, Globalization means connecting the economies of the world for
free trade and economic policies to integrate the world into the global village

D. THE CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Governance is the sum of laws, norms, policies and institutions that define, constitute,
mediate trans-border relations between states, cultures, citizens, intergovernmental and
non-governmental organization and the market.
Global governance brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at the
level of the planet. The goal of global governance, roughly defined, is to provide global
public goods, particularly peace and security, justice and mediation systems for conflict,
functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry. One crucial global
public good is catastrophic risk management – putting appropriate mechanisms in place
to maximally reduce the likelihood and impact of any event that could cause the death of
10 per cent of humanity across the planet, or damage of equivalent magnitude.

D.1 International Actors of Global Governance

1. States
 It is generally a group of people inhabiting a specific territory and living
according to a common legal and political authority; a body politic or nation (it
includes government)

In Political Science:
a. State (Polity) - an organized political community, living under a
government
b. Sovereign State – it is classically defined as a state with a defined territory
on which it exercises internal and external sovereignty, a permanent
population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with
other sovereign states.

Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness among countries

most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture. An essential link
between globalization and the nation state is the concept of sovereignty, a term
dating back several centuries, well before the nation-state system was established
in 1648. Earlier, people used to consume locally-grown food, but with
globalization, people consume products that have been developed in foreign
countries. Having this said, states are relevant amid globalization such that when
states freely open its door of its economy and make it open to the world, a broader
marketplace allows producers to fetch more for their goods, and a global supply
network gives public and private entities more buying options.

2. International organizations (like ASEAN)

Global governance is more generally effected through a range of organisations
acting as intermediary bodies. Those include bodies in charge of regional
coordination, such as the EU or ASEAN, which coordinate the policies of their
members in a certain geographical zone. Those also include strategic or economic
initiatives under the leadership of one country – NATO for the US or China’s Belt
and Road Initiative for instance – or more generally coordinating defense or
economic integration, such as APEC or ANZUS.

3. Civil Society (like NGOs –Greenpeace and CBO –senior citizen associations)
The processes of globalization produce major challenges for global governance. It
is much more difficult to govern today than it was 20 years ago. Governments
need to engage non-governmental sectors both to make informed decisions and to
implement these decisions. Accordingly, national and international civil society
organizations (CSOs) have gradually evolved and developed from being
observers and critics of governments to being (in parallel to their traditional
“watchdog” function) active participants in various governance mechanisms.
CSOs today play larger roles in promoting global public goods, including human
rights protection, gender equality, adaptation to and mitigation of climate change,
disarmament, prohibition of excessive lethal weapons, international cooperation
and development, etc. There is a broad acceptance of the strong necessity to
 engage civil society in governance and decision-making, but there is not yet
enough acknowledgement of the necessity to provide for capacity-building and to
reform the mechanisms of global governance.

4. Market (global corporations)

A global company is generally referred to as a multinational corporation (MNC).
An MNC is a company that operates in two or more countries, leveraging the
global environment to approach varying markets in attaining revenue generation.
These international operations are pursued as a result of the strategic potential
provided by technological developments, making new markets a more convenient
and profitable pursuit both in sourcing production and pursuing growth.

International operations are therefore a direct result of either achieving higher

levels of revenue or a lower cost structure within the operations or value-chain.
MNC operations often attain economies of scale, through mass producing in
external markets at substantially cheaper costs, or economies of scope, through
horizontal expansion into new geographic markets. If successful, these both result
in positive effects on the income statement (either larger revenues or stronger
margins), but contain the innate risk in developing these new opportunities.

D.2 The United Nations

The leading institution in charge of global governance today is the United Nations. It was
founded in 1945, in the wake of the Second World War, as a way to prevent future
conflicts on that scale. The United Nations does not directly bring together the people of
the world, but sovereign nation states, and currently counts 193 members who make
recommendations through the UN General Assembly. The UN’s main mandate is to
preserve global security, which it does particularly through the Security Council. In
addition the UN can settle international legal issues through the International Court of
Justice, and implements its key decisions through the Secretariat, led by the Secretary
General.
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization aiming to
maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations,
achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
It is the world's largest and most familiar international organization. The UN
is headquartered on international territory in New York City and has other main offices
in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague.
The organization's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades
by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies.
Its missions have consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed
troops with primarily monitoring, reporting and confidence-building roles. UN
membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the
1960s. Since then, 80 former colonies have gained independence, including 11 trust
territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council. By the 1970s, the UN's
budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending
on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War, the UN shifted and expanded its field
operations, undertaking a wide variety of complex tasks.

