Republic of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Technology
Sorsogon City Campus, Magsaysay Street, Sorsogon City
______________________________________________________________________

Contemporary Global
Governance and a World of
Regions; Structures of
Globalization

Submitted by:
Leader: Ralph Laurence M. Janoras
Members
Norwin Dominguiano
Marie Katherine H. Jara
James Palamos
Arcell A. Laguerta
Aliah Recebido
Angela Joy Licup
Rolly L. Corsiga
John Kervy L. Medes

Submitted to:
Mr. Christian De Lumen
Instructor
 THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION

Global Economy - Global Economy is also referred to as world economy. This term
refers to international exchange of goods and services that is expressed in monetary
units of money. It may also mean as the free movement of goods, capital, services,
technology, and information. "global" or "international" economy is distinguished and
measured separately from national economies, while the "world economy" is simply an
aggregate of the separate country's measurements. The global economy is the world
economy or the worldwide economy. It is all the economy of the world - the economy of
every country - which we consider together as one giant economic system. It includes
everything we all buy, sell, and own in this planet.

Put simply: the GLOBAL ECONOMY is one giant entity.

The term GLOBAL ECONOMY has two meanings:

1. The economy of the whole planet. l.e., global GDP. GDP stands for Gross
Domestic Product.

2. The way the world is today, with countries' economies so intertwined and
Interdependent that they all seem like parts of one whole. That 'whole' we call the
'global economy. When we say Global economy, we are talking about the
interdependence of nations. In today's global economy, more and more
businesses are selling beyond their borders. The need for effective global
marketing strategies has increased significantly.

Economic Globalization

 In general, economic globalization broadly refers to the increasing integration of

national economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial
flows. Economic globalization involves trade in goods and services, capital flows
and trade in assets (e.g., currency, stocks), the transfer of technology and ideas,
and international flows of labor or migration. There have been several periods of
economic globalization; some experts also contend there have been periods of
De-globalization-the slowdown or reverse of globalization.

 Scholars have dated the start of the most recent period of economic globalization
to sometime in decades following World War II. From 1960 to 2019, global trade
as a percentage of global GDP increased from 25% to 60%. In the post-World
War II period, global trade grew consistently faster than GDP (though this trend
has not held in recent years). The stock of global foreign direct investment (FDI)
grew from 6% of global GDP in 1980 to 42% in 2019. The growing integration of
the world economy has been facilitated by myriad technical advances in transport
and communication, which have significantly reduced natural geographic barriers
that separate economies. In addition, both domestic and multilateral policies
have steadily lowered man-made barriers to international exchange since World
War II (such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, immigration regulations, and capital
controls). While most economists argue that globalization has lifted living
standards worldwide, an ongoing debate remains regarding the extent to which
greater economic integration has been inclusive, benefited some groups more
than others, and contributed to inequality within countries.

International Trade

 This is an international trade of goods and services from one country to

another.
  To clarify the advantages of countries that engage in global trade or
international trade

Mercantilism

 To determine the main objective of trading

 Pagkuha ng yaman (especially golds and silvers)
 The mercantilists are fighting to have more trade and good fortune.
 One country must export more goods than it imports.

Absolute Advantage

 This work was put forward by an economist named “Adam Smith” in the late
1700s.
 The nations must focus on providing goods and services.
 Can produce more effectively than other countries, raising their total production
and consumption through trading.

Comparative Advantage

 Developed by an economist named “David Ricardo” in the early 1800s

 This theory tells the nation that it can still profit from trading by specialising in the
goods.

Three Perspectives on International Trade

Mercantilism - A theory of economics that is dedicated to maximising profits by

increasing profits and exporting
Economic Liberalism ;

 The government should not control too much business.

 Businesses should be free to make their own decisions.
 People who support economic liberalism believe that when a business can
compete freely, it leads to better products and services.

Structuralism

 A critical view of the effects of an inequality governing profits and the power
 Particularly the gaps between progressive and progressing countries.

MARKET INTEGRATION

In the globalized world, countries that will be able to compete in global markets
must also be able to compete with global competitors in the domestic market. In such a
situation, older, and successful, development strategies such as import substitution and
export promotion are no longer feasible. State-run and/or state-controlled development
programmes are not sufficient in overcoming the challenges of development, especially
when policymakers have little or no control over the markets in which they operate. The
situation requires a new set of policy interventions that will facilitate the development of
domestic markets and empower the poor and bring them into the mainstream.
 The journal Review of Market Integration, a refereed journal, aims to reach out
to a broad audience interested in giving equal access to the poor who are otherwise
unable to participate in the marketplace and are, hence, left uncovered by formal
institutions. It will find a ready readership among those concerned with empowering the
poor to help them access formal markets and integrating them with markets outside
their regions and communities, take up issues of governance and accountability, and so
on. The Review of Market Integration will publish original empirical as well as research
papers, policy papers and book reviews and essays related to the field, covering a wide
range of issues including development economics, rural development, market access
for small producers, labour market integration, supply chain management, governance,
rights as options to development, laws that affect market integration and their
development, and the role of institutions in enabling markets for the poor, among others.

Economy - social institution that has one of the biggest impacts on society.
Economic System- products can be made, exchanged and used.

THREE SECTORS OF ECONOMY

1. Primary sector – they extract raw materials from natural environments.
2. Secondary sector – they gain the raw materials and transform these
into manufactured goods.
3. Tertiary sector – involves services rather than goods. It offers services by doing
things rather than making things.
Example: logistics – delivery of goods to consumers. International Financial
Institutions

A. Bretton Woods System

• Because of the fear of the recurrence of lack of cooperation among nation-
states,political instability, and economic turmoil (esp. after World War II), world
economies reduced barriers to trade and allowed free flow of money among nations.
These were done to restructure the world economy and ensure global financial stability.

B. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World

Trade Organization (WTO).
• GATT was born out of the Bretton Woods System and established in 1947.
• GATT was a forum for the meeting of representatives from 23 member countries. It
focused on trade of goods through multinational trade agreements conducted inmany
‘rounds’ of negotiation.
• WTO is an independent multilateral organization that became responsible for tradein
services, non-tariff-related barriers to trade, and other broader areas of trade
liberalization.
C. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank
• IMF and World Bank were founded after WWII.
• They are banks started by countries (instead of individuals) and aimed to help the
economic stability of the world.
• Most of the world’s countries were members. But the richest countries were those who
handled most of the financing hence, they have the greatest influence.
 IMF WORLD BANK

•IMF's main goal was to help countries
Which were in trouble at that time and
who could not obtain money by any
means.
•They are the last resort for countries
which needed financial assistance.
•World Bank had a more long-term
approach.
•Main goals revolved around the
indication of poverty and it funded specific
projects that helped them reach their goal
esp. in poor countries.

D. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and European Union (EU)
•OECD - “club of the richest countries in the world” with 35 member states as of2016.
It is highly influential because of the member countries’ resources and
economic power.
• OPEC - formed because member countries wanted to increase the price of oil, which
in the past had a relatively low price and had failed in keeping up with
inflation.
• OPEC members: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Venezuela, UAE, Algeria, Libya,
Qatar, Nigeria and Indonesia.
• EU is a political and economic union of 27 member states created to
foster economic cooperation and policy-making. Most members adopted euro as
basic currency (except Sweden, Denmark).

E. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

• NAFTA, consisting of US, Canada and Mexico, helps in developing and
expandingworld trade by broadening international cooperation. It also aims
to increase cooperation for improving working conditions in North America by reducing
barriersto trade as it expands the markets of the members. History of Global Market
Integration

A. Agricultural Revolution
• Considered as the first big economic change.
• In the new agricultural economy, people learned how to domesticate plants and
animals.
•Farming helped societies create surpluses (i.e. excess in production)
B. Industrial Revolution (1800s)
 Second major economic revolution; rise of industry
 New economic tools like steam engines, manufacturing, mass production.
 Factories emerged: instead of people working at home for their family by making
things from start to finish, they began working as wage laborers and then
becoming more specialized in their skills.
 Overall impacts: productivity went up, standard of living rose, access to
wider variety of goods due to mass production. C. Capitalism & Socialism
 Capitalism – a system in which all natural resources and means of production are
privately owned. It emphasizes profit maximization and competition as main
drivers of efficiency.
 Socialism – means of production are under collective ownership. Property is
owned by the government and allocated to citizens, not only those with money to
afford it. It emphasizes collective goals, expecting everyone to work for the
common good and placing a higher value on meeting everyone’s basic needs
than on individual profit. Examples of socialist economies are Soviet Union
(1917/1922- 1991) and Maoist China (i.e. China under Mao Zedong).
 Mixed economies - those that adopt the principles of both capitalism and
socialism. This means that some resources and means of production are
privately owned, and the Government regulates these private entities.
Philippines, United States, United Kingdom and France are few examples of
mixed economies.