Principal Organs of the United Nations

General Assembly (Deliberative Assembly of all UN Members)

 May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the

Security Council (UNSC);
 Decides on the admission of new members, following proposal by the UNSC;
 Adopts the budget;
 Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC; all members of ECOSOC; the UN
Secretary General (following their proposal by the UNSC); and the fifteen judges of
the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Each country has one vote.

UN Secretariat (Adminisrative Organ of the UN)

 Supports the other UN bodies administratively (for example, in the organization of

conferences, the writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget);
 Its chairperson—the UN Secretary General—is elected by the General Assembly for
a five-year mandate and is the UN's foremost representative.

International Court of Justice (Universal Court for International Law )

 Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction;

 Issues legal opinions;
 Renders judgment by relative majority. Its fifteen judges are elected by the UN
General Assembly for nine-year terms.

UN Security Council (for international security issues)

 Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security;

 May adopt compulsory resolutions;
 Has fifteen members: five permanent members with veto power and ten elected
members.

UN Economic and Social Council (for global economic and social affair)
 Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social matters;
 Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN's numerous specialized agencies;
 Has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly to serve staggered three-year
mandates.

UN Trusteeship Council (for administering trust territories)

 Was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former League of
Nations mandates;
 Has been inactive since 1994, when Palau, the last trust territory, attained
independence.

The Role of the United Nations

As the most representative inter-governmental organization of the world today, the

United Nations' role in world affairs is irreplaceable by any other international or regional
organizations. The United Nations has made enormous positive contributions in
maintaining international peace and security, promoting cooperation among states and
international development. Today, people of the world still face the two major issues of
peace and development. Only by international cooperation can mankind meet the
challenges of the global and regional issues. The United Nations can play a pivotal and
positive role in this regard. Strengthening the role of the United Nations in the new
century and promoting the establishment of a just and reasonable international political
and economic order goes along with the trend of history and is in the interest of all
nations.

In order to strengthen the role of the United Nations, efforts should be made to uphold the
purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. The authority of the
Security Council in maintaining international peace and security must be preserved and
role of the United Nations in development area should be strengthened. To strengthen the
role of the United Nations, it is essential to ensure to all Member States of the United
Nations the right to equal participation in international affairs and the rights and interests
of the developing countries should be safeguarded.

Functions of the United Nations

1. To maintain international peace and security

2. To protect human rights

3. To deliver humanitarian aid.

4. To promote sustainable development

 5. To uphold international law.

VI. ASSIGNMENT

Make an advance reading on the WORLD OF REGIONS.

VII. EVALUATION

Name: _____________________________________
Course: _____________________________________
Class Code: _____________________________________

Identify what is asked. (2 points each)

1. It is a state organization which is considered to be dominant in the world. The
creation of it happened in different parts of the world and in different times.
2. These are being attracted by national and local government governments in
many countries in order to increase tax revenue, employment, and economic
activity.
3. It was intended to downsize the German economy into a pastoral and
agricultural one during the post-World War II era.
4. They have a great influence on the relationships between nations and on world
affairs.
5. This refers to countries lowering their labor standards including the protection
of their workers’ interests to lure in foreign investors seeking margins at the
lowest cost possible.
6. This was critical during the nineteenth century when there were developments
in the international market integration.
7. The creation and existence of the ____________________ is called one of the
classic examples of political globalization.
8. These are considered to be a direct result of either achieving higher levels of
revenue or a lower cost structure within the operations or value-chain.
9. This was established to help provide long-term capital for the reconstruction
and development of its member countries
10. ____________________ and ___________________ are the two (2) major
issues that the people are facing today.

VIII. REFERENCES

Aldama, P. (2018). The contemporary world. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store.
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Deglobalization: Ideas for a new World Economy.pp.1-31

Boundless Management. The Global Corporation.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-management/chapter/the-global-
corporation/

Farnie, D. A. East and West of Suez: The Suez Canal in History. Oxford, U.K.:
Clarendon Press, 1969.

Global Challenges Foundation. What is Global Governance.

https://globalchallenges.org/global-governance/

Neubauer, D. “The Rise of the Global Corporation (Chapter 17)

The Globalization of Economics Relations. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293358032
The Role of United Nations. Retrieved from
https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceun/zghlhg/zzhgg/t29436.htm
Vesselin Popovski (2013). Engaging Civil Society , pp 23-43.
https://doi.org/10.18356/0c6016f1-en

https://thanyathiprice.com/topps-wcg/87895f-explain-the-relevance-of-the-state-
amid-globalization