D. Information Revolution
• Technology has reduced the role of human labor and shifted it from a
manufacturing-based economy to one that is based on service work and
the production of ideas rather than goods.

2 kinds of labor market (jobs based on social status and compensation)

1) Primary labor market
includes jobs that provides many benefits (e.g. high-income, job security,
health insurance, retirement packages) to workers; “white-collar” professions like
doctors, accountants, engineers.

2) Secondary labor market

jobs provide fewer benefits (i.e. pay less, have more unpredictable schedules, little to
no benefits, less job security) and include lower-skilled jobs and lower-level service
sector jobs.
 Global Corporations
 Corporation -
“organization that exists as legal entity and has liabilities that are separate
from its members.” Multinational or transnational corporations (MNCs/TNCs) -
companies that extend beyond the borders of one country.

MARKET INTEGRATION
Market integration is a process in which market places for goods and services that are
connected in some way begin to exhibit comparable patterns of price increase or
decrease. And according kohls and uhl they have defined market integration as a
process which refers to the expansion of firms by consolidating additional marketing
functions and activities under a single management Market integration also shows the
relationship of the firm in a market, and the behavior of a highly integrated market is
different from a disintegrated market types, there are 5 types of market integration
which is the horizontal integration, vertical integration. Forward integration, backward
integration And conglomeration.

ADVERTISING
The first type of market integration is Horizontal integration. Horizontal integration
occurs when a firm gains control of other firms performing similar marketing functions at
the same level in the marketing sequence in most markets, there is a large number of
agencies which do not effectively compete with each other. These indicative of some
element of horizontal integration, which leads to reduced cost of marketing. So, in this
type of integration, some marketing agencies combine with a view to reducing their
effective number and the extent of actual competition in the market. The 2nd type is
vertical integration, vertical integration occurs when a firm performs more than one
activity in the sequence of the marketing process this type of integration makes it
possible to exercise control over both quality and quantity of the product from the
beginning of the production process until the product is ready for the consumer. Now we
have forward integration. The term 'forward integration' refers to the way in which a
company becomes closer to interacting directly with its end customers. So, if a firm
assumes another function of marketing which is closer to the consumption function, it is
a case of forward integration Next is Backward integration it is the process by which
accompany moves further from serving its end markets directly and is now more
oriented around product development and manufacturing. Backward integration
strategies are completed to obtain greater control over the earlier stages of the value
chain, such as the functions performed by specialized manufacturers
andsuppliers.Lastly is conglomeration. Conglomeration is combination of agencies or
activities that are not directly related to each other. A conglomerate is not only a group
of several or more than one separate companies, but also a very large corporation,
composed of several combined companies that were formed by takeovers or mergers.
In most cases, a conglomerate supplies a variety of goods and services that are not
necessarily related to one another.

EXAMPLES
I have here 3 examples of horizontal integration which his Heinz, craft foods, and Sysco
The examples of vertical integration are categorized by6 categories which is the mobile
phone, consumer electronics, oil, gas and energy, ecommerce, automobiles, and lastly
is media and entertainment. These are examples of conglomeration in thePhilippines.
 ABS-CBN Corporation
 Ayala Corporation
 GMA Network Inc.
 GT Capital Holdings• JG Summit Holdings
 Lopez Group of Companies
 Metro Pacific Investments
 Motortrade
 San Miguel Corporation
 SM Investments Corporation

EFFECTS
The effects of horizontal integration are gaining larger share of the market and higher
profits, buying out competitor in a time bound way to reduce competition. Effects of
vertical integration are More profits by taking up additional functions Improvement in
bargaining power and the prospects of influencing prices.
Effects of conglomeration are Risk reduction through diversification, and acquisition of
financial leverage.
 The Development of World System
The world systems perspective emerged during world revolution of 1968 and the
antiwar movement that produced a generation of scholars who saw the peoples of
Global South (Third World) as more than an undeveloped backwater. It became widely
understood that global power structure existed and that the people of the non-vore had
been active participants in their own liberation. The history of colonialism and
deconization were seen more importantly shaped the structures and institutions of
whole global system. A more profound awareness of Eurocentrism was accompanied by
the realization that most national histories had been written as if each country were on
the moon. The nation state as an inviolate, pristine unit of analysis was now seen to be
an inadequate model for the sociology of development. World-systems are whole
systems of interacting polities and settlements. Systemness means that these polities
and settlements are interacting with one another in important ways interactions are two-
way, necessary, structured, regularized and reproductive.

Understanding Global Interstate System

The theory of the interstate system holds that all states are defined through their
relationship to other states or through participation in the world economy, and that
divisions between states help to divide the world into a core, periphery and semi-
periphery.

Core Nations
Core Nations appear to be more powerful, wealthy, and highly independent of outside
control. They are able to deal with bureaucracies effectively; they have powerful
militaries amd can. Boast wuth strong economies. Due to resources that are available to
them (mainly intellectual), they are able to be at the forefront of technological progress
and have sognificant influence on less developed non-core nations.
Peripheral Nations
These are nations that are least economically developed. One of the main reasons for
their peripheral status is the high percentage of uneducated people who can mainly
provide cheap. Unskilled labor to the core nations. There is a very high level of social
inequality, together with relatively weak government which is unable to control country’s
economic activity and the extensive influence of the core nations.

Semi-peripheral Nations
These are regions that have a less developed economy and are not dominant in the
International trade. In terms of their influence on the world economies, they end up
midway between the core and peripheral countries. However, they strive to get into a
dominant position. Of the core nation, and it was proved historically that it is possible to
gain major influence in the worldbamd become a core country.

What is the Institution that govern International Relations?

Let’s define international relations.
International relations attempts to explain the interactions of states in the global
interstate system, and it also attempts to explain the interactions of others whose
behavior originates within one country and is targeted toward members of other
countries.
UNITED NATION (UN)
•The United Nations is an international governing body formed in 1945 to increase
political and economic cooperation among its member countries. The U.N. grew out of
the League of Nations following World War II; now, nearly every country in the world is a
member.
•The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. Currently made up
of 193 Member States, the UN and its work are guided by the purposes and principles
contained in its founding Charter. The UN has evolved over the years to keep pace with
a rapidly changing world. But one thing has stayed the same: it remains the one place
on Earth where all the world’s nations can gather together, discuss common problems,
and find shared solutions that benefit all of humanity.
•The United Nations (UN) is influenced by various factors including global events,
member states’ interests, and evolving norms and values. Its decision-making
processes are shaped by the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social
Council, and specialized agencies. Additionally, regional organizations and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) play a role in influencing UN agendas.
The United Nations Is an international organization comprising member states that
collaboratively address global issues such as peacekeeping, humanitarian aid, and
sustainable development through diplomatic negotiations, multilateral agreements, and
coordinated efforts. For instance, the UN provides peacekeeping missions in conflict
zones like South Sudan and facilitates agreements such as the Paris Agreement on
climate change to promote global cooperation and stability.

International Financial Institutions.

•International financial institutions (IFIs) play important roles in the international
economy by providing financial assistance, promoting global economic stability, and
facilitating international trade and investment.

FOUR TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS:

1. WORLD BANK - The World Bank is an international development organization

owned by 187 countries.

 The World Bank is an international organization dedicated to providing financing,

advice, and research to developing nations to aid their economic advancement.
The bank predominantly acts as an organization that attempts to fight poverty by
offering developmental assistance to middle- and low-income countries.
 The World Bank’s decision-making process is influenced by various factors
including global economic conditions, the priorities of its member countries, and
evolving development needs. Member countries, represented by their
governments, contribute funds to the World Bank and play a significant role in
shaping its policies and strategies. Additionally, the World Bank is influenced by
international organizations, civil society groups, academia, and other state.
 •The World Bank is a specialized agency of the United Nations that focuses on
providing financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the
world. Established in 1944, its primary goal is to reduce poverty by promoting
sustainable development through investments in various sectors such as
 education, healthcare, infrastructure, and environmental conservation. The World
Bank raises funds from member countries and capital markets to provide low-
interest loans, interest-free credits, and grants to governments of low and middle-
income countries. These funds are utilized for projects that aim to improve the
living standards and economic prospects of people in recipient nations. For
example, the World Bank might finance the construction of a new highway in a
developing country to improve transportation infrastructure and stimulate
economic growth. Overall, the World Bank plays a crucial role in fostering global
development and addressing pressing challenges faced by developing nations.

2. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)

 The IMF is a global organization that works to achieve sustainable growth and
prosperity for all of its 190 member countries.
 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that
promotes global economic growth and financial stability, encourages international
trade, and reduces poverty.
 IMF’s goal is to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange rate
stability, and sustainable economic growth while helping member countries
overcome financial challenges.
 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) 1945is a global financial organization
established to promote international monetary cooperation, secure financial
stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable
economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. It provides financial
assistance and policy advice to member countries facing balance of payments
problems, while also conducting research and analysis on global economic
trends and offering technical assistance to help countries strengthen their
economic policies and institutions. For example, the IMF provided financial
assistance to Greece during its debt crisis in 2010 to stabilize its economy and
restore investor confidence.

3. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK.

 The Asian Development Bank is a regional development bank established on 19

December 1966, which is headquartered in 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong, Metro
Manila 1550, Philippines. The bank also maintains 31 field offices around the
world to promote social and economic development in Asia.
 The Asian Development Bank (ADB) envisions a prosperous, inclusive, resilient,
and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate
extreme poverty in the region.”
 The Asian Development Bank (ADB) identifies development needs, designs
projects, provides financing and technical assistance, supports implementation,
builds capacity, and evaluates outcomes to promote inclusive and sustainable
development in Asia and the Pacific.
 The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank dedicated
to promoting economic and social progress in Asia and the Pacific through loans,
grants, and technical assistance. It supports projects in areas such as
infrastructure, healthcare, education, and environmental sustainability, aiming to
reduce poverty and foster sustainable development across its member countries.
 The Asian Development Bank (ADB) serves as a financial institution that
provides loans, grants, and technical assistance to its member countries in the
Asia-Pacific region. Its primary goal is to support infrastructure development,
poverty reduction, and sustainable economic growth. For instance, it might
finance the construction of a new transportation network in a developing country,
facilitate access to clean water and sanitation facilities, or help implement
renewable energy projects. Through these initiatives, the ADB aims to improve
living standards, boost economic development, and enhance regional
cooperation.
 4. AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK.

 The African Development Bank (AfDB) is a multilateral institution whose objective

is to contribute to the sustainable economic development and social progress of
the African countries that make up the AfDB’s Regional Member Countries
(RMCs)
 The African Development Bank (ADB) is a financial institution that funds projects
that promote economic and social progress throughout the continent. The bank is
also known as Banque Africaine de Development.
 The African Development Bank (AfDB) identifies, finances, and supports projects
in Africa to promote economic development. It provides funding, technical
assistance, and policy dialogue to implement and monitor projects, while also
fostering partnerships and knowledge sharing for sustainable development.
 The African Development Bank (AfDB) is a regional multilateral development
finance institution dedicated to promoting economic and social progress in Africa.
Through financing projects and providing technical assistance, the AfDB aims to
address key development challenges such as infrastructure deficits, poverty
reduction, and sustainable growth, ultimately contributing to the continent’s
overall development. For example, the AfDB has funded projects like the
construction of roads and bridges in East Africa, renewable energy initiatives in
West Africa, and agricultural development programs across the continent.

Global Governance
According to Jens Orback, global governance can be understood as a framework of
institutions, rules, norms, and procedures that facilitate collective action and co-
operation among countries and other actors.
It encompasses a wide range of issues, including economic development, trade, human
rights, environmental protection, and peace and security. The objective is to address
global challenges that transcend national borders and require collective solutions.

Examples:

1. The United Nations (UN) system: Comprises a range of specialized agencies,

programs, and funds that work on issues such as health, education, climate
change, and peace and security.

2. The World Trade Organization (WTO): Sets rules for international trade and
resolves disputes between member countries.

3. The International Monetary Fund (IMF): Provides financial assistance to

countries facing economic crises and promotes international monetary co-
operation.

4. The Paris Agreement on climate change: Establishes a framework for

countries to work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the
impacts of climate change.
 5. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Sets out fundamental human
rights that are recognized and protected by countries around the world.

Effects of Global Governance (PROS and CONS)

PROS
•Global governance can provide a ‘rule of law’ (whether formally codified
or not) at the international level, which can protect the weak from the
strong and provide a stable basis for the development of international
institutions.
CONS
•Ethnic conflicts, infectious diseases, climate change, food insecurity, and
other pressing threats, are increasingly threatening global security and
stability, prompting doubts about the ability of the current global
governance order to respond to the challenges plaguing the 21st century.

Factors affecting Global Governance

The future of global governance will be mainly shaped by the following five factors:
individual empowerment
 increasing awareness of human security
 institutional complexity
 international power shift
 liberal world political paradigm.

What are the 4 general structures of global governance?

 International Governmental Organizations (IGOs)
 Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs)
 Private governance
 Tripartite governance mechanisms.

What are the 4 types of global governance?

Building; Capacity, Convergence, Complementarity, and Control.

What are the three elements of global governance?

The three major elements in global governance – the consensus, rules, and
membership of multiple national governments

What are the 5 gaps in global governance?

According to Thomas Weiss and Ramesh Thakur, governance gaps can be divided
into five subcategories: knowledge, normative, policy, institutional and compliance gaps.

The Pieces of Global Governance

International Law – International law is a set of rules and principles governing the
relations and conduct of sovereign states with each other, as well as with international
organizations and individuals. Issues that fall under international law include trade,
human rights, diplomacy, environmental preservation, and war crimes.

Examples;

 International Criminal law

 International humanitarian law
 International regulation
 Diplomatic law

Soft Law – The term soft law is used to denote agreements, principles and declarations
that are not legally binding. Soft law instruments are predominantly found in the
international sphere. UN General Assembly resolutions are an example of soft law.

Prime Example; The Declaration of the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

International Organizations - An international organization is one that includes

members from more than one nation. Some international organizations are very large,
such as corporations. Others are small and dedicated to a specific purpose, such as
conservation of a species.

Examples;

 United Nations
 WHO
 World Trade Organization
 World Bank

The Six Organs of the United Nations (UN)

GENERAL ASSEMBLY
 The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative
organ of the UN.
 All 193 Member States of the UN are represented in the General Assembly,
making it the only UN body with universal representation.
 Each year, in September, the full UN membership meets in the General
Assembly Hall in New York for the annual General Assembly session, and
general debate, which many heads of state attend and address.
 Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security,
admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority
of the General Assembly. Decisions on other questions are by simple majority.
The General Assembly, each year, elects a GA President to serve a one-year
term of office.

SECURITY COUNCIL
  The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for the
maintenance of international peace and security.
 The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to
the peace or act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by
peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement.
 In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even
authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security.
The Security Council has a Presidency, which rotates, and changes, every
month.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

 The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination, policy
review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and
environmental issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed
development goals.
 It serves as the central mechanism for activities of the UN system and its
specialized agencies in the economic, social and environmental fields,
supervising subsidiary and expert bodies.
 It has 54 Members, elected by the General Assembly for overlapping three-year
terms. It is the United Nations’ central platform for reflection, debate, and
innovative thinking on sustainable development.

TRUSTEESHIP
 Established in 1945 by the UN Charter under Chapter XIII, the Trusteeship
Council was tasked with offering international oversight for 11 Trust Territories
managed by seven Member States. Its goal was to facilitate the preparation of
these Territories for self-government and independence.
 The UN’s Trusteeship Council can be referred to as the “Protector of Dependent
Peoples” who are not yet capable of self-governance

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

 The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations. Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands). It is the only
one of the six principal organs of the United Nations not located in New York
(United States of America).
 The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes
submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred
to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. The
International Court of Justice functions in accordance with its Statute

SECRETARIAT
 The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of
international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as
mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization’s other principal
bodies.
 The Secretary-General is Chief Administrative Officer of the Organization,
appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security
Council for a five-year, renewable term. The Secretary-General is also a symbol
of the Organization’s ideals, and an advocate for all the world’s peoples,
especially the poor and vulnerable.

Global challenges and treats that lead to global governance

The Global Challenges Foundation aims to promote global governance as a means of
addressing the world’s most pressing challenges, such as climate change, nuclear war,
and pandemics.
Challenges of global governance

THERE ARE DEEP-ROOTED CAUSES OF THE CRISIS IN WORLD GOVERNANCE

 Economic Inequality
 Social Conflict
 Religious Sectarianism
 Western Imperialism
 Colonial Legacies
 Territorial Dispute
 The control over the basics resources like water and land